vè;k; 4

xfreku vkos'k vkSj

pqacdRo

4.1 Hkwfedk
2000 o"kZ ls Hkh igys fo|qr rFkk pqc
a dRo nksuksa gh osQ ckjs esa yksxksa dks Kku FkkA fiQj Hkh yxHkx
200 o"kZ iwoZ] 1820 esa ;g Li"V vuqHko fd;k x;k fd bu nksuksa esa vVwV laca/ gSA 1820 dh
xzh"e ½rq esa] Mp HkkSfrdfoKkuh gSal fØf'p;u vkWLVsZM us] vius ,d Hkk"k.k osQ nkSjku iz;ksx
izn£'kr djrs gq, ns[kk fd ,d lh/s rkj esa fo|qr /kjk izokfgr djus ij ikl j[kh gqbZ pqacdh;
lqbZ esa lqLi"V fo{ksi izkIr gksrk gSA mUgksaus bl ifj?kVuk ij 'kks/ vkjaHk fd;kA mUgksaus ik;k fd
pqacdh; lqbZ rkj osQ vfHkyacor ry esa rkj dh fLFkfr osQ osaQnzr% o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk osQ lekarj
lajsf[kr gksrh gSA bl fLFkfr dks fp=k 4.1(a) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ij ;g ns[kus osQ fy, rkj esa
i;kZIr /kjk izokfgr gksuh pkfg, vkSj pqacdh; lqbZ rkj osQ dkiQh fudV j[kh gksuh pkfg, rkfd
i`Foh osQ pqacdh; {ks=k dh mis{kk dh tk losQA ;fn rkj esa /kjk dh fn'kk foijhr dj nh tk,
rks pqacdh; lqbZ Hkh ?kwe dj foijhr fn'kk esa lajsf[kr gks tkrh gS ¹fp=k 4.1(b) nsf[k,ºA rkj esa
/kjk dk ifjek.k c<+kus ;k lqbZ dks rkj osQ fudV ykus ls pqacdh; lqbZ dk fo{ksi c<+ tkrk gSA
rkj osQ pkjksa vksj ;fn ykSg pw.kZ fNM+osaQ rks blosQ d.k rkj osQ pkjksa vksj laosaQnzh o`Ùkksa esa O;ofLFkr
gks tkrs gSa ¹fp=k 4.1(c) nsf[k,ºA bl ifj?kVuk ls vkWLVsZM us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd xfreku vkos'k
(/kjk) vius pkjksa vksj ,d pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrs gSaA
blosQ i'pkr iz;ksxksa dh xfr rhoz gks xbZA lu 1864 esa fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo osQ loZekU;
fu;eksa dks tsEl eSDlosy us ,dho`Qr djosQ u, fu;e cuk, vkSj ;g Li"V vuqHko fd;k fd
izdk'k okLro esa fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxsa gSaA gVZ~”k us jsfM;ks rjaxksa dh [kkst dh rFkk 19oha 'krkCnh

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
osQ var rd lj ts-lh- cksl rFkk ekdksZuh us bu rjaxksa dks mRiUu fd;kA 20oha 'krkCnh esa foKku
rFkk izkS|ksfxdh esa vk'p;Ztud izxfr gqbZ gSA ;g izxfr fo|qr pqacdRo osQ gekjs c<+rs Kku rFkk
fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxksa dks mRiUu] izc£/r] izsf"kr rFkk lalwfpr djus okyh ;qfDr;ksa dh [kkst osQ
dkj.k gqbZ gSA

fp=k 4.1 ,d lh/s yacs /kjkokgh rkj osQ dkj.k mRiUu pqacdh; {ks=kA rkj] dkx”k osQ ry ij
vfHkyacor gSA rkj osQ pkjksa vksj paqcdh; lqb;ksa dh ,d eqfnzdk cukbZ xbZ gSA pqacdh; lqb;ksa dk
vfHkfoU;klµ (a) tc /kjk dkx”k osQ ry ls ckgj dh vksj izokfgr gksrh gSA
(b) tc /kjk dkx”k osQ ry ls vanj dh vksj izokfgr gksrh gSA (c) ykSg pw.kZ d.kksa dk rkj osQ pkjksa
vksj vfHkfoU;klA lqb;ksa osQ dkys fljs mÙkjh /qzo izn£'kr djrs gSaA ;gk¡ Hkw&pqacdRo osQ izHkko dh
mis{kk dh xbZ gSA
bl vè;k; esa ge ;g ns[ksaxs fd pqacdh; {ks=k fdl izdkj vkosf'kr
d.kks_a tSlµ
s bysDVªkuW ] izkVs kWu rFkk fo|qr /kjkokgh rkjksa ij cy vkjksfir djrs
gSaA ge ;g Hkh lh[ksaxs fd fo|qr /kjk,¡ fdl izdkj pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu
djrh gSaA ge ;g ns[ksaxs fd lkbDyksVªkWu esa fdl izdkj d.kksa dks vfr mPp
ÅtkZvksa rd Rofjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ge xSYosuksehVj }kjk fo|qrèkkjkvksa
,oa oksYVrkvksa osQ lalwpu osQ fo"k; esa Hkh vè;;u djsaxsA
bl vè;k; rFkk vkxs vkus okys pqacdRo osQ vè;k;ksa esa ge
fuEufyf[kr ifjikVh dks viuk,¡xsA dkx”k osQ ry ls ckgj dh vksj fuxZr
fo|qr /kjk vFkok {ks=k (fo|qr vFkok pqacdh;) dks ,d ¯cnq (¤) }kjk
gSal fØf'p;u vkWLVsZM (1777–1851)

O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA dkx”k osQ ry esa Hkhrj dh vksj tkrh fo|qr /kjk
vFkok fo|qr {ks=k dks ,d ØkWl ( ⊗ )* }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA fp=k
4.1(a) rFkk 4.1(b) Øe'k% bu nks fLFkfr;ksa osQ rnuq:ih gSaA
gSal fØf'p;u vkWLVsZM (1777–
1851) MsuekoZQ osQ HkkSfrdfoKkuh ,oa 4.2 pqacdh; cy
jlk;uK] dkWisugsxu esa izkis + sQlj FksA
mUgksua s ;g ns[kk fd fdlh pqca dh; lqbZ 4.2.1 lzksr vkSj {ks=k
dks tc ,d ,sls rkj osQ ikl j[kk fdlh pqacdh; {ks=k B dh vfHk/kj.kk dks izLrkfor djus ls igys ge la{ksi
tkrk gS ftlesa fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gks esa ;g nksgjk,¡xs fd geus vè;k; 1 osQ varxZr fo|qr {ks=k E osQ fo"k; esa
jgh gks rks mlesa fo{ksi gksrk gSA bl D;k lh[kk gSA geus ;g ns[kk gS fd nks vkos'kksa osQ chp vU;ksU; fØ;k ij
[kkst us oS|qr ,oa pqacdh; izØeksa osQ nks pj.kksa esa fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkos'k Q tksfd fo|qr {ks=k dk lzksr
chp lac/ a dk igyk vkuqHkfod izek.k gS] ,d fo|qr {ks=k E mRiUu djrk gS µ
izLrqr fd;kA
E=Q / (4πε0)r 2 (4.1)

* dksbZ MkV (¯cnq) vkidh vksj laosQr djrs rhj dh uksad tSlk izrhr gksrk gS rFkk ØkWl fdlh rhj dh
106 ia[k;qDr iw¡N tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo
;gk¡ r̂ , r osQ vuqfn'k ,dkad lfn'k gS rFkk {ks=k E ,d lfn'k {ks=k gSA dksbZ
vkos'k q bl {ks=k ls vU;ksU; fØ;k djosQ ,d cy F dk vuqHko djrk gS
F = q E = q Q r̂ / (4πε0) r 2 (4.2)

tSlk fd vè;k; 1 esa fu£n"V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd fo|qr {ks=k E ek=k

f'kYi rF; gh ugha gS] ijarq bldh HkkSfrd Hkwfedk Hkh gSA ;g ÅtkZ rFkk
laosx laizsf"kr dj ldrk gS rFkk ;g rR{k.k gh LFkkfir ugha gks tkrk oju
blosQ iSQyus esa ifjfer le; yxrk gSA {ks=k dh vfHk/kj.kk dks iSQjkMs }kjk
fo'ks"k egÙo fn;k x;k rFkk eSDlosy us fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo dks ,dho`Qr
djus esa bl vfHk/kj.kk dks lekosf'kr fd;kA fno~QLFkku esa izR;sd ¯cnq ij
fuHkZj gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk ;g le; osQ lkFk Hkh ifjo£rr gks ldrk gS]
vFkkZr ;g le; dk iQyu gSA bl vè;k; esa ge viuh ppkZ esa] ;g ekusaxs
fd le; osQ lkFk {ks=k esa ifjorZu ugha gksrkA gsafMªd ,saVwu yksjsaT+k (1853 –
fdlh fo'ks"k ¯cnq ij fo|qr {ks=k ,d vFkok vf/d vkos'kksa osQ dkj.k 1928) yksjsaT+k MsuekoZQ osQ lS¼kafrd
gks ldrk gSA ;fn ,d ls vf/d vkos'k gSa rks muosQ dkj.k mRiUu {ks=k HkkSfrdfoKkuh] fyMsu esa izksi+sQlj FksA
lfn'k :i ls la;ksftr gks tkrs gSaA vki igys vè;k; esa ;g lh[k gh pqosQ mUgksua s fo|qr] pqca dRo rFkk ;kaf=kdh esa
gSa fd bls vè;kjksi.k dk fl¼kar dgrs gSaA ,d ckj ;fn {ks=k Kkr gS rks laca/ dh [kkst dhA izdk'k mRltZdksa
ijh{k.k vkos'k ij cy dks lehdj.k (4.2) }kjk Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ij paqcdh; {ks=k osQ izsf{kr izHkkoksa

gsafMªd ,saVwu yksjsa”k (1853 – 1928)

ftl izdkj fLFkj vkos'k fo|qr {ks=k mRiUu djrs gS]a fo|qr /kjk,¡ vFkok (theku izHkko) dh O;k[;k djus osQ
fy, bUgksaus ijek.kq esa oS|qr vkos'kksa
xfreku vkos'k (fo|qr {ks=k osQ lkFk&lkFk) pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrs gSa
osQ vfLrRo gksus dks vfHkx`ghr fd;kA
ftls B (r) }kjk fu£n"V fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g Hkh ,d lfn'k {ks=k gSA blosQ fy, bUgsa 1902 esa ukscy s iqjLdkj
blosQ fo|qr {ks=k osQ le:i cgqr ls ewy xq.k gSaA bls fno~QLFkku osQ gj ¯cnq iznku fd;k x;kA bUgksaus oqQN tfVy
ij ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS (vkSj lkFk gh le; ij fuHkZj dj ldrk gS)A my>u Hkjs xf.krh; rdks± osQ vk/kj
iz;ksxksa }kjk ;g ik;k x;k gS fd ;g vè;kjksi.k osQ fl¼kar dk ikyu djrk ij oqQN :ikarj.k lehdj.kksa dk ,d
gSA vè;kjksi.k dk fl¼kar bl izdkj gSµcgqr ls lzksrksa dk paqcdh; {ks=k leqPp; O;qRiUu fd;k ftls muosQ
izR;sd O;f"Vxr lzksr osQ pqacdh; {ks=kksa dk lfn'k ;ksx gksrk gSA lEeku esa yksjsa”k :ikarj.k lehdj.k
dgrs gSaA lehdj.kksa dks O;qRiUu djrs
4.2.2 pqacdh; {ks=k] yksjsat cy le; bUgsa bl rF; osQ ckjs esa ;g Kkr
ugha Fkk fd ;s lehdj.k dky rFkk
eku yhft, fo|qr {ks=k E (r) rFkk pqacdh; {ks=k B (r) nksuksa dh mifLFkfr
fno~QLFkku dh u;h vfHkèkkj.kk ij
esa dksbZ ¯cnq vkos'k q (osx v ls xfreku rFkk fdlh fn, x, le; t ij
voyafcr gSaA
r ij fLFkr) fo|eku gSA fdlh vkos'k q ij bu nksuksa {ks=kksa }kjk vkjksfir
cy dks bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ
F = q [ E (r) + v × B (r)] = Ffo|qr +Fpaqcdh; (4.3)
bl cy dks loZiFz ke ,p-,- yksjt
as us ,sfEi;j rFkk vU; oSKkfudksa }kjk foLr`r iSekus ij fd,
x, iz;ksxksa osQ vk/kj ij O;Dr fd;k FkkA bl cy dks vc yksjsat cy dgrs gSaA fo|qr {ks=k osQ
dkj.k yxus okys cy osQ ckjs esa rks vki foLrkj ls vè;;u dj gh pqosQ gSaA ;fn ge paqcdh;
{ks=k osQ lkFk vU;ksU; fØ;k ij è;ku nsa rks gesa fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ feyrh gSaµ
(i) ;g q, v rFkk B (d.k osQ vkos'k] osx rFkk pqacdh; {ks=k) ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ½.kkos'k ij
yxus okyk cy /ukos'k ij yxus okys cy osQ foijhr gksrk gSA 107

