BDwbU

ey× I †evwamË¡ 2

f~wgKv
ey× I †evwamË¡ Ñ †eŠ×ag© I `k©‡bi cÖvY| †eŠ×‡`i mvgvwRK I agx©q Rxebaviv G `ÕywU mË¡v‡K †K›`ª K‡iB
AvewZ©Z| G bvg `yÕwU Kv‡iv cÖ`Ë bq| †KD KvD‡K G bvg w`‡ZI cv‡ibv| RxebPh©vi gva¨‡g AR©b Ki‡Z nq|
GKvMÖ mvabv I KwVb Aa¨emv‡qi ØvivB ey× I †evwamË¡ GB `yB Ae¯’v‡b DbœxZ n‡Z nq| gvbe Rxe‡b G¸‡jv
m‡e©vËg gh©v`vc~Y© Ae¯’vb| GLv‡b ey× ej‡Z me©Áv‡b c~Y©Zv AR©bKvix cig e¨w³Z¡‡K †evSvq Ges whwb me©Áv‡b
c~Y©Zv AR©†bi eªZvaxb nb wZwb †evwamË¡| wb‡P Avgiv ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i cwiwPwZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡ev|

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n GKvMÖ mvabv I KwVb Aa¨emv‡qi ØvivB ey× I

cvV -2.1 : ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i cwiPq †evwamË¡ GB `yB Ae¯’v‡b DbœxZ n‡Z nq| gvbe
cvV -2.2 : ey‡×i ¸Yvewj Rxe‡b G¸‡jv m‡e©vËg gh©v`vc~Y© Ae¯’vb| GLv‡b ey×
cvV -2.3 : ey‡×i cÖKvi‡f` ej‡Z me©Áv‡b c~Y©Zv AR©bKvix cig e¨w³Z¡‡K
cvV -2.4 : †evwam‡Ë¡i ¸Yvewj †evSvq Ges whwb me©Áv‡b c~Y©Zv AR©†bi eªZvaxb nb
cvV -2.5 : wewea †evwamË¡ wZwb †evwamË¡|
cvV-2-6 : ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨

cvV-2.1 ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i cwiPq

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 eyy× I †evwam‡Ë¡i cwiPq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 eyy× I †evwamË¡ k‡ãi D™¢e m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i ˆewkó¨ wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvwZ¯§i, cvigx, cigv_©Ávb, ey×v¼zi, PZzivh©¨mZ¨, me©wea Z…Âv, Avh© Aóvw½K gvM©|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i cwiPq :

ey× I †evwamË¡ kã `yÕwU GKwU AciwUi cwic~iK| †eŠ×ag© I `k©‡b G bvg `ywU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G
`yÕwU bv‡gi A_© I Zvrch© Avgv‡`i fvjfv‡e Rvb‡Z n‡e| †eŠ×a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i ey× I †evwamË¡
m¤ú‡K© mg¨Kfv‡e cwiwPZ nIqv GKvšÍ Avek¨K| GLv‡b Ôey×Õ ej‡Z ïay †MŠZg bq| kv¯¿ g‡Z Zvui Av‡MI
A‡bK ey× wQ‡jb| Av`k© I ˆewk‡ó¨ Zvuiv cÖvq GK| Pwi‡Î AZzjbxq ¸‡Yi Avavi GB mKj ey× | †Zgwb
†evwamË¡I| ey×Z¡ AR©‡bi mvab cÖwµqvq Zuviv wb‡ew`Z| GB `yB bv‡gi ¯^Zš¿ cwiPq I ¸iyZ¡ i‡q‡Q|

ey×
Ô†evwaÕ k‡ãi A_© cig Ávb | Ô†evaÕ ev ÔÁvbÕ kã †_‡KB Ô†evwaÕ k‡ãi D™¢e| whwb †evwa‡Z c~Y©Zv jvf K‡ib
wZwbB nb ey×| ZvB Ôey×Õ k‡ãi mij A_© Ávbx| Z‡e GB Ávb mvaviY ev ïay RvMwZK Ávb bq| eûwea wel‡qi
mgwš^Z Ávb| we‡klZ Pvi Avh©mZ¨ AwaMZ Ávb| Giƒc Ávb‡K cigv_© ÁvbI ejv hvq | RvwZ¯§i Ávb I ciwPË
AeMwZ Ávb Gi Aaxb| RvwZ¯§i Ávb n‡jv c~e© Rb¥e„ËvšÍ ¯§iY Ki‡Z cviv Ges ciwPË AeMwZ n‡jv A‡b¨i
gvbm wµqv Rvb‡Z cvivi ‡evakw³| Giƒc Ávbkw³ AR©b AZ¨šÍ `yj©f| KwVb K‡Vvi Z¨vM wZwZÿv I Mfxi
GKvMÖZvq ivRcyÎ wm×v_© †MŠZg G Ávb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB wZwb RM‡Z Ôey×Õ bv‡g L¨vZ n‡q‡Qb| Ôey×Õ
gvb‡evËg GK Awfav we‡kl| me©wea Z…òvTv webvkc~e©K weï× Ávb mvabvq c~Y©Zv mvwaZ n‡jB Awfav AwR©Z
nq|

myZivs Ôey×Õ k‡ãi mvaviY A_© Ávbx n‡jI Gi AšÍwb©wnZ A_© AviI Mfxi| G Rb¨B c„w_exi me Ávbx e¨w³ ey×
bb| ey×Z¡ Ávb Abb¨-AmvaviY | G Ávb AZzjbxq| K‡g©i gva¨‡gB Gi cwiPq †g‡j| †hgb ey× wb‡Ri Ges
A‡b¨i AZxZ eZ©gvb Ges fwel¨Z ej‡Z cvi‡Zb| Kv‡K, KLb Ges Kxfv‡e Dc‡`k †`qv DwPZ wZwb Zv
Rvb‡Zb| ey× ivM, wnsmv I †jvfnxb GK g‡nvËg cyiæl| wZwb Amxg Áv‡bi AwaKvix, Zuvi Áv‡bi cwiwaI AbšÍ|
mvaviY gvby‡li mxwgZ Áv‡bi Øviv Zv cwigvY Kiv hvq bv| wZwb AZxZ eZ©gvb fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© mg¨K ÁvZ
wQ‡jb|

