VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka

Seminar Report

“Machine learning”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of 2nd semester
MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Submitted by

APOORVA
4VZ22MC014

Under the guidance of

Dr. P. SANDHYA. MCA, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
VTU, Centre of PG Studies, Mysuru

Visvesvaraya Technological University

DEPARTMENT OF MCA Programming

Centre for PG Studies, Mysuru-570029

2022-2023
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Department of MCA
Centre for PG Studies, Mysuru-570029

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled
“MACHINE LEARNING”

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of requirement of the 2 ND semester of

Master of Computer Applications
is a result of the bonafide work carried out by

APOORVA
4VZ22MC014
During the academic year 2022-2023

Project Guide:

Dr. P. SANDHYA
Assistant Professor
Department of MCA DATE:
VTU, Centre of PG Studies, Mysuru SIGNATURE:
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………....1
1.2 OBJECTIVES AND GOALS IN MACHINE LEARNING………………......2
2.REALATED WORK………………………………………………………….....3
2.1LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………
3.APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………….…. 5
4.ADVANTAGES………………………………………………………………....7
5.CLASIFICATION…………………………………………………………….....9
6.CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….....10
7.FUTURE SCOPE………………………………………………………………..10
8.REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………..11
9.BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………….12
 1.INTRODUCTION:-

Machine learning is a sub-domain of computer science which evolved from the study of
pattern recognition in data, and also from the computational learning theory in artificial
intelligence. It is the first-class ticket to most interesting careers in data analytics today . As
data sources proliferate along with the computing power to process them, going straight to
the data is one of the most straight forward ways to quickly gain insights and make
predictions. Machine Learning can be thought of as the study of a list of sub-problems, viz:
decision making, clustering, classification, forecasting, deep-learning, inductive logic
programming, support vector machines, reinforcement learning, similarity and metric
learning, genetic algorithms, sparse dictionary learning, etc. Supervised learning, or
classification is the machine learning task of inferring a function from a labeled data . In
Supervised learning, we have a training set, and a test set. The training and test set consists
of a set of examples consisting of input and output vectors, and the goal of the supervised
learning algorithm is to infer a function that maps the input vector to the output vector with
minimal error.The Machine Learning has both the fundamentals and more complex ideas
of machine learning. Students and professionals in the workforce can benefit from our
machine learning.
A rapidly developing field of technology, machine learning allows computers to
automatically learn from previous data. For building mathematical models and making
predictions based on historical data or information, machine learning employs a variety of
algorithms. It is currently being used for a variety of tasks, including speech recognition,
email filtering, auto-tagging on Facebook, a recommender system, and image
recognition.we will learn about the many different methods of machine learning, including
reinforcement learning, supervised learning, and unsupervised learning, in this machine
learning tutorial. Regression and classification models, clustering techniques, hidden
Markov models, and various sequential models will all be covered.

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Machine learning (ML) is an important term for solving problems for which development
of algorithms by human programmers would be cost-prohibitive, and instead the problems
are solved by helping machines "discover" their "own" algorithms, without needing to be
explicitly told what to do by any human-developed algorithms. Recently,
generative artificial neural networks have been able to surpass results of many previous
approaches. Machine-learning approaches have been applied to large language
models, computer vision, speech recognition, email filtering, agriculture and medicine,
where it is too costly to develop algorithms to perform the needed tasks.

The mathematical foundations of ML are provided by mathematical

optimization (mathematical programming) methods. Data mining is a related (parallel)
field of study, focusing on exploratory data analysis through unsupervised learning.

1.2OBJECTIVES AND GOALS IN MACHINE LEARNING:-

The goal of ML, in simple words, is to understand the nature of (human and other forms
of) learning, and to build learning capability in computers. To be more specific, there are
three aspects of the goals of ML.
(1). To make the computers smarter, more intelligent. The more direct objective in this
aspect is to develop systems (programs) for specific practical learning tasks in application
domains.
(2). To develop computational models of human learning process and perform computer
simulations. The study in this aspect is also called cognitive modeling.
(3). To explore new learning methods and develop general learning algorithms independent
of applications. Classify data based on models that have been developed.
(4). Make predictions regarding some future outcome on the basis of these models.
(5). Understand the nature of learning and to build learning capability in computers.
(6).Devise learning algorithms that do the learning automatically without human
intervention or assistance.
(7).Train algorithms to make classifications or predictions, and to uncover key insights in
data mining projects.
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 2. REALATED WORK

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

PAPER1:
D. Tomar et al. [5] presented an effective Parkinson ailment analysis system using LST-
SVM and Particle Swarm Optimization-PSO. PSO is utilized for characteristic selection
and parameter optimization. The efficiency of proposed procedure is compared with
different distinctive current procedures in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.
Empirical outcomes justify the adequacy of the proposed Parkinson ailment evaluation
method over different existing procedures with 98% accuracy.