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
(ii) pqacdh; cy q [ v × B ] osx rFkk pqacdh; {ks=k dk ,d lfn'k xq.kuiQy gksrk gSA lfn'k
xq.kuiQy pqacdh; {ks=k osQ dkj.k cy dks lekIr ('kwU;) dj nsrk gSA ;g rc gksrk gS tc
cy] osx rFkk pacq dh; {ks=k nksuksa osQ yacor gksrk gS (fdlh fn'kk es)a A tc osx rFkk pqca dh;
{ks=k dh fn'kk ,d nwljs osQ lekarj ;k izfrlekarj gksrh gSA
bldh fn'kk lfn'k xq.kuiQy (Økl xq.kuiQy) osQ fy, fp=k
4.2 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj isap fu;e vFkok nf{k.k gLr fu;e }kjk
izkIr gksrh gSA
(iii) ;fn vkos'k xfreku ugha gS (rc |v|= 0) rks pqacdh;
cy 'kwU; gksrk gSA osQoy xfreku vkos'k gh cy dk vuqHko
djrk gSA
fp=k 4.2 vkosf'kr d.k ij yxs cy dh fn'kk (a) pqacdh; {ks=k pqacdh; {ks=k osQ fy, O;atd pqacdh; {ks=k osQ ek=kd dh
B ls θ dks.k cukrs gq, v osx ls xfreku dksbZ /ukosf'kr d.k ifjHkk"kk nsus esa gekjh lgk;rk djrk gSA ;fn cy osQ lehdj.k
cy dk vuqHko djrk gS ftldh fn'kk nf{k.k gLr fu;e }kjk esa gy q, F rFkk v lHkh dk eku ,dkad ekusa rks F = q
izkIr gksrh gSA (b) pqacdh; {ks=k dh mifLFkfr esa xfr'khy [v × B] =q v B sin θ n̂ , ;gk¡ θ osx v rFkk pqacdh; {ks=k
vkosf'kr d.k osQ fo{ksi q dh fn'kk –q osQ fo{ksi dh fn'kk osQ
B osQ chp dk dks.k gS ¹fp=k 4.2 (a) nsf[k,ºA pqacdh; {ks=k
foijhr gksrh gSA
B dk ifjek.k 1 SI ek=kd gksrk gS] tcfd fdlh ,dkad
vkos'k (1 C), tks fd B osQ yacor 1m/s osx v ls xfreku
gS] ij yxk cy 1 U;wVu gksA
foeh; jhfr ls ge tkurs gSa fd [B] = [F/qv] rFkk B dk ek=kd U;wVu lsoaQM@owQykWe ehVj
gSA bl ek=kd dks VsLyk (T) dgrs gSa ftls fudksyk VsLyk (1856&1943) osQ uke ij j[kk
x;k gSA VsLyk ,d cM+k ek=kd gSA vr% ,d vis{kko`Qr NksVs ek=kd xkml (=10–4 VsLyk ) dk izk;%
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
4.2.3 fo|qr /kjkokgh pkyd ij pqacdh; cy
ge fdlh ,dy xfreku vkos'k ij paqcdh; {ks=k }kjk vkjksfir cy osQ fo'ys"k.k dk foLrkj
fo|qr /kjkokgh lh/h NM+ osQ fy, dj ldrs gSaA yackbZ l rFkk ,dleku vuqizLFk dkV A dh
fdlh NM+ ij fopkj djrs gSaA ge fdlh pkyd (ftlesa bysDVªkWu xfr'khy okgd gSa) dh Hkk¡fr
,d gh izdkj osQ xfr'khy okgd ekusxa As eku yhft, bu xfr'khy vkos'k okgdksa dk la[;k ?kuRo
n gS rc pkyd esa oqQy xfr'khy vkos'k okgdksa dh la[;k nlA gqbAZ bl pkyd NM+ esa vifjorhZ
fo|qr /kjk I osQ fy, ge ;g eku ldrs gSa fd izR;sd xfr'khy okgd dk viokg osx vd gS
(vè;k; 3 nsf[k,)A fdlh cká pqacdh; {ks=k B dh mifLFkfr esa bu okgdksa ij cy
F = (nl A)q vd × B
;gk¡ q fdlh okgd osQ vkos'k dk eku gSA vc ;gk¡ nq vd fo|qr èkkjk ?kuRo j rFkk
|(nq vd )|A fo|qr èkkjk I gS (fo|qr /kjk rFkk fo|qr èkkjk ?kuRo ij ppkZ osQ fy, vè;k; 3
nsf[k,A) bl çdkj
F = [(nq vd )lA] × B = [ jlA ] × B
= Ill × B (4.4)
;gk¡ l ,d lfn'k gS ftldk ifjek.k l gS tks
fd NM+ dh yackbZ gS] rFkk bldh fn'kk fo|qr èkkjk
I osQ loZle gSA è;ku nhft, fo|qr èkkjk lfn'k ugha gSA lehdj.k (4.4) osQ vafre pj.k esa geus
108
lfn'k fpÉ dks j ls l ij LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo
lehdj.k (4.4) lhèkh NM+ ij ykxw gksrh gSA bl lehdj.k esa B cká pqacdh; {ks=k gSA ;g
fo|qr èkkjkokgh NM+ }kjk mRiUu {ks=k ugha gSA ;fn rkj dh ;kn`fPNd vkÑfr gS] rks ge bl ij ykWjt
as
cy dk ifjdyu] bls jsf[kd ifêð;ksa dll j dk lewg ekudj rFkk ladyu }kjk dj ldrs gSa
F= ∑ Idl
j
j ×B

vfèkdka'k çdj.kksa esa ladyu dks lekdyu esa ifjofrZr dj ysrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 4.1 200 g nzO;eku rFkk 1.5 m yackbZ osQ fdlh lhèks rkj ls 2 A fo|qr èkkjk
çokfgr gks jgh gSA ;g fdlh ,dleku {kSfrt B pqacdh; {ks=k }kjk ok;q osQ chp esa fuyafcr
gS (fp=k 4.3)A pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k Kkr dhft,A

fp=k 4.3 HkkSfrdh

gy lehdj.k (4.4) osQ vuqlkj] rkj chp&ok;q esa fuyafcr gS blosQ fuyafcr jgus osQ fy, bl
ij ,d mifjeq[kh cy F ftldk ifjek.k IlB yxuk pkfg, tks blosQ Hkkj mg dks larqfyr

http://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~teb/optics/java/partmagn/index.html
paqcdh; {ks=k esa xfreku vkosf'kr d.k µ vU;ksU; fØ;k izn'kZu
dj losQA vr%
m g = I lB
mg
B=
Il mnkgj.k 4.1
0.2 × 9.81
= = 0.65 T
2 × 1.5
è;ku nhft,] ;gk¡ ij m/l vFkkZr rkj dk çfr ,dkad yackbZ nzO;eku crkuk i;kZIr gSA i`Foh
osQ pqacdh; {ks=k dk eku yxHkx 4 × 10–5 T gS ftldh geus ;gk¡ mis{kk dh gSA

mnkgj.k 4.2 ;fn pqacdh; {ks=k èkukRed y-v{k osQ lekUrj gS rFkk vkosf'kr d.k èkukRed
x-v{k osQ vuqfn'k xfreku gS (fp=k 4.4 nsf[k, ), rks yksjt
as cy fdl vksj yxsxk tcfd xfreku
d.k (a) bysDVªkWu (½.k vkos'k) (b) çksVkWu (èku vkos'k) gSA
mnkgj.k 4.2

fp=k 4.4 109

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
gy d.k osQ osx v dh fn'kk x-v{k osQ vuqfn'k gS tcfd pqacdh; {ks=k B dh fn'kk y-v{k osQ

mnkgj.k 4.2
vuqfn'k gS] vr% yksjsat cy v × B dh fn'kk z-v{k osQ vuqfn'k (isap fu;e vFkok nf{k.k gLr
vaxq"B fu;e) gSA vr% (a) bysDVªkWu osQ fy, ;g cy –z v{k osQ vuqfn'k rFkk (b) èkukos'k
(izksVkWu) osQ fy, ;g +z v{k osQ vuqfn'k gSA

4.3 pqacdh; {ks=k esa xfr

vc ge vkSj vf/d foLrkj ls pqca dh; {ks=k esa xfr'khy vkos'k osQ fo"k; esa vè;;u djsxa As geus
;kaf=kdh (d{kk 11 dh ikB~;iqLrd dk vè;k; 5 nsf[k,) esa ;g lh[kk gS fd ;fn fdlh cy
dk d.k dh xfr dh fn'kk esa (vFkok mlosQ foijhr) dksbZ vo;o gS rks og cy
ml d.k ij dk;Z djrk gSA pqacdh; {ks=k esa vkos'k dh xfr osQ izdj.k esa] pqacdh;
cy d.k osQ osx dh fn'kk osQ yacor gksrk gSA vr% dksbZ dk;Z ugha gksrk rFkk osx
osQ ifjek.k esa Hkh dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk (;|fi laosx dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu gks
ldrk gSA [è;ku nhft,] ;g fo|qr {ks=k osQ dkj.k cy] q E, ls fHkUu gS] ftldk
xfr osQ lekarj (vFkok izfrlekarj) vo;o gks ldrk gS vkSj bl izdkj laosx osQ
lkFk&lkFk ÅtkZ dks Hkh LFkkukarfjr dj ldrk gSAº
ge fdlh ,dleku pqacdh; {ks=k esa vkosf'kr d.k dh xfr ij fopkj djsaxsA
igys ml fLFkfr ij fopkj dhft, ftlesa osx v pqacdh; {ks=k B osQ yacor gSA
yacor cy q v × B vfHkosaQnz cy dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djrk gS rFkk pqacdh; {ks=k osQ
yacor orqZy xfr mRiUu djrk gSA ;fn v rFkk B ,d nwljs osQ yacor gSa] rks d.k
(vFkkZr fdlh o`Ùk osQ vuqfn'k) orqZy xfr djsxk (fp=k 4.5)A
fp=k 4.5 orqZy xfr
;fn osx v dk dksbZ vo;o gS] B osQ vuqfn'k rks ;g
vo;o vifjofrZr jgrk gS] D;ksafd pqacdh; {ks=k osQ vuqfn'k
xfr dks pqacdh; {ks=k izHkkfor ugha djsxkA B osQ yacor fdlh
ry esa xfr] igys dh Hkk¡fr] orqy Z xfr gh gS ftlls ;g vo;o
oqQaMfyuh xfr mRiUu djrk gS (fp=k 4.6)A
vkius fiNyh d{kkvksa esa ;g lh[k fy;k gS (nsf[k,
vè;k; 3 d{kk 11) fd ;fn fdlh d.k osQ o`Ùkkdkj iFk dh
f=kT;k r gS rks ml d.k ij ,d cy m v2 / r o`Ùk osQ osaQnz dh
vksj rFkk iFk osQ yacor dk;Z djrk gS ftls vfHkosQa nz cy dgrs
gSaA ;fn osx v pqacdh; {ks=k B osQ yacor gS] rks pqacdh; cy
osx v rFkk pqca dh; {ks=k B osQ yacor gksrk gS rFkk vfHkosQa nz cy
dh Hkk¡fr bldk ifjek.k q v B gksrk gSA nksuksa vfHkosaQnz cy osQ
O;atdksa dks lehdj.k osQ :i esa fy[kus ij
pwM+h varjky (fip) m v 2/r = q v B,
f=kT;k
r = m v / qB (4.5)
fp=k 4.6 oqaQMfyuh xfr
ftruk vf/d laosx gksxk mruh gh vf/d fufeZr o`Ùk dh
f=kT;k gksxh rFkk fu£er o`Ùk Hkh cM+k gksxkA ;fn dks.kh; vko`fÙk ω gS rks v = ωr vr%
110
ω = 2π ν = q B/ m [4.6(a)]

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo
dks.kh; vko`fÙk ω osx vFkok ÅtkZ ij fuHkZj ugha djrhA ;gk¡ ν ?kw.kZu dh vko`fÙk gSA ν osQ ÅtkZ
ij fuHkZj u djus dk lkbDyksVªkWu osQ fM”kkbu esa ,d egRoiw.kZ vuqiz;ksx gSA
,d ifjØek iwjh djus esa yxk le; T= 2π/ω ≡ 1/ν, ;fn pqacdh; {ks=k osQ lekarj osx
dk dksbZ vo;o (v|| }kjk fufnZ"V) gS] d.k dk iFk oqaQMfyuh (lfiZykdkj) tSlk gksxkA ,d
?kw.kZu esa d.k }kjk pqacdh; {ks=k osQ vuqfn'k pyh xbZ nwjh dks fip ;k pwM+h varjky dgrs gSaA
lehdj.k [4.6 (a)] dk mi;ksx djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gSA
p = v ||T = 2πm v || / q B [4.6(b)]
xfr osQ o`Ùkh; vo;o dh f=kT;k dks oqaQMfyuh dh f=kT;k dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k 4.3 6 × 10–4 T osQ pqacdh; {ks=k osQ yacor 3 ×107 m/s dh pky ls xfreku
fdlh bysDVªkuW (nzO;eku 9 × 10-31 kg rFkk vkos'k 1.6 × 10–19 C) osQ iFk dh f=kT;k D;k gS\
bldh D;k vko`fÙk gksxh\ bldh ÅtkZ KeV esa ifjdfyr dhft,A ( 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J)
gy lehdj.k (4.5) dk mi;ksx djus ij ge ikrs gSa
r = m v / (qB) = 9 ×10–31 kg × 3 × 107 m s–1 / ( 1.6 × 10–19 C × 6 × 10–4 T )

mnkgj.k 4.3
= 28 × 10–2 m = 28 cm
ν = v / (2 πr) = 17×106 s–1 = 17×106 Hz =17 MHz.
E = (½ )mv 2 = (½ ) 9 × 10–31 kg × 9 × 1014 m2/s2 = 40.5 ×10–17 J
–16
≈ 4×10 J = 2.5 KeV

4.4 fo|qr /kjk vo;o osQ dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=k]

ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e
ftrus pqacdh; {ks=k gesa Kkr gSa os lHkh fo|qr /kjkvksa (vFkok xfr'khy vkos'kksa) rFkk
d.kksa osQ uSt pqacdh; vk?kw.kks± osQ dkj.k mRiUu gq, gSaA ;gk¡ vc ge fo|qr /kjk rFkk
mlosQ }kjk mRiUu pqacdh; {ks=k osQ chp laca/ osQ ckjs esa vè;;u djsaxsA ;g laca/
ck;ks lkoVZ fu;e }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA fp=k 4.7 esa ,d ifjfer fo|qr /kjk pkyd
XY n'kkZ;k x;k gS] ftlesa fo|qr /kjk I izokfgr gks jgh gSA pkyd osQ vfrvYi
vo;o dl ij fopkj dhft,A eku yhft, gesa bl vo;o }kjk blls r nwjh ij fLFkr
fdlh ¯cnq P ij pqacdh; {ks=k dB dk eku fu/kZfjr djuk gSA eku yhft, foLFkkiu
lfn'k r rFkk dll osQ chp θ dks.k curk gSA rc ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e osQ vuqlkj pqca dh; fp=k 4.7 ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e dk fun'kZ
{ks=k dB dk ifjek.k fo|qr /kjk I, yackbZ vo;o |dll |osQ vuqØekuqikrh rFkk nwjh fp=kA fo|qr/kjk&vo;o I dll, r nwjh ij
fLFkr fcanq ij {ks=k dB mRiUu djrk gSA
r osQ oxZ osQ O;qRØekuqikrh gSA bl {ks=k dh fn'kk* dll rFkk r osQ ryksa osQ yacor gksxhA
⊗ fpÉ ;g bafxr djrk gS fd {ks=k
vr% lfn'k laosQr i¼fr esa
dkx”k osQ ry osQ vfHkyacor uhps dh
Idl × r vksj izHkkoh gSA
dB ∝
r3
µ0 I d l × r
= [4.7(a)]
4π r 3

* dll ×rdh fn'kk nf{k.k gLr isap fu;e }kjk Hkh izkIr gksrh gSA dll rFkk r osQ ryksa dks nsf[k,A dYiuk
dhft, fd vki igys lfn'k ls nwljs lfn'k dh vksj xeu dj jgs gSaA ;fn xfr okekorZ gS rks ifj.kkeh
vkidh vksj ladsr djsxkA ;fn ;g nf{k.kkorZ gS rks ifj.kkeh vkils nwj dh vksj gksxkA 111

