10 1002@ghg 1663

Original Research Article
Experimental results of split flow

process using AMP/PZ solution
for post-combustion CO2 capture
Aleksander Krótki, Adam Tatarczuk, Marcin Stec, Tomasz Spietz, Lucyna Wiecław-Solny
˛
and Andrzej Wilk, Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, Zabrze, Poland
Ashleigh Cousins, CSIRO, Kenmore QLD, Australia
Abstract: The goal of reducing energy consumption of the CO2 removal process from flue gas may be
pursued by developing new solvents as well as by modifying the technological process itself. This
paper provides a discussion of the experimental results obtained from a process development unit
(PDU) using an aqueous 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) solution activated with piperazine (PZ) for
post-combustion carbon capture located at the Clean Coal Technologies Centre in Poland. The results
are compared for two distinct process setups, namely one with the lean amine stream being split – a
solution referred to as split flow, and a system with standard configuration.
C 2017 Society of Chemical
Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: CO2 removal; AMP; piperazine; split flow
Introduction absorption process.3,4 The largest contemporary

systems for CO2 removal from flue gas, operated in
he CO2 removal process from flue gas has been
T recently investigated rather extensively. Such

an interest in this subject results from global CO2
emission reduction policies becoming increasingly
both pilot and demonstration scale, used the
absorption technology in combination with aqueous
amine solutions.4,5 The chemical-absorption-based
CO2 removal process using ethanolamine (MEA) has
stringent toward the flue gas produced by the power
been extensively applied in industry. This is due to the
industry. Studies have been conducted in the areas of
comparatively low price of ethanolamine as well as its
optimum technology selection, improvement of solvent
favorable kinetics and high mass transfer rates.
properties, and modification of the process itself, all
However, using MEA on the scale required in the
aimed at reducing the process energy consumption.1,2
power industry involves certain consequences, such as
In this respect, the most significant aspect is the choice
the power plant efficiency drop due to the high energy
of appropriate technology. Low flue gas pressure as well
consumption resulting from the high regeneration
as the high content of water and sulfur compounds
energy requirement of aqueous MEA solutions.
limit the options of using physical absorption processes
Furthermore, MEA suffers from both thermal and
commonly applied in the petrochemical industry. On
oxidative degradation under post-combustion capture
account of the high flue gas flow rate, which may even
(PCC) conditions which makes it necessary to
exceed 1.5 million m3 /h in a 500 MWe power unit,
continuously top up the system with fresh solvent.
from which one must remove CO2 , the most
Therefore, solvents with lower reboiler heat duty are
appropriate solution seems to be the chemical
sought. At the same time, such solvents should be
Correspondence to: Aleksander Krótki, Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, Zabrze, Poland. E-mail: akrotki@ichpw.pl
Received July 6, 2016; revised November 25, 2016; accepted November 25, 2016
Published online at Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/ghg.1663

