Community health Nursing Concept

DEFINITION patients and the profession while

 Community Health Nursing is a synthesis providing and managing patient care.
of nursing and public health practice MULTIFACETED ROLE OF NURSES IN CH
applied to promoting and preserving the 1. Health Promotion and Education:
health of populations. Nurses conduct health assessments,
 It combines all the basic elements of develop health education materials,
professional, clinical nursing with public provide counseling on healthy behaviors,
health and community practice. The and promote preventive care.
primary goal of community health nursing 2. Disease Prevention and Control:
is to promote, protect, provide treatment, Nurses participate in community-wide
and preserve the health of the public. vaccination campaigns, conduct disease
surveillance, monitor disease outbreaks,
PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF CHN and provide education on infection
Philosophy of community health nursing prevention.
 is a statement that describes a nurse's 3. Care Coordination and Case
ethics, values, and beliefs. Management: Nurses coordinate and
 It outlines a nurse's motivation to become manage care for individuals and families
part of the nursing profession. It covers a in the community, including coordinating
nurse’s perspective regarding their referrals, healthcare providers, and
education, practice, and patient care managing chronic conditions.
ethics. 4. Emergency Preparedness and Disaster
 Nursing philosophy is focused on Response: Nurses provide care in natural
delivering quality patient care that is disasters or disease outbreaks and
individualized to the needs of each participate in disaster planning and
patient. Nursing philosophy has proven to response activities to ensure that the
be instrumental in developing sound community is prepared to respond to
nursing practice. Philosophy in nursing health emergencies.
encourages nurses to think critically, 5. Policy Development, Advocacy and
reflecting on how our values influence our Engagement: Nurses use their expertise
personal practice and own well-being. It to inform policy decisions, advocate for
can improve how you interact with policies that address health disparities, as
patients, their families and your well as engage their communities in the
colleagues in the community. process.
Understanding your nursing-related 6. Cultural Competence and Health
values, such as integrity, dependability Equity: Nurses strive to understand the
and respect, can help you approach every cultural beliefs, values, and practices of
interaction to clients with the goal of the community they serve, and provide
upholding those values. care that is sensitive to cultural
differences.
Having a nursing philosophy can: 7. Research and Evaluation: Nurses are
1. Improve how you interact with patients, involved in research and evaluation
their families and your colleagues. activities to generate evidence-based
Understanding your nursing-related practices and interventions that can
values, such as integrity, dependability improve community health outcomes.
and respect, can help you approach every
interaction with the goal of upholding 2. Knowledge
those values.  is concerned with the nurse’s academic
2. Keep you motivated during professional and clinical experiences and how those
challenges. experiences contribute to the nurse’s role.
 Nurses use a wide range of knowledge in
KEY COMPONENTS OF NURSING practice, some theoretical and some
PHILOSOPHY practical, so identifying what nursing
1. Role knowledge is should be, central to
 relates to the provider or manager of care practice.
in the nursing profession. The role  Nurses use critical thinking as they apply
emphasizes the nurse’s responsibility to knowledge in caring in order to become
competent.
3. Values deficiency, fall below the norm or
 are the beliefs that guide the nurse's expectation of some established group.
attitude, behavior, and moral judgment.  Felt need- This need is present when
 Values may be personal or professional. someone feels that it ought to be done or
They are impacted by cultural and social an individual desire to improve. It should
influences, individual needs, and be aware of the needs that are motivated
relationships. Further, professional values by a desire other than performance
influence the way the nurse acts improvement.
concerning nursing responsibilities.  Absolute Needs- These needs are
deemed universal, including those for
4. Process survival of the three basic shelter, food,
 is the system by which nurses implement and clothing. It is something that is
and modify, when necessary, nursing conceived or that exists independently
interventions. The process of nursing and not in relation to other things.
philosophy considers the nurse's  Comparative need- is based on
responsibility for using the nursing judgments by professionals as to the
process on a continual basis to promote relative needs of different groups. It is
positive patient outcomes. derived from examining the services
provided to a population in one area and
PRINCIPLES OF CHN using this information as the basis to
Principles are rules for practice or action. These determine the sort of services required in
are the guidelines or directives derived from another area with a similar population.
