MATHEMATICS

MATRICES
Syllabus IIT JEE :
Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and
product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of order up to three, inverse of a
square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.

INDEX
1. Definition
2. Special type of matrices
4. Algebra of matrices
5. Properties of matrix multiplication
6. Positive integral powers of a square matrix
7. Matrix polynomial
8. Characteristic equation
9. Definitions
10. The transpose of a matrix : (Changing rows & columns)
11. Orthogonal matrices
12. Symmetric & skew symmetric matrix
13. Properties of symmetric and skew matrix
14. Adjoint of a square matrix
15. Properties of adjoint
16. Inverse of a matrix (reciprocal matrix)
17. Properties of inverse
18. System of equation & criterian for consistency
19. Finding inverse using elementary row operation
20. Rank of a matrix
21. Equivalent matrices
22. Geometric transformation and matrices
23. Hermitian and skew hermitian matrix

st
1 LECTURE
INTRODUCTION :
The theory of matrices is that most powerful tool of today to deal with the various important problems of
Physics, Engineering Sciences, Economics and various other disciplines. Each matrix corresponds to a certain
kind of mapping called linear transformation and all the problem related with linear transformation are formulated
as problem in Algebra of matrices.
1. DEFINITION :
Rectangular array of m n numbers. Unlike determinants it has no value.
é a11 a12 ...... a1n ù æ a11 a12 ...... a1n ö
ê ú ç ÷
a a22 ...... a2n ú ç a21 a22 ...... a2n ÷
A = ê 21 or
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ê : : : : ú ç : : : : ÷
ê ú çç ÷
ëê am1 a m2 ..... a mn úû è a m1 a m2 ..... a mn ÷ø
Abbreviated as : A = [aij] 1 £ i £ m ; 1 £ j £ n, i denotes the row and j denotes the column is called a
matrix of order m × n. The elements of a matrix may be real or complex numbers. If all the elements of a matrix
are real, the matrix is called real matrix.
éx x ù
i - 2j ê ú
Example : Construct a matrix of order 3 × 2 such that a ij = ê x xú .
2
êë x x úû

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2. SPECIAL TYPE OF MATRICES :
(a) Row matrix : A = [a11, a12, ..........a1n] having one row. (1 × n) matrix.
(or row vectors)

é a11 ù
ê ú
a
(b) Column Matrix : A = ê 21 ú having one column. (m × 1) matrix
ê : ú
(or column vectors) ê ú
ëêa m1 ûú
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Om × n)
An m × n matrix all whose entries are zero.
é0 0ù é0 0 0ù
ê ú
A = ê0 0ú is a 3 × 2 null matrix & B = êê0 0
ú
0ú is 3 × 3 null matrix
êë0 0úû êë0 0 0úû
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
é1 2 3 4ù
ê ú
ë2 5 1 1û

é2 5ù
ê ú
ê1 1ú
(e) Vertical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n. ê3 6ú
ê ú
êë2 4úû
(f) SQUARE MATRIX : (Order n)
If number of rows = number of columns Þ a square matrix. A real square matrix all whose elements
are positive is called a positive matrices. Such matrices have application in mechanics and economics.
Note :
(i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aji are called Conjugate Elements.
æa a12 ö
e.g. in the matrix ç 11 ÷ , a21 and a12 are conjugate elements.
è a21 a22 ø
(ii) The elements a11, a22, a33, ................... ann are called Diagonal Elements. The line along which
the diagonal elements lie is called ''Principal or Leading'' diagonal. The quantity. å a ii = trace of
the matrix written as, tr(A)
Square Matrix

Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix

aij = 0 if i ¹ j

Upper triangular
matrix
Lower triangular
matrix
MMd0
1 0
d2
0
0 PP
MN 0 0 d3 PQ
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

If aij = 0 " i > j If aij = 0 " i < j

x x x x 0 0 abbreviated as dia (d1, d2, d 3..... d) n
A = MM0 x x PP ; A = MMx x 0 PP
MN0 0 x PQ MNxx x PQ Scalar Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix
If d1= d2= d3= a If d1 = d2 = d3 .... = 1