C 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Greenhouse Gas Sci Technol. 00:1–12 (2017); DOI: 10.1002/ghg 1
A Krótki et al. Original Research Article: Post combustion AMP/PZ split flow process experimental results
characterized by a high CO2 absorption rate and high bottom of the absorption column with absorbed carbon
resistance to degradation. One method for achieving a dioxide is pumped to the top of the stripper passing
solvent with the required properties is to use mixtures through several heat exchangers. In the stripper, a
of tertiary amines or sterically hindered amines portion of the partially regenerated semi-lean solvent is
activated with primary or secondary amines. The collected from a transition tray located in the middle of
regeneration energy demand of such amine blends is the column and delivered to the absorber. The
often lower compared to primary amines. At the same remaining portion of the solvent flows down through
time, the kinetic properties of activated amine mixtures the stripper packing to the bottom where further
are far higher than those of the initial solutions without regeneration takes place. The regeneration in the
the activating agent. An example of such an activated stripper reboiler proceeds due to steam generated in an
solvent is a mixture of 1-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol evaporator with an electric heater. The lean amine
(AMP) and piperazine (PZ). The benefits of this mixed solution from the bottom of the stripping column is
solvent have been elaborated in the literature rather then delivered to the absorber top. Streams of solvent
extensively,6–8 and it has also been used in pilot-scale are involved in heat exchange between one another in
systems for amine-based CO2 removal from flue gas. several plate heat exchangers. The separated CO2 and
The AMP/PZ solution is characterized by high rate of steam leaves from the top of the stripper. The steam is
CO2 absorption, low heat of absorption and superior then condensed in the cooling unit and the droplets are
degradation resistance compared to MEA.7 separated in the separator. A portion of the condensate
is sent to the absorber or stripper column to support
washing the exiting gas.
Plant characteristics In Table 1, we can notice that absorber pressure was
A process development unit (PDU), with a flue gas relatively high. This is dictated by technical reasons
capacity up to 100 m3 h (1013 hPa, 273K), is installed at caused by the wet pressure drop of the column.
the Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal in Conversely for the stripper – the pressure is low
Zabrze, Poland. The plant enables evaluation of CO2 compared to typical operation with ethanolamine.13
removal from flue gas, process gas, or mixtures of This in turn is because of Polish Technical Inspection
technical gases. It is capable of processing flue gases Authority law which states that for unpressurized
and flammable gases from other systems installed in apparatus the pressure can’t be higher than 149 kPaa .
this facility, being the largest Polish research center
dedicated for the development of clean coal Experimental
technologies.9 An overview of the PDU is provided in
Fig. 1. Table 1 gives information on test parameters,
Reagents and materials
whereas Table 2 provides information on the PDU The gas mixture was prepared from technical carbon
columns, including packing and materials. dioxide and nitrogen (Messer Poland Sp. z o.o.). The
The testing unit can feed by flue gas from combustion resulting carbon dioxide concentration in the feed gas
or mixture of industrial gases. The flue gas first passes was 12.3±0.3 vol%.
through the pre-treatment scrubber where solid Studies were conducted using 30 wt%
particles are removed, and the flue gas is cooled and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP, CAS
saturated with water. SOx is then removed in an #000124-68-5, purity >98%) with 10 wt% piperazine
activated carbon bed adsorber. Cleaned flue gas or gas (PZ, CAS #000110-85-0, purity >99%). Both were
mixture flows to the counter-current absorber where purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Sp. z o.o.
CO2 absorption takes place in an aqueous amine
solution. Before leaving the absorber, the flue gas flows Gas and liquid analysis
through a water washing section. The purpose of this The gas composition was adjusted to match the average
section is to wash out droplets of the solvent carried CO2 concentration in the flue gas discharged from
together with the purified flue gas. The water wash typical coal-fired power units in Poland (about 12.3
section is supplied with clean water. This allows mainly vol% CO2 14 ). The chemical composition of the gas at
to clean the gas from amines traces. Excess water the system inlet and outlet was monitored on-line by
supplied to the section allows also maintenance of the Siemens ULTRAMAT 23 gas analyzers. Loading of the
plant water balance.11,12 The rich solution from the solvent was determined by application of a
2
C 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Greenhouse Gas Sci Technol. 00:1–12 (2017); DOI: 10.1002/ghg
Original Research Article: Post combustion AMP/PZ split flow process experimental results A Krótki et al.
Figure 1. An overview10 and process flow diagram of the testing unit.
densitometric method15 using the Kyoto KEM DA-640 metering an Endress+Hauser Promag 50P flowmeters
densitometer as well as by potentiometric titration.16 were used. The temperature was measured by
The amine content in the solvent was measured by Limatherm PT-100 sensors and the pressure by
means of the Dionex ion chromatograph and by pressure transducers from Aplisens APC-2000ALW.
titration method.16 The installation has the possibility The amount of electricity to the stripper heater was
of controlling changing flowrates of the gas and solvent regulated by a standard electric current.
solution. For gas metering Yokogawa RAMC flowmeter For completeness of the experimental results,
or standard flanged orifice with Aplisens APR-2000 measurement points below the lean amine absorbent
ALW pressure converter were used. For solvent inlet (the temperature and loading of the absorbent

Table 1. Test parameters.

Parameter Value Unit
Nominal gas flow rate 100 mn 3 /h
Nominal solvent flow rate 0.515 m3 /h
Lean amine temperature 40 °C
Semi lean amine temperature 40 °C
Max. Reboiler heating power 33 kW
Absorber pressure 130 kPaa
Stripper pressure 145 kPaa
determined as T*, α*) were estimated using the