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
;gk¡ µ0/4π vuqØekuqikfrd fu;rkad gSA mijksDr lehdj.k rc ykxw gksrk gS tcfd ekè;e
fuokZr gksrk gSA
bl {ks=k dk ifjek.k
µ0 I dl sin θ
dB = [4.7(b)]
4π r2
;gk¡ geus lfn'k&xq.kuiQy osQ xq.k/eZ |dll ×r|= dl r sinθ dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA pqacdh; {ks=k
µ
osQ fy, lehdj.k [4.7(a)] ewy lehdj.k gSA vuqØekuqikrh fu;rkad 4π0 dk ;FkkFkZ eku gS µ
µ0
= 10 −7 Tm/A [4.7(c)]
4π
jkf'k µ0 dks eqDr vkdk'k (;k fuokZr) dh pqacd'khyrk fu;rkad dgrs gSaA
pqacdh; {ks=k osQ ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e vkSj fLFkjoS|qfrdh osQ owQykWe fu;e esa oqQN lekurk,¡
gSa rFkk oqQN vlekurk,¡A blesa ls oqQN fuEu izdkj gSa&
(i) nksuksa nh?kZ&ijklh gSa] D;ksafd nksuksa gh lzksr ls ijh{k.k fcanq rd dh nwjh osQ oxZ osQ
O;qRØekuqikrh gksrs gSaA nksuksa gh {ks=kksa ij vè;kjksi.k fl¼kar ykxw gksrk gS [bl laca/ esa ;g
è;ku nhft, fd lzksr I dll esa pqacdh; {ks=k jSf[kd gS tSls fd vius lzksr] fo|qr vkos'k esa
fLFkj oS|qr {ks=k jSf[kd gSA]
(ii) fLFkjoS|qr {ks=k vkfn'k lzksr] tSls oS|qr vkos'k] }kjk mRiUu gksrk gS tcfd pqacdh; {ks=k ,d
lfn'k lzksr tSls] I dll }kjk mRiUu gksrk gSA
(iii) fLFkjoS|qr {ks=k lzksr dks {ks=k osQ ¯cnq ls feykus okys foLFkkiu lfn'k osQ vuqfn'k gksrk gS
tcfd pqca dh; {ks=k foLFkkiu lfn'k r rFkk fo|qr /kjk vo;o I dll nksuksa osQ ryksa osQ yacor
gksrk gSA
(iv) ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e esa dks.k ij fuHkZjrk gS tks fLFkj oS|r q {ks=k esa ugha gksrhA fp=k 4.9 es]a fn'kk
dll (MS'k ;qDr js[kk esa fdlh Hkh ¯cnq ij pqacdh; {ks=k 'kwU; gSA bl fn'kk osQ vuqfn'k
θ = 0, sin θ = 0 rFkk lehdj.k [4.7(a)], |dB| = 0
eqDr fno~QLFkku dh fo|qr'khyrk] eqDr fno~QLFkku dh pqacd'khyrk rFkk fuokZr esa izdk'k
osQ osx esa ,d jkspd laca/ gSA
µ 
ε 0 µ0 = ( 4πε 0 )  0  = 
1  1 1
 4π   9 × 109 
(
10 −7 = )
(3 × 108 )2
= 2
c
bl laca/ osQ fo"k; esa ge fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxksa osQ vè;k; 8 esa ppkZ djsaxsA pw¡fd fuokZr
esa izdk'k dk osx fu;r gS] xq.kuiQy µ0ε0 ifjek.k esa fuf'pr gSA ε0 rFkk µ0 esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d
eku dk p;u djus ij vU; dk eku Lor% fuf'pr gks tkrk gSA SI ek=kdksa esa µ0 dk ,d fuf'pr
ifjek.k 4π × 10–7 gSA

mnkgj.k 4.4 dksbZ fo|qr /kjk vo;o ∆l = ∆x ˆi ftlls ,d mPp /kjk I = 10A izokfgr
mnkgj.k 4.4

gks jgh gS] ewy ¯cnq ij fLFkr gS (fp=k 4-8)] y-v{k ij 0.5 m nwjh ij fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq ij
blosQ dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=k dk D;k eku gSA ∆x = 1 cm
112

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo

fp=k 4.8
gy
µ0 I dl sin θ
|dB | = [ lehdj.k (4.7}kjk )]
4π r2
Tm
dl = ∆x = 10 −2 m , I = 10 A, r = 0.5 m = y, µ0 / 4 π = 10 −7
A
θ = 90° ; sin θ = 1
10−7 × 10 × 10 −2
dB = = 4 × 10–8 T
25 × 10 −2
bl pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk +z fn'kk esa gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd
( )
dl × r = ∆x ˆi × y ˆj = y ∆x ˆi × ˆj = y ∆x k
ˆ

mnkgj.k 4.4
;gk¡ ge vkidks lfn'k xq.kuiQyksa osQ fuEufyf[kr pØh; xq.kksa dks ;kn djkrs gSa
ˆi × ˆj = k
ˆ ; ˆj × k
ˆ = ˆi ; k
ˆ × ˆi = ˆj
è;ku nhft, bl {ks=k dk ifjek.k y?kq gSA
vxys vuqHkkx esa ge o`Ùkkdkj ik'k osQ dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=k ifjdfyr djus osQ fy,
ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e dk mi;ksx djsaxsA

4.5 fo|qr /kjkokgh o`Ùkkdkj ik'k osQ v{k ij

pqacdh; {ks=k
bl vuqHkkx esa ge fo|qr /kjkokgh o`Ùkkdkj ik'k osQ dkj.k mlosQ v{k osQ
vuqfn'k pqacdh; {ks=k dk ewY;kadu djsaxsA bl ewY;kadu esa fiNys vuqHkkx
esa of.kZr vR;Yi fo|qr /kjk vo;okas (I dll ) osQ izHkko dks la;ksftr fd;k
tk,xkA ge ;g ekurs gSa fd izokfgr fo|qr /kjk vifjorhZ gS rFkk
ewY;kadu eqDr fno~QLFkku (fuokZr) esa fd;k x;k gSA
fp=k 4.9 esa o`Ùkkdkj ik'k esa LFkk;h fo|qr /kjk I izokfgr gksrs gq,
n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA ik'k dks ewy ¯cnq ij x y ry esa fLFkr n'kkZ;k x;k gS rFkk
ik'k dk f=kT;k R gSA x-v{k gh ywi dk v{k gSA gesa blh v{k osQ ¯cnq
P ij pqacdh; {ks=k ifjdfyr djuk gS] eku yhft, ¯cnq P ik'k osQ osaQnz fp=k 4.9 f=kT;k R fo|qr /kjkokgh o`Ùkkdkj ik'k
ls x nwjh ij fLFkr gSA osQ v{k ij pqacdh; {ks=kA bl fp=k esa js[kk vo;o
ik'k osQ pkyd vo;o dl ij fopkj dhft,] bls fp=k 4.9 esa n'kkZ;h dll ds dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=k dB rFkk v{k ds yacor
xbZ gSA dl osQ dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e dk;Zjr blosQ vo;oksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
[lehdj.k 4.7(a)] osQ vuqlkj
µ0 I dl × r
dB = (4.8) 113
4π r3

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
vc r 2 = x 2 + R 2A lkFk gh] ik'k dk dksbZ Hkh vo;o] bl vo;o ls v{kh; ¯cnq osQ
foLFkkiu lfn'k osQ yacor gksxkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fp=k 4.9 esa vo;o dll y-z fn'kk esa gS
tcfd foLFkkiu lfn'k r vo;o dll ls v{kh; ¯cnq P rd x-y ry esa gSA vr% |dll × r|=r
dl, bl izdkj
µ0 Idl
dB =
(
4π x + R 2 2
) (4.9)

dB dh fn'kk fp=k 4.9 esa n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA ;g dll rFkk r }kjk cus ry osQ yacor gSA bldk
,d x- vo;o dB x rFkk x- v{k osQ yacor vo;o dB ⊥ gSA tc x- v{k osQ yacor vo;oksa
dks la;ksftr djrs gSa rks os fujLr gks tkrs gSa rFkk gesa 'kwU; ifj.kke izkIr gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ
fy,] fp=k 4.9 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj dll osQ dkj.k vo;o dB ⊥ blosQ f=kT;r% foijhr dll vo;o
osQ dkj.k ;ksxnku }kjk fujflr gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj osQoy x-vo;o gh cp ikrk gSA x-fn'kk
osQ vuqfn'k usV ;ksxnku ik'k osQ Åij dBx = dB cos θ dks lekdfyr djosQ izkIr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
fp=k 4.9 osQ fy,
R
cos θ = (4.10)
( x + R 2 )1/ 2
2

lehdj.kksa (4.9) vkSj (4.10),

µ0 Idl R
dB x =
(x )
3/2
4π 2
+ R2

leLr ik'k ij dl vo;oksa dk ladyu] 2πR, izkIr gksrk gS tks ik'k dh ifjf/ gSA bl izdkj
µ0 I R 2
B = B x ˆi = ˆi
(4.11)
(
2 x +R 2
)
2 3/2

mijksDr ifj.kke oQh ,d fo'ks"k fLFkfr osQ :i esa ge ik'k osQ osaQnz ij pqacdh; {ks=k izkIr
dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ;gk¡ x = 0, rFkk gesa izkIr gksrk gS]

µ0 I ˆ
B0 = i (4.12)
2R

o`Ùkkdkj rkj osQ dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk,¡ can o`Ùkkdkj ik'k cukrh gaS ftUgsa fp=k 4.10 esa
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk (,d vU;) nf{k.k gLr vaxq"B fu;e }kjk gksrh gSA ;g
fu;e uhps fn;k x;k gS]
o`Ùkkdkj rkj osQ pkjksa vksj vius nk,¡ gkFk dh gFksyh dks bl izdkj eksfM+, fd m¡xfy;k¡ fo|qr
/kjk dh fn'kk dh vksj laosQr djsa] rc bl gkFk dk iSQyk gqvk v¡xwBk pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk
crkrk gSA
114

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo

fp=k 4.10 fdlh fo|qrokgh ik'k dk pqacdh; {ks=kA ikB dh fo"k; oLrq esa of.kZr nf{k.k gLr
vaxq"B fu;e }kjk mRiUu pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA ik'k ds Åijh ik'oZ dks mÙkj /zqo
rFkk fupys ik'oZ dks nf{k.k /qzo ekuk tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k 4.5 fp=k 4.11 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj fdlh lh/s rkj ftlesa 12 A fo|qr /kjk izokfgr
gks jgh gS] dks 2.0 cm f=kT;k osQ v/ZoÙ` kkdkj pki esa eksMk+ x;k gSA bl pki osQ osQa nz ij pqca dh;
{ks=k B dks ekusaA

fp=k 4.11
(a) lh/s [kaMksa osQ dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=k fdruk gS\
(b) fdl :i esa v/ZoÙ` k }kjk B dks fn;k x;k ;ksxnku o`Ùkkdkj ik'k osQ ;ksxnku ls fHkUu gS vkSj
fdl :i esa ;s ,d nwljs osQ leku gSaA
(c) D;k vkiosQ mÙkj esa dksbZ ifjorZu gksxk ;fn rkj dks mlh f=kT;k osQ v/Zo`Ùk esa igys dh
rqyuk esa fp=k 4.11 (b) esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj myVh fn'kk esa eksM+ nsaA
gy
(a) lh/s [kaMksa osQ izR;sd vo;o osQ fy, dll rFkk r lekarj gSaA vr% dll × r = 0A bl izdkj
lh/s [kaM |B| dks dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha nsrsA
(b) v/Zo`Ùkkdkj pki osQ lHkh [kaMksa osQ fy,] dll × r lHkh ,d nwljs osQ lekarj gSa (dkx”k osQ
ry esa Hkhrj dks tkrs gq,)A bl izdkj osQ lHkh ;ksxnku ifjek.k esa la;ksftr gks tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 4.5

vr% v/Zo`Ùkkdkj pki osQ fy, B dh fn'kk nf{k.k gLr fu;e }kjk izkIr gksrh gSA bldk
ifjek.k o`Ùkkdkj ik'k osQ fy, B dk vk/k gksrk gSA bl izdkj B dk eku 1.9 × 10–4 T
gS rFkk fn'kk dkx”k osQ ry osQ vfHkyacor mlosQ Hkhrj tkrs gq, gSA
(c) B dk ifjek.k rks ogh gS tks (b) esa gS ij fn'kk foijhr gSA

mnkgj.k 4.6 10 cm f=kT;k dh 100 dldj yisVs x, isQjksa dh fdlh ,slh oqQa Myh ij fopkj
dhft, ftlls 1 A fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gks jgh gSA oqaQMyh osQ osaQnz ij pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k
D;k gS\
gy pwf¡ d oqQa Myh dldj yisVh xbZ gS vr% ge izR;sd o`Ùkkdkj vo;o dh f=kT;k R = 10 cm
mnkgj.k 4.6

= 0.1 m eku ldrs gSaA isQjksa dh la[;k N = 100 gS] vr% pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k
µ0 NI 4π × 10 –7 × 102 × 1
B= = −4
= 2π × 10 −4 T = 6.28 × 10 T . 115
2R 2 × 10 –1

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
4.6 ,sfEi;j dk ifjiFkh; fu;e
ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk ,d vU; oSdfYid rFkk #fpdj mik; Hkh gSA
,sfEi;j osQ ifjiFkh; fu;e esa fdlh [kqys i`"B ftldh dksbZ lhek gks] ij fopkj fd;k
tkrk gSA bl i`"B ls fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gksrh gSA ge ;g fopkj djrs gSa fd lhek js[kk
cgqr ls vYi js[kk vo;oksa ls feydj cuh gSA ,sls gh ,d js[kk vo;o dl ij fopkj
dhft,A ge bl vo;o ij pqacdh; {ks=k osQ Li'kZjs[kh; ?kVd B t dk eku ysaxs rFkk bls
vo;o dl dh yackbZ ls xq.kk djsaxsA [è;ku nhft, Btdl=B .d l ]A bl izdkj osQ lHkh
xq.kuiQy ,d nwljs osQ lkFk la;ksftr fd, tkrs gSaA ge lhek ij fopkj djrs gSa D;ksafd
tSls&tSls vo;oksa dh yackbZ ?kVrh gS budh la[;k c<+rh gSA rc budk ;ksx ,d
fp=k 4.12
lekdyu cu tkrk gSA ,sfEi;j dk fu;e ;g dgrk gS fd ;g lekdyu i`"B ls
izokfgr gksus okyh oqQy fo|qr /kjk dk µ0 xquk gksrk gS] vFkkZr

∫ B dl = µ 0 I [4.13(a)]

