ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ECT426 REAL TIME OPERATING CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

SYSTEMS PEC 2 1 0 3

Prerequisite: ECT 206 computer Architecture and Microcontrollers

Course objectives: The objectives of this course are to:

1. Identify the basics of general operating systems.

2. Understand the structure and the scheduling operations performed by the operating
systems.
3. Introduce Real Time Operating Systems, its basic structure, building blocks and
various operations.
4. Summarize the different scheduling algorithms used in RTOS.
5. Identify the different applications of real time operating systems
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Summarize the functions and structure of general-purpose operating

CO1 K2
systems.
CO2 K3 Use different scheduling algorithms on processes and threads.
CO3 K2 Interpret a real time operating system along with its synchronization,
communication and interrupt handling tools.
Illustrate task constraints and analyze the different scheduling algorithms on
CO4 K4
tasks.
CO5 K3 Illustrate the applications of real time operating systems.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO
PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
1 10 11 12
CO 1 3
CO 2 2 3 2

CO 3 2 3 2 2

CO 4 2 2 2 2

CO 5 2 3 2 3 2 2

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern
Continuous Assessment
Bloom’s Category Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 20
Understand K2 25 25 50
Apply K3 10 10 20
Analyze K4 5 5 10
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution:

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance: 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers): 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Case study: 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions:

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. List the functions of operating systems.

2. Describe the importance of Kernel in operating system functions.
3. Explain monolithic and layered architecture of operating systems.
4. Draw the process state diagram and explain.

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Schedule the following processes with FCFS and Round Robin algorithm for a time
of2mS. Assuming all the processes arrives at time zero.Also state the performance
of the system.
Process Burst time
P1 4
P2 5
P3 2
P4 3
2. Compare user level threads and Kernel level threads.
3. Discuss the different types of multiprocessor scheduling operations.
4. Explain the possible scheduling of user level threads with a 50mS process quantum
and threads that run 5mS per CPU time.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Explain the different types of semaphores used for process synchronization.

2. Explain how the priority inversion problem in RTOS is solved.
3. Draw the structure and explain the working of a message queue.
4. Differentiate between exceptions and interrupts.
5. What are the different classifications of exceptions?

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain the different timing constraints of a real time task.

2. Illustrate Jackson’s algorithm with an example.
3. Explain EDF algorithm with precedence constraints.
4. Verify the schedulability under EDF and construct the schedule of the following
task set

Ci Di T1

ᴦ1 2 5 6

ᴦ2 2 4 8

ᴦ3 4 8 12

5. Draw the state transition diagram of a real time kernel.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Illustrate the implementation of a real time system with an example,

2. With a block schematic explain the real time control system used in an adaptive
cruise control.

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module Course contents Hours

Operating system: Types, Objectives and functions , Kernel, Process -

I 6
States, Process Control Block, Operations on processes.

Process Scheduling: FCFS, SJF, Priority, Round-Robin, Multilevel Queue

II and Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling. Thread: Structure.User and 7
kernel level threads, multi-threading models, multiprocessor scheduling.
Real Time Operating Systems: Structure and characteristics of Real Time
Systems, Task: Task states, Task synchronization -Semaphores- types, Inter
III 8
task communication mechanisms: message queues, pipes, event registers,
signals, Exceptions and interrupt handling.
Task constraints, Task scheduling: Aperiodic task scheduling: EDD. EDF,
LDF, EDF with precedence constraints. Periodic task scheduling:Rate
IV 8
monotonic and Deadline monotonic, Real time Kernel- Structure, State
transition diagram, Kernel primitives.
Features of FreeRTOS and Linux
Commercial real time operating systems: PSOS, VRTX, RT Linux-
Features and application only.
Case study of (Kernel design, threads and task scheduling) RTOS:
V 6
MicroC/OS-II.

RTOS control system used in real life applications - in adaptive cruise

control.

Text Books
1.Abraham Silberschatz- ‘Operating System Principles’: Wiley India,7th edition, 2011
2.William Stallings –‘Operating systems- Internals and design principles’, Prentice Hall, 7th
edition, 2011
3.Qing Li – ‘Real-Time Concepts for Embedded Systems ‘, CMP Books, 2013
4.Giorgio C. Buttazzo, -‘HARD REAL-TIME COMPUTING SYSTEMS Predictable
Scheduling Algorithms and Applications’, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Reference Books:
1. Tanenbaum -‘Modern Operating Systems’ ,Pearson Edition, 3/e, 2007.
2. Jean J Labrosse , ‘Micro C/OS-II, The Real Time Kernel’ , CMP Books, 2011
3. Rajib Mall, ‘Real-Time Systems: Theory and Practice ‘ , 2008.
4. David E. Simon ‘An Embedded Software Primer’, Pearson 2012
5. Raj Kamal, ‘Embedded Systems – Architecture, Programming and Design’,Tata McGraw Hill