MM0a 0 0
a 0 PP MM10 0 0
1 0 PP
MN0 0 a PQ MN0 0 1PQ

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Note :
(i) Minimum number of zeros in an upper or lower triangular matrix of order n
n(n - 1)
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + (n - 1) =
2
(ii) Minimum number of cyphers in a diagonal/scalar/unit matrix of order n = n(n – 1).
For teacher reference only :
(iii) Null matrix is considered as triangular & diagonal matrix.
"It is to be noted that with every square matrix there is a corresponding determinant formed by the
elements of A in the same order." If |A |= 0 then A is called a singular matrix and if |A| ¹ 0 then
A is called a non-singular matrix.
EXAMPLE :

E(1) Using only the elements 0 and 1, find the number of 3 × 3 matrices that are :

(a) diagonal (b) upper triangular,

(c) non-singular and upper triangular. Generalize to n × n matrices. [Ans. (a) 8; (b) 64; (c) 8]
E(2) A is a square matrix of order n.
l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is triangular matrix
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.

n(n + 1) n(n - 1)
[Sol. l = + 1, m = n + 1, p = \ n = 4]
2 2
4. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES :
(a) Equality Of Matrices :
The matrices A = [aij] & B= [bij] are equal if,
(i) both have the same order. (ii) aij = bij for each pair of i & j .
(b) Addition :
A + B = [aij + bij] where A & B are of the same type. (same order)
(i) Addition of matrices is commutative.
i.e. A + B = B + A where A and B must have the same order
(ii) Addition of Matrix is associative : (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
Provided A, B & C have the same order.
(iii) Additive inverse : If A + B = O = B + A [A = m × n]
and both A and B have the same order then A and B are said to be the additive inverse of each
other where O is the null matrix of the same order as that of A and B. 'O' is the additive identity
element.
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

If A + B = A + C Þ B = C
(iv) Cancellation law : cancellation laws hold good.
If B + A = C + A Þ B = C
Note : If A and B are square matrices of the same type then, tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B)
(c) Multiplication Of A Matrices By A Scalar :

éa b c ù éka kb kc ù
ê ú ê ú
If A = êb c a ú ; kA = êkb kc ka ú
êë c a búû êë kc ka kb úû

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Note : (i) If A is a square matrix then t r(kA) = k[tr(A)] (ii) For square matrix A, |kA| = k n|A|
EXAMPLES :
æ 6 -6 0ö æ 3 2 5ö
E(1) Find the matrices X and Y if 2X – Y = ç ÷ and X + 2Y = ç ÷
è -4 2 1ø è -2 1 -7 ø
E(2) A matrix has 143 elements. Number of possible orders it can have. [Ans. 4]
D(3) Solve the equation, [x 2y 3z] – 2[y z – x ] + 3[–z x y ] = [–12, 1, 17]
on adding 3 matrices of LHS
[x – 2y – 3z 2y –2 z + 3 x 3z +2x + 3 y ] = [–12, 1, 17] [Ans. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3]
é1 0 0ù é1 -2 2ù
ê ú ê ú
D(4) If A = ê -2 1 3ú and B = ê2 3 1 ú then find 2A + 3B – 5I
êë 0 -1 2 úû êë0 1 0úû
æ 0 -6 6ö
ç ÷
+2 6 9÷
[Ans. ç ]
ç 0 1 -1 ÷ø
è
(d) Multiplication Of matrices : (Row by Column)
AB exists if, A= m× n & B=n×p
2× 3 3 ×3
AB is matrix of 2× 3
Note that, AB exists, but BA does not Þ AB ¹ BA
(Number of columns in the pre multiplier = number of rows in post multiplier)
ì A = pre factor
Note : In the product AB, í
îB = post factor
é b1 ù
ê ú
ê b2 ú
A= (a1,a2,..................an) & B = ê: ú
ê ú
ëê b n ûú
1× n n ×1
A B = [a1b1+a2b2+.........+anbn]
n
If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix & B = [bij] be an n × p matrix, then ( AB )ij = å a ir .brj is a matrix of order
r =1
m × p.
Proof (desirable) :
Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and B [bij] be an n × p matrix. Then the m × p matrix C = [cij] is called the
product if Cij = AiBj
where Ai is the i th row of A and Bj is the j th column of B. Thus the product AB is obtained as follows:
C1 C2 Cj Cp
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

