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 ISSN: 1001-0920
Volume 38, Issue 04, August, 2023

Ethnobotanical Study and Phytochemical Screening of

Some Plants from the Study Area Taounate (North of
Morocco)
Abdelouahid.LAFTOUHI1*, Meriem SLIMANI2, Mohamed BOUHRIM3,4, Hannou Zerkani5, Noureddine.
ELOUTASSI1, Zakia. RAIS1, Abdslam TALEB6, Mustapha. TALEB1

Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment Engineering (LIEME), Sidi Mohamed Ben
Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Fes, Morocco1
Sustainable Agriculture Management Research Laboratory (MAD), Sidi Bennour Higher School of
Technology, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco2
Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni
Mellal 23000, Morocco3
Laboratoire TBC, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Lille, 3, rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, F-
59000 Lille, France4
Chemistry of bioactive molecules and the environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, B.P.
11201, Zitoune Meknes, Morocco5
Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory- Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, -
Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco6

Corresponding author: 1*

ABSTRACT— For the valorization of the medicinal flora of the region of Taounate, an ethnobotanical
survey was carried out among the local population. The results obtained allowed us to identify a total of 80
species of MAP used by the rural population of which the most exploited are: Inula viscosa, Salvia
officinalis, Mentha pulégium, Thymus vulgaris et Rosmarinus officinalis. The most used part is the leaves
prepared by decoction as the most used mode and administered orally in most cases to treat different
pathologies whose main ones are: digestive disorders first, blood pressure, headaches, and sales. The
phytochemical screening carried out in three extracts (Ethanolic, Ethereal, Chloroformic) revealed the
richness of these plants in primary and secondary metabolites whose main ones are: Coumarins, Flavonoids,
Saponosides, Alkaloids, and Tannins. The therapeutic effect of these plants is due to their richness in
secondary metabolites.

KEYWORDS: ethnobotanical survey, phytochemical screening, aromatic and medicinal plant, Taounate,
Morocco.

1. INTRODUCTION
The untapped potential of the Taounate region's abundant aromatic and medicinal plants presents a
captivating opportunity for further exploration and scientific investigation. These plants [1], deeply rooted
in cultural traditions and ancestral knowledge, have been an integral part of human life for generations [2].
However, the reliance on traditional beliefs and practices has often overshadowed the immense potential
these plants hold in addressing modern medical challenges [3].

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in bridging the gap between traditional practices and
modern science [4]. Researchers and scientists are now focusing their efforts on conducting comprehensive
phytochemical studies to unravel the intricate bioactive compounds present in these aromatic and medicinal
plants [5]. By validating the traditional uses of these plants through rigorous scientific experimentation, we
can not only preserve the wisdom of the past but also unlock innovative solutions for a wide range of
diseases [6].

The biodiversity of the Taounate region is a treasure trove waiting to be explored. With its unique
combination of bioclimatic stages and a rich array of plant species, this region offers an invaluable
opportunity for bioprospecting [7]. By delving into the chemical composition of these plants, we can
identify novel bioactive compounds that could potentially lead to the development of new pharmaceuticals
or nutraceuticals [8]. This, in turn, can contribute to both medical advancements and economic growth for
the region [9].

It's important to recognize that the traditional use of aromatic and medicinal plants is deeply intertwined
with cultural practices and beliefs [10]. While scientific investigation provides a pathway for understanding
the efficacy and safety of these plants, it's equally crucial to respect and preserve the cultural heritage
associated with their use. Collaborative efforts between traditional practitioners, local communities, and
scientific researchers can ensure that the potential benefits of these plants are harnessed while maintaining
cultural sensitivity [11].

Incorporating modern scientific methods can also address concerns regarding the arbitrary use of these
plants [12]. Through systematic studies, we can identify specific plant compounds responsible for
therapeutic effects and understand the mechanisms underlying their actions. This knowledge can guide the
development of standardized herbal preparations that offer consistent benefits, ensuring that the utilization
of aromatic and medicinal plants is grounded in evidence-based practices [13].