;gk¡ I i`"B ls xq”kjus okyh oqQy fo|qr /kjk gSA bl lekdyu dks i`"B dh lhekjs[kk C osQ laikrh
can osQ Åij fy;k x;k gSA mijksDr laca/ esa fn'kk lfEefyr gS tks nf{k.k gLr fu;e ls izkIr
gksrh gSA vius nk,¡ gkFk dh m¡xfy;ksa dks ml fn'kk esa eksfM+, ftl fn'kk esa ik'k lekdy “B .dll
esa lhek js[kk eqM+h gSA rc v¡xwBs dh fn'kk ml fn'kk dks crkrh gS ftlesa fo|qr /kjk dks èkukRed
ekuk x;k gSA
cgqr ls vuqiz;ksxksa osQ fy, lehdj.k [4.13 (a)] dk dgha vf/d ljyhÑr :i i;kZIr
fl¼ gksrk gSA ge ;g ekusaxs fd] bl izdkj osQ izdj.kksa esa ,sls ik'k (ftls ,sfEi;jh; ik'k dgrs
gSaA) dk p;u laHko gS tks bl izdkj dk gS fd ik'k osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij ;k rks
(i) B ik'k osQ Li'kZjs[kh; gS rFkk 'kwU;srj fu;rkad B gS] vFkok
(ii) B ik'k osQ vfHkyacor gS] vFkok
(iii) B u"V gks tkrk gSA
vc eku yhft, L ik'k dh og yackbZ (Hkkx) gS ftlosQ fy, B Li'kZjs[kh; gSA eku yhft,
ik'k esa ifjo¼ fo|qr /kjk Ie gSA rc lehdj.k [4.13 (a)] dks bl izdkj O;Dr dj ldrs gSa
BL =µ0Ie [4.13(b)]

tc fdlh fudk; esa bl izdkj dh lefefr gks tSls fd fp=k 4.13 esa lh/s fo|qr /kjkokgh
vuar rkj osQ fy, gS] rc ,sfEi;j dk fu;e gesa pqca dh; {ks=k dk ,d ljy ewY;kadu djus ;ksX;
cukrk gS tks Bhd mlh izdkj gS tSls fd xkml fu;e fo|qr {ks=k dks fu/kZfjr djus esa gekjh
lgk;rk djrk gSA bls uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k 4.8 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ik'k dh lhek js[kk dk p;u
,d o`Ùk gS rFkk pqacdh; {ks=k o`Ùk dh ifjf/ osQ Li'kZjs[kh; gSA lehdj.k [4.13 (b)] osQ oke
i{k osQ fy, bl fu;e ls izkIr eku B. 2πr gSA ge ;g ikrs gSa fd rkj osQ ckgj r nwjh ij
pqacdh; {ks=k Li'kZjs[kh; gS rFkk bls bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
B × 2πr = µ0 I,
116 B = µ0 I/ (2πr) (4.14)

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo
mijksDr ifj.kke vuar yackbZ osQ rkj osQ fy, gS tks dbZ n`f"Vdks.kksa ls
jkspd gSµ
(i) blesa ;g var£ufgr gS fd r f=kT;k osQ o`Ùk osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij
(rkj dks v{k osQ vuqfn'k j[krs gq,) {ks=k dk ifjek.k leku gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa pqacdh; {ks=k esa csyukdkj lefefr gS tks {ks=k
lkekU;r% rhu funsZ'kkadksa ij fuHkZj dj ldrk gS osQoy ,d gh
funsZ'kkad r ij fuHkZj gSA tgk¡ dgha Hkh lefefr gksrh gS leL;kvksa
osQ gy ljy gks tkrs gSaA
(ii) bl o`Ùk osQ fdlh Hkh ¯cnq ij {ks=k dh fn'kk blosQ Li'kZjs[kh; gSA
bl izdkj pqacdh; {ks=k dh fu;r ifjek.k dh js[kk,¡ laosaQnzh o`Ùk
cukrh gSaA vc fp=k 4.1(c) ij è;ku nhft,] ykSg pw.kZ o`Ùk
laosaQnzh esa O;ofLFkr gqvk gSA ;s js[kk,¡ ftUgsa ge pqacdh; {ks=k
js[kk,¡ dgrs gS] can ik'k cukrh gSaA ;g fLFkjoS|qr {ks=k js[kkvksa ls
fHkUu gSaA fLFkjoS|qr {ks=k js[kk,¡ èku vkos'kksa ls vkjaHk rFkk Í.k vkanzs ,sfEi;j (1775 –1836) vkanzs
vkos'kksa ij lekIr gksrh gSaA lh/s fo|qr /kjkokgh pkyd osQ eSjh ,sfEi;j ,d Úkalhlh HkkSfrd foKkuh]
pqacdh; {ks=k osQ fy, O;atd vksLVsZM iz;ksx dk lS¼kafrd
xf.krK ,oa jlk;uK Fks ftUgks a u s
Li"Vhdj.k djrk gSA
fo|qrxfrdh foKku dh vkèkkjf'kyk j[khA
(iii) ,d vU; è;ku nsus ;ksX; jkspd ckr ;g gS fd ;|fi rkj vuar
yackbZ dk gS] rFkkfi 'kwU;srj nwjh ij blosQ dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=k ,sfEi;j ,d cky izfrHkk Fks ftlus 12
vuar ugha gSA ;g osQoy rkj osQ vR;f/d ikl vkus ij foLiqQfVr o"kZ dh vk;q esa mPp xf.kr esa egkjr
gksrk gSA ;g {ks=k fo|qr /kjk osQ vuqØekuqikrh gS rFkk fo|qr èkkjk gkfly dj yh FkhA ,sfEi;j us vkWLVsZM
lzksr (vuar yackbZ osQ) ls nwjh osQ O;qRØekuqikrh gSA dh [kkst dk egÙo le>k vkSj èkkjk
(iv) yacs rkj osQ dkj.k mRiUu pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk dks fu/kZfjr fo|qr ,oa pqacdRo esa lacaèk [kkstus osQ
djus dk ,d ljy fu;e gSA bl fu;e dks nf{k.k gLr fu;e* fy, iz;ksxksa dh ,d yach Üka`[kyk ikj
dgrs gSaA ;g bl izdkj gS
dhA bu [kkstksa dh ifj.kfr 1827 esa]
rkj dks vius nk,¡ gkFk esa bl izdkj idfM+, fd vkidk ruk gqvk v¡xBw k
fo|qr /kjk dh fn'kk dh vksj laoQs r djsA rc vkidh v¡xfq y;ksa osQ eqMu+ s dh Mathematical theory of
fn'kk pqca dh; {ks=k dh fn'kk esa gksxhA Electrodynamic Phenomena
,sfEi;j dk ifjiFkh; fu;e ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e ls fHkUu ugha gSA nksuksa Deduced Solely from
gh fu;e fo|qr /kjk rFkk pqacdh; {ks=k esa laca/ O;Dr djrs gSa rFkk nksuksa Experiments uked iq L rd os Q
gh LFkk;h fo|qr /kjk ds leku HkkSfrd ifj.kkeksa dks O;Dr djrs gSaA tks
vkanzs ,sfEi;j (1775 –1836)

izdk'ku osQ :i esa gqbAZ mUgksua s ifjdYiuk

laca/ ,sfEi;j ds fu;e rFkk ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e ds chp gS Bhd ogh laca/ dh fd lHkh pqacdh; izØe] o`Ùkokgh
xkml fu;e rFkk owQykWe fu;e ds chp esa gSA ,sfEi;j dk fu;e rFkk xkml
fo|qr èkkjkvksa osQ dkj.k gksrs gSaA ,sfEi;j
dk fu;e nksuksa gh ifjjs[kk vFkok ifji`"B ij fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k (pqca dh;
vFkok fo|qr {ks=k) dk laca/ fdlh vU; HkkSfrd jkf'k tSls vUr% {ks=k esa LoHkko ls cgqr fouez vkSj HkqyDdM+ FksA
mifLFkr lzksr (fo|qr /kjk vFkok vkos'k) ds chp laca/ O;Dr djrs gSaA ,d ckj og lezkV usiksfy;u dk jkf=kHkkst
;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g Hkh gS fd ,sfEi;j dk ifjiFkh; fu;e dsoy dk fuea=k.k Hkh Hkwy x, FksA 61 o"kZ dh
mu LFkk;h fo|qr /kjkvksa ij ykxw gksrk gS tks le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr ugha mez esa U;weksfu;k ls mudh e`R;q gks xbZA
gksrhaA fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k gesa ifjc¼ fo|qr /kjk dk vFkZ le>us esa mudh dcz osQ iRFkj ij ;g lekfèk ys[k
lgk;rk djsxkA
mRdhf.kZr gS µ Tandem felix (var
* Ñi;k è;ku nhft,µnks lqLi"V (i`Fkd) fu;e gaS ftUgsa nf{k.k gLr fu;e dgrs esa izlUu)A
gSaA buesa ls ,d fu;e fo|qr /kjk ik'k ds v{k ij pqacdh; {ks=k B dh fn'kk
nsrk gS rFkk nwljk lh/s fo|qr /kjkokgh pkyd rkj ds fy, B dh fn'kk gSA bu 117
fu;eksa esa v¡xwBs rFkk v¡xqfy;ksa dh fHkUu Hkwfedk gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
mnkgj.k 4.7 fp=k 4.13 esa ,d yack lh/k o`Ùkkdkj vuqizLFk dkV dk (ftldh f=kT;k a gS)
fo|qr /kjkokgh rkj ftlls LFkk;h fo|qr /kjk I izokfgr gks jgh gks] n'kkZ;k x;k gSA LFkk;h fo|qr
èkkjk bl vuqizLFk dkV ij ,dleku :i ls forfjr gSA {ks=kksa r < a rFkk r > a esa pqacdh; {ks=k
ifjdfyr dhft,

fp=k 4.13
gy (a) izdj.k r > a ij fopkj dhft,A ftl ik'k ij 2 vafdr gS og vuqizLFk dkV osQ lkFk
laosaQnzh o`Ùk osQ :i esa ,sfEi;j ik'k gSA bl ik'k osQ fy,
L =2πr
I e = ik'k }kjk
ifjc¼ fo|qr /kjk = I
;g ifj.kke fdlh lh/s yacs rkj osQ fy, lqifjfpr O;atd gSA
B (2π r) = µ0I
µ0 I
B= [4.15(a)]
2πr

1
B∝ (r > a)
r
(b) izdj.k r < a ijfopkj dhft,A blosQ fy, ,sfEi;j ik'k og o`Ùk gS ftl ij 1 vafdr gSA
bl ik'k osQ fy, o`Ùk dh f=kT;k r ysus ij]
L =2πr
vc ;gk¡ ifjc¼ fo|qr /kjk Ie dk eku I ugha gS ijarq ;g bl eku ls de gSA pw¡fd fo|qr èkkjk
dk fooj.k ,dleku gS] ifjc¼ fo|qr /kjk osQ va'k dk eku
 πr2  Ir 2
Ie = I  2 =
 πa  a2
I r2
,sfEi;j osQ fu;e dk mi;ksx djus ij B (2 π r ) = µ0
a2
[4.15(b)]
B∝r (r < a)
mnkgj.k 4.7

118 fp=k 4.14

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo

fp=k (4.14) esa B osQ ifjek.k rFkk rkj osQ osQa nz ls nwjh r osQ chp xzkiQ n'kkZ;k x;k gSA pqca dh;

mnkgj.k 4.7
{ks=k dh fn'kk vius&vius o`Ùkkdkj ik'kksa (1 vFkok 2) osQ Li'kZjs[kh; gS rFkk ;g blh vuqHkkx
esa igys o.kZu fd, tk pqosQ nf{k.k gLr fu;e ls fu/kZfjr dh xbZ gSA bl mnkgj.k esa vko';d
lefefr fo|eku gS blfy, blh ij ,sfEi;j dk fu;e vklkuh ls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd tcfd ,sfEi;j osQ ifjiFkh; fu;e dks fdlh Hkh ik'k
ij ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS ijarq ;g gj izdj.k esa pqacdh; {ks=k dk ewY;kadu lnSo gh vklku
ugha cukrkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vuqHkkx 4.5 esa o.kZu fd, x, o`Ùkkdkj ik'k osQ izdj.k esa] bls ljy
O;atd B = µ0I/2R [lehdj.k (4.12)] dks] tksfd ik'k osQ osaQnz ij pqacdh; {ks=k osQ fy, gS] izkIr
djus osQ fy, ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA rFkkfi ,slh cgqr lh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSa ftuesa mPp lefefr gksrh
gS rFkk bl fu;e dks lqfo/kiwoZd ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA vxys vuqHkkx esa ge bldk mi;ksx nks
lkekU;r% mi;ksx gksus okys vR;ar mi;ksxh pqca dh; fudk;ksµ
a ifjukfydk ,oa VksjkWbM }kjk mRiUu pqca dh;
{ks=kksa dks ifjdfyr djus esa djsaxsA

4.7 ifjukfydk
ge ;gk¡ ,d yach ifjukfydk osQ fo"k; esa ppkZ djsaxsA yach ifjukfydk ls gekjk rkRi;Z ;g gS
fd ifjukfydk dh yackbZ mldh f=kT;k dh rqyuk esa vf/d gSA ifjukfydk esa ,d yack rkj
l£iy osQ vkdkj esa fyiVk gksrk gS ftlesa izR;sd isQjk vius fudV osQ isQjs osQ lkFk dki+Qh lVk
gksrk gSA bl izdkj isQjs dks ,d o`Ùkkdkj ik'k ekuk tk ldrk gSA fdlh ifjukfydk osQ lHkh isQjksa
osQ dkj.k mRiUu oqQy pqacdh; {ks=k izR;sd isQjs osQ paqcdh; {ks=kksa dk lfn'k ;ksx gksrk gSA
ifjukfydk ij yisVus osQ fy, buSefyr rkjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rkfd isQjs ,d nwljs ls
fo|qrjks/h jgsaA

fp=k 4.15 (a) ifjukfydk osQ fdlh Hkkx ftls Li"Vrk dh n`f"V ls ckgj [khapk n'kkZ;k x;k gS] osQ dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=kA
osQoy cká v/Zo`Ùkkdkj Hkkx n'kkZ;k x;k gSA è;ku ls nsf[k,] fdl izdkj ikl&ikl fLFkr isQjksa osQ chp pqacdh; {ks=k ,d
nwljs dks fujflr dj nsrs gSaA (b) fdlh ifjfer ifjukfydk dk pqacdh; {ks=kA

fp=k 4.15 esa fdlh ifjfer ifjukfydk dk pqacdh; {ks=k n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fp=k 4.15 (a)
esa geus bl ifjukfydk osQ ,d [kaM dks foLrkfjr djosQ fn[kk;k gSA fp=k 4.15 (b) esa o`Ùkkdkj
ik'k ls ;g Li"V gS fd nks ikl&ikl osQ isQjksa osQ chp pqca dh; {ks=k u"V gks tkrk gSA fp=k 4.15 (b) 119