ProTreat software.
The installation has been equipped with
approximately 70 measuring points and is controlled
by a supervisory control and data acquisition system
(SCADA). The measuring instrumentation of the
absorption column allows the gas composition and
temperature to be monitored on individual levels of the
absorption bed (Fig. 2). One can also collect samples of
liquids both entering and leaving the absorber.
Additionally, the semi-lean amine flowing from the top
section of the absorber column (L4) was analyzed for
its loading and concentration.
Figure 2. Measurement points arrangement in the
Experimental program absorption column.10
The experimental studies conducted comprised
comparative tests of different lean amine split flow
process configurations at the optimum L/G ratio, extracted from the bottom stripper section, and
which was established in previous paper.10 In this semi-lean amine from the middle stripper section. To
paper, the standard configuration (S), where the entire maintain the liquid to gas ratio, the total solution flow
lean amine stream is delivered to the absorber top rate was constant. Individual split flow tests differed
section (Fig. 3(a)), has been compared with the split between one another in terms of the lean and
flow configurations – SF, RSF (Fig. 3(b)). In the semi-lean amine proportions. For SF configuration, the
modified system, the stream was split into lean amine, lean stream to semi-lean ratio was 1:1, while for RSF
Table 2. PDU columns size and type of internal packing.

Column Diameter, mm Packing height, mm Packing, size, material, vendor
Water wash 263 1800 Berl saddle 10 mm, ceramic, VFF GmbH
400 Cylinders φ5 mm, ceramic, VFF GmbH
Absorber 263 2000 700 CY, stainless steel, Sulzer
1200 700 CY, stainless steel, Sulzer
Stripper 263 1000 Interpack, 10 mm, stainless steel, VFF GmbH
1600 Interpack, 15 mm, stainless steel, VFF GmbH
4
Figure 3. Process flow sheets of standard (a) and split flow process configuration (b).
this ratio was about 3:1. The plant operating conditions pressure of CO2 in the gaseous mixture in the lower
during the tests are provided in Table 3. absorber section. The lean amine delivered to the
The split stream is a modification which makes it column top is used to further lower the CO2
possible to reduce the energy consumption of the CO2 concentration flue gas in the upper section of the
removal process.17 Splitting the lean amine stream absorber. The improved driving force for CO2 mass
decreases the temperature in the bottom section of the transfer in the upper column section is a consequence
absorber column and enhances the driving force for of the low loading of the lean amine stream. This is
the absorption process. The semi-lean amine stream is because a smaller lean amine stream is better
delivered to the lower absorber section, and despite the regenerated in the stripper than for a standard flow. An
relatively high loading, it still absorbs CO2 from the additional advantage stemming from the split stream
flue gas. This is possible due to the high partial solution is the temperature reduction in the bottom