RM‡Z ey‡×i Avwef©ve AZ¨šÍ `yj©f| Rb¥-Rb¥všÍ‡ii AK…wÎg mvabvq ey×Z¡ AwR©Z nq| ey×Z¡ jv‡fi c_ mevi Rb¨
Db¥y³ n‡jI wmw× jvf `yiƒn| RM‡Z GKRb ey‡×i AšÍa©v‡bi eûKvj c‡i Avi GKRb ey‡×i Avwef©ve nIqvi K_v
kv‡¯¿ D‡jøL Av‡Q| bZzb ey× Avwef~©Z bv nIqv ch©šÍ c~e©eZx© ey‡×i AbykvmbB †eŠ×ag©vej¤^xiv Abykxjb K‡i|
†hgb GLb †MŠZg ey‡×i Abykvmb Pj‡Q| wZwb wLª÷c~e© lô kZ‡K Avwef~©Z n‡qwQ‡jb|

ey×Z¡ AR©‡bi mvabv GKwU A½xKvie× c_ cwiµgvi g‡Zv| GwU‡K cvigx c~Y©Zvi cwiµgvI ejv hvq| RM‡Zi
AwbZ¨, `ytL I AbvZ¥ GB wZb jÿY whwb mg¨Kiƒ‡c Dcjwä Ki‡Z mg_© nb wZwbB ey×Z¡ jv‡f AMÖmi nb|
PZzivh© mZ¨ Dcjwä K‡i Avh© Aóvw½K gvM© mvabvi Øviv whwb wmw× jvf K‡ib Zuvi c‡ÿ ey×Z¡ jvf m¤¢e| GQvov
ey×Z¡ jv‡fi Rb¨ c~iY Ki‡Z nq `k cvigx| cvigx A_© c~Y©Zv| `k cvigx n‡jv- `vb, kxj, ˆb®Œg¨, ÿvwšÍ, exh©,
mZ¨, Awaôvb, ˆgÎx, D‡cÿv I cÖÁv| cvigx, Dccvigx Ges cigv_© cvigx †f‡` G¸‡jv wÎk cÖKvi| Gme wel‡q
c~Y©Zv jvf Kiv mnRmva¨ bq| mKj cvigx c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Rb¥-Rb¥všÍ‡ii AmsL¨ KzkjK‡g©i cÖfve| GB
cÖfve ev cyY¨dj AR©‡bi Rb¨ Zuv‡K AmsL¨evi Rb¥ wb‡Z nq| ïay gvbeK~‡j bq, Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwY wn‡m‡eI Zuv‡K
Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Giƒc Rb¥MÖn‡Yi d‡j Zuv‡K AmsL¨ Rb¥-`yt‡Li mvMi cvwo w`‡Z nq| Gfv‡e wewea R‡b¥
cvigx c~iY K‡i AZx‡Z eû ey× c„w_ex‡Z Drcbœ n‡q‡Qb, fwel¨‡ZI n‡eb|

BDwbU-2 23
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

†evwamË¡
Ô‡evwamË¡Õ ej‡Z `ytLgyw³i c_ A‡š^l‡Y `„p msKíe×Kvix mË¡‡K †evSv‡bv nq| Ô†evwaÕ I ÔmË¡Õ `yÕwU k‡ãi
mgš^‡q Ô‡evwamË¡Õ Gi D™¢e| GLv‡b Ô†evwaÕ A_© n‡jv Ávb ev cÖÁv| GB Ávb hv Øviv gvby‡li mKj cÖKvi `ytL
†_‡K gyw³ jvf m¤¢e nq| Avi ÔmË¡Õ n‡jv †mRb, whwb wb‡R‡K `ytLgyw³i c_ A‡š¦l‡Y DrmM© Ki‡Z mg_©
n‡q‡Qb, ev gnr jÿ¨ AR©‡b whwb A½xKvie× n‡q‡Qb| †m wn‡m‡e ejv hvq †evwaÕi jvjbKvwi mË¡B †evwamË¡|
RM‡Zi me© `yt‡Li webvk mva‡bi R‡b¨ ey×Z¡ jv‡fi cÖZ¨‡q †evwamË¡ c_ Abykxjb Kiv nq| ZvB mvaviY A‡_©
†evwamË¡ n‡jv ey×Z¡ jv‡f AbycÖvwYZ cÖÁvevb mË¡|

†evwamË¡ ‡PZbvi Drm RvMÖZ nq mvabKvwii ¯^Zù~Z© AwfcÖvq †_‡K| wKš‘ AvPiY ixwZ nq A½xKvie×Zvq| GwU
Av‡eM I †KŠZzn‡ji welq bq| wPšÍvkxj wm×v‡šÍi wfwˇZ m‡PZbfv‡e AvZ¥wb‡e`‡bi welq| †eŠ× ag© `k©b g‡Z
eû R‡b¥i myK…wZi dj bv _vK‡j ‡evwamË¡ †PZbvi D™¢e N‡Ubv| †evwamË¡ mvabvi c~Y©Zv AwR©Z nq ey×Z¡ jv‡fi
gva¨‡g| ZvB †evwamË¡‡K ejv nq Ôey×v¼ziÕ| Giƒc †PZbv AZ¨šÍ weij I `yj©f|

mvims‡ÿc :

Ôey×Õ kãwUi AšÍwb©wnZ A‡_©i e¨vwß e¨vcK| mij A‡_© Ôey×Õ ej‡Z ‡evSvq Ávbx| G Ávb n‡jv Acwi‡gq Ávb|
RM‡Z ey‡×i Avwef©ve AZ¨šÍ `yj©f| Rb¥Rb¥všÍ‡ii Ô†evwamË¡Õ mvabvq me©vZ¥Kfv‡e DËxY© n‡jB ey×Z¡ AwR©Z
nq| GLb †MŠZg ey‡×i Abykvmb Pj‡Q| RMZ KL‡bv ey× k~b¨ _v‡K bv| RM‡Zi me© mË¡vi `ytL, `y`©kv, `y®‹…wZ
†gvP‡bi Rb¨B hy‡M hy‡M ey‡×i Avwef©ve nq| Avi †evwamË¡ ej‡Z `ytL, `ytL gyw³i c_ A‡š^l‡Y `„p
msKíe×Kvix mË¡‡K †evSv‡bv nq| RM‡Zi me©`yt‡Li webvk mva‡bi R‡b¨ ey×Z¡ jv‡fi cÖZ¨‡q †evwamË¡ c_
Abykxjb Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †Kvb kã †_‡K Ô†evwaÕ k‡ãi D™¢e ?
K. ag© ev ag©‡eva L. D”PZi ag© ev DbœZZiag©
M. Ô†evaÕ ev ÔÁvbÕ N. ÔÁvbÕ ev ÔcÖÁvÕ
2| Ôey×Õ k‡ãi mij A_© Kx ?
K. Ávbx L. ¸Yx
M. Ávbgqx N. m‡e©vËg ¸Yx
3| ey×Z¡ jv‡fi Rb¨ KqwU cvigx c~iY Ki‡Z nq ?
K. cvuPwU L. `kwU
M. c‡biwU N. cuwPkwU
4| †evwaÕi jvjbKvwi mË¡‡K Kx ejv nq ?
K. Ávb mË¡ L. †evwamË¡
M. cÖÁv mË¡ N. m‡e©vËg mË¡

