General Chemistry

Chem110

Chapter 3
Mass Relationships in Chemical
Reaction
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
Objectives
• Know the Atomic Mass and Molecular Mass ‫ﺗﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ واﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
• Find Molar Mass ‫أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
• Calculate Percent Composition of Compounds ‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
• Determine the Empirical and Molecular Formula ‫ﺣﺪد اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
• Balance chemical equations ‫ﻣﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
• Calculate the Amount of Reactants and Products ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬
• Find Limiting Reagents ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﺷﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة‬
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Outline
3.1 Atomic Mass ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ‬
3.2 Avogadro’s Number and Molar Mass of an Element ‫ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
‫واﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
3.3 Molecular Mass ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formula ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬
3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬
3.9 Limiting Reagents ‫اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﺷﻒ‬
3.10 Reaction Yield ‫رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ 3
3.1 Atomic Mass ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬+ ‫ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮون‬+ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرة = ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮن‬

Mass of an atom = mass of proton + mass of neutron + mass

of electron
mass of proton = mass of neutron = 1840 mass of electron
‫ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ إﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬1840 = ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮن = ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮون‬

Mass of atom = mass of proton + mass of neutron

‫ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮون‬+ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرة = ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮن‬

Atomic mass: is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units

(amu)
amu)) ‫ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرة ﺑﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ‬

By definition: 1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu

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On this scale H = 1.008 amu
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 Average Atomic Mass ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ‬
• Atomic mass of carbon = 12.01 not 12.00
• The carbon exist in more than one form (isotopes 12C & 13C)
• Carbon is a mixture of Isotopes ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻫﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬
• Thus: Atomic Mass = Average Atomic Mass ‫ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ = ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬:‫وﻫﻜﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ‬

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3.2 Avogadro’s Number and Molar Mass of an
Element
‫ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو واﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
1 dozen = 12 Anything
1 mol = 6.022 x1023 particles

The mole (mol): is the amount of a substance that contains

as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly
12.00 grams of 12C.
12 ‫ﺟﺮاﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻣﻦ‬
ً 12.00 ‫ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات ﻓﻲ‬:(‫اﻟﻤﻮل )اﻟﻤﻮل‬
.‫درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

1 mol = N A = 6.0221367 x 1023

Avogadro’s number (NA)
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 THUS:
One mole of H atoms has 6.022 x 1023 atoms
‫ ذرة‬1023 × 6.022 ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬H ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ذرات‬
And

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One mole of H2 molecules has 6.022 x 10
molecules
‫ ﺟﺰيء‬1023 × 6.022 ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬H2 ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬

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Molar Mass ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
.‫ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام أو اﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮام( ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺎ‬:‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
Molar Mass: is the mass (in g or kg) of one mole of a substance.
MM = mass/mol = g/mol

The atomic mass of 12C is 12.00 amu = 12.00 g

1 mole of 12C = 12.00 g

Thus: The Molar Mass (M) of 12C = 12.00 g/mol

‫ ﻣﻮل‬/ ‫ ﺟﻢ‬12.00 = ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬12 ‫ ( ﻣﻦ‬M) ‫ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬:‫وﻫﻜﺬا‬
For any element:
Atomic mass (amu) = Molar mass (grams)

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Did You Understand Molar Mass?

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 How to choose the right law?
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ؟‬

M = molar mass in g/mol

NA = Avogadro’s number
Examples:
The atomic mass of Na = 22.99 amu
The molar mass of Na = 22.99 g/mol
The atomic mass of P = 30.97 amu
The molar mass of P = 30.97 g/mol

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3.3 Molecular Mass ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬

1S→ (1 * 32.07 amu)

2O→ (2 * 16.00 amu)
Thus
Molecular mass SO 2 = [(1 * 32.07 amu) + (2 * 16.00 amu)] = 64.07 amu

For any molecule:

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 molecule SO 2 = 64.07 amu

1 mole SO 2 = 64.07 g SO2

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Atomic mass (in amu) = Molar Mass (g/mol)

Molecular Mass (in amu) = Molar Mass (g/mol)

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Example 3.7 :
/ ‫ ﺟﻢ‬60.06 ‫ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻮرﻳﺎ‬2CO) NH2)] ] ‫ ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻮرﻳﺎ‬25.6 ‫ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻮل‬
How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6 g of urea [(NH 2)2CO].
The molar mass of urea is 60.06 g/mol.