Table 3. Operation conditions of the experiments.
Reboiler Lean amine Semi-lean

Gas flow L/G ratio heating Conc. CO2 flow rate amine flow
Test rate [mn 3 /h] [kg/kg] power [kW] [% vol.] [m3 /h] rate [m3 /h]
1 (S) 99.4 4.16 24.75 12.28 0.515 -
2 (RSF) 100.9 4.10 24.75 12.32 0.375 0.140
3 (SF) 99.9 4.17 24.75 12.33 0.255 0.260
section of the absorption column. The temperature Table 4. Maximal absolute error for selected
decrease triggers an increase in the absorption capacity parameters.
of the solvent, which takes slight advantage than a
related negative reaction kinetics decrease or solvent Parameter Error Unit
viscosity increase. It also improves the absorption
Instrumentation error
process in the upper absorber section. In the proposed
Gas flow rate for standard 4 (1) mn 3 /h
split flow process modification, the rich solution is also
flanged orifice (or Yokogawa)
divided for several streams. Two of them exchange heat
CO2 in gas composition (range 0.2 vol%
with semi-lean and lean amine streams improving heat 5–25)
transfer between columns. The last rich stream, which
CO2 in outlet gas composition 0.1 vol%
is about one-tenth of the overall rich stream and has (range 0–5)
the lowest temperature, initially condenses water from
Liquid/solvent flowrate 3.5 dm3 /h
carbon dioxide in the upper section of the stripper. As
Temperature 1 °C
a drawback, application of the split flow solution raises
the investment costs related to additional Pressure 0.002 bara
equipment.18,19 Height 1 mm
Proportional error
CO2 recovery 1.2 %
Error determination
Reboiler heat duty (gross) 0.08 MJ/kgco2
After conducting calculations, which included mass
Loading 0.005 molCO2 /molamine
end energy balance, an estimation of the maximum
absolute error was made (Table 4). Based on several
measurement cycles, the precision of the test method
was also established. Repeatability of the results was MEA was applied, even for identical energy supplied to
determined to be within the range of the measurement the reboiler.
errors. In this work, tests of individual process configuration
were performed in three steps: a test of the standard
configuration (S) – Test 1, a transition test of the split
Results and discussion flow configuration with the reduced semi-lean amine
This study is a continuation of previous PDU-scale flow rate (RSF) – Test 2, and the target test assuming
research on CO2 removal by 30 wt% MEA and 30/10 similar values of the lean and the semi-lean amine flow
wt% AMP/PZ solutions using a split flow process.10 rate (SF) – Test 3. For all these cases the total circulating
Both solvents were compared as well as changes to the solvent flow was kept constant, while for RSF and SF,
system operating characteristics, especially L/G ratio, lean to semi-lean stream ratios were different.
and have been discussed in the preceding paper. It was
found that for AMP/PZ solution compared to MEA the Temperature profiles
energy consumption dropped more than 25% while Figure 4 shows absorber and stripper temperature
similar efficiency was achieved. Furthermore, the profiles for different process configurations. The
temperatures recorded for AMP/PZ both in the temperature bulge20 is especially pronounced for the
absorber and the stripper were lower than those when absorption column. The temperature bulge is different
6
Figure 4. Absorber (a) and stripper (b) temperature profiles.
for each test, moreover its location and magnitude compared to SF due to the lower amount of semi-lean
depends on the process configuration. amine for RSF.
In the absorption column for the standard The characteristic temperature shapes for every
configuration (S) with a single stream, the highest process configuration can be explained by the fact that
temperature as well as bulge were observed in the during absorption heat is released via the exothermic
bottom column section. For the reduced semi-lean CO2 absorption reactions. The peak column
amine configuration (RSF) the highest temperature was temperatures can give an indication of the highest rate
obtained in the lower absorber section. We can also of absorption in the process. The process driving force
obtain two temperature bulges: in the lower and higher for CO2 mass transfer depends on the difference
sections. The peak bulge temperature for this between the gas phase equilibrium and operating CO2
configuration occurred for the lower section, but the partial pressures in the column. The dependence
temperature was lower than for the standard between the temperature inside the column and the
configuration (S). For the split configuration (SF) two reaction rate has already been described in
temperature bulges also occurred, but this time the papers.21–23
peak bulge temperature was seen in the top bed Analysis of the temperature profile in the stripper
section. The temperature profile of the semi-lean (Fig. 4(b) and Table 5) shows that the highest
amine configuration (RSF) was intermediate of the temperature difference between the different
profiles for the standard (S) and split flow (SF) configurations occurs in lower section of the column.
configurations. For both split flow configurations two The temperature difference is a result of the different
temperature bulges are observed. lean amine solution circulation rates, since stripper
The bulges are caused by the cold (40°C) semi-lean power was held constant during tests. The split flow
absorbent injection between the absorber sections. The configuration (SF), which had the lowest lean amine
effect of the semi-lean amine stream on the absorber flow rate to the base of the stripping column, achieved
temperature profile was less apparent for RSF the highest lean amine temperature.

Table 5. Absorber temperatures. of the CO2 concentration changes and reduction in the
upper section of the absorber is more prominent
Test T1 [°C] T2 [°C] T3 [°C] T* [°C] T4 [°C] T5 [°C] T6 [°C] compared to the standard configuration. Due to the
1 (S) 51.5 53.1 73.8 - 53.1 42.7 42.2 higher temperature achieved in the stripper bottom,
2 (RSF) 51.5 54.8 68.5 54.0 59.1 44.5 46.2 the lean amine recycled to the top of the absorber in
3 (SF) 52.0 53.3 62.1 52.2 64.5 55.3 49.8 the split flow configuration has a lower CO2 loading
* due
(the section on amine loading has further details). This
to lack of the measurement point, the temperature of the
allows a lower concentration of CO2 to be achieved in
absorber below semi-lean amine inlet was calculated using the
ProTreat software. the exiting gas stream at the top of the absorber or the
same level of CO2 -capture with less packing height.
Such behavior proves the beneficial impact of the
stream splitting.
CO2 concentration profiles
The CO2 concentration through the absorption Amine loading
column also depends on the solvent flow, solvent
Similar trends were also observed for the solvent CO2
concentration, and solvent CO2 loading. Figure 5
loading in the absorption column (Fig. 6). The relevant
provides a comparison of the flue gas CO2
differences in this case are more distinct compared to
concentration at different packed heights in the
the temperature or CO2 concentration absorber
absorber for the analyzed process configurations (CO2
profiles. For the split flow configuration (SF) the
concentration profile). It clearly shows that for the
greatest increase in CO2 loading occurred in the upper
standard configuration, the greatest decrease in CO2
section of absorption column. For the reduced
concentration in the gas phase occurs in the bottom of
semi-lean process configuration (RSF) the loading
the column. For the split flow configuration, the slope
changes are also visible, but it is less dramatic. For the
Figure 5. Absorber CO2 concentration profile. Figure 6. Amine loading absorber profile.
8
Table 7. CO2 recovery and reboiler heat duty for