DËigvjv : 1. M, 2. K, 3. L, 4. L

BDwbU-2 24
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.2 ey‡×i ¸Yvewj

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ey‡×i ¸Ymg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i ¸Yvewj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ey‡×i mvabv jv‡fi c_ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

AinZ, mg¨K m¤^y×, we`¨vPiYm¤úbœ, myMZ, †jvKwe`, AbyËi, cywim`¤§ mvi_x,

†`egbym&mvbs, ey×fMev, †kÖvZvcwË, mK…ZvMvgx, AbvMvgx|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

ey‡×i ¸Yvewjmg~n :
ey‡×i ¸Y Amxg I AbšÍ| GB wekvj ¸Yvivwk GKmv‡_ cÖKvk Kiv `ytmva¨| G¸‡jv‡K †kªwYwfwËK
wefvRb Ki‡j bqwU ch©v‡q AšÍf©y³ Kiv m¤¢e| †m wn‡m‡e ejv hvq ey‡×i ¸Y bqwU| ‡hgb:
1. wZwb AinZ ( me©wea Awi ev kÎyk~b¨ gy³ gnvcyiyl)
2. wZwb mg¨Km¤^y× (me© welq mg¨K Ávbm¤úbœ)
3. wZwb we`¨v I AvPiYm¤úbœ (AbykxjbxqZË¡ I Dchy³ AvPiY Ávbm¤úbœ )
4. wZwb myMZ (wbe©vYiƒc my¯’v‡b my›`ifv‡e †cuŠ†Q‡Qb )
5. wZwb †jvKwe` (w·jvK wel‡q mg¨K Ávbm¤úbœ )
6. wZwb AbyËi (kxj, mgvwa I cÖÁv¸‡Yi m‡ev©”P¯’v‡bi AwaKvwi)
7. wZwb cywim`¤§ mvi_x (me©wea Aïf kw³i `gbKvix)
8. wZwb mÌv †`egbym&mvbs (‡`e I gbyl¨M‡Yi wkÿK I c_ cÖ`k©K)
9. wZwb ey‡×vfMev (me©wea Áv‡bi c~Y©Zvq wZwb ey×, †mB mg~`q †kªô Áv‡bi Avavi e‡j wZwb fMevb)

ey‡×i DcwiD³ ¸Ymg~n AR©b mvavi‡Yi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| GgbwK GB ¸Yivwki ¸iyZ¡ Dcjwä KivI KwVb| ey×
¸Yvewji †h †Kv‡bv GKwU ¸Y hvui c‡ÿ AR©b m¤¢e, ‡Kej wZwbB GB ¸‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ Dcjwä Ki‡Z mg_© nb| G
R‡b¨B ejv nq ey׸Y AwPšÍxq|

ey‡×i ¸Yvewji ch©vq

Dc‡i ewY©Z bqwU ¸Yvewji Avevi wewea ch©vq ev ¯Íi i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯Íi eûwea wel‡q mgwš^Z I mg„×|
†hgb: AinZ ev me©wea kÎy k~b¨ ej‡Z AvU ch©v‡qi mgvwa PP©vq DËxY© nIqv‡K †evSvq| ivM, †Øl, †gvn I
Z…òv‡K m¤ú~Y© cwiZ¨vM K‡i G¸‡jv µgvš^‡q Abykxjb Ki‡Z nq| GB µwgK mvabixwZi cÖwZwU ch©v‡qi AwR©Z
mydj‡KI m‡PZbZvi mv‡_ myiÿv Ki‡Z nq| mvab Ph©v I Ph©vq DbœxZ wPËve¯’v‡K w¯’Z ivL‡Z cvi‡jB cieZx©
ch©v‡qi Abykxjb Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e `xN©w`‡bi mvabvq GK GKwU ¯Íi AwZµg m¤¢e nq| †eŠ× mvwn‡Z¨ GB mvab
cÖwµqv‡K gvM© I dj jv‡fi mvabv ejv nq| gvM© k‡ãi A_© n‡jv Ôc_Õ ev aviv| A_©vr mvabvi c_| G¸‡jv n‡jv
: 1. †kªvZvcwËÑgvM© 2. †kªvZvcwËÑdj, 3. mK…ZvMvgxÑgvM©, 4. mK…ZvMvgxÑdj, 5.AbvMvgxÑgvM©, 6.

BDwbU-2 25
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

AbvMvgxÑdj, 7.AinZÑgvM©, 8. AinZÑdj| myZivs , AinZ ej‡Z AvU ¯Í‡ii D”PZi mvab cÖwµqvi
c~Y©Zv‡K †evSvq| G ¯Í‡i DbœxZ mvaKB n‡jv me©Rqx e¨w³Z¡|

Dc‡i DwjøwLZ Ômg¨Km¤^y×Õ kãwUi A_© n‡jv ¯^D‡`¨v‡M Avh©mZ¨‡K mg¨K cÖKv‡i ¯^qs ÁvZ nIqv †evSvq| GRb¨
mvabKvix‡K mZ¨ÑK…Z¨ÑK…Z GB wÎce© ev wZb ¯Í‡ii Ávb gwngvq m¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv hv Rvbv
Acwinvh© Zv wZwb †R‡b‡Qb, ‡hgb Avh©mZ¨ Ávb| hv wPšÍv Kivi †hvM¨ Zv wZwb wPšÍv K‡i‡Qb †m Abyhvqx wb‡R‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj K‡g© ev K…‡Z¨ hy³ K‡i ¯^qs fv‡e Ávb AR©b K‡i‡Qb| GQvov hv Z¨vM Kivi †hvM¨ Zv Zvui Øviv
mh‡Zœ Z¨vMK…Z| G‡Z wZwb Z…òvnxb weï× gnvcyiyl n‡q‡Qb| Gfv‡e ey׸‡Yi cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡i Abyiƒc eû welq
RwoZ| ZvB ejv nq ey× ¸Y Amxg, AeY©bxq I AwPšÍbxq|

mvims‡ÿc :

ey‡×i ¸Y Amxg I AbšÍ| †m AbšÍ ¸Ymg~n‡K bqwU ch©v‡q wef³ K‡i Dc‡i D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G ¸Ymg~n
mvavi‡Yi c‡ÿ AR©b m¤¢e bq| GgbwK GB ¸Yivwki ¸iyZ¡ Dcjwä KivI KwVb| ey× ¸Yvewji †h †Kv‡bv
GKwU ¸Y hvui c‡ÿ AR©b m¤¢e, ‡Kej wZwbB GB ¸‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ Dcjwä Ki‡Z mg_© nb| G R‡b¨B ejv nq ey×
¸Y AwPšÍxq| Giyc ¸Yivwki AwaKvix e‡jB eyׇK me©ÁZvI ejv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| ey‡×i ¸Y KqwU ?
K. mvZwU L. AvUwU
M. bqwU N. c‡biwU
2| gvM© k‡ãi A_© Kx ?
K. we‡eK L. Ávb
M. cÖwZÁv N. c_
3| ¯^D‡`¨v‡M Avh©mZ¨‡K mg¨K cÖKv‡i ÁvZ nIqvi bvgB-
K. AinZ L. mg¨Km¤^y×
M. cÖ‡Z¨K ey× N. fvweey×