n [(NH 2)2CO] = m/MM = [25.6 (g)/60.06 (g/mole)] = 0.426 mol

n [(NH 2)2CO] = N/NA
N= n * NA = [(0.426 mol) * (6.022 * 10 23 molecules/mol)]
N = 2.567 * 1023 molecules

1 molecule [(NH2)2CO] → 4 H atoms

2.567 * 1023 [(NH2)2CO] molecules → ?H atoms

NH = [(4 atoms * 2.567 * 10 23 molecules)/ (1 molecule)]= 1.03 * 10 24

atoms
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Percent Composition of 3.5
Compounds
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬

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 Examples:
Calculate the percent of nitrogen in Ca(NO 3)2.
a) 12.01%
b) 17.10%
c) 18%
d) 16%
.‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة أدﻧﺎه ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ أﺳﻤﺪة ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
.All of the substances listed below are fertilizers that contribute nitrogen to the soil
‫أي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ أﻏﻨﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ؟‬
?Which of these is the richest source of nitrogen on a mass percentage basis
a) Urea, (NH 2)2CO %N= 46.6%
b) Ammonium nitrate, NH 4NO3 %N= 35%
c) Guanidine, HNC(NH 2)2 %N= 71.1%
d) Ammonia, NH 3 %N= 82.2%

‫اي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻫﻮاﻏﻨﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺎس اﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻪ وزﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ؟‬

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 3.6 Determination of the Empirical Formula
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬
Determination of the Empirical Formula from the Percent Composition by
Mass
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
Example:
‫ﺣﺪد اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬
Determine the empirical formula of a compound that has the
following
percent composition by mass: K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.
.‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬K 24.75 ، Mn 34.77 ، O 40.51 :‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬

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 K Mn O
% →100g 24.75g 34.77g 40.51g
n=m/MM 24.75/39.10 34.77/54.94 40.51/16.00
=0.633mol =0.633mol = 2.532mol
÷ on smallest no. of 0.633/0.633 0.633/0.633 2.532/0.633
mole =1 =1 =4
The empirical K1 Mn1 O4
formula is
KMnO4

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Example 3.9:

Ascorbic acid composed of 40.92% C, 4.58% H, and 54.50%

O by mass. Determine its empirical formula.

C H O
% →100g 40.92g 4.58g 54.50g
n=m/MM 40.92/12.01 4.58/1.008 54.50/16.00
= 3.407mol =4.54.mol = 3.406 mol
÷ on smallest no. of 3.407/3.406 4.54/3.406 3.406/3.406
mole =1 = 1.33 =1
Convert into integer 3 3.99 = 4 3
x3
The empirical C3 H4 O3
formula is
C 3H 4O 3 23
 Example 3.11:
A sample compound contains 1.52g of N and 3.47g of O.
The molar mass of this compound is between 90g and 95g. Determine the
molecular formula.
.‫ ﺣﺪد اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﺟﻢ‬95 ‫ ﺟﻢ و‬90 ‫ﺗﺘﺮاوح اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
N O
% →100g 1.52 3.47
n=m/MM 1.52/14.01 3.47/16.00
= 0.108mol =
0.217mol
÷ on smallest no. of 0.108/0.108 0.217/0.10
mole =1 8=2
The empirical formula N1 O2
is
NO2
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 Chemical Reactions and Chemical 3.7
Equations
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
Chemical Reaction: ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬:
is a process in which one or more substances is changed
into one or more new substances
‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺎدة أو أﻛﺜﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎدة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬
Chemical Equation: ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a
chemical reaction
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬

Reactants → Products
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت → اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬
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ways of representing the reaction of H 2 with O2 to 3
form H2O
H2O ‫ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬O2 ‫ ﻣﻊ‬H2 ‫ﺛﻼث ﻃﺮق ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

2H2 + O2 → 2 H 2O

Two hydrogen molecules + One oxygen molecule → Two water molecules

‫ ﺟﺰيء أﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ واﺣﺪ ← ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﺎء‬+ ‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ‬

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How to “Read” Chemical Equations?
‫ﻛﻴﻒ "ﺗﻘﺮأ" اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟‬

2 Mg + O 2 → 2 MgO Read it!

2 Mg atoms + 1O 2 molecule makes 2 formula units MgO √
2Mg moles + 1 O2 mole makes 2 moles MgO √
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O 2 makes 80.6 g MgO √
Molar masses
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O 2 makes 2 g MgO X

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 Balancing Chemical Equations ‫ﻣﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
1. Write the correct formula/s for the reactant/s on the left side and the correct
formula/s for the product/s on the right side of the equation.
.‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬/ ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬/ ‫ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻷﻳﺴﺮ واﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬/ ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬/ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make the number
of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change
the subscripts.
.‫ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻢ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز‬.‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة أﻣﺎم اﻟﺼﻴﻎ )اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت( ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﻋﺪد ذرات ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one
product.
.‫اﺑﺪأ ﺑﻤﻮازﻧﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﺣﺪة وﻣﻨﺘﺞ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products.
.‫وازن ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺛﻨﻴﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ أو اﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ‬
Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the . 5
. equation
.‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺪد ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
29
 Balancing Chemical Equations
‫ﻣﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

Example:
‫ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻹﻳﺜﺎن ﻣﻊ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﻤﺎء‬
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide
and water

1- C2H6 + O 2 → CO2 + H2O

2- 2C2H6 NOT C4H12

30
3- Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one
product.
.‫اﺑﺪأ ﺑﻤﻮازﻧﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﺣﺪة وﻣﻨﺘﺞ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

C2H6 + O 2 → CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

↑ ↑
2 carbon on left 1 carbon on right multiply CO 2 by 2

C2H6 + O 2 → 2CO2 + H2O

↑ ↑
6 hydrogen on left 2 hydrogen on right multiply H2O by 3

C2H6 + O 2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O 31

•
32
5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of
each type of atom on both sides of the equation. ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺪد ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬.

2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O Reactants Products

4 C (2 x 2) 4C 4C 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2) 12 H 12 H
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6) 14 O 14 O

33
Examples:
:‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ‬H2O ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
What is the coefficient of H 2O when the equation is balanced:
_ Al 4C 3 + _ H 2O → _ Al(OH) 3 + 3CH 4
a) 13
b) 4
c) 6
d) 12
:‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ‬Al (OH) 3 ‫ و‬H2O ‫ و‬Al4C3 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬
What are the coefficients of Al 4C3 ,H 2O and Al(OH) 3, respectively, when the equation is
balanced:
_ Al 4C 3 + _ H 2O → _ Al(OH) 3 + 3CH 4
a) 4,1,5
b) 1,12,4
c) 1,24, 4
d) 4,12,1

34
 3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬

Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of reactants and

products of chemical reaction ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‬
‫وﻧﻮاﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
Two important questions: ‫ﺳﺆاﻻن ﻣﻬﻤﺎن‬:
1. How much product will be formed from specific amount
of reactants? ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ؟‬
e.g. 6.0 g reactant→ ? Product

2. How much starting reactants must be used to obtain a

specific amount of product ? ‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺪء اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ؟‬
e.g. ? reactant → 6.0 g product
35
 Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions
‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

1. Write balanced chemical equation ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ‬

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻻت‬
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the
sought quantity
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻧﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬
36
Example 3.13:

‫ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬، ‫ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬C6H12O6 ‫ ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ‬856 ‫إذا اﺳﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ؟‬
If 856g of C6H12O6 is consumed by a person over a certain
period, what is the mass of CO 2 produced?
C6H12O6+ 6O 2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

1. Write balanced chemical equation

C6H12O6+ 6O 2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
balanced
37
•
38
 •
39
Example 3.14 :

2 Li (s) + 2H 2O (l) → 2LiOH (aq) + H 2 (g)

How many grams of Li are needed to produce 9.89g of

H2 ?
‫ ؟‬H2 ‫ ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ‬9.89 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

Strategy:
grams of H 2 → moles of H2 → moles of Li→ grams of Li

40
•
41
•
42
3.9 Limiting Reagent ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ‬
• Limiting Reagent: is the reactant used up first in a
reaction and thus determine the amount of product
‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ أوﻻً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬:‫اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬
• Excess Reagent : is the reactant present in quantities
greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the
limiting reagent (the one that is left at the end of the
reaction).
‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد )اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬:‫اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‬
.(‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
• Limiting reagent is in a reaction of more than one
reactant!
!‫اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﺣﺪ‬ 43
Limiting Reagent and Excess Reagent
‫اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ واﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‬