To shed light on the hidden treasure of the Taounate region, interdisciplinary collaborations are essential.
Botanists, chemists, ethnobotanists, and local communities can join forces to conduct in-depth studies on
the plants' chemical profiles, potential health benefits, and sustainable harvesting practices. This
collaborative approach not only enriches our understanding of these plants but also empowers local
communities by showcasing their traditional knowledge on a global platform.

The aromatic and medicinal plants of the Taounate region stand as a testament to the intersection of nature,
culture, and science. By combining traditional wisdom with modern research, we can unleash their full
potential to combat diseases, promote economic growth, and honor the rich heritage they embody. The
journey of discovery in this region serves as an inspiring example of how ancient traditions and cutting-
edge science can harmoniously coexist for the betterment of humanity.

The main objectives of this work can be summarized as follows:

- Contribution to the bank of chemical compositions of MAPs
- Presentation of the region of Taounate and its plant biodiversity
- Transfer know-how to the MAP populations
- Conservation of biodiversity in the study area.

2. Materials and Methods

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2.1 Study area

With a total area of 5616 km2, the province of Taounate is located in the pre-Rifa and Rifa zone in the north
of the Kingdom. Territorially, it is organized into 4 circles, 15 Caïdats, 44 rural communes, 22 of which are
forested, and 5 urban communes. The population of this province amounts to 662,246 inhabitants of which
87% are rural (2014 census) which gives it an essentially rural character.
It has many assets and contains a significant natural, human and cultural potential that can contribute to the
sustainable development of the region.

Figure 1: Map of the study area: Taounate North Morocco

2.2 Methodology
The data on aromatic and medicinal plants were obtained using a questionnaire form with the region of
Taounate. The surveys were made in a familiar language, which facilitates communication with the
population surveyed and tatakeshe maximum of information. The most used aromatic and medicinal plants
were chosen for the phytochemical screening.

2.2.1 Phytochemical screening

For the phytochemical screening, qualitative analysis was performed using standard methods referenced in
[14- 16]. These methods are widely accepted and utilized in the field of phytochemistry to identify the
major families of primary and secondary metabolites present in plant samples. The screening process helps
to determine the presence or absence of specific compounds or groups of compounds in the samples.

Once the major families of primary and secondary metabolites were identified through qualitative analysis,
quantitative assays were conducted on the secondary metabolites. Established methodologies referenced in
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[17- 19] were employed for the quantification of these metabolites. These methodologies provide a reliable
framework for accurately measuring and determining the levels or concentrations of the identified
metabolites in the plant samples.

Quantitative analysis allows for a more precise understanding of the abundance or concentration of specific
metabolites present in the samples. This information is valuable in assessing the potential therapeutic or
bioactive properties of the plants and can contribute to further research and development in fields such as
natural product chemistry, pharmacology, and plant-based medicine.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Ethnobotanical study

The analysis of the results of the ethnobotanical questionnaire allowed us to extract a total of 80 species of
MAP used by the rural population of the region of Taounate of which the most coveted are: inula viscosa,
salvia officinalis, mentha pulégium, thymus vulgaris et Rosmarinus officinalis.

The results concerning the most used plants and their therapeutic indications are shown in the table below.

The analysis of the results represented in the table above shows that for the most exploited plants the most
used part for therapeutic purposes is the leaves, these results is confirmed by the work of [20] who found
that the leaves are the most used parts by women to facilitate their deliveries. The leaves are prepared by
decoction as the most used mode and administered orally in most cases and the same results were found by
[21], [22] to treat different pathologies who’s main are digestive disorders in first order as he found [23]
blood pressure, headache and sale, blood sugar, flu, and fever.