DËigvjv : 1. M, 2. N, 3. L

BDwbU-2 26
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.3 ey‡×i cÖKvi‡f`

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ey‡×i cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 eyy‡×i wewea mvab cÖYvjx m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
m¤§vm¤§y×, c‡”PK ey×, mveK ey×, ey×esm, mev_© mvaK, kÖveK-kÖvweKv, me©Z…Âv, wegy³|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

ey‡×i cÖKvi‡f` :
AbšÍKv‡ji mvabvq ey×Z¡ AR©b nq| ey×Z¡ jvfvKvixMY bvbvaviv ev cÖYvjx‡Z G c‡_i mvabv K‡ib|
mvabvi cÖYvjx Abymv‡i ey×M‡YiI wewea bvg nq| †eŠ× ag©MÖ‡š’ wZb cÖKvi ey‡×i K_v ejv
n‡q‡Q|h_v
1. m¤§vm¤§y× ev mg¨K m¤^y×|
2. c‡”PKey× ev cÖ‡Z¨K ey×|
3. mveKey× ev kªveK ey×|
GLb Avgiv G wZb cÖK…wZi ey× m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †Póv Kie|
mg¨K m¤^y×
ey×M‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡e©vËg n‡jv Ômg¨K m¤^y×Õ| Ômg¨Km¤^y×Õ ej‡Z †Kv‡bv ¸iy Qvov wbR Av`k© I K‡g©i wfwˇZ
wbijm cÖ‡Póvq m‡e©vËg Áv‡bi AwaKvwi nIqv‡K †evSvq| mg¨Km¤^y×MY Rb¥-Rb¥všÍ‡ii mvabvq `k cvigx c~Y©
K‡ib| †kl R‡b¥ gvbeK~‡j Dchy³ cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| c~‡e©i AbšÍ R‡b¥i myK‡g©i cÖfv‡e G R‡b¥ wZwb
An©Z¡ dj ev me©ÁZv AR©b K‡i ey× nb| mg¨Km¤^y×MY ïay wb‡Ri Rb¨ ey× nb bv| Zuviv RM‡Zi me©mË¡vi cig
gyw³i Øvi D‡b¥vP‡bi eªZ wb‡qB ey× nb| GR‡b¨ mKj Rx‡ei Kj¨v‡Y Zuviv `ytL gyw³i c_ I wbe©vY jv‡fi Dcvq
cÖPvi K‡ib|
†eŠ× g‡Z, RM‡Z mg¨K m¤^y‡×i Avwef©ve AZxe `yj©f| GKB mg‡q c„w_ex‡Z `yÕRb mg¨K m¤^y‡×i Avwef©ve N‡U
bv| GKRb mg¨Km¤^y‡×i cwiwbe©vY jvf Kivi nvRvi nvRvi eQi ci Ab¨ GK mg¨K m¤^y‡×i Avwef©ve nq| †m
Abyhvqx c„w_ex‡Z G ch©šÍ AvUvk Rb mg¨K m¤^y‡×i Avwef©v‡ei K_v Rvbv hvq| G AvUvk Rb ey‡×i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
¯^Zš¿ bvg i‡q‡Q|
Ôey×esmÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ ey×M‡Yi G Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| MÖšw’ Ui weeiY Abyhvqx †MŠZg ey×B n‡jb me©‡kl mg¨Km¤^y×|
†eŠ× ag©vej¤^xiv AvovB nvRvi eQ‡iiI Av‡M †_‡K †MŠZg ey× cÖPvwiZ ag© cvjb K‡i Avm‡Qb| ZviB cÖwZg~wZ©
A_ev Qwe mvg‡b †i‡L †eŠ‡×iv Dcvmbv K‡ib| KviY me©‡kl mg¨Km¤^y× iƒ‡c wZwb gvby‡li `ytLgyw³ I
Z…òvÿ‡qi c_ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| wbe©vY jv‡fi Dcvq wb‡`©k K‡i †M‡Qb| wZwb fwel¨ØvYx K‡i‡Qb, Avh© ˆg‡Îq
bv‡g Avi GKRb mg¨Km¤^y× fwel¨‡Z c„w_ex‡Z Avwef©~Z n‡eb| Gfv‡e mg‡qi †mªv‡Z `k cvigx c~Y© K‡i AbšÍ
Kv‡ji e¨eav‡b GK GKRb ey‡×i Avwef©ve nq|
cÖ‡Z¨Key×

BDwbU-2 27
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

cÖ‡Z¨Key× n‡jv AvZœgyw³ mvabvq c~Y©Zv AR©bKvix wegy³ gnvcyiyl | Zuviv mg¨Km¤^y‡×i †`wkZ mvab c‡_i
cwiµgvq me©Z…òv ÿq K‡i gy³ wP‡Ëi AwaKvix nb| Gfv‡e Avcb mvabv e‡j An©Z¡ dj jvf K‡i Zuviv ey× nb|
cÖ‡Z¨Key×MY Rxebvemv‡b wbe©vY jvf K‡i cybR©b¥ †iva K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K ey×M‡Yi mvabvjä Ávb †Kej wb‡R‡`i
g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K| Zuviv Ab¨‡`i gyw³ c‡_i mÜvb w`‡Z cv‡ib bv|
cÖ‡Z¨Key×MY g~jZ mg¨K m¤^y‡×i AbyMvgx ey×| mg¨Km¤^y‡×i wb‡`©wkZ c‡_i me©v_©mvaK n‡q me©wmw× jvf K‡i
Zuviv cÖ‡Z¨Key× ¯Í‡i DbœxZ nb| An©Z¡ djjvfx Ges wbe©vYMvgx Giƒc AmsL¨ cÖ‡Z¨K ey× c„w_ex‡Z AweiZ Drcbœ
nq Ges n‡”Qb| GRb¨ †eŠ×iv wek¦vm K‡ib RMr An©r ev ey×k~b¨ bq| mg¨Km¤^y×M‡Yi g‡Zv cÖ‡Z¨Key×MY mie
bq| Zvuiv wbi‡e wbe„‡Z Avcb wegyw³ AR©b I iÿvq GKvšÍfv‡e wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mxgve× iv‡Lb|
kªveK ey×
kªveKey× n‡jv mg¨Km¤^y†×i Abykvmb Abykxj‡b cvi½g cyY¨cyiyl| GKRb mg¨Km¤^y‡×i A‡bK wkl¨ _v‡Kb|
GB wkl¨‡`iI A‡bK wkl¨ _v‡Kb| Gme wkl¨ I cÖwkl¨MY mg¨Km¤^y‡×i wb‡`©wkZ c_ AbymiY K‡i gyw³ mvabvq
iZ _v‡Kb| Gu‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡K An©Z¡ dj jvf K‡ib| An©Z¡ dj jvf Kivi A_© `ytLgq msmv‡i cyb Rb¥MÖnY‡K
wb‡iva Kiv| Zuviv Avi G RM‡Z R‡b¥ †b‡eb bv| Zuviv wbe©vYMvgx| Giƒc cvi½g wegy³ cyiyl‡K ejv nq kªveK
ey×| mg¨Km¤^y‡×i ag© I `k©b Abykxj‡bi kx‡l© Ae¯’vb K‡ib kªveKey×MY| cÖ‡Z¨K mg¨Km¤^y‡×i Abymvix‡`i
g‡a¨ kªveKey× _v‡Kb| †MŠZg ey‡×i A‡bK wkl¨ kªveK ey× wQ‡jb| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ AMÖkªveK mvwicyÎ I
†gŠ`Mj¨vqb, gnvKvk¨c, webqai Dcvwj, ag© fvÛvwiK Avb›`, jvfx‡kªô mxejx cÖgy‡Li bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GQvov
ey‡×i mgq A‡bK kªveK-kªvweKv Giƒc kªveK ey× wQ‡jb| Zuviv ey× I RxeRM‡Zi Kj¨v‡Y wb‡R‡`i wb‡qvwRZ
iv‡Lb Ges Ab¨ w`‡K wbe©vYjv‡f mnvqZv K‡ib| GLv‡b wZb cÖKvi ey× m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Rvbjvg| cieZx© cv‡V
Avgiv †evwamË¡ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡ev|