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
esa ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd vUr%Hkkx osQ eè; ¯cnq P ij pqacdh; {ks=k ,dleku] izcy rFkk
ifjukfydk osQ v{k osQ vuqfn'k gSA cká Hkkx osQ eè; ¯cnq Q ij paqcdh; {ks=k nqcy
Z gS vkSj lkFk
gh ;g ifjukfydk osQ v{k osQ vuqfn'k gS rFkk bldk yacor vFkok vfHkyacor dksbZ ?kVd Hkh
ugha gSA tSls&tSls ifjukfydk dh yackbZ esa o`f¼ gksrh gS og yach csyukdkj /krq osQ iVy tSlh
fn[kkbZ nsus yxrh gSA fp=k 4.16 esa ;g vkn'khZo`Qr fp=k.k fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA ifjukfydk osQ
ckgj pqacdh; {ks=k 'kwU; gksus yxrk gSA ifjukfydk osQ Hkhrj gj ¯cnq ij pqacdh; {ks=k v{k osQ
lekarj gksrk gSA

fp=k 4.16 vR;f/d yach ifjukfydk dk pqacdh; {ks=kA pqacdh; {ks=k dks fu/kZfjr djus osQ fy,
ge ,d vk;rkdkj ,sfEi;j&ik'k a, b, c, d ij fopkj djrs gSaA

fdlh vk;rkdkj ,sfEi;j&ik'k abcd ij fopkj dfj,A tSlk fd mQij roZQ fn;k tk pqdk
gS cd osQ vuqfn'k {ks=k 'kwU; gSA vuqiLz Fk [kaMksa bc rFkk ad osQ vuqfn'k pqca dh; {ks=k dk ?kVd 'kwU;
gSA bl izdkj ;s nksuksa [kaM pqacdh; {ks=k esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha nsrsA eku yhft, ab osQ vuqfn'k
pqacdh; {ks=k B gS] bl izdkj] ,sfEi;j&ik'k dh izklafxd yackbZ L = h A
eku yhft, izfr ,dkad yackbZ isQjksa dh la[;k n gS] rc isQjksa dh oqQy la[;k nh gSA bl
izdkj ifjc¼ fo|qr /kjk gS Ie = I (n h), ;gk¡ I ifjukfydk esa izokfgr fo|qr /kjk gSA ,sfEi;j
osQ ifjiFkh; fu;e osQ vuqlkj ¹lehdj.k 4.13 (b) lsº
BL = µ0Ie, B h = µ0I (n h)
B = µ0 n I (4.16)
{ks=k dh fn'kk nf{k.k gLr fu;e ls izkIr gksrh gSA ifjukfydk dk lkekU;r% mi;ksx ,dleku
pqacdh; {ks=k izkIr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vxys vè;k; esa ge ;g ns[ksaxs fd ifjukfydk
esa Hkhrj ueZ ykSg ØksM j[kdj fo'kky pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djuk laHko gSA

mnkgj.k 4.8 dksbZ ifjukfydk ftldh yackbZ 0.5 m rFkk f=kT;k 1 cm gS] esa 500 isQjs gSaA
blesa 5 A fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gks jgh gSA ifjukfydk osQ Hkhrj pqca dh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k D;k gS\
gy izfr ,dkad yackbZ isQjksa dh la[;k
500
n = = 1000 isQjs izfr ehVj
0.5
yackbZ l = 0.5 m rFkk f=kT;k r = 0.01 mA bl izdkj] l/a = 50 vFkkZr l >> a
mnkgj.k 4.8

vr% ge yach ifjukfydk dk lw=k ¹lehdj.k (4.20)º dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa

B = µ0n I
= 4π × 10–7 × 103 × 5
= 6.28 × 10–3 T
120

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo

4.8 nks lekarj fo|qr /kjkvksa osQ chp cyµ,sfEi;j

ge ;g lh[k pqosQ gSa fd fdlh fo|qr /kjkokgh pkyd osQ dkj.k
pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu gksrk gS rks ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e dk ikyu djrk gSA
lkFk gh geus ;g Hkh lh[kk gS fd fo|qr /kjkokgh pkyd ij cká
paqcdh; {ks=k cy vkjksfir djrk gSA ;g yksjsat cy lw=k dk vuqxeu
djrk gSA vr% ;g vk'kk djuk roZQlaxr gS fd ,d&nwljs osQ ikl fLFkr
nks fo|qr /kjkokgh pkyd ,d nwljs ij (pqacdh;) cy vkjksfir djsaxsA
lu~ 1820-25 dh vof/ esa ,sfEi;j us bl pqacdh; cy dh izo`Qfr]
bldh fo|qr èkkjk osQ ifjek.k] pkyd dh vko`Qfr rFkk vkeki ij fuHkZjrk
osQ lkFk bu pkydksa osQ chp dh nwjh ij fuHkZjrk dk vè;;u fd;kA bl
vuqHkkx esa ge nks lekarj fo|qr /kjkokgh pkydksa osQ ljy mnkgj.k ij
gh ppkZ djsaxs tks dnkfpr ,sfEi;j osQ Je lkè; dk;ks± osQ izfr vkHkkj
izdV djus esa gekjh lgk;rk djsaxsA
fp=k 4.17 esa nks yacs lekarj pkyd a rFkk b n'kkZ, x, gSa ftuosQ fp=k 4-17 nks yacs lhèks] lekarj pkyd ftuesa
vifjorhZ èkkjk ia ,oa ib izokfgr gks jgh gS vkSj
chp i`Fkdu d gS rFkk ftuls (lekarj) Øe'k% Ia rFkk Ib fo|qr /kjk,¡
tks ,d&nwljs ls d nwjh ij j[ks gSaA pkyd ‘a’ osQ
izokfgr gks jgh gSaA pkyd ‘a’ pkyd ‘b’ osQ vuqfn'k izR;sd ¯cnq ij dkj.k pkyd ‘b’ ij mRiUu pqacdh; {ks=k B a gSA
leku pqacdh; {ks=k B a yxk jgk gSA rc nf{k.k gLr fu;e osQ vuqlkj bl
pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk v/kseq[kh (tc pkyd {kSfrtr% j[ks gksrs gSa) gSA
,sfEi;j osQ ifjiFkh; fu;e vFkok ¹lehdj.k [4.15 (a)º osQ vuqlkj
bl pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k
µ0 I a
Ba =
2πd

pkyd ‘b’ ftlls fo|qr /kjk Ib izokfgr gks jgh gS Ba osQ dkj.k ik'oZr% ,d cy dk
vuqeku djrk gSA bl cy dh fn'kk pkyd ‘a’ dh vksj gksrh gSA (vki bldh iqf"V Lo;a dj
ldrs gSa) ge bl cy dks Fba }kjk ukekafdr djrs gSa] tksfd ‘a’ osQ dkj.k ‘b’ osQ [kaM L ij
yxk cy gSA lehdj.k (4.4) ls bl cy dk ifjek.k
Fba = Ib L Ba

µ0 I a I b
= L (4.17)
2πd
okLro esa ‘b’ osQ dkj.k ‘a’ ij cy dks ifjdfyr djuk laHko gSA ftl izdkj geus Åij
fopkj fd;k Fkk mlh izdkj osQ fopkjksa osQ }kjk ge ‘b’ esa izokfgr fo|qr /kjk osQ dkj.k ‘a’ osQ
[kaM L ij cy Fab osQ cjkcj rFkk ‘b’ dh vksj fu£n"V Kkr dj ldrs gSaA ;g ifjek.k esa Fba
osQ cjkcj rFkk ‘b’ dh vksj fu£n"V gksrk gSA bl izdkj
Fba = –Fab (4.18) 121

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
è;ku nhft,] ;g U;wVu osQ rhljs xfr osQ fu;e osQ vuq:i gSA bl izdkj geus lekarj
pkydksa rFkk vifjorhZ fo|qr /kjkvksa osQ fy, ;g rks n'kkZ gh fn;k gS fd ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e rFkk
yksjsat cy }kjk izkIr ifj.kke U;wVu osQ xfr osQ rhljs fu;e osQ vuq:i gSA*
geus Åij izkIr ifj.kkeksa ls ;g ik;k fd leku fn'kk esa izokfgr gksus okyh fo|qr /kjk,¡
,d nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrh gSaA ge ;g Hkh n'kkZ ldrs gSa fd foijhr fn'kkvksa esa izokfgr gksus
okyh fo|qr /kjk,¡ ,d nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrh gSaA bl izdkj
lekarj /kjk,¡ vkd£"kr rFkk izfrlekarj /kjk,¡ izfrd£"kr djrh gSaA
;g fu;e ml fu;e osQ foijhr gS ftldk geus fLFkjoS|qfrdh esa vè;;u fd;k Fkkµ
¶ltkrh; vkos'kksa esa izfrd"kZ.k rFkk fotkrh; vkos'kksa esa vkd"kZ.k gksrk gSA¸ ijarq ltkrh;
(lekarj) /kjk,¡ ,d nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrh gSaA
eku yhft, fba cy Fba osQ izfr ,dkad yackbZ ij vkjksfir cy osQ ifjek.k dks fu:fir
djrk gSA rc lehdj.k (4.17) ls]
µ0 I a I b
f ba = (4.19)
2 πd
mijksDr O;atd dk mi;ksx fo|qr /kjk osQ ek=kd ,sfEi;j (A) dh ifjHkk"kk dks izkIr djus
esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lkr SI ewy ek=kdksa esa ls ,d gSA
,d ,sfEi;j og vifjorhZ fo|qr /kjk gS tks nks yac]s lh/s mis{k.kh; vuqiLz Fk dkV osQ fuokZr
esa ,d nwljs ls 1m nwjh ij fLFkr lekarj pkydksa esa izokfgr gks] rks buesa ls izR;sd pkyd dh
izfr ehVj yackbZ ij 2 × 10–7N dk cy mRiUu gksrk gSA
^,sfEi;j* dh ;g ifjHkk"kk lu~ 1946 esa viuk;h xbZ FkhA ;g ,d lS¼kafrd ifjHkk"kk gSA
O;ogkj esa gesa i`Foh osQ pqacdh; {ks=k osQ izHkko dks foyqIr djuk pkfg, rFkk cgqr yacs rkjksa
osQ LFkku ij mfpr T;kfefr dh cgqisQjksa dh oqaQMfy;k¡ ysuh pkfg,A ,d midj.k] ftls ^èkkjk
rqyk* dgrs gSa] dk mi;ksx bl ;kaf=kd cy dh eki osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vkos'k osQ SI ek=kd] vFkkZr owQykWe dks vc ge ,sfEi;j osQ inksa esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSAa
tc fdlh pkyd esa 1A dh vifjorhZ fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gksrh gS rks mldh vuqizLFk dkV
ls ,d lsoaQM esa izokfgr vkos'k dh ek=kk ,d owQykWe (1C) gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k 4.9 fdlh fu/kZfjr LFkku ij i`Foh osQ pqacdh; {ks=k dk {kSfrt ?kVd
3.0 ×10–5 T gS] rFkk bl {ks=k dh fn'kk HkkSxksfyd nf{k.k ls HkkSxksfyd mÙkj dh vksj gSA fdlh
vR;f/d yacs lh/s pkyd ls 1A dh vifjorhZ /kjk izokfgr gks jgh gSA tc ;g rkj fdlh
{kSfrt es”k ij j[kk gS rFkk fo|qr /kjk osQ izokg dh fn'kk,¡ (a) iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj_ (b)
nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksj gSa rks rkj dh izR;sd ,dkad yackbZ ij cy fdruk gS\
mnkgj.k 4.9

gy F = I l × B
F = IlB sinθ
izfr ,dkad yackbZ ij cy
f = F/l = I B sinθ

* blls ;g vFkZ fudyrk gS fd tc gekjs ikl le; fuHkZj fo|qr /kjk,¡@vFkok xfr'khy vkos'k gksrh gSa
rc vkos'kksa@pkydksa osQ chp cyksa osQ fy, U;wVu dk rhljk fu;e ykxw ugha gksrkA U;wVu osQ rhljs fu;e
dk vko';d ifj.kke ;kaf=kdh esa fdlh fo;qDr fudk; osQ laosx dk laj{k.k gSA rFkkfi ;g fo|qr pqacdh;
{ks=kksa osQ lkFk le; fuHkZj fLFkfr;ksa osQ izdj.k ij ykxw gksrh gS] ijarq bl 'krZ osQ lkFk fd {ks=kksa }kjk ogu
122 laosx dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tk,A

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo

(a) tc fo|qr /kjk iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj izokfgr gksrh gS] rc

θ = 90°
vr%
f=IB
= 1 × 3 × 10–5 = 3 × 10–5 N m–1
;g ,sfEi;j dh ifjHkk"kk esa o£.kr cy osQ eku 2×10–7 Nm–1 ls cM+k gSA vr% ,sfEi;j
dk ekudhdj.k djus osQ fy, i`Foh osQ paqcdh; {ks=k rFkk vU; Hkwys&HkVosQ {ks=kksa osQ izHkkoksa
dks lekIr djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA cy dh fn'kk v/kseq[kh gSA
bl fn'kk dks ^lfn'kksa osQ lfn'k xq.kuiQy* osQ nSf'kd xq.k osQ }kjk izkIr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k 4.9
(b) tc fo|qr /kjk osQ izokg dh fn'kk nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksj gS] rks
θ = 0o
f=0
vr% pkyd ij dksbZ cy dk;Z ugha djrkA

4.9 fo|qr /kjk ik'k ij cy vk?kw.kZ] pqacdh; f}/zqo

4.9.1 ,dleku pqca dh; {ks=k esa vk;rkdkj fo|qr /kjk
?kw.kZu v{k
ik'k ij cy vk?kw.kZ
vc ge vkidks ;g fn[kk,¡xs fd ,dleku pqacdh; {ks=k esa fLFkr dksbZ
vk;rkdkj ik'k ftlls vifjorhZ fo|qr /kjk I izokfgr gks jgh gS] ,d cy
vk?kw.kZ dk vuqHko djrk gSA bl ij dksbZ usV cy vkjksfir ugha gksrkA ;g t
O;ogkj ml f}/qzo osQ O;ogkj osQ le:ih gS tks ;g ,dleku fo|qr {ks=k cqz'k
esa n'kkZrk gS (vuqHkkx 1.11 nsf[k,)A
igys ge ml ljy izdj.k ij fopkj djrs gSa ftlesa vk;rkdkj ik'k
bl izdkj fLFkr gS fd ,dleku pqacdh; {ks=k B ik'k osQ ry esa gSA bls
fp=k 4.18 (a) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
pqacdh; {ks=k ik'k dh nks Hkqtkvksa AD rFkk BC ij dksbZ cy vkjksfir
ugha djrkA ;g ik'k dh Hkqtk AB osQ yacor gS rFkk bl ij cy F1
vkjksfir djrk gS ftldh fn'kk ik'k osQ ry esa Hkhrj dh vksj gSA bl cy
dk ifjek.k gS %
F1 = I b B
blh izdkj] pqacdh; {ks=k Hkqtk CD ij ,d cy F2 vkjksfir djrk gS
tks ik'k osQ ry osQ ckgj dh vksj gSA bl cy dk ifjek.k gS %
F2 = I b B = F1
blh izdkj ik'k ij vkjksfir usV cy 'kwU; gSA cyksa F1 rFkk F2 osQ
;qxy osQ dkj.k ik'k ij ,d cy vk?kw.kZ dk;Z djrk gSA fp=k 4.18 (b) fp=k 4.18 (a) ,dleku pqacdh; {ks=k esa fLFkr
esa AD fljs ls ik'k dk ,d n`'; fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;g Li"V djrk gS fd dksbZ fo|qr /kjkokgh vk;rkdkj oqaQMyhA pqacdh;
;g cy vk?kw.kZ ik'k esa okekorZ ?kw.kZu dh izo`fÙk mRiUu djrk gSA bl cy vk?kw.kZ m v/kseq[kh laosQr djrk gSA cy vk?kw.kZ τ
vk?kw.kZ dk ifjek.k gS % v{k osQ vuqfn'k gS rFkk bldh izo`fÙk oqaQMyh dks
a a okekorZ ?kw.kZu djkus dh gSA (b) oaqQMyh ij cy
τ = F1 + F2
2 2 ;qXe dk;Z djrs gq,A 123

