ATOMIC STRUCTURE 1 - Student

Atomic Structure
LECTURE 1
FAD1016
BASIC CHEMISTRY
Learning Outcome
• Describe Bohr’s atomic postulates.
• Describe the formation of line spectrum of hydrogen atom and 5 series of line spectrums.
• Perform calculation involving the Rydberg equation.
• Describe the weakness of Bohr’s model.
• Describe the dual nature of electron using de Broglie’s postulate.
• Understand Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and relate it with electron distribution / density.
• Describe the 4 quantum numbers.
• Sketch the shapes of s, p and d orbitals.
• Write the electron configuration of an atom.
• Describe the Aufbau Principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund’s rule & diagonal rule in the arrangement of
electrons in an atom.
• Show the arrangement of electrons using orbital box diagram.
• Explain the anomalous electron configuration of chromium & copper.

Learning Outcome 1st Lecture
• Describe Bohr’s atomic postulates.
• Perform calculation involving the Rydberg
equation.
• Describe the weakness of Bohr’s model.
History of the Atoms
• Atoms were found by John Dalton in 1808.
• From the finding:

❖ all matter was made up of tiny spheres.
❖ all elements are composed of atoms.
❖ Atoms are could not be divided further nor
destroyed
❖ Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.
❖ Atoms of different elements are different. (Na Cl)
❖ Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of
two or more elements. (NaCl)
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
Joseph John Thompson • After Dalton introduce
• J.J. Thomson (1856-1940) physicist
• In 1897, at the Cavendish Laboratory in
Cambridge
• J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube and his
knowledge of electromagnetic theory to
determine the ratio of electric charge to the
mass of an individual electron.
• The atom was divisible!
• Electric field: the ray deflected towards +ve
pole.
cathode rays tube / discharge
tube • Magnetic field: the ray deflected towards the
north pole.
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source anode

- +
Cathode
fluorescing ZnS
Metal Disks
Voltage source
anode
- +
Cathode
Passing an electric current makes a

beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Voltage source
Cathode (-) Anode (+)
+
-
By adding an electric field he found that the
moving pieces were negative for all different
metals and gases.
Thomson Model
• Atoms were made from a positively charged
substance with negatively charged electrons
scattered about, like raisins in a pudding.
He proposed a model of the atom that is called the “Plum Pudding”

model.
Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
• In 1908, the English physicist Ernest

Rutherford proved “Plum
Pudding” model.
• Rutherford’s experiment involved
firing a stream of tiny positively
charged particles (α particles) at
a thin sheet of gold foil (2000
atoms thick).
Observation
•Most of the particles passed
through the thin film.
•Some of the particles were

deflected at large angles.
•Some bounce back (positive

charges repel positive charges).
Conclusion
Atom is mostly empty.

+
Small dense, positive piece at
center which he called “nucleus”.
Reasoning:
Proton
Nucleus • The mass of an atom is
greater than the mass of
Neutron its protons and electrons.
Therefore there must be
another particle in the
1932, James Chadwick atom that has mass.
Experiment:
He bombarded a thin sheet of Be with α • This additional particle
particles – no charged particles were must not have any
detected (Neutron). charge, because if it
had charge then the
When a block of paraffin wax was placed atom would no longer
near the beryllium, charged particles were be electrically neutral.
detected (+ve charge) and identifies as
protons.
What is the structure of an atom?
Protons, neutrons and electrons are not evenly distributed in an atom.
The protons and neutrons

exist in a dense core at the
centre of the atom. This is
called the nucleus.
The electrons are

spread out around the
edge of the atom. They
orbit the nucleus in
layers called shells.
Atoms are actually made from even smaller
particles. There are three types which is known as
subatomic:
proton neutron electron

mass: 1 a.m.u. 1 a.m.u. almost 0 a.m.u.
charge: positive (+1) no charge (0) negative (-1)

Bohr Model
➢In 1913, the Danish scientist Niels Bohr
proposed that electron moving around
nucleus in definite orbit.
➢These orbits, or energy levels, are located

at certain distances from the nucleus.
➢More to hydrogen atoms.

Bohr’s Idea
Photon
“allowed orbit”
a particle representing a quantum of

light or other electromagnetic
radiation. A photon carries energy
proportional to the radiation frequency
but has zero rest mass(massless).
Quantum
n=1
n=2
discrete quantity of energy proportional n=3
in magnitude to the frequency of the
radiation it represents.
n= quantum number (1,2,3,4…….∞)

The Atom Hydrogen
Electron
Proton
Hydrogen has one proton, one electron and NO neutrons

BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
Bohr’s atomic postulates.
1) The electron of the hydrogen atom moves in a circular orbit
around the nucleus. In moving in the orbit, the electron does not
radiate or absorb any energy.
2) The energy of a hydrogen electron is quantized. In other words,
we can say that an electron at a certain distance from the
nucleus can only have a specific amount of energy.
3) When an electron is promoted from a lower energy level (ground
state) to a higher one (excited state ) it absorbs a definite
(quantized) amount of energy.
4) An electron at its excited state is unstable. It falls back to lower
energy level and release specific energy/quantum energy.
2) The energy of a hydrogen electron is quantized. In
other words, we can say that an electron at a certain
distance from the nucleus can only have a specific
amount of energy.
-electron has a certain energy level which corresponds to

the number of particular orbit.
1
En= -RH( 2)
𝑛
RH = Rydberg’s constant (2.18 x 10-18 J)

N= quantum number (n=1,2,3,4….∞)
4) An electron at its excited state is unstable. It falls back to lower energy level and release
specific energy/quantum energy. Therefore the change in energy for electron transition is
ΔE=Ef - Ei (f= final state, i=initial state)
1
Since E = −𝑅𝐻( 2)
𝑛
1 1
ΔE=RH( 2 − )
𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑓2
@
1 1
ΔE=-RH( 2 − )
𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖2
The amount of energy released by the electron in a transition is also called a

photon energy→is emtieed in the form of radiation with appropriate
frequency and wavelength.
ΔE=hv
Where, h= Planck’s constant which has the value of 6.6256 x10-34 J s
V= frequency
A wavelength, λ and frequency v, are
related by the equation,
𝑐
λ=
𝑣
Where c = the speed of light = 3.00 x

10 8 ms-1
*Always provide wavelength in nm

• When the electron falls back to the original energy level, it emits a
radiant energy (photon) which is exactly the same amount energy it
absorbed.
The Weakness of Bohr’s Theory
• Only explain the H spectrum/any
spectrum of ions that only contain one
electron (He+, Li2+)
• Electron is restricted to move in certain
distance around the nucleus of an atom.
• Unable to explain the dual nature of
electrons.
CALCULATION
Ex: Calculate energies for n = 1 and n = ∞
RH
En = − 2
n = 1, n most stable energy state
2.18 10−18 −18
E1 = − 2
= −2.18  10 J
1
n =∞ ,
2.18 10−18
E = − = 0J
 2
Ex: Calculate the energy released when electron fall from n = 3 to n = 1.
E = E f − Ei
RH RH
E = − 2 − (− 2 )
1 3
1 1
−18
E = −2.18 10  2 − 2 
1 3 
1 1
−18
E = −2.18 10  2 − 2 
1 3 
E = −1.94 10−18 J
FIRST IONIZATION ENERGY
First Ionization Energy is defined as the minimum energy (in
kJ/mol) required in removing an electron from a gaseous
atom in its ground state.
X(g) X+ (g) + 1e-

When an electron absorbs enough energy,
it will excite from the lowest energy level n1
to the highest energy level n∞ to become
a positive charge ion.
Therefore the electron is free from the
nucleus attraction.
The first ionization energy of hydrogen atom:
∆E = Ef - Ei
=E∞ -Ei
= 0 - (-2.18x10 -18) J/ atom
= 2.18x10 -18 J x 6.023 x 10 23 atom

atom mol
= 1313000 J mol-1
= 1313 kJ mol-1

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Atomic Structure

• Perform calculation involving the Rydberg equation.

• Describe the weakness of Bohr’s model.

• Describe the dual nature of electron using de Broglie’s postulate.

• Describe the 4 quantum numbers.

• Sketch the shapes of s, p and d orbitals.

• Write the electron configuration of an atom.

• Show the arrangement of electrons using orbital box diagram.

• Explain the anomalous electron configuration of chromium & copper.

• From the finding:

Voltage source anode

Passing an electric current makes a

He proposed a model of the atom that is called the “Plum Pudding”

• In 1908, the English physicist Ernest

•Some of the particles were

•Some bounce back (positive

Atom is mostly empty.

The protons and neutrons

The electrons are

proton neutron electron

charge: positive (+1) no charge (0) negative (-1)

➢These orbits, or energy levels, are located

➢More to hydrogen atoms.

a particle representing a quantum of

n= quantum number (1,2,3,4…….∞)

Hydrogen has one proton, one electron and NO neutrons

-electron has a certain energy level which corresponds to

RH = Rydberg’s constant (2.18 x 10-18 J)

The amount of energy released by the electron in a transition is also called a

Where c = the speed of light = 3.00 x

*Always provide wavelength in nm

radiant energy (photon) which is exactly the same amount energy it

kJ/mol) required in removing an electron from a gaseous

atom in its ground state.

X(g) X+ (g) + 1e-

it will excite from the lowest energy level n1

to the highest energy level n∞ to become

a positive charge ion.

Therefore the electron is free from the

= 2.18x10 -18 J x 6.023 x 10 23 atom

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