concepts, theory and philosophy of community Comparative need is present when two
health and nursing. groups with similar characteristics do not
1. Community needs: receive a similar service.
2. Knowledge and Understanding:  Anticipated or future need- refers to
3. Family as unit: assessing demands of the future.
4. Respect values, customs and beliefs: Undoubtedly, the identification of
5. Integrating education and counseling: anticipated needs is critical in educational
6. Collaborative work planning since this may help equip nurses
7. Periodic and continuing education with necessary knowledge and skills to
8. Continuing staff education program deal with.
9. Utilization of local resources  Critical-incident need- are identified by
10. Community participation analyzing potential problems and emerge
11. Supervision of nursing services when failure have significant
12. Recording and Reporting consequences happen. A critical incident
as an event out of the range of normal
1. Community needs experience, one which is sudden and
The recognized need of individuals, families and unexpected.
communities provides the basis for CHN practice.
Local community needs are gaps between the 2. Knowledge and understanding
services that exist for a population and the  Knowledge and understanding of the
services that should exist. Community needs is objectives and policies of the agency
typically categorized into five groups: facilities goal achievement. Knowledge
 Perceived Needs- are gaps in services is the information based on facts and skills
based on what individuals feel about their gained through experience or
own needs or the needs of the community. experimentation and learning by a person.
Nurses can learn about their needs by Nurses use a wide range of knowledge in
speaking directly to community members healthcare practice, some theoretical and
through avenues such as surveys, focus some practical.
groups, or town meetings.
 Expressed Needs- defines need in terms 3. Family as unit
of what services people have acted upon  Families are essentially the building
or turned into action. It generally paints a blocks of society. Family units serve as
limited picture of need because not the nursery for the citizens that become
everyone will act on their needs. the population of a society. In other
 Normative Needs- a need emerges when words, families are responsible for the
an individual or group fails to meet certain development of children into the adults will
established standards. A normative need later collectively be society. CHN
exists when an individual or group has a considers the family as the unit of service.
 through consultations, observations, and
accurate recording. It aims to encourage
4. Respect values, customs and beliefs nurses to think about why and how
 Respect for the values, customs and evaluation of services should be used in
beliefs of the clients contribute to the their practice.
effectiveness of care to the client. Nurses
need to understand the customs and 8. Continuing staff education program
tradition of the individuals and families in  quality services to clients and are
the community regardless of gender, essential to upgrade and maintain sound
creed, color or socio-economic status and nursing practices in their setting.
religion. We have to show fairness and Professional interest and needs of
equality in treating our clients. Community Health Nurses are considered
in planning staff development programs of
5. Integrating education and counseling the agency. It offers an opportunity for
 CHN integrated health education and registered nurses to build upon their
counseling as vital parts of functions of a education and experience and develop
nurse. their abilities and knowledge throughout
 These encourage and support community their careers as there are many
efforts in the discussion of issues to opportunities to advance your career as a
improve people’s health. nurse.
 To continue your nursing education can
6. Collaborative work help you maintain your credentials or
 relationships with the co-workers and pursue a promotion through additional
members of the health team facilities nursing education.
accomplishments of goals. Each member
is helped to see how his/her work benefits 9. Utilization of indigenous and existing
the whole enterprise. community resources
 Collaboration in nursing is an  maximizing the success of the efforts of
interprofessional and intraprofessional the Community health nurses.
process by which nurses come together  The use of local available resources and
and form a team to solve a patient care or linkages existing in the community both
healthcare system problem with members public and private. Recycling indigenous
of the team respectfully sharing waste or trash can also be a good source
knowledge and resources. in building the lives of people in the
community.