é b11 b12 b1 j b1p ù

R1 ® é a11 a12 a13 ............... a ij ................ a1n ù ê ú
ê b21 b22 b2 j b2p ú
ê ú
R2 ® ê a21 a22 a23 ............... a2 j ............... a2n ú ê ú
× ê.................. . ................ú
R i ® ê a i1 ai2 a i3 ............... a ij ................ a in ú
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

ê ú ê bi1 b i2 b ij b ip ú
R 4 ® êëa m1 a m2 a m3 .............. a mj ............... a mn úû êb b np úúû
êë n1 bn2 b nj
éR C R1 C2 ....... R1 C j R1 C p ù
ê 1 1 ú
ê R 2 C2 R2 C2 ....... R 2 C j R 2 C p ú
ê ........ ........ ....... ........ ........ úú
=ê Thus (AB)ij = A i Bj
ê R i C1 R i C2 ....... R i C j R i Cp ú
ê ú
ê........ ........ ....... ........ ........ ú
êR m C1 R m C2 ....... R m C j R m Cp úú
êë û

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é b1j ù
ê ú
ê b2 j ú
ê ú
ê . ú
(AB)ij = ëéa i1 a i2 ..........a in ûù ê . ú = [ai1 b1j + ai2b2j + ...............+ ainbnj ]
ê ú
ê .ú
ê .ú
ê ú
ëê b nj ûú
n
( AB )ij = å (a ir .brj )
r =1

Home work : NCERT (Ex.3.1), Ex.-1 : Q.1 to 4 & 8; Ex.2 : Q.4 & 7; Ex.4(A) : Q.1,2,5,8,9 & 11.

nd
2 LECTURE

5. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION :

(a) Matrix multiplication is not commutative :

é1 1 ù é1 0 ù é1 0 ù é1 1 ù
A= ê ú ; B =ê ú ; AB = ê ú ; BA = ê ú
ë0 0û ë0 0û ë0 0û ë0 0û
Þ AB ¹ BA (in general)
Note :
(i) If A and B are two non-zero matrices such that AB =0 then A and B are called the divisors of zero. Also
AB = 0 Þ
/ BA = 0.

é1 1 ù é -1 1 ù é0 0ù
For example : Let A = ê ú &B=ê ú then AB = ê ú but A ¹ 0 & B = 0.
ë2 2 û ë 1 -1û ë0 0û

(ii) If AB = AC Þ
/ B = C. However if B = C then AB = AC.
(iii) If AB = AC Þ B = C only if A is non singular. If A is non singular and AB = O then B = O.
(iv) If A and B are two matrices such that
(a) AB = BA Þ A and B commute each other

(b) AB = –BA Þ A and B anti commute each other

(v) tr(AB) = tr(BA)

(vi) For a square matrix A & B, |AB| = |A| |B| in general |Ak| = |A|k, k Î N.
EXAMPLE :

éa 2 ù
ú and A = 125 , then find a.
3
E(1) If A = ê [Ans. ±3]
ë2 a û
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éa 0ù é1 0 ù
D(2) If A = ê ú and B = ê ú , then find the value of a for which A = B
2
[Ans. No real value of a]
ë 1 1 û ë5 1 û

(b) Matrix Multiplication Is Associative :

If A, B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then
(AB)C = A(BC)
A = [aij] is m × n ; B = [bij] is n × p ; C = [cij] is p × q

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Proof (Desirable) : (AB)C & A(BC) have the same order Þ comparable.
p
[(AB)C]ij = å (AB)
r =1
ir Crj

p n
p
æ n ö
= å ç å a is b sr ÷ c rj = å å (a is b sr ) c rj
r =1 è s =1 ø r =1 s =1

p n

= åå a
r =1 s =1
is (b sr .c rj ) (associativity in R)
n p n

= å a is å bsr c rj = å a is (BC)sj = [A . (BC)]ij

s =1 r =1 s =1

\ [(A.B).C] ij = [A.(B.C)]ij Þ (AB)C = A . (BC)

(c) Distributivity :
Matrix multiplication is distributive over addition.
A(B + C) = AB + AC ù
ú Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products.
(A + B)C = AC + BC û
A = m × n; B = n × p; c = n × p
n n
Proof (Desirable) : [A.(B + C)]ij = å a ir (B + C)rj = å air (brj + c rj )
r =1 r =1

n n
= å a ir b rj + å a ir c rj = (AB)ij + (AC) ij = (AB + AC) ij
r =1 r =1

6. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX :

For a square matrix A, A2A = (AA) A = A (AA)=A3. i.e. (i) Am . An = Am+n (ii) (Am)n = Amn for m,n Î N.
Note :

ïì A + 2AB + B if
2 2
A and B commute
(i) (a) (A + B)2 = í 2 2
ïî A + B if A and B anticommute

In general (A + B)n = nC0.An + nC1.An–1.B +.........+ nCn.Bn, n Î N (when A & B commute each
other)
(b) A2 – B2 = (A + B)(A – B) if A and B commute.
(ii) for a unit matrix I of any order, Im = I for all m Î N.
EXAMPLES :
E(1) If A, B, C are the given matrices such that AB = O and BC = I, then prove that (A + B)2 (A + C)2 =I
where I is an identity matrix.
[Sol. Given BC = I and AB = O or A(BC) = AI = A hence, (AB)(C) = A Þ A = O ;
hence (A + B)2 (A+C)2 = B2C2 = (BB) (CC) = B (BC)(C) = B I C = BC = I ]
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

æ1 1ö
E(2) Find all matrices which commute with the matrix A = ç ÷
è 0 1ø

æx yö æx yö
[Ans. B = ç ÷ , where x, y are scalars; Let A = ç ÷ ; now equate AB = BA to get a = 0 and b = x.]
è0 xø è a bø

æ 1 -1 ö æa 1 ö
D(3) Let A = ç ÷ and B = ç b -1 ÷ . If (A + B) = A + B , find a and b.
2 2 2

è 2 -1 ø è ø
[Hint : AB + BA = 0] [Ans. a = 1, b = 4]

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7. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL :
If ƒ (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + an, then we define a matrix polynomial
ƒ (A) = a0An + a1An – 1 + a2An–2 + ....... + anIn.
where A is the given square matrix. If ƒ (A) is the null matrix, then A is called the zero or root of the polynomial ƒ (x).
EXAMPLE :
æ 2 3ö
E(1) Let A = ç ÷ and ƒ (x) = x 2 – 4x + 7, show that f (A) = O.
è -1 2 ø
æ -10 27 ö
Use this result to find A 3. [Ans. A3 = ç ÷]
è -9 -10 ø
[Sol. We have , ƒ (x) = x2 – 4x + 7. Therefore ƒ (A) = A2 – 4A + 7I 2
Now, f (A) = 0 Þ A 2 - 4A + 7I2 = 0

Þ A 2 = 4A - 7I2 Þ A 3 = A 2 . A = (4A - 7I2 )A = 4A 2 - 7I2 A

Þ A 3 = 4(4A - 7I2 ) - 7A (Usin g A 2 = 4A - 7I2 )
Þ A 3 = 9A - 28I2 ]
8. CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION :
Let A be a square matrix. Then the polynomial |A – xI| is called as characteristic polynomial of A & the
equation |A – xI| = 0 is called as characteristic equation of A.
Note : tr(A) = sum of the roots of the characteristic equation
det(A) = product of the roots of the characteristic equation
EXAMPLE :
é1 2 3 ù
ê ú
E(1) A = ê 4 5 7 ú & f(x) = x3 – 8x2 + bx + g. If A satisfies f(x) = 0 then ordered pair (a, g) is -
êë2 3 a úû
•(A) (2, –7) (B) (–2, 7) (C) (2, 7) (D) (–2, –7)

9. DEFINITIONS :
(a) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provide A2 = A. For an idempotent matrix A,
An = A " n ³ 2, n Î N
Example :
é 2 -2 -4 ù
ê ú
D(1) Show that the matrix A ê -1 3 4 ú is idempotent.
=
êë 1 -2 -3úû
Note :
(i) The values of determinant of idempotent matrix are 0 or 1.
(ii) The only invertible idempotent matrix is I. (Desirable)
(b) Nilpotent Matrix : A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of index p, (p Î N) , if Ap = O,
Ap–1 ¹ O i.e. if p is the least positive integer for which Ap = O, then A is said to be nilpotent of index p.
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

Example :

é1 1 3ù
ê ú
D(1) A = ê 5 2 6 ú Note that A3 = O but A2 ¹ O Þ index of nilpotency = 3
êë -2 -1 -3úû

é ab b2 ù
D(2) A = ê 2 ú is a nilpotent matrix of index 2.
ë -a -ab û
Note : The value of determinant of nilpotent matrix is 0. i.e. it is always singular.