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
a a
= IbB + IbB = I (ab ) B
2 2
=IAB (4.20)
;gk¡ A = ab vk;r dk {ks=kiQy gSA
vc ge vkxs ml izdj.k ij fopkj djsaxs ftlesa ik'k dk ry pqacdh; {ks=k osQ vuqfn'k ugha
gS] ijarq buosQ chp dksbZ dks.k curk gSA ge pqacdh; {ks=k B rFkk oqaQMyh ij vfHkyac osQ chp
dk dks.k θ ysrs gSa (igyk izdj.k θ = π/2 osQ rnuq:ih gS)A fp=k
4.19 esa ;g O;kid izdj.k n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
Hkqtkvksa BC rFkk DA ij dk;Zjr cy ifjek.k esa leku fn'kk
esa foijhr rFkk oqaQMyh osQ v{k osQ vuqfn'k dk;Z djrs gSaA ;s cy
BC rFkk DA osQ lagfr osaQnzksa dks la;ksftr djrs gSaA v{k osQ
vuqfn'k lajsf[kr gksus osQ dkj.k ;s ,d nwljs dks fujLr djrs gSa]
ifj.kkeLo:i dksbZ usV cy vFkok cy vk?kw.kZ ugha gSA Hkqtkvksa AB
rFkk CD ij dk;Zjr cy F1 rFkk F2 gSaA ;s Hkh ifjek.k lfgr
leku ,oa foijhr gSaA
F1 = F2 = I b B
ijarq ;s laj[s k ugha gSAa blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i igys dh rjg ,d
cy ;qXe mRiUu gksrk gSA rFkkfi] fiNys izdj.k ftlesa ik'k dk
ry pqacdh; {ks=k osQ vuqfn'k Fkk] dh rqyuk esa cy vk?kw.kZ dk
ifjek.k vc de gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd cy;qXe cukus okys
cyksa osQ chp dh yacor nwjh de gks xbZ gSA fp=k 4.19(b) esa
fljs AD ls bl O;oLFkk dk n`'; fn[kk;k x;k gSA blesa ;g n'kkZ;k
x;k gS fd ;s nks cy ,d cy;qXe cukrs gSaA ik'k ij cy vk?kw.kZ
dk ifjek.k gS %
a a
τ = F1 sin θ + F2 sin θ
fp=k 4.19 (a) ik'k ABCD dk {ks=k lfn'k pqacdh; {ks=k 2 2
ls dksbZ ;kn`fPNd dks.k θ cukrk gSA (b) ik'k dk Åijh = I ab B sin θ
n`';A Hkqtkvksa AB rFkk CD ij dk;Zjr cy F1 rFkk F2 = I A B sin θ (4.21)
n'kkZ, x, gSaA
tSls&tSls θ à 0, cy;qXe osQ cyksa osQ chp yacor nwjh Hkh
'kwU; dh vksj c<+rh gSA blls cy lajs[k cu tkrs gSa rFkk usV cy rFkk cy vk?kw.kZ 'kwU; gks tkrs
gSaA lehdj.kksa (4.20) rFkk (4.21) osQ cy vk?kw.kks± dks oqaQMyh osQ paqcdh; vk?kw.kZ rFkk pqacdh;
{ks=k osQ lfn'k xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSaA fo|qr /kjk ik'k osQ pqacdh; vk?kw.kZ dks
ge bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa
m=IA (4.22)
;gk¡ {ks=k lfn'k A dh fn'kk nf{k.k gLr vaxq"B fu;e osQ vuqlkj dkx”k osQ ry osQ Hkhrj dh
vksj fu£n"V gS (fp=k 4.18 nsf[k,) pw¡fd m rFkk B osQ chp dk dks.k θ gS] lehdj.kksa (4.20)
rFkk (4.21) dks osQoy ,d O;atd }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS
τ =m×B (4.23)
;g fLFkjoS|qfrdh osQ izdj.k osQ ln`'k gSA ¹fo|qr {ks=k E esa f}/zqo vk?kw.kZ pe dk oS|qr
f}èkqzoº
124 τ = pe × E

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo
tSlk fd lehdj.k (4.22) ls Li"V gS] paqcdh; {ks=k dh foek,¡ [AL2] gSa rFkk bldk ek=kd
Am2 gSA
lehdj.k (4.23) ls Li"V gS fd tc m pqacdh; {ks=k B osQ lekarj vFkok izfrlekarj gksrk
gS rks cy vk?kw.kZ τ foyqIr gks tkrk gSA tc oaqQMyh ij cy vk?kw.kZ ugha gksrk rks ;g lkE;koLFkk
dh vksj bafxr djrk gS (;g pqacdh; vk?kw.kZ m dh fdlh oLrq ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gS)A tc m
rFkk B lekarj gksrs gSa rks lkE;koLFkk LFkk;h gksrh gSA oqQa Myh esa dksbZ Hkh ?kw.kZu gksus ij cy vk?kw.kZ
mRiUu gksrk gS tks oaqQMyh dks okil mldh ewy fLFkfr esa yk nsrk gSA tc ;s izfrlekarj gksrs
gSa rks lkE;koLFkk vLFkk;h gksrh gS D;ksafd oaqQMyh esa dksbZ ?kw.kZu gksus ij ,d cy vk?kw.kZ mRiUu
gksrk gS tks bl ?kw.kZu esa o`f¼ dj nsrk gSA bl cy vk?kw.kZ dh mifLFkfr osQ dkj.k gh y?kq pqacd
vFkok dksbZ pqacdh; f}/qzo cká pqacdh; {ks=k osQ lkFk Lo;a dks lajsf[kr dj ysrk gSA
;fn ik'k esa ikl&ikl lVs gq, N isQjs gSa rks cy vk?kw.kZ osQ fy, O;atd] lehdj.k (4.23)
vc Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA rc ;g O;atd bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS
m=NIA (4.24)

mnkgj.k 4.10 10 cm f=kT;k dh fdlh oqQa Myh ftlesa ikl&ikl lVs 100 isQjs gS]a esa 3.2 A
fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gks jgh gSA (a) oaqQMyh osQ osaQnz ij pqacdh; {ks=k fdruk gS\
(b) bl oaqQMyh dk pqacdh; vk?kw.kZ D;k gS\
;g oqaQMyh ÅèokZ/j ry esa j[kh gS rFkk fdlh {kSfrt v{k tks mlosQ O;kl ls lajsf[kr gS]
osQ ifjr% ?kw.kZu djus osQ fy, Lora=k gSA ,d 2T dk ,dleku pqacdh; {ks=k {kSfrt fn'kk esa gS
tks bl izdkj gS fd vkjaHk esa oqaQMyh dk v{k pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk esa gSA paqcdh; {ks=k osQ
izHkko esa oaqQMyh 90º osQ dks.k ij ?kw.kZu dj tkrh gSA (c) vkjafHkd rFkk vafre fLFkfr esa oqaQMyh
ij cy vk?kw.kZ osQ ifjek.k D;k gSa\ (d) 90º ij ?kw.kZu djus osQ i'pkr oaqQMyh }kjk v£tr
dks.kh; pky fdruh gS\ oaqQMyh dk tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ 0.1 kg m2 gSA
gy
(a) lehdj.k (4.12) ls
µ0 NI
B=
2R
;gk¡] N = 100; I = 3.2 A, rFkk R = 0.1 m blfy,
4π × 10−7 × 102 × 3.2 4 × 10 −5 × 10
B= −1
= (π × 3.2 = 10 dk mi;ksx djus ij)
2 × 10 2 × 10 −1
–3
= 2 × 10 T
B dh fn'kk nf{k.k gLr vaxq"B fu;e }kjk izkIr gksrh gSA
(b) lehdj.k (4.24) ls pqacdh; vk?kw.kZ
m = N I A = N I π r 2 = 100 × 3.2 × 3.14 × 10–2 = 10 A m2
bl ckj fiQj fn'kk nf{k.k gLr vaxq"B fu;e }kjk izkIr gksrh gSA
(c) τ = m × B [lehdj.k (4.23) ls]
mnkgj.k 4.10

= m B sin θ
vkjaHk essa θ = 0, bl izdkj vkjafHkd cy vk?kw.kZ τi = 0, var esa θ = π/2 (vFkok 90º)
bl izdkj vafre cy vk?kw.kZ τf = m B = 10 × 2 = 20 N m
125

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
(d) U;wVu osQ f}rh; fu;e ls
dω
I = m sin θ
dt
;gk¡ I oaqQMyh dk tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ gSA Ük`a[kyk fu;e osQ vuqlkj
dω dω dθ dω
= = ω
dt dθ dt dt
bldk mi;ksx djus ij]
I m B sin θ dθ
θ=0 ls θ = π/2 rd lekdyu djus ij]
mnkgj.k 4.10

ω 2f π/2
I = −m B cos θ 0
=mB
2
1/ 2
 2 × 20  = 20 s–1
=
 10−1 

mnkgj.k 4.11
(a) fdlh fpdus {kSfrt ry ij dksbZ fo|qr /kjkokgh o`Ùkkdkj ik'k j[kk gSA D;k bl ik'k osQ
pkjksa vksj ,slk pqacdh; {ks=k LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ;g ik'k vius v{k osQ pkjksa
vksj Lo;a pDdj yxk, (vFkkZr ÅèokZ/j v{k osQ pkjksa vksj)A
(b) dksbZ fo|qr okgh o`Ùkkdkj ik'k fdlh ,dleku cká pqc a dh; {ks=k esa fLFkr gSA ;fn ;g ik'k
?kweus osQ fy, Lora=k gS] rks blosQ LFkk;h larqyu dk fno~QfoU;kl D;k gksxkA ;g n'kkZb, fd
blesa oqQy {ks=k (cká {ks=k $ ik'k }kjk mRiUu {ks=k) dk ÝyDl vf/dre gksxkA
(c) vfu;fer vko`Qfr dk dksbZ fo|qr /kjkokgh ik'k fdlh cká pqacdh; {ks=k esa fLFkr gSA ;fn
rkj yphyk gS rks ;g o`Ùkkdkj vko`Qfr D;ksa xzg.k dj ysrk gS\
gy
(a) ugha] D;ksafd blosQ fy, ÅèokZ/j fn'kk esa cy vk?kw.kZ τ dh vko';drk gksxhA ijarq
τ = I A × B, vkSj pw¡fd {kSfrt ik'k dk {ks=kiQy lfn'k A ÅèokZ/j fn'kk esa gS] τ dks B
osQ fdlh eku osQ fy, ik'k osQ ry esa gksuk pkfg,A
(b) LFkk;h larqyu okyk fno~QfoU;kl og gS ftlesa ik'k dk {ks=kiQy lfn'k A cká pqacdh;
{ks=k dh fn'kk esa gksrk gSA bl fno~QfoU;kl esa ik'k }kjk mRiUu pqacdh; {ks=k cká {ks=k dh
fn'kk esa gh gSA bl izdkj] nksuksa {ks=k ik'k osQ ry osQ yacor gksus osQ dkj.k oqQy {ks=k dk
mnkgj.k 4.11

vf/dre ÝyDl iznku djrs gSaA

(c) ;g {ks=k osQ yacor ry esa o`Ùkkdkj ik'k dk :i blfy, xzg.k dj ysrk gS rkfd blls
gksdj vf/dre ÝyDl izokfgr gks losQA D;ksafd fdlh nh xbZ ifjfefr osQ fy, o`Ùk dk
{ks=kiQy fdlh Hkh vU; vko`Qfr dh rqyuk esa vf/dre gksrk gSA

4.9.2 o`Ùkkdkj fo|qr /kjk ik'k pqacdh; f}/zqo

bl vuqHkkx esa ge ekSfyd pqacdh; rRo osQ :i esa fdlh fo|qr /kjk ik'k osQ fo"k; esa fopkj
126
djsaxsA ge ;g n'kkZ,¡xs fd o`Ùkkdkj fo|qr /kjk ik'k osQ dkj.k pqacdh; {ks=k (vf/d nwfj;ksa ij)

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo
O;ogkj esa oS|qr f}/qzo osQ fo|qr {ks=k ls cgqr oqQN leku gksrk gSA vuqHkkx 4.5 esa geus R f=kT;k
osQ o`Ùkkdkj ik'k ftlls vifjorhZ fo|qr /kjk I izokfgr gks jgh gS] osQ dkj.k ik'k osQ v{k pqca dh;
{ks=k dk ewY;kadu fd;k FkkA bl pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k ¹lehdj.k (4.11)º]
µ0 I R 2
B=
( )
3 /2
2 x 2 + R2
rFkk bldh fn'kk v{k osQ vuqfn'k Fkh ftls nf{k.k gLr vaxq"B fu;e }kjk izkIr fd;k x;k Fkk
(fp=k 4.10)A ;gk¡ ij x ik'k osQ osaQnz ls mlosQ v{k osQ vuqfn'k nwjh gSA ;fn x >> R gS] rks
ge mijksDr O;atd osQ gj ls R 2 dh mis{kk dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj
µ0 IR2
B=
2x 3
è;ku nhft,] ik'k dk {ks=kiQy A = πR2 , bl izdkj
µ0 IA
B=
2 πx 3
tSlk fd igys geus pqacdh; vk?kw.kZ m osQ ifjek.k dh ifjHkk"kk
m = I A osQ :i esa dh Fkh
µ0 m
B
2πx3