Inter-professional collaboration
 the importance of this in healthcare helps 10. Community participation
prevent medication errors, improve the  Active participation of the individual, family
delivery of care outcomes of which can and community in planning and making
reduce healthcare costs to save money by decisions for their health care needs
preventing up workflow redundancies. determine, to a large extent, the success
 It involves the participation of patients, of the CHN programs.
family, and a diverse team of often highly  It means community involvement of
specialized health care professionals in a people in projects and activities that
cooperative and coordinated way in support social well-being and to solve their
providing quality care within and across own problems. Community participation is
settings. essential because it allows the community
to have a say in what they need, what the
Intra-professional collaboration problems are and how they would solve
 The purpose of this is to strengthen the them.
practice among multiple members of the
same profession working to provide good- 11. Supervision of nursing services
quality patient care within and across  CHN personnel provides guidance and
settings. direction to the work to be done.
 The purpose of this systematic review is to
7. Periodic and continuing evaluation determine and ensure whether the health
 It provides the means for assessing the professionals improves in patient
degree to which CHN goals and objectives healthcare. Working under supervision
are being attained. Clients are involved in builds the nurse’s character, confidence
the appraisal of their health program
 and self-esteem knowing that the on the theory that a person's willingness to
supervisor cares about the work done. change their health behaviors primarily
comes from their health perceptions.
 It was originally developed in the and
proposed by social psychologists Godfrey
12. Accurate recording and reporting Hochbaum, Irwin Rosenstock, and Kirscht,
 It serves as the basis for evaluation of the who were working in the field of public
progress of planned programs and health in seeking explanation as to why
activities and as a guide for future actions. some people do not use health services
Accurate recording and reporting means (such as immunization, consultation) do
defining the next steps and the necessary not afflict to diseases.
steps to get there. When producing a  The Health Belief Model in nursing is a
report is not enough to simply present the way of encouraging patients to realize
information but to engage in what has their susceptibility to health conditions with
been achieved and what your team plans the goal of inspiring positive change in
to achieve in the future. Record and report their behavior.
must provide an accurate, current,
objective, comprehensive and veracity. Factors that affect individual approach to health
include:
FEATURES OF THE CHN  Any barriers you think might be standing
 Community health nursing is a in your way.
synthesized health care practice  Exposure to information that prompts you
combining nursing and public health to take action.
applied to preserve and promote the  How much of a benefit you think you'll get
health of vast populations. from engaging in healthy behaviors.
 In care provision, community nursing  How susceptible you think you are to
utilizes health education, promotion, illness.
management, maintenance, coordination,  What do you think the consequences will
and continuity to meet the care needs of be of becoming sick.
the people.  Your confidence in your ability to succeed.
 Community health nurses have a duty of
educating the people on how to improve Six core components of Health belief model
health and fight diseases. 1. Perceived susceptibility
 Community-based care is focused on 2. Perceived severity
individuals, families, groups in both rural 3. Perceived benefits
and urban communities. 4. Perceived barriers.
 Giving treatment to community members 5. Cues to action
is among the primary roles of community 6. Self-efficacy
health nurses.
 A community health nurse is an advocate 1. Perceived susceptibility
of the community in matters of health.  This refers to a person's subjective
perception of the risk of acquiring an
THEORETICAL MODELS/APPROACHES illness or threat to the disease according
 A theoretical model/ approach is a to one's belief about the probability of
framework that researchers create to them experiencing the threat. For
structure a study process and plan how to Example:
approach a specific research inquiry which  Smoking cigarette “Chances of getting
refers to a set of concepts, theories, ideas, COPD or lung cancer are high
and assumptions that serve as a  Young people who don't think they're at
foundation for understanding a particular risk of lung cancer are less likely to stop
phenomenon or problem. smoking. Someone who feels affected by
 It provides a conceptual framework that the disease may be more to feel
helps researchers to design and conduct threatened.
their research, as well as to analyze and
interpret their findings. 2. Perceived Severity
 Refers to the magnitude and significance
THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL of the threat, while perceived susceptibility
 is a tool and theoretical model that can be to the threat refers to one's belief about
used to guide health promotion and the probability of them experiencing the
disease prevention programs. It is based threat.
3. Perceived benefits
 Refers to the perception of the positive
consequences that are caused by a
specific action. In behavioral medicine,
the term perceived benefit is frequently
used to explain an individual's motives of
performing a behavior and adopting an
intervention or treatment. For example
 Getting regular exercise and eating a  The health belief model will serve as a
healthy diet can prevent heart disease. guide to create programs for client in the
community.