tests.
CO2 recovery Reboiler heat

Test [%] duty [MJ/kg CO2 ]
1 (S) 87.9 4.47
2 (RSF) 89.2 4.29
3 (SF) 90.6 4.20
For the standard (S) configuration more solution enters

Figure 7. CO2 loading changes in different absorber
the stripper bottom, hence the sensible heat
sections for conducted tests. requirement increases which lowers the amount of
stripping steam generated (heat input was constant
between all tests). Less stripping stream means a
Table 6. Amine loadings of streams.
smaller amount of desorbed carbon dioxide, and
α L1 α* α L2 α L3 α L4 higher residual lean amine loading. For both split flow
Test [mol/mol] [mol/mol] [mol/mol] [mol/mol] [mol/mol] configurations, less amine enters the bottom of the
1 (S) 0.380 - - 0.195 0.255 stripper which causes an increase in stripping stream
2 (RSF) 0.374 0.272 0.343 0.125 0.246 production, hence more CO2 can be stripped in upper
3 (SF) 0.377 0.288 0.285 0.086 0.291
parts of the stripper, and a lower lean CO2 loading can
be achieved. Decreasing the amount of lean solution in
* dueto lack of the measurement point, the loading at the point split flow configuration (SF) caused further lowering of
below semi-lean amine inlet was calculated using the ProTreat the CO2 loading in the semi-lean solution. The CO2
software.
loading of the rich amine reaches similar values under
all three process configurations investigated.
standard process configuration (S) the change in CO2 In Table 6 we see that both semi-lean (α L2 ) and lean
loading is almost linear with the height change. (α L3 ) CO2 loadings for the split flow configuration (SF)
Furthermore, in contrast to both split flow cases, there were lower than for the reduced split flow
is only a small loading increase in the upper section of configuration (RSF). This clearly shows that for the
the column for standard configuration. This is split flow configuration (SF) the largest quantity of CO2
explained by a higher CO2 loading of the lean amine was desorbed from the solution. Lowering the CO2
entering the column. loading of the streams entering absorber causes higher
Figure 7 shows a schematic illustration of the CO2 capture efficiency, due to increased driving force
aforementioned CO2 loading changes in the top and for absorption.
bottom absorption column sections. Loading changes
were designated as differences between loading on a Absorption CO2 recovery and reboiler
specific section of the absorption column. It can be heat duty
clearly seen where the main part of the absorption Table 7 shows the CO2 recovery and reboiler heat duty
process takes place. For the standard configuration (S) obtained from the executed tests. It clearly shows that
the greatest increase in CO2 loading takes place in the for the standard process configuration (S) the lowest
bottom section of the column. For the split flow (SF) CO2 recovery value was obtained Furthermore the
case the trend is reversed. For the reduced split flow reboiler heat duty exhibited the highest value. For both
(RSF) configuration the increase in CO2 loading is the split flow processes CO2 recovery and reboiler heat
almost equal in both sections of the column. duty were nearly the same taking into account the
Table 6 contains values of the solvent loading maximal proportional error. For the SF case the
established at all measurement points. The CO2 reboiler heat duty was lower than both the RSF and S
loading of the lean amine (α L3 ) grows with an increase cases, as identical power was delivered to the reboiler
in the lean amine flowrate (Test 1 > Test 2 > Test 3). for all tests and the highest CO2 recovery was achieved