PAPER2:
Amit David and Boaz Lerner [1] carried out a support vector machinethat categorizes actual
cytogenetic signals from fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) photographs in
consideration of assessing genetic syndromes. The research work implements the SVM
structural threat minimization concept in seeking the most appropriate structure of the
classifier kernel and parameters. Outcomes show off correct performance of the SVM in
classifying FISH signals in observation to other state-of the-art machine learning classifiers,
demonstrating the capability of a SVM based genetic analysis framework.

PAPER3:
Yan Zhang et al. [2] utilized SVM with RBF kernel function which depends on the
statistical learning theory of heart disease. To pick the excellent parameters of kernel
function and fine essential feature, Grid Search method of making improvements to
criterions is utilized, to accomplish probably the most elevated classification accuracy.

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S NO AUTHORS YEAR METHODOLOGY DATASET
Features selection
01 Ghosh et al.[6] 2014 based least twin SVM Heart disease

Wavelet Feature
02 Luis Javier Herrera et 2013 Extraction Support Alzheimer’s
al. [14] Vector Machines disease

03 Austeclino Magalhaes 2010 ANN and Bayesian Asymptomatic

Barros Junior et al[12] Network. Malaria Infection

Artificial Neural
04 Paweł Marciniak et 2014 Networks, Cardiovascular
al.[19] Bayesian Networks, Disease

Decision Trees.

Support Vector Cardiac

05 Suchita Saha et al. Machine, Extreme Pathology
2015
[16] Learning Machine.

06 Carloas Arizmendi al. 2011 Artificial Neural Brain Tumor

[13] Network.

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3. APPLICATIONS: -

1.IMAGE RECOGNITION
Image Recognition is one of the reasons behind the boom one could have experienced in
the field of Deep Learning. The task which started from classification between cats and
dog images has now evolved up to the level of Face Recognition and real-world use cases
based on that like employee attendance tracking.
Also, image recognition has helped revolutionized the healthcare industry by employing
smart systems in disease recognition and diagnosis methodologies.

2.SPEECH RECOGNITION
Speech Recognition based smart systems like Alexa and Siri have certainly come across
and used to communicate with them. In the backend, these systems are based basically on
Speech Recognition systems. These systems are designed such that they can convert voice
instructions into text.

One more application of the Speech recognition that we can encounter in our day-to-day
life is that of performing Google searches just by speaking to it.

3.RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS
As our world has digitalized more and more approximately every tech giants try to provide
customized services to its users. This application is possible just because of
the recommender systems which can analyse a user’s preferences and search history and
based on that they can recommend content or services to them.
An example of these services is very common for example YouTube. It recommends new
videos and content based on the user’s past search patterns. Netflix recommends movies
and series based on the interest provided by users when someone creates an account for
the very first time.

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4.FRAUD DETECTION
In today’s world, most things have been digitalized varying from buying toothbrushes or
making transactions of millions of dollars everything is accessible and easy to use. But
with this process of digitization cases of fraudulent transactions and fraudulent activities
have increased. Identifying them is not that easy but machine learning systems are very
efficient in these tasks.
Due to these applications only whenever the system detects red flags in a user’s activity
than a suitable notification be provided to the administrator so, that these cases can be
monitored properly for any spam or fraud activities.

5.SELF DRIVING CARS

It would have been assumed that there is certainly some ghost who is driving a car if we
ever saw a car being driven without a driver but all thanks to machine learning and deep
learning that in today’s world, this is possible and not a story from some fictional book.
Even though the algorithms and tech stack behind these technologies are highly advanced
but at the core it is machine learning which has made these applications possible.The most
common example of this use case is that of the Tesla cars which are well-tested and proven
for autonomous driving.

6.MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS

If you are a machine learning practitioner or even if you are a student then you must have
heard about Parkinson’s Disease Classification, Pneumonia detection, and many more
health-related tasks which are performed by machine learning models with more than 90%
of accuracy. Not even in the field of disease diagnosis in human beings but they work
perfectly fine for plant disease-related tasks whether it is to predict the type of disease it
is or to detect whether some disease is going to occur in the future.

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7.STOCK MARKET TRADING
Stock Market has remained a hot topic among working professionals and even students
because if you have sufficient knowledge of the markets and the forces which drives them
then you can make fortune in this domain. Attempts have been made to create intelligent
systems which can predict future price trends and market value as well.
This can be considered as one of the applications of time series forecasting because stock
price data is nothing but sequential data in which the time at which data has been taken is
of utmost importance.

4. ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE LEARNING:-

1. AUTOMATION

Machine Learning is one of the driving forces behind automation, and it is cutting down
time and human workload. Automation can now be seen everywhere, and the complex
algorithm does the hard work for the user. Automation is more reliable, efficient, and quick.
With the help of machine learning, now advanced computers are being designed. Now this
advanced computer can handle several machine-learning models and complex algorithms.
However, automation is spreading faster in the industry but, a lot of research and innovation
are required in this field.