4.Perceived barrier  The program can be helpful as to how the
 Refers to a person's feelings on the Health Belief Model can be applied in the
obstacles to performing a recommended delivery of health care. One important
health action. aspect of the program is to encourage
people to engage in healthy behaviors for
Common barriers prevention and health promotion/advocacy
 Lack of time to different individual clients and families
 Lack of resources/equipment. e.g. in different situations and settings of the
facilities and equipment community.
 Technology interoperability challenges.  Formulate a program based on the
 Financial risk and unpredictable revenue common illness in the community/
streams. Barangay.
 Shifting policies and regulations.
 Lack of motivation and/or energy.
 Difficulty collecting and reporting patient
information.

5. Cues to action
 are external events that prompt a desire to
make a health change.
 This is the stimulus needed to trigger the
decision-making process to accept a
recommended health action.

6. Self-Efficacy
 Self-Efficacy is a person’s particular set of MILIO’S FRAMEWORK FOR PREVENTION
beliefs that determine one’s ability to  Nancy Milio developed a framework for
perform specific tasks on health-related prevention that includes concepts of
change. In simple terms, self-efficacy is a community-oriented, population- focused
person’s belief in their ability to succeed in care.
a particular situation.
 The framework states that behavioral
patterns of the populations and individuals
Influence of culture in health beliefs
are a result of habitual selection from
 Culture influences healthcare at all levels, limited choices and that individual’s health
including communications and interactions and lifestyle choices are influenced by
with doctors and nurses, health resources, availability, cost, and
disparities, health care outcomes, and convenience more than knowledge. The
even the illness experience itself. People framework provides that health deficits
in some cultures believe illness is the will often result from imbalance between
of a higher power, and may be more population’s health needs and its health
reluctant to receive health care. Our sustaining resources. Behavioral choice
culture dramatically influences our is due to lack of knowledge.
knowledge in health education. Each of
these cultures has its own health beliefs 1. Population health result from deprivation and
and treatment methods. excess of critical health resources the state of not
having something that people need. something a
state of extreme poverty. The lack of material assist in attracting attention and directing
benefits considered to be necessities in a society: positive behavior changes.
 E.g., Lack of food, lack of skills, lack of
income due to unemployment NOLA PENDER: HEALTH PROMOTION
MODEL
2. Behaviors of populations result from selection  Nola J. Pender is a nursing theorist who
from limited choices: these arise from actual and developed the Health Promotion Model.
perceived options available as well as beliefs and  She started studying health-promoting
expectations resulting from socialization, behavior in the mid-1970s.
education and experience.  Her Health Promotion Model indicates
 E.g., positive and negative lifestyle preventative health measures and
choices (example: smoking, alcohol use, describes nurses’ critical function in
safer sex practices, regular exercise, helping patients prevent illness by self-
diet/nutrition, seatbelt use) are strongly care and bold alternatives.
dependent on culture, socioeconomic  Health promotion can be defined as the
status, and educational level. process of empowering people to make a
healthy lifestyle choice and motivating
3. Organizational decisions and policies (both them to become a better self-manager.
governmental and non-governmental) dictate health promotion focusses on patient
many of the options available to individuals and education, counseling and support
populations, and influences choices. mechanism. The Health Promotion Model
 E.g. Health insurance coverage and aims to explain and engage in health-
availability are largely determined and promoting behaviors to improve health
financed by governments (like Medicare care.
and health hazard pay) and employers
(like private insurance- Social security Three main focuses of the health promotion
system): the source and funding very model
strongly influence health provider choices 1. Individual characteristics and experiences
and services. 2. Behavior-specific cognition and affect.
3. Behavioral outcomes.
4. Individual choices related to health promoting
or health damaging behaviors is influenced by The factors that are associated with the HPM are
efforts to maximize valued resources. Choices mainly an individual's lifestyle, outlook,
and behaviors of individuals are strongly psychological health, social and cultural traits, as
influenced be desires, values, and beliefs. well as biological factors.