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(c) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix which satisfies the relation AK+1 = A, for some positive integer K,
then A is periodic i.e. if K is the least positive integer for which A K+1 = A then A is said to be periodic with
period K.
Note : Period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
E(1) Find the possible value of determinant of matrix having :
(a) period 3 (b) period 2 [Ans. (a) 0, 1 ; (b) 0, 1, –1]
6
E(2) If A is periodic matrix having period 3 and A + B = I, then the value of AB is equal to -
(A) I (B) 0 (C) A2 (D) (A + I) [Ans. B]
(d) Involutary Matrix : If A2 = I, the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix or square root of unit matrix
is called involutary matrix.

é 0 1 ù é0 1 ù é1 0 ù
e.g. (i) A=ê úê ú=ê ú
ë1 0 û ë1 0 û ë0 1 û
Note :
(i) The value of determinant of involutary matrix are 1 or –1. i.e. it is always non-singular.
(ii) An involutary matrix is its own inverse. (Desirable)

Home Work : NCERT (Ex. 3.2) ; Sheet Ex.1: Q.5 & Q.9, Ex.4(A) : Q.3,4,6,7 & 10; Ex.3:
True/False Type (exepet Q.6), Match the column 1 & 2
rd
3 LECTURE
é aù
ê 0 - tan ú é cos a - sin a ù
2
E(1) If A = ê ú and I is a unit matrix of order 2. Show that I + A = (I – A). ê ú
ê tan a ë sin a cos a û
êë 0 úú
2 û

é aù é aù
ê 1 - tan ê 1 tan ú
2ú 2
[Sol. We have, I + A = ê ú and I – A = ê ú
ê tan a 1 úú ê - tan a
1 úú
ëê 2 û êë 2 û
é aù
1 tan ú écos a - sin a ù
écos a - sin a ù ê 2
Now, (I - A) ê sin a cos a ú = ê ú ê sin a cos a ú
û ê - tan a ë û
ë 1 úú
ëê 2 û
é 2 a a ù
ê 1 - tan 2 2 tan
2 ú
ê ú é 1 - t2 2t ù
é aù ê 1 + tan2 a a
1 + tan2 ú ê - ú
ê 1 tan
2ú ê 2 2 ú é 1 t ù ê1 + t
2
1 + t2 ú a
= ê ú ê =
a ú ê - t 1úû ê 2t
, where t = tan .
ê - tan a a 1 - t2 ú 2
1 úú ê 2 tan 1 - tan2 ú ë ê 2 ú
êë 2 û ê 2 2ú ë 1 + t2 1+ t û
ê 2 a aú
êë 1 + tan 2 1 + tan2 ú
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

2û
é 1 - t2 + 2t2 -2t + t - t 3 ù é 1 + t2 - t (1 + t 2 ) ù é aù
ê ú ê ú ê 1 - tan
1 + t2 1 + t2 ú 1 + t2 1 + t2 ú é1 - t ù 2ú
= ê = ê = ê ú= ê ú = I+A]
ê - t + t 3 + 2t 2t + 1 - t ú
2 2
ê t (1 + t2 ) 1+ t 2
ú ët 1 û ê tan a 1 úú
ê ú ê ú ëê 2 û
ë 1 + t2 1 + t2 û ë 1 + t2 1 + t2 û

æ 8 -57 ö
E(2) Find an upper triangular matrix A such that A 3 = ç ÷ .
è 0 27 ø

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é 3 -4 ù é1 + 2n -4n ù
D(3) (a) if A = ê ú use induction to prove that An = ê ú for n Î N.
ë1 - 1 û ë n 1 - 2n û
é cos a sin a ù n é cos na sin na ù
(b) A= ê ú use induction to prove that A = ê ú
ë - sin a cos a û ë - sin na cos na û
(Only for XII - CBSE)
é -1 0 ù
D(4) Determine the matrix B and C with integral element such that A = ê ú = B + C , where k is any
3 3

