Department of Electrical Engineering

School of Science and Engineering

EE310 Signals and Systems

ASSIGNMENT 1

Solutions
Problem 1 8 marks
Write each of the following in polar form, that is, in rejθ .
√
(a) 1 + j 3
√
z1 = a + jb√= 1 + j 3
r = |z
q1 | = √a2 + b 2
r = 12 + ( 3)2
=⇒ r = 2
θ = tan−1 (b/a)
√
θ = tan−1 ( 3/1)
=⇒ θ = π/3
∴ z1 = ejθ = 2ejπ/3
ejπ/3 − 1
(b) √
1+j 3
ejπ/3 − 1
z2 = √
1+j 3
Using the Euler’s Identity √
ejπ/3 = cos(π/3) + j sin(π/3) = −(1 − j 3)/2
√
(1 − j 3)
∴ z2 = − √
2(1 + j 3)
Which reduces √ to:
(1 − j 3)2
z2 = −
8
Solving further, we get
√
1+j 3
z2 =
4 √
Putting value of 1 + j 3 from part (a)
2ejπ/3
z2 =
4
1
∴ z2 = ejπ/3
2
 (c) j 7
z3 = j 7 = j 4 j 2 j
z3 = −j = ej3π/2
∴ z3 = ej3π/2

(d) j j
z4 = jj
2
z4 = (ejπ/2 )j = ej π/2
z4 = e−π/2 = 0.2079
∴ z4 = 0.2079ej0

Express each of the following complex numbers in Cartesian form (x + jy).

(e) ejπ/2 = cos π/2 + j sin π/2 = j

√ √
(f) 2ejπ/4 = 2(cos π/4 + j sin π/4) = 1 + j
√
j 2 π/3
(g) j 2 ej = −e−jπ/3 = − 21 + 2
3
j

Problem 2 12 marks
Evaluate the following summations or integrals and express your answers in Cartesian form
(x + jy).
(a)
5
X
ejπn/2
n=−5

5  π π  π
X j n −j n j 0
x= e 2 +e 2 +e 2
n=1
jπ/2 −jπ/2
As e = j and e = −j, so,

5
X
x= (j n + (−j)n ) + 1
n=1

Expanding the summation

x = (j − j) + (j 2 + j 2 ) + (j 3 − j 3 ) + (j 4 + j 4 ) + (j 5 − j 5 ) + 1
x = 2j 2 + 2j 4 + 1
x = 2(−1) + 2(1) + 1
=⇒ x = 1 = 1 + j0

(b)
∞
X 1
n πn
cos( )
n=−2
2 2
Hint: Express cosine in the form of complex exponentials using the Euler identity,
given by ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ.

∞
1 n ejπn/2 + e−jπn/2
X  
x= ( )
n−2
2 2

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 Using the fact that: ejπ/2 = j and e−jπ/2 = −j
∞
1 X 1 n n
x= ( ) (j + (−j)n )
2 n=−2 2
X∞ ∞ 
1 j n X −j n
x= ( ) + ( )
2 n=−2
2 n=−2
2
Let m = n +2. Making this replacement in the above equation, we get,
 ∞ ∞ 
1 X j m−2 X −j m−2
x= ( ) + ( )
2 m=0 2 m=0
2
 ∞ ∞ 
1 j −2 X j m −j −2 X −j m
x= ( ) + ( ) +( ) + ( )
2 2 m=0
2 2 m=0
2
Which simplifies to,
 ∞ ∞ 
1 X j m X −j m
x= −8+ ( ) + ( )
2 m=0
2 m=0
2
Applying the identity ∞ n a
P
n=0 ar = 1−r and simplifying gives,

 
1 2 2
x= −8+ +
2 2−j 2+j
 
1 2(2 + j) 2(2 − j)
x= −8+ +
2 5 2
1 2
x = . (−20 + 2 + j + 2 − j)
2 5
=⇒
x = −16/5 = −16/5 + j0
(c)
Z ∞
e−7|t| dt
−∞
Z ∞
x=2 e−7t dt
0
∞
e−7t
x=2
−7 0

2 2
=⇒ x = = + j0
7 7
(d)
Z ∞
e−t e−jπt/2 sin(5t)dt
0
This equation can also be written as,
Z ∞
x= e−(1+jπ/2)t sin(5t)dt
0

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 Now, Applying the identity,
Z ∞
b
e−ax .sin(bx)dx =
0 a2 + b2
We get,
5
x=
(1 + jπ/2)2 + 52
Which reduces to,
20
x=
104 − π 2 + jπ
Or,
x = 0.2088 − j0.0279

Problem 3 15 marks
For the CT signal x(t) shown below,

x(t)
2

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

−1

sketch and carefully label:


(a) Ev x(t)}

(b) Odd x(t)}
(c) x(t/2 + 3)
(d) x(1 − t/3)


(e) x(t − 2) δ(t − 1/2) + u(3 − t) , where δ(t) is the delta function and u(t) is the step
function.