 For example, the use of barrier protection
during sex by adolescents is often 1. Individual characteristics and experiences
dependent on peer pressure and the need  Individual characteristic means something
for acceptance, love, and belonging. that distinguishes or identifies a person or
thing or class of one person from another
5. Alteration in patterns of behavior resulting from and thus helps to define each person's
decision making of significant number of people in individuality.
a population can result in social change  Among the most important kinds of
 E.g., Some behaviors such as tobacco individual characteristics are intelligence,
use have become difficult to maintain in personality traits, and values.
many settings or situations in response to  Experience is what you get when you
organizational and public policy mandates. apply your knowledge and skills in a
specific situation and context.
6. Without concurrent availability of alternative  To put it simply, there are experiences we
health-promoting options for investment of go through by ourselves and there are
personal resources, health education will be those that we go through with other
largely ineffective in changing behavior patterns. people as a group.
 E.g., Addressing persistent health  Individual human experiences are
problems (like overweight and obesity) is personal experiences.
hindered because most people are aware  This is commonly used in interviews and
of what causes the problem, but people academic work.
are reluctant to make reluctant lifestyle  Personal experience is typically
changes to prevent or reverse the contrasted with professional experience
condition. Often “information like new diet) that results from work. However, the two
or resources (like new medication) can often overlap.
  Predisposing- Is a tendency, or something
2. Behavior-specific cognitions and affect. that is likely to happen or susceptibility.
 Cognition- refers to our thoughts about  Reinforcing- to strengthen or support. e.g.,
and interpretations of ourselves and other to strengthen additional healthcare
people. Over time, we develop schemas personnel or equipment
and attitudes to help us better understand  Enabling- the act of helping someone to
and more successfully interact with others. accomplish something that could not be
 Affect- refers to the feelings that we done alone.
experience as part of life and includes  Constructs- to build or create something
both moods and emotions. or by putting parts together
 Behavior- is interacting with others and  Educational- Is teaching knowledge to
influencing each other every day. To others and receiving knowledge from
develop the ability to make these someone else.
interactions proceed efficiently and  Diagnosis- the identification of the nature
effectively. of an illness or other problems
 Evaluation- to determine the significance,
Behavior-specific cognitions and affect relies on worth, or condition of usually by careful
four core components of Health belief model. appraisal and study. e.g., a teacher
 perceived benefits of action reviews a paper to give it a grade.
 perceived barriers to action
 perceived self-efficacy. 5 Phases of Precede
 activity-related affect It involves the following community factors:
 interpersonal influences and situational 1. Social assessment/ Diagnosis:
influences). Determine the social problems and needs
of a given population and identify desired
3. behavioral outcomes results.
 The third category is behavioral outcome. 2. Epidemiological assessment/
The start of the outcome begins with the Diagnosis: Identify the health
person committing to taking the steps determinants of the identified problems
necessary to make a change. During this and set priorities and goals.
phase the individual must be supported 3. Ecological assessment: Analyze
with barriers addressed to produce a behavioral and environmental
positive health-promoting behavior. determinants that predispose, reinforce,
and enable behaviors and lifestyles are
LAWRENCE GREEN (PRECEDE-PROCEED identified.
MODEL 4. Identify administrative and policy/
 Lawrence W. Green is an American Diagnosis: factors that influence
specialist in public health education. He is implementation and match appropriate
best known by health education interventions that encourage desired and
researchers as the originator of the expected changes.
PRECEDE model and co-developer of the 5. Implementation of interventions.
PRECEDE-PROCEED model.
 The model is not just for health PROCEED
intervention, but for community  Is related to action. It provides the
intervention in general. structure for implementing and evaluating
 The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a the public health program.
comprehensive structure for assessing  PROCEED stands for Policy, Regulatory,
health needs for designing, implementing, and Organizational Constructs in
and evaluating health promotion and other Educational and Environmental
public health programs to meet those Development.
needs. PRECEDE-PROCEED Model was
developed for use in public health.  Policy- is a written law, regulation,
 Its basic principle, however, is the transfer procedure, administrative action, or
of community issues. voluntary practice of governments and
other institutions. are frequently reflected
PRECEDE in resource allocations. Health can be
Provides the structure for planning a targeted and influenced by policies in many different
focused public health program. sectors.