ë k -2 û
integer. [Ans. B = A + I, C = –I]
é -1 0 ù é -1 0 ù é 1 0ù
[Sol. A2 = ê úê ú Þ A2 = ê ú
ë k -2 û ë k -2 û ë -3k 4 û
é 1 0 ù é -3 0 ù é -2 0 ù
A 2 + 3A = ê ú+ê ú=ê ú
ë - 3k 4 û ë 3k -6 û ë 0 -2û
é -2 0 ù é2 0 ù é0 0 ù
A 2 + 3A + 2I = ê ú + 2ê ú=ê ú = O.
ë 0 -2 û ë0 2 û ë0 0 û
\ A3 + 3A2 + 2A = O.
(A + I)3 – A = I3 Þ A = (A + I)3 + (–I)3 Þ B3 + C3 Þ B = A + I and C = –I]

10. THE TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX : (CHANGING ROWS & COLUMNS)

Let A be any matrix . Then, A = [ aij ] of order m × n
Þ AT or A' = [aji] for 1 £ i £ n & 1 £ j £ m of order n × m.
Thus AT is obtained by changing its rows into column and columns into row.
Properties of Transpose :
If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B,
(a) (AT)T = A
Proof : [(AT)T]ij = [AT]ji = Aij
(b) (A + B)T = AT + BT ; note that A & B have the same order.
Proof : [(A + B)T] ij = [(A + B) ] ji
= aji + bji = (AT)ij + (BT)ij = (AT + BT )ij
(c) (KA)T = KAT , K be any scalar (real or complex )
(d) (A B)T = BT AT A & B are conformable for matrix product AB
Proof : A = [a i j] is m × n ; B = [b i j ] is n × p
n n

[(AB)T] i j = (AB) ji = å a jr .bri = å (A )rj (B )ir

T T

r =1 r =1

n
= å (B )ir (A )rj = (BT AT )ij
T T

r =1

General : (A1,A2,.................An)T = A nT ,.............., A 2T , A1T (reversal law for transpose)

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(e) (An)T = (AT)n

(f) tr(AT) = tr(A)
(g) |AT| = |A|
EXAMPLE :
E(1) If square matrix A and B are such that A AT = AT A, B BT = BT B , ABT = BTA, then prove that
AB (AB)T = (AB)T AB.

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11. ORTHOGONAL MATRICES :
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix, if AAT = I = AT A
é a1 a 2 a 3 ù é a1 b1 c1 ù
ê ú
Let A = ê b1 b2 b3 ú ; then A T = êê a 2 b2 c2 úú
ê c1 c2 c3 ú êë a 3 b 3 c 3 úû
ë û

é a12 + a 22 + a 32 a1 b1 + a 2 b2 + a 3 b 3 a 1 c1 + a 2 c 2 + a 3 c 3 ù é1 0 0ù
ê ú ê ú
AA T = ê b1a1 + b2 a 2 + b 3 a 3 b12 + b22 + b23 b1c1 + b2 c 2 + b3 c3 ú = ê0 1 0ú
ê c1 a1 + c2 a 2 + c3 a 3 c1 b1 + c2 b2 + c3 b 3 c12 + c22 + c32 ú êë0 0 1 úû
ë û
Comparing
3 3

åa i
2
= å bi = å c i = 1 and
2 2
åa
i =1
i bi = å b i c i = å c i a i = 0
i =1
Note :
(i) All the 3 rows & 3 columns of an orthogonal matrix are pairwise orthogonal triad of 3 unit vectors.
(ii) AT = A–1. (Desirable)
Example :
E(1) If A and B are orthogonal matrix of same order then prove that AB is also orthogonal.
E(2) If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MTM = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M–I) = 0. [JEE-2004]
D(3) If li , mi, ni ; i 1, 2, 3 denote the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular vectors in space, prove
él1 m1 n1 ù
that the matrix A = êêl 2 m2 n2 úú is an orthogonal matrix.
êël 3 m3 n 3 úû

[Sol. Since l1 , m1, n1 ; l2 , m2, n2 and l3 , m3, n3 are the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular vectors.
Therefore, l12 + m12+ n12 = 1, l22 + m22 + n22 = 1, and l32 + m32 + n32 = 1
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 , l1l3 + m1m3 + n1n3 = 0
l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = 0
é l1 m1 n1 ù é l1 l 2 l 3 ù é 1 0 0ù
ú = ê 0 1 0ú
Now, AA = êê l 2 m2 n2 úú êê m1 m 2 m 3
T
ú ê ú=I
êë l 3 m3 n3 úû ê n1 n2 n3 ú êë 0 0 1 úû
ë û
Similarly, it can be show that AT A = I