Table 1: Most used plants

Plant Part used Method of Method of Pathology treated
preparation administration
Inula 90% leaves 82% decoction, 75% oral, 15% The digestive disorder,
viscosa 10% whole 18% powder dermal Skin infection
Salvia 100% leaves 100% decoction 100% voie oral Hypotension, Head
officinalis pain, and selling
Blood sugar, Disorder
Digestive
Mentha 98% leaves 96% decoction, 100% oral Flu, Fever,
pulegium 2% all 4% power Rheumatism,
Digestive disorder
Calming,
Thymus 100% leaves 100% decoction 90% oral Diarrhea, Digestive
vulgaris 10% dermal disorder, Flu
The pain of the Sale
and the head
Rosmarinus 80% leaves 100% decoction 100% oral Hypertension,
Officinalis 20% leaves Digestive disorders

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And stems -Pain of the Sale and

the head, Viscera

3.2 Phytochemical screening

The table shows that the frequency of secondary metabolites varies from one plant to another and also from
one extraction solvent to another.

Table 2: the presence of secondary metabolites

Chemical inula viscosa Salvia Mentha Thymus Rosmarinus
compounds officinalis pulegium vulgaris officinalis
E C ET E C ET E C ET E C ET E C ET
Coumarins ++ + +++ + + +++ + ++ ++ + + +++ ++ + ++
+ +
Flavonoids +++ ++ +++ ++ + +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +++ +++ ++ ++
+ + + + +
Tannins ++ ++ +++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ ++ + ++
+
Saponosides +++ ++ +++ ++ + +++ ++ + ++ ++ + +++ +++ ++ ++
+ + + + +
Alkaloids +++ ++ +++ ++ + +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +++ ++ ++ ++
+ + + + + + +
E= Ethereal; C= Chloroformic; ET= Ethanolic; (+++): Strongly present; (++): Moderately present; (+):
Weakly present; (-): negative test

3.3 Quantitative analyzes

3.3.1 Secondary metabolites of inula viscosa:
It can be seen from Figure 2 that alkaloids represent the highest percentage in the ethanol followed by
flavonoids and saponins, tannins and coumarins represent the lowest percentage in. In general, the alkaloids
are the most frequent in the three solvents in inula viscosa.

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E C ET

16

14

12

10

0
Coumarins Flavonoids Tannins Saponosides Alkaloids

Figure 2: secondary metabolites of inula viscosa

3.3.2 Secondary metabolites of Salvia officinalis:

We note from Figure 3 that Salvia officinalis rich in alkaloids followed by flavonoids, saponins, coumarins
and finally tannins in ethanol and for ether the alkaloids first after saponins, then flavonoids and finally
tannins and coumarins. Thus, louse chloroform the secondary metabolites and in low percentage.

E C ET

12

10

0
Coumarins Flavonoids Tannins Saponosides Alkaloids

Figure 3: secondary metabolites of Salvia officinalis

3.3.3 Secondary metabolites of Mentha pulegium:

Figure 4 represents the percentage of secondary metabolites in Mentha pulegium and it is noted that
alkaloids are the most frequent in the three extraction solvents and the highest percentage is in ethanol,
tannins are approximately absent in ether and chloroform.
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12

10

0
Coumarins Flavonoids Tannins Saponosides Alkaloids

E C ET

Figure 4: secondary metabolites of Mentha pulegium

3.3.4 Secondary metabolites of Thymus vulgaris:

The results of percentage of secondary metabolites are shown on the graph above and it is observed that
flavonoids represent the highest percentage followed by alkaloids and saponosides in ether, the percentage
of other secondary metabolites varies according to solvent extraction.

0
E C ET

Coumarins Flavonoids Tannins Saponosides Alkaloids

Figure 5: secondary metabolites of Thymus vulgaris

3.3.5 Secondary metabolites of Rosmarinus officinalis:

We note from Figure 6 that the flavonoids represent the highest percentage followed by the saponosides, the
alkaloids, the coumarins and finally the tannins in the ethanolic, for the chloroformic the flavonoids are the
highest followed by the alkaloids, saponosides, coumarins and finally tannins. For ether, the highest
percentage is that of saponosides after flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and finally coumarins.
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E C ET

0
Coumarins Flavonoids Tannins Saponosides Alkaloids

Figure 6: secondary metabolites of Rosmarinus officinalis

According to the results obtained by the phytochemical screening, we note the presence of phenolic
compounds, alkaloids, and heterosides by different percentages in the different solvents of extractions and
the best solvent of extractions of the secondary metabolites for the five coveted plants is ethanolic.