 Regulatory- is the control or direction of an
activity by a set of rules, as their proposed
 restriction addresses many concerns of  Is a specialty nursing practice that
the community. provides and delivers health and safety
 Organizational- is a group of people who programs and services to workers, worker
work together, like a neighborhood populations, and community groups.
association, a charity, a union, or a  The key components of occupational
corporation act of forming or establishing health nursing involve prevention of illness
something. and injury in the workplace, health and
 Constructs- to build or create something wellness, protection, and education of
or by putting parts together. employees to maintain the highest level of
 Educational- Is teaching knowledge to well-being of workforce and work-related
others and receiving knowledge from environmental hazards in the community.
someone else.
 Environmental- means relating to or Common roles and responsibilities of
caused by the surroundings in which occupational nurse
someone lives, or something exists. 1. Observation of workers doing their job
 Development- the act, process, or result of tasks to assess health status.
developing of new ideas or case. 2. Development of innovative health and
safety programs
3. Management of work-related diseases
Proceed involves the following four phases: 4. Disaster and emergency planning
1. Implementation: Design intervention, 5. Environmental health planning
assess availability of resources, and 6. Assistance with rehabilitation
implement program 7. Coordination of employee treatments and
2. Process Evaluation: Determine if referrals
program is reaching the targeted 8. Emergency care to injured employees
population and achieving desired goals. who are on-the-clock.
3. Impact Evaluation: Evaluate the change 9. Counseling employees and families when
in behavior. injured.
4. Outcome Evaluation: Identify if there is a 10. Conducting research and working with
decrease in the incidence or prevalence of community organizations and health
the identified negative behavior or an educators
increase in identified positive behavior. 11. Working with executives to lower the costs
of disability claims or other related costs.

2. Community mental health nursing

 often called psychiatric nursing
 Community mental health nurses are
specialized nurses who provide nursing
services to people with mental health
issues in the community setting. and to
rehabilitate populations at risk that
continue to have residual effects of mental
illness.
DIFFERENT FIELD OF CHN  The nurse can help you with things like
1. School Nursing breastfeeding and feeding your child sleep
 is defined as a specialized practice of and settling, making sure your child is
professional nursing that promotes the growing, learning, and developing well.
well-being of the students.  They provide caring and confidential
 The area responsibilities of school nurse support for clients during the recovery
o Tracking and Preventing period.
Communicable Diseases
o Managing Chronic Conditions. 3. Maternal and Child health nursing
o Handling Acute Injury and Illness.  Is a nursing specialty that deals with the
o Health Screenings and the care of women throughout their pregnancy
Development of and childbirth and the care of their
Education/Prevention Programs. newborn children.
o Serving as a Health Liaison.  This specialty includes obstetric nursing,
perinatal nursing, and pediatric nursing.
2. Occupational health nursing
  The maternal and child health nurse will
usually visit at key ages and stages from
birth to three and a half years.
 It is one of the inherent qualities of public
health nurses.

Concept of the Community

TYPES OF COMMUNITY best health outcomes. Coverage:
1. Rural community facilitates entry into the health care
 An area or countryside is geographically system.
located outside towns and cities.
 Rural areas are usually large, open areas
with few houses and sparsely populated,
as opposed to urban areas. 5. There is an understanding of the local
health and environmental issues
2. Urban community  This involves examining and evaluating
 An area refers to towns, cities, and the effects of chemicals made by humans
suburbs. on human health or wildlife and how the
 An urban area includes the city itself, as ecological systems impact the spread of
well as the surrounding areas. illnesses.
 They are well-developed communities with  A number of specific environmental issues
high density population including can impede human health and wellness.
infrastructures.
6. A community should have enough security
3. Suburban community and safety for all people
 The suburban areas are a mix of the  A community should be free from any
urban and rural. criminality, lawlessness, or violence.
 Suburban is usually located near to some  A 24- hour security service in every
major urban areas that build up around or barangay
outside of the city and are less congested  Immediate response team to any incidents
with low or medium density. or disaster.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY COMPONENTS OF A COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY 1. The environment
1. The physical environment is clean and safe.  Ecological term for any naturally occurring
 An environment that has clean air, clean group of different organisms inhabiting a
water, and clean energy. common environment, interacting with
 Basically, it is a healthy and safe each other, especially through food
environment. relationships, and relatively independent
of other groups.