44
Limiting Reagent and Excess Reagent
‫اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ واﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‬

Limiting
reagents Excess
reagents
45
 Limiting Reagent: ‫اﻟﺤﺪ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ‬
Reactant used up first in the reaction.
.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ أوﻻً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

2NO + O2 → 2NO2

NO is the limiting reagent ‫ﻫﻮ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬

O2 is the excess reagent ‫ﻫﻮ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‬

46
Questions in Limiting Reagent: ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ‬

First: we have to determine which reactant is the limiting

reagent and which is the excess reagent!
‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ أي ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد وأﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‬:ً‫أوﻻ‬
Second: after we know which one is the limiting reagent,
we could determine the amount of the product!!
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬، ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻧﻌﺮف أﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬:‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
ً
Third: after we know the excess reagent, we could
determine how much excess of it is left at the end of the
reaction!!!
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬، ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‬: ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜً ﺎ‬

47
Example 3.15 :

•
48
•
49
•
50
c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the
reaction?
‫ج( ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ )ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام( اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ؟‬
Excess reagent is CO2:
grams of CO 2 left = initial grams (CO2) – reacted grams (CO 2)
From chemical eq. 2 mol NH3 = 1 mol CO2
37.482 mol = x

number of moles of CO 2 reacted = 37.482 x 1/2 = 18.74 mol

Mass of CO2 = n × MM = 18.74 x 44 = 824.56 g

grams of CO 2 left = initial grams (CO2) – reacted grams (CO 2)

= 1142 - 824.56 = 317.44 g
51
Examples
When 22.0 g NaCl and 21.0 g H 2SO4 are mixed and react according to the equation
below, which is the limiting reagent? 2NaCl + H 2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HCl
(a) NaCl
(b) H2SO4
(c) Na 2SO4
(d) HCl

Consider the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) in oxygen gas: 2CO(g) + O 2(g) →
2CO2(g) Starting with 3.60 moles of CO, calculate the number of moles of CO2
produced if there is enough oxygen gas to react with all of the CO. The limiting
Reagent is CO
(a) 7.20 mol
(b) 44.0 mol
(c) 3.60 mol
(d) 1.80 mol
52
3.10 Reaction Yield ‫رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬

•
53
Example 3.16 :

•
54
(a) Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti in grams.
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام‬Ti ‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻨﻈﺮي ﻟﻠـ‬
Strategy:
1. Given: Masses of two reactants → limiting reagent problem
2. Masses of reactants → moles of reactant
3. Moles of reactants → used to calculate the moles of product
4. Moles of product is the less number of moles (limiting reagent)
5. Moles of product → grams of product (theoretical yield of the product)
:‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ← اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ‬:‫ﻣﻌﻄﻰ‬ .1
‫ﻛﺘﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ → ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‬ .2
‫ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ → ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ .3
(‫ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺪد أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﺎت )ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﻣﻘﻴﺪ‬ .4
(‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ← ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ )اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻨﻈﺮي ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ .5

55
 1TiCl4 (g) + 2Mg (ɭ)→ Ti (s)+ 2MgCl 2 (ɭ)

n TiCl4 = 3.54×10 7 /189.68 = 1.87x10 5 mol

from the equation, Ratio= 1.87x105/1 = 1.87x105

n Mg = 1.13×10 7 g / 24.3 = 4.64 x105 mol

from the equation, Ratio= 4.64 x105/2 = 2.32 x105

Ratio of TiCl 4 (1.87x105) < Ratio of Mg (2.32 x10 5)

So TiCl4 is the limiting reagent

56
 From chemical eq.

1 mole TiCl 4 → 1 mole Ti

1.87 x10 5 mole → ?n Ti
n(Ti) =1.87 x105 mol

m(Ti) = n x MM
= 1.87x105 mol x 47.88 g/mol = 8.95x106 g
mass of Ti = theoretical yield of Ti

57
Calculate the percent yield if 7.91 x 106 g of Ti are) b(
.actually obtained
.Ti ‫ ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ‬106 × 7.91 ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ إذا ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

•
58