mvims‡ÿc :

ey×Z¡ jv‡fi mvabv AZ¨šÍ KwVb K‡Vvi| eyׇZ¡i mvabvKvixMY bvbv avivq G c‡_i mvabv K‡ib| mvabvq c~Y©Zv
AR©b Ki‡jB eyׇZ¡ DcbxZ nIqv m¤¢e| mvab cÖYvjx AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| ZvB ey×Z¡ jv‡fvËi Zuv‡`i
Abym„Z mvab cÖYvjx Abymv‡i ey×M‡Yi wewea bvg nq| †eŠ× ag©MÖ‡š’ wZb cÖKvi ey‡×i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Zuviv
n‡jb mg¨K m¤^y×, cÖ‡Z¨Key× I kªveK ey×|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †eŠ× ag©MÖ‡š’ KZ cÖKvi ey‡×i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q ?
K. GK cÖKvi L. `yB cÖKvi
M. wZb cÖKvi N. cuvP cÖKvi
2| Ôey×esmÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ KZRb ey‡×i K_v Av‡Q ?
K. cuvP Rb L. `k Rb
M. AvUvi Rb N. AvUvk Rb
3| c„w_exi fwel¨ mg¨Km¤^y‡×i bvg Kx ?
K. †MŠZgey× L. ˆg‡Îqey×
M. †ga¼iey× N. kÖveKey×
DËigvjv : 1. M, 2. N, 3. L

BDwbU-2 28
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.4 †evwam‡Ë¡i ¸Yvewj

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 †evwam‡Ë¡i ¸Yvewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †evwam‡Ë¡i wewea mvab cÖYvjx m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

mZ¨, b¨vq, Z¨vM, ciwnZeªZ, me©mË¡vi Kj¨vYKvgx|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

†evwam‡Ë¡i ¸Yvewj :
†evwam‡Ë¡i cig ¸Y n‡jv `k cvigxi c~Y©Zv mva‡b cÖwZÁve× nIqv| GwU †evwam‡Ë¡i Abykxjbxq
gyL¨ welq ev g~jKg©| G¸‡jv‡K †evwamË¡ mvabvi cÖavb ¸Y ejv nq| G cvigxmg~n PP©vi d‡j †evwam‡Ë¡i
RxebvPi‡Y ¯^vfvweKfv‡e A‡bK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| hv Ab¨ gvbemË¡v †_‡K †evwamË¡‡K Abb¨ AmvaviY K‡i
†Zv‡j| GB AmvaviY PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨mg~nB n‡jv †evwam‡Ë¡i ¸Y|
†evwamË¡ ¸Y nVvr m„wó nq bv| †evwamË¡ mvabvi µgavivq av‡c av‡c G¸‡jv AwR©Z nq| †hgb †evwamË¡ †PZbv
mK‡ji AšÍ‡i weivRgvb n‡jI mK‡jB †evwam‡Ë¡i c`evP¨ bq| whwb ey×Z¡ jv‡f cÖwZkÖywZe× n‡q cvigx c~Y©Zvi
mvabvq cÖZ¨qve× n‡q‡Qb, wZwbB cÖK…Z A‡_© †evwamË¡| †Zgwb cvigx c~Y©Zvi AwfcÖv‡q †h PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewji
AwaKvix nIqv hvq †m¸‡jvB n‡jv †evwam‡Ë¡i ¸Y|

†evwam‡Ë¡i Abykxjb AbšÍ Rxe‡bi GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv| Rb¥ ci¤úivq GwU Abykxjb Ki‡Z nq| †evwamË¡
Rxeb jv‡fi Rb¨ wKQy ¸Y AR©b Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv GK R‡b¥i mvabvq †kl Kiv hvq bv| Gi Rb¨ Rb¥ Rb¥všÍ‡ii
Ae¨vnZ cÖ‡Póv cÖ‡qvRb| Giƒc wbiwewQbœ Kg© cª‡PlUvi gva¨‡gB †evwamË¡ ¸‡Yi AwaKvwi n‡Z nq| †evwamË¡ ¸Y
wbb¥iƒc :