2. The environment meets everyone's basic
needs. 2. The people
 Human beings have certain basic needs.  Is any group of people within a larger
 There is a sustainable use of available society united through a common location,
resources for all. interest or characteristic. They are the
 There is a diverse and innovative members of a community at the heart of
economy. healthy communities. They include all
those who live, learn, work, play, and pray
3. The environment promotes social harmony in communities.
and actively involves everyone
 The community participates in identifying 3. The Economy
local solutions to local problems.  Role of community in economic
 Community members have access to development
varied interaction and communication.  Community economy focuses on creating
and developing nourishing livelihood
4. The health services are accessible and opportunities, building on local resources
appropriate and capacities, increasing community
 Access to health care is the timely use of control and ownership, enhancing the
personal health services to achieve the
 health of the environment, and 1. Population size
encouraging community resilience.  A population is all of one kind of species
 Community economic development residing in a particular location. Population
encourages a way of improving social size represents the total number of
conditions in a sustainable way to individuals in a habitat.
overcome to meet their needs.
2. Population density
4. Culture  refers to how many individuals reside in a
 Culture refers to the shared values, particular area.
beliefs, and norms of a specific group of
people. 3. Population spacing
 Culture, therefore, influences the manner It can be classified as:
we learn, live, and behave. It also includes 1. Uniform distribution
a group we join or become part of it. It is 2. Clump distribution
believed that culture is an important 3. Random distribution
shaper of our personality. It includes 1. Uniform distribution
groups that we are born into, such as  Organisms are clustered together in
race, national origin, gender, class, or groups.
religion.  Organisms are evenly spaced over the
area they occupy.
5. Health  This typical species in which individuals
 Community health is a public concern with compete for scarce environmental.
healthcare practices within a community.
 A healthy community benefits every 2. Clumped distribution
person in it and community health is one  Clumped is the most common pattern of
means of achieving a healthy community. population dispersion.
 Clumped-Organisms are clustered in
6. Quality of life groups.
 The community quality of life approach  This may reflect a patchy distribution of
focuses on the perceptions of community resources in the environment. This is the
members of what makes life good or not most common pattern of population
good for them. dispersion.
 Quality of Life directs attention to how
these factors affect individuals' lives and 3. Random distribution
to whether basic human needs are being  Organisms have an unpredictable
met within a community. distribution in which individuals do not
interact strongly.
FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH OF A  It implies that the position of one organism
COMMUNITY in a bottom community in no way
Major factors that affect the health of community. influences the position of other organisms
These include things like housing, financial in the same community. There are no
security, community safety, employment, interactions that produce no patterns of
education, social and economic, physical avoidance or attraction.
environment and the person’s individual
characteristics and behaviors. These are known 4. Age structure
as the wider determinants of health. Not all  The frequency of different ages or age
these factors are directly under your control but groups in each population.
are part of the place where you grow up, live and  Age structure is the proportion of a
work. population in different age ranges.
1. Characteristics of the population  The age structure of a population is an
2. Location of the community important factor in population dynamics. It
3. Social systems within the community allows better prediction of population
growth, plus the ability to associate this
Four main characteristics of a population growth with the level of economic
these include: development in the region.
1. population size
2. population density Location of the community
3. population spacing
 These are also called communities of
4. age structure
place.
  Communities is a place situated in a given
geographical area (e.g., a country, village,
town, or neighborhoods) or in virtual
space through communication platforms.

Social systems within the community

 Community as a social system means that
members of the same community are
functionally related with each other.
 This means they have their own role to
play and love to work.
 All the parts are linked with each other,
and they make an integrated whole.

ROLES AND ACTIVITIES OF CH NURSE

 The role is to promote, protect and
preserve the health of the public.
 It involves these basic concepts:
o Prevention of disease and health
problems
o Educate the community about
health management and healthy
lifestyle.
o Work Supervision of the health
workers