2. SCOPE OF IMPROVEMENT

Machine Learning is a field where things keep evolving. It gives many opportunities for
improvement and can become the leading technology in the future. A lot of research and
innovation is happening in this technology, which helps improve software and hardware.

3.HANDLING MULTI-DIMENSIONAL AND MULTI-VARIETY DATA

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and
multi-variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

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4.ENHANCED EXPERIENCE IN ONLINE SHOPPING AND QUALITY
EDUCATION

Machine Learning is going to be used in the education sector extensively, and it will be
going to enhance the quality of education and student experience. It has emerged in China;
machine learning has improved student focus. In the e-commerce field, Machine Learning
studies your search feed and give suggestion based on them. Depending upon search and
browsing history, it pushes targeted advertisements and notifications to users.

5. WIDE RANGE OF APPLICABILITY

This technology has a very wide range of applications. Machine learning plays a role in
almost every field, like hospitality, ed-tech, medicine, science, banking, and business. It
creates more opportunities.

6.WIDE APPLICATIONS

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it
does apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to
customers while also targeting the right customers.

5. CLASSIFICATIONS: -

Machine learning is a subset of AI, which enables the machine to automatically learn from
data, improve performance from past experiences, and make predictions. Machine learning
contains a set of algorithms that work on a huge amount of data. Data is fed to these
algorithms to train them, and on the basis of training, they build the model & perform a
specific task. It has four types:

1. Supervised Machine Learning

2. Unsupervised Machine Learning
3. Semi-Supervised Machine Learning
4. Reinforcement Learning

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1.SUPERVISED LEARNING
Supervised learning is defined as when a model gets trained on a “Labelled Dataset”.
Labelled datasets have both input and output parameters. In Supervised
Learning algorithms learn to map points between inputs and correct outputs. It has both
training and validation datasets labelled.

2.UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
Unsupervised Learning Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning technique in which
an algorithm discovers patterns and relationships using unlabeled data. Unlike supervised
learning, unsupervised learning doesn’t involve providing the algorithm with labeled target
outputs. The primary goal of Unsupervised learning is often to discover hidden patterns,
similarities, or clusters within the data, which can then be used for various purposes, such as data
exploration, visualization, dimensionality reduction.

3.SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNING
Semi-supervised is a machine learning algorithm that works between the supervised and
unsupervised learning so it uses both labelled and unlabeled data. It’s particularly useful
when obtaining labeled data is costly, time-consuming, or resource-intensive. This
approach is useful when the dataset is expensive and time-consuming. Semi-supervised
learning is chosen when labeled data requires skills and relevant resources in order to train
or learn from it.

4.REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
It is an algorithm is a learning method that interacts with the environment by producing
actions and discovering errors. Trial, error, and delay are the most relevant characteristics
of reinforcement learning. This methods allows machines to automatically determine the
ideal behaviors within specific context in order to maximize performance. This type of
learning is crucial for applications that involve decision-making in unpredictable
environments.

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6.CONCLUSION:-

Machine Learning is directly or indirectly involved in our daily routine. We have seen
various machine learning applications that are very useful for surviving in this technical
world. Although machine learning is in the developing phase, it is continuously evolving
rapidly. The best thing about machine learning is its High-value predictions that can guide
better decisions and smart actions in real-time without human intervention. Hence, at the
end of this article, we can say that the machine learning field is very vast, and its importance
is not limited to a specific industry or sector; it is applicable everywhere for analyzing or
predicting future events.

7.FUTURE SCOPE:-

The scope of machine learning is now expanding to various sectors including banking and
finance, businesses, information technology, media, and entertainment. The demand for
machine learning is increasing as compared to other fields in terms of competency as well
as job opportunities. According to statistics, there will be around 2.3 million jobs in the
field of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning by 2022. Therefore, the scope of
machine learning is extremely high in terms of salary and the number of jobs. Thus, it is a
good option to make a lucrative career in ML by becoming a Machine Learning
professional. In the coming future, the automotive industry, robotics, quantum computing,
and computer science is going to flourish and thrive immensely.

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8.REFERENCES:-

1.tomar, divya, and sonali agarwal. "feature selection based least square twin support
vector machine for diagnosis of heart disease." international journal of bio-science & bio-
technology 6(2), (2014).
2.erdem alkim, emre g rb z, erdal kiliç,” a fast and adaptive automated disease
Diagnosis method with an innovative neural network model”, neural networks 33,
(2012)

9.BIBLIOGRAPHY:

https://www.researchgate.net.com
https://www.javatpoint.com
https://www.ibm.com

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