-inula viscosa: According to the results represented in the tables above, it is noted that this plant is used by
the residents in the treatment of skin infections, digestive disorders, and cardiovascular diseases as he cited
[24] in his work that this plant
Is used in the treatment of osteoarticular or rheumatic diseases, dermatological infections, nervous system,
and digestive disorders.

Cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the results of the phytochemical screening show that the leaves of
Inula viscosa contain several types of secondary metabolites including coumarins, tannins, flavonoids,
alkaloids, and saponins in different percentages in different solvents. The best solvent for extraction of
secondary metabolites from the leaves of Inula viscosa is ethanolic. The therapeutic effect of this plant is
due to its richness in secondary metabolites. This result is confirmed by [25] who found that the existence
of secondary metabolites such as phenols, tannins, and flavonoids are interesting to treat and prevent
cardiovascular diseases.

-Salvia officinalis: is a plant used by the surveyed population in the treatment of Hypotension, Head pain
and sale, hypoglycemia, and Digestive disorder (table 2) these same results are found by [26], [27] who
invented that this plant is exploited in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, hypoglycemia and
soothing of pains. On the other hand, the analysis of the results of phytochemical screening shows that the
leaves of this plant are rich in secondary metabolites by the different percentage of which the highest is that
of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponosides, coumarins, and finally tannins in the extraction solvent ethanolic.
Recent pharmacological studies have shown that Salvia officinalis leaf extracts are likely to decrease blood
sugar levels and also the alkaloids which are mostly presented on the leaves have an important role in
hypertensive. The other secondary metabolites have very important virtues which confirm the therapeutic
effect of this plant exploited by the residents.

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- Mentha pulegium: It appears that you are providing information about an herbaceous plant called Mentha
pulegium, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. According to your statement, the rural population of
Taounate uses this plant to treat various conditions such as flu, fever, rheumatism, digestive disorders, and
for its calming properties.

The information you have mentioned is consistent with the findings of several studies conducted by [28-
30], who also reported the effectiveness of this plant in treating digestive disorders, respiratory diseases,
neurological disorders, cooling diseases, and as a calming and antidepressant agent.

Furthermore, the results of phytochemical screening indicate that the extract of Mentha pulegium leaves is
rich in secondary metabolites. The percentages of different secondary metabolites vary depending on the
solvent used for extraction. The best extraction solvent was found to be ethanol, which yielded high
percentages of alkaloids (10.19%), flavonoids (7.19%), saponins (4.83%), coumarins (3.65%), and tannins
(2.80%). Similar studies conducted by [31] also reported the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids,
saponosides, and other chemical compounds in this plant.

Alkaloids, being present in Mentha pulegium, have various pharmacological activities such as reinforcing
cardiac activity and stimulating the nervous system. The presence of alkaloids further supports the
traditional use of this plant in treating various diseases.

Overall, these findings support the traditional therapeutic use of Mentha pulegium by the inhabitants of the
Taounate region, validating its potential medicinal properties and virtues.

-Thymus vulgaris: The species you are referring to is Thymus vulgaris, which belongs to the Lamiaceae
family. According to your statement, the inhabitants of the Taounate region use this plant to treat various
conditions such as diarrhea, digestive disorders, flu, and pain in the sale and head.

These uses of Thymus vulgaris for treating different diseases are consistent with the findings of studies
conducted by [32], [33]. These studies also reported that this plant is used for the treatment of rheumatism,
pain, flu, diarrhea, and cold.