µ0 2m
= [4.25(a)]
4π x 3
lehdj.k [4.25(a)] dk ;g O;atd fdlh fLFkjoS|qr f}/qzo osQ fo|qr {ks=k osQ fy, igys
izkIr fd, tk pqoQs O;atd ls dki+Qh esy [kkrk gSA bl lekurk dks ns[kus osQ fy, ge izfrLFkkfir
djrs gSa
µ0 → 1/ ε 0
m → pe (fLFkjoS|qr f}/qzo)
B → E (fLFkjoS|qrh; {ks=k)
rc gesa izkIr gksrk gS]
2 pe
E=
4 π ε0 x 3
tks fd ;FkkFkZ :i ls fdlh oS|qr f}/qzo dk mlosQ v{k ij fo|qr {ks=k gSA blosQ fo"k; esa geus
vè;k; 1 vuqHkkx 1.9 [lehdj.k (1.20)] esa vè;;u fd;k FkkA
;g n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS fd mijksDr ln`'krk dks vkxs Hkh ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA geus ;g
ik;k Fkk fd f}/qzo osQ yacor f}foHkktd ij fo|qr {ks=k ¹lehdj.k (1.21) nsf[k,º
pe
E≈
4πε 0 x 3
;gk¡ x f}/qzo ls nwjh gSA ;fn ge mijksDr laca/ esa p à m rFkk µ0 → 1/ ε 0 ls izfrLFkkfir
djsa] rks gesa ik'k osQ ry esa fdlh ¯cnq ftldh osaQnz ls nwjh x gS] osQ fy, B osQ ifj.kke izkIr
gks ldrs gSaA x >>R osQ fy,
µ0 m
B≈ ; x >> R [4.25(b)] 127
4π x 3

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
fdlh ¯cnq pqacdh; f}/qzo osQ fy, lehdj.kksa [4.25(a)] rFkk [4.25(b)] }kjk fn, x,
ifj.kke ;FkkFkZ cu tkrs gSaA
mijksDr ifj.kke fdlh Hkh lery ik'k ij ykxw gksrs n'kkZ, tk ldrs gSaA lery fo|qr èkkjk
ik'k fdlh v{k pqacdh; f}/qzo osQ rqY; gksrk gS ftldk pqacdh; vk?kw.kZ m = I A gS tks fd
oS|qr f}/qzo vk?kw.kZ p osQ ln`'k gSA è;ku nhft,] bruk gksrs gq, Hkh ,d ewy varj ;g gS fd dksbZ
oS|qr f}/qzo nks ewy bdkb;ksa µ vkos'kksa (vFkok fo|qr ,d/zqoksa) ls feydj curk gSA tcfd
pqacdRo esa dksbZ pqacdh; f}/qzo (vFkok fo|qr /kjk ik'k) ,d vR;ar ewy rRo gSA pqacdRo esa
fo|qr vkos'kksa osQ lerqY; vFkkZr pqca dh; ,d/qoz ks]a dk vfLrRo vc rd vKkr gSA
geus ;g n'kkZ;k fd dksbZ fo|qr /kjk ik'k (i) pqca dh; {ks=k mRiUu djrk gS (fp=k 4-10 nsf[k,)
rFkk vf/d nwfj;ksa ij ,d pqca dh; f}/qoz dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gS rFkk (ii) ij ,d cy vk?kw.kZ
dk;Z djrk gS tSls pqacdh; lqbZA blosQ vk/kj ij ,sfEi;j us ;g lq>ko fn;k Fkk fd leLr
pqacdRo izokfgr fo|qr /kjkvksa osQ dkj.k gSA ;g vkaf'kd :i ls lR; izrhr gksrk gS rFkk vc
rd dksbZ Hkh pqacdh; ,d/qzo ugha ns[kk tk ldk gSA rFkkfi ewy d.k tSls bysDVªkWu vFkok izksVkWu
osQ Hkh uSt pqacdh; vk?kw.kZ gSa tks izokfgr fo|qr /kjkvksa osQ dkj.k ugha gSaA

4.10 py oqaQMyh xSYosuksehVj

vè;k; 3 osQ varxZr fo|qr ifjiFkksa esa izokfgr /kjkvksa rFkk oksYVrkvksa osQ fo"k; esa foLrkj ls ppkZ
dh tk pqdh gSA ijarq ge bUgsa fdl izdkj ekirs gSaA ge ;g oSQls dgrs gSa fd fdlh ifjiFk esa
1.5 A fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gks jgh gS vFkok fdlh izfrjks/d osQ fljksa
iSekuk osQ chp 1.2 V foHkokarj gSA fp=k 4.20 esa blh mís'; osQ mi;ksx ls fd;k
tkus okyk mi;ksxh midj.k n'kkZ;k x;k gS ftls py oqQa Myh xSYosuksehVj
(moving coil galvanometer — MCG) dgrs gSAa ;g ,d ,slh ;qfDr
gS ftlosQ fl¼kar dks gekjs }kjk vuqHkkx esa 4.9 esa dh xbZ ppkZ osQ vk/kj ij
laosQru LFkk;h pqacd le>k tk ldrk gSA
py oqQa Myh xSYosuksehVj esa fdlh ,dleku f=kT; (vjh;) pqca dh;
oqaQMyh {ks=k esa fdlh v{k ij ?kw.kZu djus osQ fy, vusd isQjksa okyh ,d oqaQMyh
gksrh gS (fp=k 4.20)A bl oaqQMyh osQ Hkhrj ,d csyukdkj ueZ yksg
ØksM tks osQoy pqacdh; {ks=k dks f=kT; gh ugha cukrk oju pqacdh; {ks=k
dh izcyrk esa Hkh o`f¼ dj nsrk gSA tc bl oqQa Myh ls dksbZ fo|qr /kjk
/qjh izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks bl ij ,d cy vk?kw.kZ dk;Z djrk gSA lehdj.k
(4.20) osQ vuqlkj bl cy vk?kw.kZ τ dk eku gksrk gS
ueZ ykSg τ = NI AB
ØksM
;gk¡] HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa osQ izrhdksa osQ vius lkekU; vFkZ gSaA pw¡fd fM”kkbu
,dleku f=kT; osQ vuqlkj pqacdh; {ks=k f=kT; gS] geus cy vk?kw.kZ osQ fy, fn, x,
pqacdh; {ks=k mijksDr O;atd esa sin θ = 1 fy;k gSA ;g pqacdh; cy vk?kw.kZ NIAB
fp=k 4.20 py oqaQMyh xSYosuksehVjA blosQ vo;oksa oqaQMyh esa ?kw.kZu dh izo`fÙk mRiUu djrk gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i oqaQMyh
dk o.kZu ikB esa fd;k x;k gSA vko';drkuqlkj bl vius v{k ij ?kw.kZu djrh gSA oqaQMyh ls tqM+h dekuh Sp esa oaqQMyh osQ
midj.k dk mi;ksx ge èkkjk dk irk yxkus ;k ?kw.kZu osQ fojks/ esa cy vk?kw.kZ kφ mRiUu gks tkrk gS tks oqaQMyh osQ cy
èkkjk (,sehVj)] ;k fiQj oksYVrk (oksYVehVj) dk vk?kw.kZ NIAB dks larqfyr djrk gS_ iQyLo:i oqaQMyh esa φ dks.k dk
eku Kkr djus osQ fy, djrs gSaA LFkk;h dks.kh; fo{ksi vk tkrk gSA lkE;koLFkk esa
128
kφ = NI AB

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo
;gk¡ k dekuh dk ,saBu fu;rkad gS] vFkkZr izfr ,dkad ,saBu izR;ku;u cy vk?kw.kZ gSA fo{ksi φ
dk ikB~;kad dekuh osQ lkFk tqM+s laosQrd }kjk iSekus ij fy;k tk ldrk gSA mijksDr O;atd
osQ vuqlkj φ dk eku gS
 NAB 
φ =  I (4.26)
k 
dks"Bd dh jkf'k dk eku fdlh fn, x, xSYosuksehVj osQ fy, ,d fu;rkad gSA xSYosuksehVj dk
mi;ksx dbZ izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk mi;ksx ,d lalwpd osQ :i esa ;g Kkr djus
osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ifjiFk esa dksbZ fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gks jgh gS vFkok ughaA bl
izdkj dk mi;ksx geus OghVLVksu lsrq O;oLFkk esa fd;k FkkA tc xSYosuksehVj dk mi;ksx lalwpd
osQ :i esa djrs gSa rks bldk laosQrd lkE;koLFkk ('kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr vFkkZr tc oqaqQMyh esa dksbZ
fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr ugha gksrh) iSekus osQ eè; esa gksrk gS u fd ckb± vksj tSlk fd fp=k 4.20
esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA izokfgr fo|qr /kjk osQ vuqlkj xSYosuksehVj dk laosQrd fo|qr /kjk dh fn'kk
osQ vuq:i ck,¡ vFkok nk,¡ fo{ksfir gks tkrk gSA
xSYosuksehVj dk mi;ksx blh :i esa fdlh ifjiFk esa izokfgr fo|qr èkkjk dks ekius osQ fy,
,sehVj dh Hkk¡fr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blosQ nks dkj.k gSa (i) xSYosuksehVj ,d vR;ar lqxkz gh ;qfDr
gS] ;g µ A dksfV dh fo|qr /kjk osQ fy, iw.kZ iSekuk fo{ksi nsrh gSA (ii) fo|qr /kjk dks ekius osQ
fy, xSYosuksehVj dks ifjiFk esa Js.khØe esa tksMu+ k gksrk gSA D;ksfa d bldk izfrjks/ vfèkd gksrk gS
tks ifjiFk esa izokfgr gksus okyh fo|qr èkkjk osQ eku dks ifjo£rr dj nsrk gSA bl ijs'kkuh dks nwj
djus osQ fy, ,d vYi&eku okyk izfrjks/ rs ftls 'kaV dgrs gS]a xSYosuksehVj dh oqQa Myh osQ
ik'oZØe esa la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS ftlls vf/dka'k fo|qr èkkjk bl 'kaV ls izokfgr gks tkrh gSA bl
izdkj bl O;oLFkk dk izfrjks/ gks tkrk gSµ ,sehVj

RG rs / (RG + rs) ~ rs ;fn RG >> rs fp=k 4.21

;fn ifjiFk osQ izfrjks/ Re dh rqyuk esa r s dk eku de gS rks ekid ;a=k dks ifjiFk esa tksMu+ s ,d vR;Yi eku dk 'kaV
dk izHkko Hkh de gksxk ftldh mis{kk dh tk ldrh gSA bl O;oLFkk dk ,d ;kstuk vkjs[k izfrjksèk r s ik'oZØe esa
fp=k 4.21 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA bl izdkj cus ,sehVj osQ iSekus dk va'kkadu dj fn;k tkrk gS yxkdj fdlh xSYosuksehVj
rkfd vklkuh ls èkkjk dk eku i<+k tk losQA ,sehVj dh lqxzkfgrk dh ifjHkk"kk ge fo{ksi izfr (G) dks ,sehVj (A) esa
bdkbZ èkkjk osQ :i esa djrs gSaA lehdj.k (4.26) osQ vuqlkj èkkjk lqxzkfgrk gS] :ikarfjr djukA
φ NAB
= (4.27)
I k
fdlh Hkh mRiknd osQ fy, xSYosuksehVj dh lqxzkfgrk esa o`f¼ djus dk ljy mik; ;g gS
fd og oqaQMyh esa isQjksa dh la[;k N esa o`f¼ dj nsA ge vius iz;ksx dh vko';drk osQ vuqlkj
xSYosuksehVj dk p;u djrs gSaA
/kjkekih dk mi;ksx ifjiFk osQ fdlh va'k osQ fljksa osQ chp foHkokarj Kkr djus osQ fy,
oksYVrkekih osQ :i esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA bl mís'; osQ fy, bldks ifjiFk osQ ml va'k osQ
ik'oZØe esa yxkuk gksxkA vkSj fiQj] blesa ls vR;Yi /kjk izokfgr gksuh pkfg,] vU;Fkk] oksYVrk
dh eki ewy O;oLFkk dks vR;f/d fo{kqC/ dj nsxhA izk;% ge ekid ;a=kksa }kjk mRiUu fo{kksHk oksYVehVj
dks ,d izfr'kr ls de j[krs gSaA eki dh ifj'kq¼rk cuk, j[kus osQ fy,] xSYosuksehVj osQ fp=k 4.22 Js.khØe esa ,d
Js.khØe esa ,d cM+k izfrjksèk R tksM+k tkrk gSA bl O;oLFkk dk ;kstuk vkjs[k fp=k 4.22 esa cM+k izfrjksèk R yxkdj
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA è;ku nhft, fd vc oksYVehVj dk oqQy izfrjksèk] xSYosuksehVj (G) dks
RG + R R : vFkkZr izfrjks/ cgqr vf/d gSA oksYVehVj (V) esa ifjofrZr
oksYVehVj osQ iSekus dks va'kkafdr dj fn;k tkrk gS rkfd vklkuh ls oksYVrk dk eku i<+k djukA
tk losQA fdlh oksYVekih dh oksYVrk lqxzkfgrk dh ifjHkk"kk ge fo{ksi izfr ,dkad oksYVrk ls
djrs gSaA lehdj.k (4.26) ls 129

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
φ  NAB  I  NAB  1
=  =
 k  V  k  R
 (4.28)
V
;gk¡ ,d jkspd rF; è;ku nsus ;ksX; ;g gS fd èkkjk lqxkz fgrk esa o`f¼ djus ij ;g vko';d
ugha gS fd oksYVrk lqxzkfgrk esa Hkh o`f¼ gks tk,xhA vkb, lehdj.k (4.27) ij fopkj djsa tks
èkkjk lqxzkfgrk dk eki crkrh gSA ;fn N → 2N vFkkZr ;fn isQjksa dh la[;k nksxuq h dj nh tk,] rks
φ φ
→2
I I
vFkkZr èkkjk lqxzkfgrk Hkh nksxquh gks tkrh gSA foaQrq] xSYosuksehVj dk izfrjksèk Hkh nks
xquk gks tkus dh laHkkouk gS D;ksafd ;g rkj dh yackbZ osQ vuqØekuqikrh gSA lehdj.k
(4.28) esa N→2N ,oa R→2R, vr% oksYVrk lqxzkfgrk]
φ φ
→
V V
vifjo£rr jgrh gSA vr% O;kid :i ls xSYosuksehVj ls ,sehVj esa :ikarfjr djus osQ fy, tks
la'kks/u fd, tkrs gSa xSYosuksehVj dks oksYVehVj esa ifjo£rr djus osQ fy, buls fHkUu la'kksèku
fd, tkus pkfg,A

mnkgj.k 4.12 uhps fn[kk, x, ifjiFk esa èkkjk dk eku D;k gS ;fn fn[kk;k x;k
,sehVj] (a) RG = 60.00 Ω izfrjksèk dk xSYosuksehVj gSA (b) Hkkx (a) esa crk;k x;k
xSYosuksehVj gh gS ijarq bldks rs = 0.02 Ω dk 'kaV izfrjksèk yxkdj ,sehVj esa ifjo£rr
fd;k x;k gSA (c) 'kwU; izfrjksèk dk ,d vkn'kZ ,sehVj gSA

fp=k 4.23

gy
(a) ifjiFk esa oqQy izfrjks/ gS
RG + 3 = 63 Ω blfy, I = 3/63 = 0.048 A
(b) ,sehVj esa :ikarfjr xSYosuksehVj dk izfrjks/
RG rs 60 Ω × 0.02Ω
= - 0.02 Ω
RG + rs (60 + 0.02)Ω
mnkgj.k 4.12

ifjiFk esa oqQy izfrjks/

0.02 Ω + 3 Ω = 3.02 Ω vr% I = 3/3.02 = 0.99 A
(c) 'kwU; izfrjks/ osQ vkn'kZ ,sehVj osQ fy,
I = 3/3 = 1.00 A
130

