ME:5160 (58:160) Intermediate Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2022 - HW6 Solution
ME:5160 (58:160) Intermediate Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2022 - HW6 Solution
ME:5160 (58:160) Intermediate Mechanics of Fluids Fall 2022 - HW6 Solution
P4.2 Flow through the converging nozzle in Fig. P4.2 can be approximated by the one-dimensional
velocity distribution
(a) Find a general expression for the fluid acceleration in the nozzle. (b) For the specific case Vo
10 ft/s and L 6 in, compute the acceleration, in g’s, at the entrance and at the exit.
du u 2 x 2Vo 2Vo2 x
u Vo 1 1 Ans. (a)
dt x L L L L
ft du 2(10)2 2x
For L 6 and Vo 10 , 1 400(1 4x), with x in feet
s dt 6 /12 6 /12
At x 0, du/dt 400 ft/s2 (12 g’s); at x L 0.5 ft, du/dt 1200 ft/s2 (37 g’s). Ans. (b)
*P4.79 Study the combined effect of the two viscous flows in Fig. 4.12. That is, find u(y) when
the upper plate moves at speed V and there is also a constant pressure gradient (dp/dx). Is
superposition possible? If so, explain why. Plot representative velocity profiles for (a) zero, (b)
positive, and (c) negative pressure gradients for the same upper-wall speed V.
Fig. 4.16
Solution: Continuity
Fully 2D
developed 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + =0
Steady
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝜌( +𝑢 +𝑣 + 𝑤 ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + 𝜇 ( 2 + 2 + 2) =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2D 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Neglect 2D
gravity
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑢
∴0=− + 𝜇 ( 2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑2 𝑢 𝜕𝑝
⟹ 𝜇 =
𝑑𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥
Integrate twice:
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑦 2
𝑢=( ) + 𝐶1 𝑦 + 𝐶2
𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
Boundary conditions:
at y = -h: 𝑢(−ℎ) = 0
at y = +h: 𝑢(+ℎ) = 𝑉
2
𝑉 𝑉 1 𝜕𝑝 ℎ
∴ 𝐶1 = , 𝐶2 = − ( )
2ℎ 2 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
Combined solution is
2
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑦2 𝑉 𝑉 1 𝜕𝑝 ℎ
∴ 𝑢=( ) + 𝑦+ −( )
𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 2ℎ 2 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
V y h2 dp y 2
u 1 1
2 h 2 dx h2
The superposition is quite valid because the convective acceleration is zero, hence what remains
is linear: p 2V. Three representative velocity profiles are plotted at right for various
(dp/dx).
P4.80 An oil film drains steadily down the side of a vertical wall, as shown. After an initial
development at the top of the wall, the film becomes independent of z and of constant thickness.
Assume that w w(x) only that the atmosphere offers no shear resistance to the film. (a) Solve
Navier-Stokes for w(x). (b) Suppose that film thickness and [ w/ x] at the wall are measured.
Find an expression which relates to this slope [ w/ x].
Solution: First, there is no pressure gradient p/ z because of the constant-pressure atmosphere.
The Navier-Stokes z-component is (d2w/dx2) g, and the solution requires w 0 at x 0 and
(dw/dx) 0 (no shear at the film edge) at x . The solution is:
gx
w x 2 ) Ans. (a) NOTE: w is negative (down)
2
The wall slope is dw/dx wall g / , rearrange: g /[dw / dx |wall ] Ans. (b)
P4.36 A constant-thickness film of viscous liquid flows in laminar motion down a plate
inclined at angle , as in Fig. P4.36. The velocity profile is
u Cy(2h – y) vw0
(a) Find the constant C in terms of the specific weight and viscosity and the angle . (b) Find the
volume flow rate Q per unit width in terms of these parameters.
Fig. P4.36
Solution: There is atmospheric pressure all along the surface at y h, hence p/x 0. The x-
momentum equation can easily be evaluated from the known velocity profile:
u u p
u v gx 2 u, or: 0 0 gsin + (2C)
x y x
g sin
Solve for C Ans. (a)
2
The flow rate per unit width is found by integrating the velocity profile and using C:
h h
2 3 gh 3 sin
Q u dy Cy(2h y) dy Ch per unit width Ans. (b)
0 0
3 3
P4.88 The viscous oil in Fig. P4.88 is set into steady motion by a concentric inner cylinder
moving axially at velocity U inside a fixed outer cylinder. Assuming constant pressure and
density and a purely axial fluid motion, solve Eqs. (4.38) for the fluid velocity distribution vz(r).
What are the proper boundary conditions?
Fig. P4.88
dvz p d dvz
gz 2 vz , or: 0 0 0 r
dt z r dr dr
The solution is vz C1 ln(r) C2, subject to vz(a) U and vz(b) 0
Solve for C1 U/ln(a/b) and C2 –C1 ln(b)
ln(r/b)
The final solution is: vz U Ans.
ln(a/b)
C4.2 A belt moves upward at velocity V, dragging a film of viscous liquid of thickness h, as in
Fig. C4.2. Near the belt, the film moves upward due to no-slip. At its outer edge, the film moves
downward due to gravity. Assuming that the only non-zero velocity is v(x), with zero shear stress
at the outer film edge, derive a formula for (a) v(x); (b) the average velocity Vavg in the film; and
(c) the wall velocity VC for which there is no net flow either up or down.
(d) Sketch v(x) for case (c).
Solution: (a) The assumption of parallel flow, u w 0 and v v(x), satisfies continuity and
makes the x- and z-momentum equations irrelevant. We are left with the
y-momentum equation:
Fig. C4.2
v v v v 2v 2v 2v
u v w g 2 2 2
x y z y x y z
There is no convective acceleration, and the pressure gradient is negligible due to the free
surface. We are left with a second-order linear differential equation for v(x):
d 2 v g dv g g x 2
Integrate: x C1 Integrate again: v C1 x C2
dx 2 dx 2
At the free surface, x h, (dv/dx) 0, hence C1 –gh/. At the wall, v V C2. The
solution is
gh g 2
vV x x Ans. (a)
2
(b) The average velocity is found by integrating the distribution v(x) across the film:
h h
1 1 ghx 2 gx 3 gh2
vavg v( x ) dx Vx V Ans. (b)
h0 h 2 6 0 3
(c) Since hvavg Q per unit depth into the paper, there is no net up-or-down flow when
V gh2 / 3 Ans. (c)