1. †evwamË¡ Ôme© welq AwbZ¨ÕG aviYv‡K RxebvPv‡ii m‡e©v”P mZ¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib|
2. Z_vMZ ey‡×i `k©b‡KB †evwamË¡iv GKgvÎ cv‡_q wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i me©mË¡vi Kj¨vYKvgx nb|
3. ¯^K…Z Kg©‡KB Rb¥ Rb¥všÍ‡ii m½x wn‡m‡e †evwamË¡iv MÖnY K‡ib| ZvB wbt¯^v_©, wb‡g©vn Kg©kxjZv
†evwam‡Ë¡i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨|
4. †evwam‡Ë¡i GKgvÎ jÿ¨ ey×Z¡jvf| bvg, hk, L¨vwZ wb‡q Zvuiv wPšÍv K‡ib bv|
5. †evwamË¡MY Rxeb wemR©b w`‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‘ mZ¨ mvabv n‡Z wePz¨Z nb bv|
6. †evwamË¡MY mZ¨,b¨vq I Z¨vMÑ Gi Av`‡k© DØy× n‡q kxj, mgvwa I cÖÁvi Abykxj‡b e×cwiKi nb|
7. †evwamË¡ c‡_i mvaK me©`v RMZ I me© mË¡vi Kj¨vY Kvgbv K‡ib| Zuvi Kv‡Q AvcbÑci †f`v‡f` bvB|
8. †evwamË¡ ˆgÎx, KiyYv, gyw`Zv I D‡cÿvi m‡e©vËg AbykxjbKvwi nb|
9. †evwamË¡MY `k cvikx Abykxj‡b A½xKvie× nb|
10. †evwamË¡ mvabv GKwU ¯^Zù~Z© mvabv, ‡evwamË¡MY Avcb †PZbv e‡j ejxqvb n‡q wbR wPˇK
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z mg_© nb|

BDwbU-2 29
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

DcwiD³ `kwU n‡jv ‡evwam‡Ë¡i DËg AvPiYxq ¸Y| G ¸Yivwk QvovI ‡evwamË¡MY wbg©j wP‡Ëi AwaKvwi
wn‡m‡e eûwea ¸Y mgwó‡Z mg„× nb| Dc‡i ïaygvÎ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AvPiYxq I weij ¸Y ‰ewkó¨mg~n‡K †Zv‡j
aiv n‡jv|

mvims‡ÿc :

cig ¸Y m¤úbœ bv n‡j ‡evwamË¡ Rxeb jvf m¤¢e bq| †evwam‡Ë¡i GKgvÎ jÿ¨ ey×Z¡jvf| G jÿ¨ AR©‡b Zuv‡K
`k cvigxi c~Y©Zv mva‡b cÖwZÁve× n‡Z nq| GwUB n‡jv ‡evwam‡Ë¡i cÖavb ¸Y| †evwamË¡‡K cÖavb ¸‡Yi mv‡_
wKQz AvPiYxq ¸‡YiI Abykxjb Ki‡Z nq| ciwnZeªZ I me©mË¡vi Kj¨vY Kg©‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q `kwU DËg
AvPiYxq ¸‡Yi AwaKvix n‡Z nq| G¸‡jv‡KB ‡evwam‡Ë¡i cÖavb ¸Y I DËg AvPiYxq ¸Y ejv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †evwam‡Ë¡i g~j Abykxjbxq Kg© Kx ?
K. cvigxi Abykxjb L. cvigxi Abyaveb
M. `k cvigxi c~Y©Zv mvab N. `k cvigxi mvab KiY
2| †evwam‡Ë¡i Abykxjb AbšÍ Rxe‡bi GKwU -
K. †gqv`x cÖwµqv L. avivevwnK cÖwµqv
M. mvaviY cÖwµqv N. AmvaviY cÖwµqv
3| †evwam‡Ë¡i DËg AvPiYxq ¸Y KqwU ?
K. `kwU L. c‡biwU
M. cuwPkwU N. wÎkwU

DËigvjv : 1. K, 2. L, 3. K

BDwbU-2 30
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.5 wewea †evwamË¡

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wewea cÖKv‡ii ‡evwamË¡ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewea †evwam‡Ë¡i wewea mvab cÖYvjx e¨vL¨v ej‡Z cvi‡eb

Pig AvZ¥Z¨vM, †evwamË¡ Ph©v, †evwawPË, cÖÁvwaK, kÖ×vwaK, exh©vwaK|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

†evwam‡Ë¡i cÖKvi‡f` :
†evwamË¡ mvabv AZ¨šÍ `y®‹i| KwVb, K‡Vvi Zcm¨v I Pig AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi `„p †PZbvq cÖZ¨vqve× n‡qB
G c‡_ hvÎv Ki‡Z nq| gvbyl mn‡R ‡evwamË¡ Ph©v Abykxjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY gvby‡li mnRvZ
¯^v_© wPšÍv gvbyl‡K mnR cÖvwßi w`‡K avweZ K‡i| cig gyw³i K_v gvbyl fve‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡eŠ×ag© g‡Z ‡evwamË¡
mvabvq AbyMvgx‡`i mvab cÖYvjx †f‡` wZb †kªwYi †evwamË¡ Av‡Q| h_v:

K. kªveK †evwamË¡
L. cÖ‡Z¨K ‡evwamË¡
M. mg¨K m‡¤^vwamË¡

kªveK‡evwamË¡ : GLv‡b kªveK A‡_© kªeYKvix, †kªvZv, wkl¨ ev kª×vbyiv‡M AbycÖvwYZ n‡q †evwaÁvb jvfv_x©‡K
†evSv‡bv nq| Giƒc †evwamË¡ mvabvi Drm kªeY ev `k©b †_‡K n‡jI Av‡eM ZvwoZ bq| w¯’i wm×všÍ cÖm~Z|
†MŠZg ey‡×i wkl¨ÑcÖwkl¨MY huviv Ávbgv‡M©i mvabv eª‡Z iZ wQ‡jb Zuv‡`i kªveK ‡evwa wP‡Ëi AwaKvix ejv nq|
GB ¯Í‡ii mvab gv‡M©i c~Y©Zvq Zviv kªveK ey× bv‡gB L¨vZ nq| †hgb- ey‡×i mg‡qi kªveKey× wQ‡jb kvwicyÎ,
†gv`&Mjvqb cÖgyL|

cÖ‡Z¨K‡evwamË¡: ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M I ¯^vaxbfv‡e ¯^-kvwmZ ev †Kv‡bv ¸iæyi Aaxb bv n‡q †evwaÁvb jv‡fi mvabvq
AvZ¥wb‡qvwRZ nIqv‡KB cÖ‡Z¨K‡evwa e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨K †evwa †PZbv Abyhvqx mvaK †evwaÁv‡bi me©v½xb ¸‡Y ¸Yvwš^Z
n‡jI Zuviv wbR ¸Y cÖfvq Ab¨‡K cÖfvevwš^Z Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| GB ¯Í‡ii †evwawPËvbymvixMY mvabvi c~Y©Zvq
cÖ‡Z¨K‡evwamË¡ bv‡gB L¨vZ nq| ey‡×i A‡bK wkl¨B GB ¯Í‡ii wQ‡jb|

mg¨Km‡¤^vwamË¡ : †evwamË¡ mvabvi m‡e©vËg cÖwµqv GwU| me©mË¡vi Kj¨vYeªZ wb‡q †evwawPË mvabvi
AbymiYKvwi‡K mg¨Km‡¤^vwamË¡ e‡j| GB ¯Í‡ii †evwawPËvbymvixMY mvabvi c~Y©Zvq mg¨Km¤^y× bv‡gB L¨vZ nq|
†hgb †MŠZg ey× GKRb mg¨Km¤^y×| G avivi †evwawPË mvabKvixMY me©Rx‡ei gyw³i gva¨‡gB wb‡Ri gyw³
cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| Gfv‡eB Zuviv cvigx K…Z¨ Abykxjb K‡ib|