é a 2 / 3 2 / 3ù
ê ú
D(4) Find a, b, c x and y if the matrix A given by A = ê2 / 3 1/ 3 b ú is orthogonal. (Home Work)
êë c x y úû
[Sol. It is given that the matrix A is orthogonal. Therefore,
AAT = I
é a 2 / 3 2 / 3ù é a 2 / 3 c ù é 1 0 0ù
Þ ê ú ê ú ê ú
ê2 / 3 1 / 3 b ú ê2 / 3 1/ 3 x ú = ê 0 1 0 ú
êë c x y úû êë2 / 3 b y úû êë 0 0 1 úû
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

é 2 4 4 2a 2 2b 2x 2y ù
ê a +9+9 + +
3 9 3
ac +
3
+
3ú
ê ú é 1 0 0ù
ê 2a + 2 + 2b 4 + 1 + b2 2c x ú ê ú
Þ ê 3 9 3 + + by ú = ê 0 1 0 ú
9 9 3 3 êë 0 0 1 úû
ê ú
ê ac + 2x 2y 2c x 2 2 2 ú
+ + + by c +x +y
êë 3 3 3 3 úû

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1 1 2
Þ a=± , a + b = - , 3ac + 2x + 2y = 0, b = ±
3 3 3
2c + x + 3by = 0 and c2 + x2 + y 2 = 1
1 1 2 1 2
Now a = ± , a+b=- , b =± Þ a= and b = -
3 3 3 3 3
substituting the values of a and b in 3ac + 2x + 2y = 0 and 2c + x + 3 by = 0
we get, c + 2x + y = 0 and 2c + x – 2y = 0
Þ c = –x = 2y
Putting c = 2y and x = – 2y in c2 + x2 + y2 = 1,
1
we get, y = ±
3
2 1 2
Thus we have x = m , y = ± and c = ±
3 3 3
Hence, there are two possible solutions :
1 2 2 2 1
(I) a= , b = - , c = , x = - and y =
3 3 3 3 3
1 2 2 2 1
(II) a=
, b = - , c = - , x = and y = -
3 3 3 3 3
Home work : NCERT (Ex. 3.3)
Sheet : Ex.1: Q.6; Ex.2 : Q.5 & 10; Ex.4(A)-Q.9 to Q.12, Ex.3-T/F

th
4 LECTURE
12. SYMMETRIC & SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX :
Symmetric : A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be, symmetric if,
é3 -1 1ù
ê ú
aij = aji " i&jfor e.g. ê -1 2 5ú
êë 1 5 -2 úû
Þ (A)ij = (AT)ij Þ A = AT Þ A – AT = 0
Skew Symmetric : A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be, skew symmetric if, aij = –aji " i & j
é0 a bù
e.g. A = êê -a 0 -c úú
êë -b c 0 úû
Hence If A is skew symmetric , then
aij = –aji Þ aii = 0 (putting j = i)
Aij = –(AT)ij Þ A = –AT Þ A + AT = 0
Note :
(i) The pair of conjugate elements are additive inverse of each other.
n(n + 1)
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

(ii) Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of order n is .

2
n(n + 1)
(1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + n) =
2
(iii) The diagonal elements of a skew square matrix are all zero, but not the converse.
(iv) For a skew symmetric matrix A of order (2p – 1), |A| = 0.
Since A is skew symmetric hence AT = –A then |AT| = |–A| = (–1)2p – 1 |A| = –|A|
but |AT| = |A|, hence |A| = –|A| Þ |A| = O.