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Course content and Lecture plan

No TOPIC No of Lectures
MODULE 1
1.1 Introduction to Operating system- Types, Objective and functions 2
1.2 Kernel - Importance and functions 2
1.3 Process - States, Process Control Block, Operations on processes 2
MODULE II
2.1 Process Scheduling: FCFS, SJF, Priority, Round-Robin 2
2.2 Multilevel Queue and Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling 2
2.3 Thread- Structure. User and kernel level threads, Multi-threading models 2
2.4 Multiprocessor scheduling 1
MODULE III
3.1 Real Time Operating Systems: Structure and characteristics of Real Time 1
Systems
3.2 Task: Task states 1
3.3 Task synchronization -Semaphores- types 2
3.4 Inter task communication mechanisms: message queues, pipes, event 2
registers, signals
3.5 Exceptions and interrupt handling 2
MODULE IV
4.1 Task constraints 1
4.2 Task scheduling: Aperiodic task scheduling: EDD. EDF, LDF, EDF with 3
precedence constraints
4.3 Periodic task scheduling: Rate monotonic, Deadline monotonic 2
4.4 Real time Kernel- Structure, State transition diagram, Kernel primitives 2
MODULE V
5.1 Features of FreeRTOS and Linux 1
5.2 Commercial real time operating systems: PSOS, VRTX, RT Linux- 2
Features and application only.
5.3 Case study of RTOS: MicroC/OS-II real time operating systems. 2

5.4 RTOS control system used in real life applications - in adaptive cruise 1
control.

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

VIII SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

Course Code: ECT426

Course Name: REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks

1. List any six functions of an operating system. 3

2 Differentiate microkernel and exokernel structures of operating systems. 3

3 Explain the different operations on processes. 3

4 Explain the differences between Pre-emptive and Non pre-emptive 3

scheduling policies.
5 Draw the state diagram of RTOS queue and explain. 3

6 What you mean by priority inversion in real time systems? How the 3
operating system manages this issue?

7 Explain EDD algorithm with an example. 3

8 Explain the task control block of a real time kernel. 3

9 List the features of FreeRTOS. 3

10 Illustrate the threads in MicroC/OS-II operating system. 3

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module, Each question carries
14 marks.

MODULE 1

11 a. Explain the functions of operating system as Resource Manager. 7

b. Describe the structure of a Process Control Block 7

OR

12 a. Explain the monolithic and microkernel architectures of OS kernel. 7

b. Draw the process state diagram and explain the different states. 7

MODULE II

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
13 a. Explain the Shortest Remaining Time First algorithm with a suitable 7
example.
b.Schedule the given 5 processes with Round Robin scheduling. 7

Process ID Arrival Time Burst Time

P1 0 5
P2 1 3
P3 2 1
P4 3 2
P5 4 3
Draw the Gantt chart and calculate the average waiting time and
turn-around time for these processes if time quantum is 2 units,

OR

14 Compare FCFS and Round -Robin scheduling algorithms 7

b. Explain thread scheduling algorithms used in operating systems in detail. 7

MODULE III

15 a .Draw the structure of a real time operating system and explain. 7

b. Differentiate between exceptions and interrupts. What are the different 7

classifications of exceptions

OR

16 a. Explain how synchronization is achieved between different tasks in a real 7

time operating system

b.Describe any two inter task communication mechanisms in a real time 7

operating systems.

MODULE IV

17 a. Illustrate Horn’s algorithm with an example. 7

b. Explain EDF algorithm with precedence constraints. 7

OR

18 a. Explain the precedence constraints of a real time task. 7

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
b. Verify the schedulability and construct the scheduling according to the 7
rate monotonic algorithmfor the following set of periodic tasksᴦ1, ᴦ2 and ᴦ3.
Ci Ti
ᴦ1 3 5
ᴦ2 1 8
ᴦ3 1 10
Where Ci and Ti are the computation time activation period of the task.
MODULE V

19 a.Illustrate the implementation of a real time system with an example, 7

b. Explain the inter-process communication techniques used in Micro 7

C/OS-II
OR

20 a. Compare the features of PSOS, VRTX and RT Linux 7

b. Prepare suitable requirements table for an RTOS control system used in 7

adaptive cruise control.

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in