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Ev{x(t)} and Odd{x(t)}

Page 5
x(1 − t/3)

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x(t − 2)(δ(t − 1/2) + u(3 − t))

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Problem 4 15 marks
Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. If the signal is periodic
determine its fundamental period. Please note that the period of the product of two periodic
functions is not the same as we have for the sum of two periodic functions.
(a)
π
x[n] = cos(4n + )
4
Comparing with cos(ω0 n + φ)
ω0 = 4
For x[n] to be periodic,
N = 2πm
ω0
=⇒ N = π2 m
Since there is no such integer m which will make the N an integer, therefore x[n] is
not periodic.
(b)
2πn
x[n] = (−1)n cos( )
7
Using the following identities,
jθ −jθ
cos(θ) = e +e 2
and ejπ = −1
j2πn/7 +e−j2πn/7
x[n] = ejπn . e 2
Which reduces to,
j9πn/7 +ej5πn/7
x[n] = e 2
As, period of ejω0 n = N = ω2π0 m
So, period of ej9πn/7 = N1 = 2π∗7 9π
m = 14
and period of ej5πn/7 = N2 = 2π∗7 5π
m = 14
Which gives an LCM of 14.
∴ The given signal is periodic with fundamental period of 14.
(c)
∞
X
x(t) = e(2t−n)
n=−∞

The given signal is sum of real exponentials and real exponential signals are aperiodic.
Also, the sum of aperiodic signals is also aperiodic.
∴ The given signal is not periodic.
(d)

2
x(t) = sin2 (4t) ≡ sin(4t)
x(t) = sin2 (4t) ≡ (sin(4t))2
x(t) = sin2 (4t)
x(t) = 1−cos(8t)
2
Fundamental period of cos(8t) is π/4.
∴ x(t) is periodic with fundamental period π/4
(e)
π
π

x[n] = cos n cos n
2 4
Applying the identity
cos(α).cos(β) = 12 [cos(α + β) + cos(α − β)]
We get
x[n] = 12 [cos(3πn/4) + cos(πn/4)]

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 Period of cos(3πn/4) = 2π/ω = 83 m = 8
Period of cos(πn/4) = 2π/ω = 4m = 4
LCM of 4 and 8 = 8
∴ Fundamental Period = 8.
(f)
π
π
π π

x[n] = 2 cos n + sin n − 2 cos n +
4 8 2 6
π 2π 2π∗4
Period of cos( 4 n) = T1 = ω1 = π = 8
Period of sin( π8 n) = T2 = ω2π2 = 2π∗8
π
= 16
πn π 2π 2π∗2
Period of cos( 2 + 6 ) = T3 = ω3 = π = 4
LCM of T1 , T2 and T3 = 16
∴ x[n] is periodic with fundamental period of 16.

Problem 5 25 marks
For each of the following systems described by the input-output relationship:


System 1: y[n] = cos 2π x[n + 1] + x[n]
∞
X
System 2: y[n] = x[n] δ[n − 2k]
Z t k=−∞

System 3: y(t) = x(τ ) dτ

−10
 1 2n

System 4: y[n] = − x[n] + 1.5
5
System 5: y(t) = x(t) cos(ωc t)

where x(t) or x[n] is the system input and y(t) or y[n] is the system output, determine
whether the system is linear, time-invariant, causal, stable and memoryless. Briefly justify
your answer for each case.

System Linear Time-Invariant Causal Stable Memoryless

System 1 X X X X X

System 2 X X X X X

System 3 X X X X X

System 4 X X X X X

System 5 X X X X X

You need to show each property of the system by following the first definition approach.

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Problem 6 15 marks
Consider the discrete-time signal x[n] given below

2 x[n]
1
n
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2

(a) Sketch the signal x[−n + 3]

Shift by 3 to the left (time advance) followed by time reversal (flip around y-axis).

2 x[−n + 3]
1
n
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2

(b) Sketch the signal x[3n − 1] Shift by 1 to the right (time delay) followed by time
compression (downsampling) by a factor of 3.

2 x[−n + 3]
1
n
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2

(c) Express the signal as a summation of DT impulse functions

x[n] = −δ[n+3]−δ[n+2]+δ[n+1]+δ[n]+δ[n−1]+δ[n−2]+δ[n−3]−2δ[n−4]−2δ[n−5]
(d) Express the signal in terms of DT unit step functions.

x[n] = −u[n + 3] + 2u[n + 1] − 3u[n − 4] + 2u[n − 6]

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