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo

lkjka'k
1. pqacdh; {ks=k B ij fo|qr {ks=k E dh mifLFkfr esa v osx ls xfreku fdlh vkos'k q ij
yxus okys oqQy cy dks yksjsat cy dgrs gSaA bls uhps fn, x, O;atd }kjk O;Dr fd;k
tkrk gSA
F = q (v × B + E)
pqacdh; {ks=k q (v × B), v osQ
vfHkyacor gS rFkk fd;k x;k dk;Z 'kwU; gSA
2. lyackbZ osQ fdlh lh/s pkyd ftlls LFkk;h fo|qr /kjk I izokfgr gks jgh gS] fdlh
,dleku cká pqacdh; {ks=k esa cy F dk vuqHko djrk gS]
F=Il×B
;gk¡ |l| = l rFkk l dh fn'kk fo|qr /kjk dh fn'kk }kjk iznku dh tkrh gSA
3. fdlh ,dleku pqacdh; {ks=k esa] dksbZ vkos'k q, B osQ vfHkyacor ry esa o`Ùkkdkj d{kk
esa xfreku gSA bldh ,dleku orZqy xfr dh vko`fÙk dks lkbDyksVªkWu vko`fÙk dgrs gSa
ftls bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSµ
qB
νc =
2πm
;g vko`fÙk d.k dh pky rFkk f=kT;k ij fuHkZj ugha djrhA bl rF; dk mi;ksx
lkbDyksVªkWu uked e'khu esa fd;k tkrk gS tks vkosf'kr d.kksa dks Rofjr djus esa mi;ksxh
gksrk gSA
4. ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e osQ vuqlkj dl yackbZ osQ fdlh vo;o ftlls vifjorhZ fo|qr /kjk I
izokfgr gks jgh gS] osQ dkj.k r lfn'k nwjh ij fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq P ij pqacdh; {ks=k dB
bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSµ
µo dl × r
dB = I
4π r3
P ij oqQy {ks=k izkIr djus osQ fy, gesa bl lfn'k O;atd dks pkyd dh leLr yackbZ
osQ fy, lekdfyr djuk pkfg,A
5. f=kT;k R dh o`Ùkkdkj oqaQMyh ftlls I /kjk izokfgr gks jgh gS] osQ dkj.k osaQnz ls v{kh;
nwjh x ij pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k
µ 0 IR 2
B=
2( x + R 2 )3 / 2
2

oqaQMyh osQ osaQnz ij bl {ks=k dk ifjek.k

µ0 I
B=
2R
6. ,sfEi;j dk ifjiFkh; fu;e % eku yhft, dksbZ [kqyk i`"B S fdlh ik'k C }kjk ifjc¼
gSA rc ,sfEi;j osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj ;gk¡ I i`"B S ls izokfgr fo|qr
èkkjk gSA I dk fpÉ nf{k.k gLr fu;e }kjk fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA geus ;gk¡ bl fu;e
osQ ljyho`Qr :i ij ppkZ dh gSA ;fn B can oØ dh ifjf/ L osQ gj ¯cnq ij Li'khZ osQ
vuqfn'k fu£n"V gS rFkk ifjf/ osQ vuqfn'k bldk ifjek.k fu;r gS rks
BL = µ0 Ie
;gk¡ Ie can ifjiFk }kjk ifjc¼ usV fo|qr /kjk gSA
7. fdlh yacs lh/s rkj ftlls I fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gks jgh gS] ls R nwjh ij fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq
ij pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k
131

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
µ0 I
B=
2πR
{ks=k js[kk,¡ rkj osQ lkFk laosaQnzh o`Ùk gksrh gSaA
8. fdlh yach ifjukfydk ftlls I fo|qr /kjk izokfgr gks jgh gS] osQ Hkhrj pqacdh; {ks=k B
dk ifjek.k
B = µ0nI
;gk¡ n ifjukfydk dh izfr ,dkad yackbZ esa isQjksa dh la[;k gSA
9. lekarj fo|qr /kjk,¡ vkd£"kr rFkk izfrlekarj fo|qr /kjk,¡ izfrd£"kr djrh gSaA
10. cgqr ikl fyiVs N isQjksa rFkk A {ks=kiQy osQ leryh; ik'k ftlls fo|qr /kjk I esa izokfgr
gks jgh gS] dk ,d pqacdh; vk?kw.kZ m gksrk gS
m=NIA
rFkk m dh fn'kk nf{k.k gLr vaxq"B fu;e ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA bl fu;e osQ vuqlkj]
¶vius nk,¡ gkFk dh gFksyh dks bl izdkj ik'k osQ vuqfn'k eksfM+, fd m¡xfy;k¡ fo|qr èkkjk
dh fn'kk esa laosQr djsa rks] ckgj dh vksj ¯[kpk v¡xwBk m (vkSj A) dh fn'kk crkrk gSA
tc ;g ik'k fdlh ,dleku pqacdh; {ks=k B esa j[kk tkrk gS rks bl ij vkjksfir cy
F=0
rFkk bl ij cy vk?kw.kZ
τ =m×B
fdlh py oqQa Myh xSYosuksehVj esa bl cy vk?kw.kZ dks dekuh }kjk yxk;k izfr cy vk?kw.kZ
larqfyr dj ysrk gS vkSj rc gesa izkIr gksrk gS
k φ = NI AB
;gk¡ φ larqyu fo{ksi gS rFkk k dekuh dk ,saBu fu;rkad gSA
11. fdlh py oaqQMyh xSYosuksehVj dks mldh oaqQMyh osQ ik'oZØe esa dksbZ vYi ifjek.k dk
'kaV izfrjks/ rs lac¼ djosQ ,sehVj esa :ikarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA xSYosuksehVj dh oaQq Myh
osQ lkFk Js.khØe esa vf/d ifjek.k dk izfrjks/ lac¼ djosQ mls oksYVehVj esa :ikarfjr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA

HkkSfrd jkf'k izrhd izoQ` fr foek,¡ ek=kd fVIi.kh

eqDr vkdk'k dh pqacd'khyrk µ0 vfn'k [MLT –2A–2] T m A–1 4π × 10–7 T m A–1

paqcdh; {ks=k B lfn'k [M T –2A–1] T (VsLyk)

paqcdh; vk?kw.kZ m lfn'k [L2A] A m2 vFkok J/T

,saBu fu;rkad k vfn'k [M L2T –2] N m rad–1 xSYosuksehVj esa n`f"Vxkspj

fopkj.kh; fo"k;
1. fLFkjoS|qr {ks=k js[kk,¡ /ukos'k ls vkjaHk gksdj ½.kkos'k ij lekIr gks tkrh gSa vFkok vuar
ij yqIr ;k foyhu gks tkrh gSaA pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk,¡ lnSo can ik'k cukrh gSaA
2. bl vè;k; esa of.kZr fopkj osQoy vifjorhZ fo|qr /kjkvksa (tks le; osQ lkFk ifjo£rr
ugha gksrh)osQ fy, gh ykxw gSA
132

Rationalised 2023-24
 xfreku vkos'k vkSj pqacdRo

le; osQ lkFk ifjofrZr gksus okyh fo|qr /kjkvksa osQ fy, U;wVu dk rhljk fu;e oS|rq pqca dh;
{ks=k osQ laosx dk laKku djus ij gh oSèk gksrk gSA
3. yksjsat cy osQ lehdj.k dk Lej.k dhft,]
F = q (v × B + E)

osx fuHkZj bl cy us oqQN egkure oSKkfud fopkjdksa dk è;ku vkd£"kr fd;kA ;fn dksbZ
iszs{kd ,d ,sls izsQe esa igq¡p tk, tgk¡ mldk {kf.kd ossx v gks rks cy dk pqacdh; Hkkx
'kwU; gks tkrk gSA rc vkosf'kr d.k dh xfr ;g ekudj le>kbZ tk ldrh gS fd bl u,
izsQe esa ,d mfpr fo|qr {ks=k fo|eku gSA bl ;kaf=kdh osQ foLrkj esa ge ugha tk,¡xsA blosQ
fo"k; esa vki vkxs dh d{kkvksa esa i<+saxsA ysfdu bl ckr ij ge ”kksj nsuk pkgsaxs fd bl
fojks/kHkkl dk lek/ku bl rF; esa fufgr gS fd fo|qr vkSj pqacdRo ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gq,
izØe gSa (fo|qrpqacdRo) vkSj yksjsat cy dk O;atd] izo`Qfr esa fdlh lkoZHkkSe ojh; lanHkZ
izsQe esa var£ufgr ugha gSA
4. ,sfEi;j dk ifjiFkh; fu;e] ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e ls vyx ugha gSA ;g ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e ls
O;qRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e ls oSlk gh lacaèk gS tSlk fd xkml
fu;e dk owWQyke fu;e lsA

vH;kl
4.1 rkj dh ,d o`Ùkkdkj oqQa Myh esa 100 isQjs gS]a izR;sd dh f=kT;k 8.0 cm gS vkSj buesa 0.40 A
fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr gks jgh gSA oqaQMyh osQ osaQæ ij pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k D;k gS\
4.2 ,d yacs] lhèks rkj esa 35 A fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr gks jgh gSA rkj ls 20 cm nwjh ij fLFkr
fdlh ¯cnq ij pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k D;k gS\
4.3 {kSfrt ry esa j[ks ,d yacs lhèks rkj esa 50 A fo|qr èkkjk mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj izokfgr
gks jgh gSA rkj osQ iwoZ esa 2.5 m nwjh ij fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq ij pqacdh; {ks=k B dk ifjek.k
vkSj mldh fn'kk Kkr dhft,A
4.4 O;kseLFk ¯[kps {kSfrt fctyh osQ rkj esa 90 A fo|qr èkkjk iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj izokfgr
gks jgh gSA rkj osQ 1.5 m uhps fo|qr èkkjk osQ dkj.k mRiUu pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjek.k vkSj
fn'kk D;k gS\
4.5 ,d rkj ftlesa 8 A fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr gks jgh gS] 0.15 T osQ ,dleku pqacdh; {ks=k esa]
{ks=k ls 30° dk dks.k cukrs gq, j[kk gSA bldh ,dkad yackbZ ij yxus okys cy dk ifjek.k
vkSj bldh fn'kk D;k gS\
4.6 ,d 3.0 cm yack rkj ftlesa 10 A fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr gks jgh gS] ,d ifjukfydk osQ Hkhrj
mlosQ v{k osQ yacor j[kk gSA ifjukfydk osQ Hkhrj pqacdh; {ks=k dk eku 0.27 T gSA rkj
ij yxus okyk pqacdh; cy D;k gSA
4.7 ,d&nwljs ls 4.0 cm dh nwjh ij j[ks nks yac]s lhèks] lekarj rkjksa A ,oa B ls Øe'k% 8.0 A
,oa 5.0 A dh fo|qr èkkjk,¡ ,d gh fn'kk esa izokfgr gks jgh gSaA rkj A osQ 10 cm [kaM ij
cy dk vkdyu dhft,A
4.8 ikl&ikl isQjksa okyh ,d ifjukfydk 80 cm yach gS vkSj blesa 5 ijrsa gSa ftuesa ls izR;sd
esa 400 isQjs gSaA ifjukfydk dk O;kl 1.8 cm gSA ;fn blesa 8.0 A fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr gks
jgh gS rks ifjukfydk osQ Hkhrj osaQæ osQ ikl pqacdh; {ks=k B osQ ifjek.k ifjdfyr dhft,A 133

Rationalised 2023-24
 HkkSfrdh
4.9 ,d oxkZdkj oqaQMyh ftldh izR;sd Hkqtk 10 cm gS] esa 20 isQjs gSa vkSj mlesa 12 A fo|qr
èkkjk izokfgr gks jgh gSA oqQa Myh ÅèokZ/jr% yVdh gqbZ gS vkSj blosQ ry ij [khapk x;k vfHkyac
0.80 T osQ ,dleku pqc a dh; {ks=k dh fn'kk ls 30° dk ,d dks.k cukrk gSA oqQa Myh ij yxus
okys cy;qXe vk?kw.kZ dk ifjek.k D;k gS\
4.10 nks py oqaQMyh xSYosuksehVj ehVjksa M1 ,oa M2 osQ fooj.k uhps fn, x, gSa %
R 1 = 10 Ω, N1 = 30,
A1 = 3.6 × 10–3 m2, B1 = 0.25 T
R 2 = 14 Ω, N2 = 42,
A2 = 1.8 × 10–3 m2, B2 = 0.50 T (nksuksa ehVjksa osQ fy, ¯Lizx fu;rkad leku gSa)A
(a) M2 ,oa M1 dh èkkjk&lqxzkfgrkvksa] (b) M2 ,oa M1 dh oksYVrk&lqxzkfgrkvksa dk vuqikr
Kkr dhft,A
4.11 ,d izdks"B esa 6.5 G (1 G = 10–4 T) dk ,dleku pqacdh; {ks=k cuk, j[kk x;k gSA bl
pqca dh; {ks=k esa ,d bysDVªkuW 4.8×106 m s–1 osQ osx ls {ks=k osQ yacor Hkstk x;k gSA O;k[;k
dhft, fd bl bysDVªkWu dk iFk o`Ùkkdkj D;ksa gksxk\ o`Ùkkdkj d{kk dh f=kT;k Kkr dhft,A
(e = 1.6 ×10–19 C, m e = 9.1×10–31 kg)
4.12 iz'u 4.11 esa] o`Ùkkdkj d{kk esa bysDVªkWu dh ifjØe.k vko`fÙk izkIr dhft,A D;k ;g mÙkj
bysDVªkWu osQ osx ij fuHkZj djrk gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
4.13 (a) 30 isQjksa okyh ,d o`Ùkkdkj oqQa Myh ftldh f=kT;k 8.0 cm gS vkSj ftlesa 6.0 A fo|qr
èkkjk izokfgr gks jgh gS] 1.0 T osQ ,dleku {kSfrt pqacdh; {ks=k esa ÅèokZèkjr% yVdh
gSA {ks=k js[kk,¡ oqQa Myh osQ vfHkyac ls 60° dk dks.k cukrh gSAa oqQa Myh dks ?kweus ls jksdus
osQ fy, tks izfrvk?kw.kZ yxk;k tkuk pkfg, mlosQ ifjek.k ifjdfyr dhft,A
(b) ;fn (a) esa crk;h xbZ o`Ùkkdkj oqaQMyh dks mlh {ks=kiQy dh vfu;fer vko`Qfr dh
leryh; oqaQMyh ls izfrLFkkfir dj fn;k tk, ('ks"k lHkh fooj.k vifjofrZr jgsa) rks
D;k vkidk mÙkj ifjo£rr gks tk,xk\

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Rationalised 2023-24