Physics Project

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
3. THEORY
4. EFFICIENCY
5. ENERGY SOURCES
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7. PROCEDURE
8. USES OF TRANSFORMER
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a

low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, the
transformer size may be so small that it weighs
only a few tens of grams whereas in high voltage
power circuits, it may weigh hundreds of tones.
Think of a transformer like a super helpful

electricity tool. It doesn't move, but it's amazing
at passing electrical energy between different
circuits without touching them.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
There are two main types: one that boosts up the
voltage (like a step-up transformer) and one that brings
it down (a step-down transformer). Consider power
stations generating electricity; without transformers,
transmitting that power across hundreds of miles
would be wasteful and inefficient. The transformers
optimize the voltage to make this long-distance journey
feasible and cost-effective. In our daily lives,
transformers are embedded in various devices,
ensuring that the electricity supplied to our homes,
workplaces, and gadgets is safe and usable.
These unassuming devices play a pivotal role in the

functioning of our modern electrical systems. They
enable the smooth and reliable transmission of
electricity, ensuring that power reaches its intended
destinations without losing its potency along the way.
From the tiniest microphones to the vast power grids,
transformers quietly perform their essential task,
keeping our world powered and connected.
From tiny ones inside microphones to massive ones in

power plants, they all work on the same basic idea:
using coils of wire to transfer energy through
something called "inductive coupling." And the cool
thing is, they do this without any moving parts! So,
whether it's your phone charger or a power plant,
transformers play a big role in making electricity work
smoothly in lots of devices.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil

and primary coil of a self made transformer.
THEORY
fig.1
fig.2
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus
if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
=rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this

instant.
And then
……….. (1)
………….(2)
Where, N p = No. of turns of the
primary coil.
Ns = No. of turns of the
secondary coil.
Ep = e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary coil.
Es = e.m.f.’s induced in the secondary coil
From the above relations are true at every instant, so
by dividing 2 by 1, we get;
Es / Ep = - N s / N p …….. (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous
current in primary coil is due to the difference (E –
Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil
is given by :
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = I p
Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp I p can
be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation (3) can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s / Np =
K Where K is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p
If I p = value of primary current at the same instant
And I s = value of secondary current at this instant, then Input
power at the instant = Ep I p and
Output power at the same instant = Es I s
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input
power = output power Or Ep I p = Es I s Or
Es / Ep = I p / I s = K
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns

> Np
As, k > 1, so I p > I s or I s
< Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary

voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current
in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down

transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer
in reality steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio
of output power to the input power .i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es I s / Ep I p
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no

power losses,
η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper Loss: This happens when the wires carrying

electricity in the transformer heat up, just like a
hot stove. It's called copper loss because the wires
are usually made of copper. This heat is due to the
wires' resistance to the electric current.
2. Iron Loss: Inside the transformer's iron core, there

can be heat generated from swirling currents
called eddy currents. Using laminated cores helps
reduce this heat by controlling these swirling
currents.
3. Leakage of Magnetic Flux: Even with really good

insulation, some of the magnetic field created
inside the transformer can escape. This means that
not all the magnetic power is used efficiently.
4. Hysteresis Loss: When the iron core of the
transformer gets magnetized and demagnetized
repeatedly (which happens with alternating
current or AC), it loses a bit of energy as heat each
time. It's like the iron in the core gets tired from
flipping back and forth so much.
5. Magnetostriction: This one's the humming noise

you might hear from a transformer. It happens
because the magnetic fields inside the transformer
make the materials vibrate a little, creating that
humming sound.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A Transformer issued in all A.C. operations:-
1. In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,
etc.
2. A step down transformer is used
for welding purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisements.
5. Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
6. Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
CONCLUSION
1. output voltage across the secondary coil is
indeed determined by the ratio of the number of
turns in the secondary coil (Ns) to the number of
turns in the primary coil (Np). This ratio
directly influences how much the voltage is
stepped up or down.
2. The dependency of output voltage on the turns
ratio (Ns/Np) concerning the input voltage,
which is correct. This relationship plays a
crucial role in transforming electrical energy
between circuits.
3. Losses between the input and output coils in a
transformer are a reality. These losses can occur
due to various factors like resistance in the

wires, magnetic flux leakage, and eddy currents,
leading to energy dissipation in the form of heat.
Transformers aren't 100% efficient; some power
is lost during the energy transfer process.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Safety from High Voltage: Working with

transformers involves dealing with high voltages
that can be dangerous. It's crucial to follow strict
safety measures, including using insulated tools,
wearing appropriate safety gear, and ensuring a
safe distance from live circuits. Proper training
and knowledge of electrical safety protocols are
essential to avoid accidents or electric shocks.
2. Maintaining Constant AC for Readings: When

measuring current and voltage in a transformer,
it's important to ensure a constant AC (alternating
current) supply. Fluctuations in the AC supply can
affect the accuracy of readings. Stabilizing the AC
ensures precise measurements, which are vital for
understanding the transformer's performance and
ensuring it operates within safe limits.
3. Reducing Eddy Current Formation: Eddy currents,

which cause energy loss and heating in the
transformer's core, should be minimized. Using
laminated cores—made of thin insulated
layers—helps reduce these swirling currents by
limiting their paths. Additionally, designing the
transformer with materials that reduce eddy
current formation and employing efficient
insulation techniques can further mitigate these
losses.
Beyond these precautions, regular maintenance,

periodic inspections, and adhering to
recommended operating conditions are essential
for the safe and efficient functioning of
transformers. Adequate ventilation, proper
cooling systems, and monitoring for any signs of
overheating or abnormal behavior are also crucial
aspects to ensure transformer safety and
longevity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. NCERT Textbook Class 12
2. Textbook.com
3.ato.com
4. Help from teachers
5. www.wikipedia.com

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INDEX

The transformer is a device used for converting a

Think of a transformer like a super helpful

These unassuming devices play a pivotal role in the

From tiny ones inside microphones to massive ones in

To investigate the relation between the ratio of:

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil

=rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this

Ep = e.m.f.’s induced in the

Es = e.m.f.’s induced in the secondary coil

From the above relations are true at every instant, so

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f

induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous

current in primary coil is due to the difference (E –

Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and

back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,

then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp I p can

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation (3) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s / Np =

K Where K is constant, called turn or transformation

Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p

If I p = value of primary current at the same instant

And I s = value of secondary current at this instant, then Input

power at the instant = Ep I p and

Output power at the same instant = Es I s

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input

power = output power Or Ep I p = Es I s Or

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no

But in actual practice, there are many power losses;

therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a

1. Copper Loss: This happens when the wires carrying

2. Iron Loss: Inside the transformer's iron core, there

3. Leakage of Magnetic Flux: Even with really good

5. Magnetostriction: This one's the humming noise

A Transformer issued in all A.C. operations:-

1. In voltage regulator for T.V.,

refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,

2. A step down transformer is used

for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for

obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the

production of X-Rays and NEON

5. Transformers are used in voltage

regulators and stabilized power

transmissions of a.c. over long

1. output voltage across the secondary coil is

indeed determined by the ratio of the number of

turns in the secondary coil (Ns) to the number of

turns in the primary coil (Np). This ratio

directly influences how much the voltage is

2. The dependency of output voltage on the turns