BDwbU-2 31
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

Avevi mvabv eª‡Zi Drm wePv‡iI ‡evwamË¡‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| A_©vr †Kvb †cÖwÿ‡Z Kxfv‡e †evwawPË ev
†evwamË¡ mvabvi D™¢e n‡jv †m Dr‡mi wfwˇZI †evwamË¡ wZb cÖKvi| h_v :
1. cÖÁvwaK ‡evwamË¡
2. kª×vwaK ‡evwamË¡
3. exh©vwaK ‡evwamË¡
cÖÁvwaK †evwamË¡Ñ †h †evwamË¡ jÿ¨ AR©‡b cÖÁv mvabv‡K me©v‡MÖ ¯’vb †`q Zvu‡K cÖÁvwaK †evwamË¡ e‡j| G ¯Í‡ii
†evwamË¡MY cÖÁv cvigxi Pig Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^ÑwPˇK wbqš¿‡Y G‡b µ‡g Ab¨ cvigxi c~Y©Zv mvab K‡ib|
Giƒc †evwamË¡MY me©‡ÿ‡Î we‡kølYagx© nq| cÖÁv‡jv‡K cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq Abya¨vb K‡i Zuviv AvPiY K‡ib| AwR©Z
Ávb I AwfÁZvi mgš^‡q M„nxZ wm×v‡šÍi Av‡jv‡K Zuviv ¯^xq c_ cwiµgvq AMÖmi nb|

kª×vwaK †evwamË¡Ñ †h †evwamË¡ jÿ¨ AR©‡b kª×v‡KB me©v‡MÖ ¯’vb †`q Zvu‡K kÖ×vwaK †evwamË¡ e‡j| G ¯Í‡ii
†evwamË¡MY †Kv‡bv wel‡q kª×vkxj n‡q, †m kª×vkxjZvi gva¨‡gB µ‡g mKj cvigxi c~Y©Zv mvab K‡ib| kª×vwaK
‡evwamË¡MY wb‡ew`Z cÖvY mvaK nq| Zuviv kª×vkxj wP‡Ë GKevi †h Av`k©‡K MÖnY K‡ib Avg„Zy¨ †m eªZ c~i‡Y
cÖZ¨qve× _v‡Kb|

exh©vwaK †evwamË¡Ñ †h †evwamË¡ jÿ¨ AR©‡b Kg© cÖ‡Póv‡KB me©v‡MÖ ¯’vb †`q Zvu‡K exh©vwaK †evwamË¡ e‡j| G
¯Í‡ii †evwamË¡MY exh© cvigxÕi Pig Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^ÑwPˇK wbqš¿‡Y G‡b µ‡g Ab¨ cvigxi c~Y©Zv mvab
K‡ib|
exh©vwaK‡evwamË¡MY KwVb mvabv eª‡Zi AbyivMx nq| wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi wewbg‡q Zuviv KwVb K‡Vvi mvab Ph©vq
cvi½gZv AR©‡b eªZx nq| Zuv‡`i exh©eËvi cÖKvk N‡U wb‡R‡K mywbqš¿‡Yi AvZœkw³i gva¨‡g|

mKj cÖKvi †evwam‡Ë¡i mvabvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ GK| †mwU n‡jv ey×Z¡ AR©b Kiv| ey×Z¡ jv‡fi ci †evwamË¡Kvjxb
AbykxwjZ mvab ixwZ Abymv‡i †mB ey‡×i bvgKiY nq| h_v kªveK‡evwamË¡ †_‡K kªveKey×, cÖ‡Z¨K ‡evwamË¡
†_‡K cÖ‡Z¨Key×, mg¨Km‡¤^vwamË¡ †_‡K mg¨Km¤^y×|

mvims‡ÿc

mvab cÖYvjx †f‡` ‡evwamË¡ wZb cÖKvi| ‡m ¸‡jv n‡jv kªveK‡evwamË¡, cÖ‡Z¨K ‡evwamË¡ I mg¨K - m‡¤^vwamË¡|
Avevi mvabv eª‡Zi Drm wePv‡iI ‡evwamË¡‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †m wZb †kÖwYi †evwamË¡ n‡jv cÖÁvwaK
‡evwamË¡, kª×vwaK ‡evwamË¡ I exh©vwaK ‡evwamË¡| bvbv c×wZ ev cÖYvjxi gva¨‡g †evwamË¡ mvabvi cÖwµqv
Pj‡jI G¸‡jvi jÿ¨ Awfbœ| mKj cÖKvi †evwam‡Ë¡i mvabvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ GK| †mwU n‡jv ey×Z¡ AR©b Kiv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| cÖYvjx †f‡` †evwamË¡ KZ cÖKvi ?
K. wZb cÖKvi L. cuvP cÖKvi
M. Qq cÖKvi N. mvZ cÖKvi

BDwbU-2 32
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2| cÖÁvwaK †evwamË¡MY me©‡ÿ‡Î Kx nq ? |

K. we‡kølYagx© nq L. wePviagx© nq
M. M‡elYagx© nq N. ms‡kølYagx© nq
3| mKj cÖKvi †evwam‡Ë¡i mvabvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ Kx ?
K. Ávb AR©b Kiv L. a¨vb AR©b Kiv
M. wkl¨Z¡ AR©b Kiv N. ey×Z¡ AR©b Kiv

DËigvjv : 1. K, 2. K, 3. N

BDwbU-2 33
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

cvV-2.6 ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

wÎKvj`k©x, cvigxPh©v, †jv‡KvËi, me©Á Ávb|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨ :

GB BDwb‡U c~e©eZx cvV¸‡jv †_‡K ey× I †evwamË¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b ey× I †evwamË¡ †h
GKB A_©‡evaK bq Zv wbðqB jÿ¨ Kiv wM‡q‡Q| GLb ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i gv‡S †hiƒc cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Zv wb‡P
†`Iqv n‡jv-

ey× †evwamË¡
1. ey× Ñ mg¨K Áv‡b I ¸‡Y c~Y©Zv welqK 1. †evwamË¡ Ñ mg¨K Ávb PP©vKvixi Awfav ev Dcvwa|
Awfav ev Dcvwa|
2. `k cvigxi mvabv c~Y© K‡iB ey×Z¡ AwR©Z AbšÍ R‡b¥i Kg© cÖ‡Póvq †evwamË¡M‡Yi cvigx Ph©v
nq| ey×MY me© Z…òvgy³ e‡j cwiwbe©vY MwZkxj nq| †evwamË¡ Ae¯’vq KviI c‡ÿ wbe©vY
jvf K‡ib| jvf m¤¢e bq|
3. ey×MY wÎKvj`kx©| eZ©gvb, AZxZ I 3. †evwamË¡MY wÎKvj`kx© bq| Zuv‡`i eZ©gvb R‡b¥i
fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© Zuviv ÁvZ _v‡Kb| Kg© K…Z¨ m‡PZbfv‡e cvj‡b Zuviv †ewk Zrci
_v‡Kb|
4. ey×MY me©Á| Zuviv mKj cvw_©e I 4. †evwamË¡MY me©Á Ávb jv‡fi PP©vKvix| Rx‡ei
†jv‡KvËi welq Rv‡bb| gvbylmn mKj BnKvj I ciKvj Zuv‡`i AÁvZ| G e¨vcv‡i
Rx‡ei BnKvj I ciKvj m¤ú‡K© fwel¨ØvYx fwel¨ØvYx Zuv‡`i c‡ÿ Am¤¢e|
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
5. ey×MY w¯’Z wP‡Ëi AwaKvix| Kvg, ivM, 5. †evwamË¡M‡Yi wPËPvÂj¨ NU‡Z cv‡i| eyׇ`i g‡Zv
wnsmv, †gvn, wb›`v, hk-L¨vwZ, cÖksmv Zuviv wegy³ gnvcyiæl bb| fwel¨‡Z ey× n‡q Drcbœ
BZ¨vw`i A‡bK E‡aŸ© Zuv‡`i Ae¯’vb| Zuviv nIqvB Zuv‡`i mvabvi cÖavb jÿ¨|
wegy³ gnvcyiæl|
6. ey×MY fwel¨Z ey‡×i AvMgb m¤ú‡K© 6. †evwamË¡M‡Yi c‡ÿ fwel¨‡Zi †evwamË¡ m¤ú‡K©
Avfvm w`‡Z cv‡ib| gšÍe¨ Kiv m¤¢e bq| ey×Z¡ AR©‡bi mvabvB Zuv‡`i
gyL¨ welq|
7. ey×MY AvZœ¯’ ag© `k©b cÖPvi K‡ib| 7. †evwamË¡MY wb‡R †Kv‡bv `k©b cÖPvi K‡ib bv| Zuviv
me©`v ey‡×i cÖPvwiZ ag© `k©‡bi Abymvix nb|

BDwbU-2 34
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡ÿc

Ôey×Õ I Ô‡evwamË¡Õ GKB A_©‡evaK bq| Df‡qi g‡a¨ ‡ekwKQz cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| ey×MY wÎKvj`kx© I
me©Á| eZ©gvb, AZxZ I fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© Zuviv ÁvZ _v‡Kb| ey× nIqvi Rb¨ †evwamË¡‡K wewfbœ Rxe cÖRvwZ‡Z
AmsL¨evi Rb¥ wb‡Z nq| Gfv‡e `k Dccvigx, `k cvigx I `k cigv_© cvigx c~Y© K‡i fwel¨‡Z ey× nIqvB
Zvi mvabvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| Ab¨w`‡K †evwamË¡ Rxe‡b Gme ¸Yvewj Abycw¯’Z|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| `k cvigxi cÖ‡Z¨KwU KqwU ch©v‡q Abykxjb Ki‡Z nq ?
K. wØ-ch©v‡q L. wÎ-ch©v‡q
M. PZz-ch©v‡q N. cÂ-ch©v‡q
2| ey‡×i Rb¥Rb¥všÍ‡ii mvabvi K_v ‡Kv_vq ewY©Z n‡q‡Q ?
K. †cŠivwYK mvwn‡Z¨ L. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨
M. RvZK mvwn‡Z¨ N. ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨
3| †K fwel¨Z ey‡×i AvMgb m¤ú‡K© Avfvm w`‡Z cv‡ib ?
K. ey×MY L. †evwamË¡MY
M. Ávbx e¨w³MY N. mvabvKvwiMY

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1
wejvmcyi MÖv‡gi DcvmK mygb eo–qv GKRb avwg©K †jvK | wZwb wbqwgZ ey×, ag© I ms‡Ni kiY MÖnY K‡ib Ges
me©`v Kzkj Kg© mva‡b iZ _v‡Kb| cÖ‡Z¨n wenv‡i wM‡q AZ¨šÍ kÖ×vi mv‡_ wZwb wfÿz‡`i ag©‡`kbv ïb‡Zb|
GKw`b wenv‡i G‡m wZwb ïb‡Z †c‡jb GKRb a¨vbx wfÿz ¯’vbxq Mfxi R½‡j wM‡q a¨vb¯Í n‡Z wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Qb|
GK_v ï‡b mygb eo–qv `ªæZ R½‡j ‡M‡jb| D³ wfÿzi a¨v‡b emvi Dc‡hvMx GKwU e„ÿZjv cwi¯‹vi Ki‡jb|
Avm‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡jb| cÖ‡qvR‡b †jvKvj‡q G‡m wcÐPi‡bi c_I wZwb K‡i w`‡jb|
K. ey× KZ cÖKvi ?
L. †K ey×Z¡ jv‡f AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡ib?
M. DcvmK mygb eo–qvi KvR¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb mva‡Ki PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨i Bw½Z †g‡j - Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
N. ÔDcvmK mygb eo–qv cvigx c~i‡Y GKRb †hvM¨ mvaKÕ - G gšÍ‡e¨i mv‡_ Avcwb Kx GKgZ? Dˇii
¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 2
wejvm eo–qv I Zuvi ¯¿x †mvgv eo–qv `yÕR‡bB AZ¨šÍ ag©civqY| msmvix n‡jI Zuviv memgq `vb, kxj I fvebvq
wb‡ew`Z _v‡Kb| GKmgq Zuviv Df‡qB AbšÍ Rxe‡bi mvabvq cig m‡¤^vwaÁvb jv‡f A½xKvie× n‡jb| msmvi

BDwbU-2 35
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

Z¨vM K‡i Df‡q mbœ¨vm ag© MÖnY Ki‡jb| Zuviv c„_Kfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i ¯^ ¯^ mvabvi gva¨‡g Rxeb AwZevwnZ
K‡ib|
K. cvigx k‡ãi A_© Kx?
L. wKfv‡e An©Z¡dj jvf Kiv hvq?
M. Ôwejvm eo–qvi A½xKvie× mvabvÕ †eŠ× mvwn‡Z¨ ewY©Z †Kvb mvabvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© -e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. Avcbvi cvV¨eB Aej¤^‡b Ôey×Z¡ jv‡fi mvabvÕ - RM‡Zi Kx Kj¨vY Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib, hyw³
mnKv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjv : 1. L, 2. M, 3. K

BDwbU-2 36