The results of the phytochemical screening, as represented in the tables above, indicate that Thymus
vulgaris is rich in secondary metabolites, with flavonoids, alkaloids, saponosides, coumarins, and tannins
being the most abundant. Similar results have been reported in other studies, such as the work of [34],
which found a high concentration of flavonoids in Thymus vulgaris, suggesting its use as an antibiotic
against various pathologies. [35] also discovered multiple uses of this plant, including its therapeutic use,
attributed to its rich content of secondary metabolites. Additionally, [36] found that Thymus vulgaris
contains thymol, a phenolic derivative known for its effectiveness in fighting intestinal infections.

Collectively, the mentioned results confirm that the therapeutic effects of Thymus vulgaris are attributed to
its significant richness in secondary metabolites. These compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids,
saponosides, coumarins, and tannins, contribute to the medicinal properties of the plant and support its
traditional use for treating various ailments.

- Rosmarinus officinaliss an evergreen species belonging to the Lamiaceae family and is native to the
Mediterranean region. According to your statement, the inhabitants of the Taounate region use this plant to
treat various diseases, including hypertension, digestive disorders, pain in the sale and head, and visceral
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issues.

These therapeutic uses align with the findings of studies conducted by [37- 40], which reported the
utilization of Rosmarinus officinalis in the treatment and prevention of digestive disorders, hypertension,
rheumatism, and diabetes.

Analyzing the tables provided, it is evident that Rosmarinus officinalis is rich in secondary metabolites,
with significant levels found in ethanolic extracts. The order of abundance of these metabolites in ethanolic
extract is as follows: flavonoids, saponosides, alkaloids, coumarins, and tannins.

The presence of flavonoids, saponosides, alkaloids, coumarins, and tannins in Rosmarinus officinalis aligns
with the general profile of secondary metabolites found in this plant. These compounds contribute to its
medicinal properties and may explain its traditional use in treating various ailments.

Overall, the mentioned results indicate that Rosmarinus officinalis contains a noteworthy content of
secondary metabolites, particularly in the ethanolic extract. The presence of flavonoids, saponosides,
alkaloids, coumarins, and tannins supports the traditional therapeutic use of this plant in the Taounate
region and suggests its potential in treating digestive disorders, hypertension, pain, and visceral issues.

4. CONCLUSION
The present work done with the traditional practitioners of the region of Taounate for the Presentation of
this region and its plant biodiversity, Transfer of the know-how of aromatic and medicinal plants to the
populations, Conservation of biodiversity, and Contribution to the bank of chemical compositions of
aromatic and medicinal plants. The ethnobotanical investigation carried out among the rural population of
Taounate shows that 80 of the aromatic and medicinal plants are used for therapeutic purposes of which the
most exploited are: inula viscosa, salvia officinalis, mentha pulégium, thymus Vulgaris et Rosmarinus
officinalis. The mode of preparation the most used is decoction followed by the other modes by a small
percentage, the mode of administration is the oral way whose purpose is to swinger and to fight against the
various infections and various pathologies located as follows: the digestive disorders, the blood pressure,
the pains of the head and the sale, the diseases of coolings, rheumatism, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia,
Diarrhoea, Cutaneous Infection, Viscera, Fever, Flu The uses of aromatic and medicinal plants are based
only on the beliefs inherited from one generation to another assume the good and the bad for the population
and to verify the validity of these therapeutic uses a phytochemical screening in three extracts was made for
the most exploited plants. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the plants most used by
the residents are very rich in primary metabolites which play a very important role in the life of these plants,
as well as their richness in secondary metabolites: Coumarins, Flavonoids, Saponosides, Alkaloids,
Tannins. The secondary metabolites present in the most coveted plants by different percentages in various
solvents of extractions, each of these secondary metabolites play an essential role in the life of the plant and
the life of human beings. All the results cited in this work testify to the traditional therapeutic use of this
plant by the population of Taounate and their various virtues. The present work constituted a source of
information for the presentation of the medicinal flora of this region. It can be also a source of information
for the valorization of this precious natural fortune that is perishing.

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