for the SF case. The changes in the reboiler heat duty streams entering the absorber caused higher CO2
are dependent on the quantity of CO2 removed. capture efficiency and lower gross reboiler heat duty as
The reboiler heat duty reported above is expressed as both indexes are related.
a gross value (value contains actual heat duty and the
heat losses). As the facility is located indoors and due Acknowledgements
to lack of variations in ambient temperature,
estimation of heat losses from the stripper and piping is The results presented in this paper were obtained
straightforward. The heat loss experienced between the during research co-financed by the National Centre for
three different tests should be similar and the use of Research and Development in the framework of
gross reboiler heat duty is valid for comparison Contract SP/E/1/67484/10 – Strategic Research
purposes. When the reboiler heat duty results are Programme – Advanced Technologies for Energy
compared with other publications, the reported values Generation: Development of a technology for highly
are similar.7 efficient zero-emission coal-fired power units
integrated with CO2 capture. The results presented in
this paper were obtained during the research project
Conclusions entitled Rozwój technologii rozdzielania i oczyszczania
This paper presents results of studies evaluating the gazów procesowych w aspekcie ich dalszego
split flow configuration for regenerating an AMP/PZ zagospodarowania (IChPW No. 11.16.10.001), financed
solution used for removal of CO2 from a synthetic by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
mixture. The CO2 concentration in the mixture
matched the average CO2 concentration in flue gas References
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gases in alkali hydroxides and amines. Anal Chem CO2 capture in a packed bed by chemical absorption. Chem
41:1709–1710 (1969). Process Eng 34:269–282 (2013).
17. Polasek JC, Bullin JA and Donnelly ST, How to reduce costs in 24. Szczypiński T, Tatarczuk A and Grudnik K, Optimization of
amine sweetening units. Chem Eng Prog 79:63–67 (1983). amine-based CO2 capture from flue gas by flowsheet
18. Le Moullec Y and Kanniche M, Screening of flowsheet modification. Przem Chem 92:106–110 (2013).
Aleksander Krótki
Tomasz Spietz
Aleksander
Tomasz Spietz – M.Sc.Eng., has
Krótki M.Sc.Eng. Graduated
graduated from the Faculty of
from Faculty of Chemistry of the
Chemistry at Silesian University of
Silesian University of Technology,
Technology, PL (chemical and process
PL (2010). He is a chemical engineer,
engineering) (2012). He works as an
currently employed in the Institute for
Engineer at the Centre for
Chemical Processing of Coal in Zabrze.
Technological Research, Institute
Specialization–chemical industry and
for Chemical Processing of Coal.
environmental protection apparatus, CO2 process
modelling.
Lucyna Wiecław-Solny
˛
Adam Tatarczuk Lucyna Wiecław-Solny
˛
– Ph.D., Eng., has graduated
Adam Tatarczuk – M.Sc.Eng., has
from the Faculty of Chemistry
graduated from the Faculty of
at Silesian University of Technology, PL
Chemistry at Silesian University of
(1998). She has defended her doctoral
Technology, PL (2002). He is a Senior
thesis “Preparation of catalytic coatings
Expert at the Centre for Technological
on metallic substrates” in 2004. She
Research, IChPW. Specialization–
specializes in the field of chemical and
chemical and process engineering.
process engineering. She serves as the Deputy Director
of the Centre for Technological Research, IChPW.
Marcin Stec
Marcin Stec – Graduated from the
Faculty of Automatic Control,
Electronics and Computer Science,
Silesian University of Technology,
PL (2003). He works at the Centre
for Technological Research, Institute for
Chemical Processing of Coal (IChPW).
Specialization–computerized control
systems.

Andrzej Wilk Ashleigh Cousins

Andrzej Wilk M.Sc.Eng., Ashleigh Cousins is a research engineer working in the
graduated chemical technology (2010) area of CO2 capture for the Energy Flagship, CSIRO. She
and postgraduate waste management is a chemical engineer (University of Canterbury, NZ) and
(2012) at Silesian University of obtained a PhD from the Department of Chemical
Technology, PL. Employed astechnical Engineering, Imperial College London (UK).
specialist in the Institute for Chemical
Processing of Coal in Zabrze (IChPW).
Specializations: chemical technology
and environmental protection.
12

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Original Research Article

Experimental results of split ﬂow

Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: CO2 removal; AMP; piperazine; split flow

Introduction absorption process.3,4 The largest contemporary

T recently investigated rather extensively. Such

Figure 1. An overview10 and process flow diagram of the testing unit.

Table 1. Test parameters.

determined as T, α) were estimated using the

Table 2. PDU columns size and type of internal packing.

Table 3. Operation conditions of the experiments.

Reboiler Lean amine Semi-lean

Figure 4. Absorber (a) and stripper (b) temperature profiles.

Table 7. CO2 recovery and reboiler heat duty for

CO2 recovery Reboiler heat

For the standard (S) configuration more solution enters

Andrzej Wilk Ashleigh Cousins

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