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13. PROPERTIES OF SYMMETRIC AND SKEW MATRIX :
P-1 : If A be a square matrix then
(a) A + AT is symmetric matrix
(b) A – AT is skew symmetric matrix
(c) A AT and AT A are symmetric matrices
Verify in each case.
P-2 : Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
[Sol. A = (A + A T ) + (A - A T ) = P + Q (say),
2 2
1 1
where P = (A + A T ) & Q = (A - A T )
2 2
T
1 1
Now, P T = æç (A + A T ) ö÷ = (A + A T )T [Q(kA)T = k AT]
è 2 ø 2
1 1 1
= (A + (A T )T ) = (A T + A) = (A + A T ) Þ P is symmetric matrix
2 2 2
T
T æ1 T ö 1 1 1 1
Also Q = ç (A - A ) ÷ = (A - A T )T = (A T - (A T ) T ) = (A T - A) = - (A - A T ) = -P
è 2 ø 2 2 2 2
\ Q is a skew symmetric matrix.
Thus A = P + Q when P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew symmetric matrix.]
Uniqueness :
If possible , Let A = R + S, where R is symmetric and S is skew symmetric. Then
AT = (R + S)T = RT + ST = R – S (Q RT = R and ST = – S)
1 1
Now A = R + S and AT = R – S Þ R = (A + A T ) = P ; S = (A - A T ) = Q
2 2
Hence A is uniquely expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew matrix.
EXAMPLES :
E(1) If A and B are symmetric matrices, then show that AB is symmetric if AB = BA (i.e. A and B are
commute)
[Sol. Let AB is symmetric (Given : A = AT and B = BT Þ AB = ATBT)
(AB)T = AB Þ BT AT = AB Þ BA = AB (Q AT = A ; BT =B)]
E(2) Show that the matrix BT AB is symmetric or skew symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew
symmetric.
E(3) Show that
(a) All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric (An) = (An)T and
(b) All odd positive integral powers of a skew symmetric matrix are skew symmetric and
even positive integral powers of a skew symmetric matrix are symmetric.
[Sol. Let A be a symmetric matrix and nÎ N , then
(a) An = (A. A. A..........A) up to n times.
(An)T = (A. A. A..........A)T = AT. AT. ........AT up to n times.
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

\ (AT)n
(An)T = An Þ is also a symmetric matrix.
(b) Again let A be a skew symmetric matrix.
i.e. AT = –A
Now (An)T = (AT)n (proved in (a))
(A ) = (–A) = (–1) (A)n
nT n n

éA n if n is even
Þ (A n )T = ê n ]
ë - A if n is odd

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E(4) Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order then prove that
(a) A + B is a symmetric matrix.
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
(c) AB – BA is a skew matrix.
Verify in each case

é 5 2 xù
ê ú
E(5) If the matrix A = ê y z -3 ú is a symmetric matrix, find x, y, z and t.
êë 4 t -7 úû

[Sol. Since A = [Aij] is symmetric matrix. Therefore, aij = aij for all i, j
Þ a12 = a21, a13 = a31 and a23 = a32 Þ y = 2, x = 4 and t = –3
Thus , we have x= 4 , y = 2, t = –3 and z can assume any value.]

é3 2 3 ù
ê ú
D(6) Express the matrix A = ê4 5 3 ú as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
êë2 4 5 úû

é3 2 3 ù é3 4 2 ù
ê ú
[Sol. We have, A = ê4 5 3 ú , A = ê2 5 4 ú
T
ê ú
êë2 4 5 úû êë3 3 5 úû

é 3 3 5 / 2ù é 0 -1 1/ 2 ù
1 ê ú and Q = 1 (A - A T ) = ê 1 0 -1/ 2 ú
P = (A + A ) = ê 3
T
5 7 / 2ú ê ú
2 2
êë5 / 2 7 / 2 5 úû êë -1/ 2 1/ 2 0 úû
T
é 3 3 5/2 ù é 3 3 5/2 ù
T ê ú ê ú
Then P = ê 3 5 7 / 2 ú = ê 3 5 7/2 ú = P
êë5 / 2 7 / 2 5 úû êë5 / 2 7 / 2 5 úû
T
é 0 -1 1/ 2 ù
T
é 0 1 -1 / 2 ù é 0 -1 1/ 2 ù
ê ú
and Q T = ê 1 0 -1/ 2 ú = ê -1 0 1/ 2 ú = - ê 1 0 -1 / 2 ú = - Q
ê ú ê ú
êë -1 / 2 1/ 2 0úû êë1 / 2 -1/ 2 0úû êë -1/ 2 1 / 2 0 úû

Thus P is symmetric and Q is skew symmetric. Also

é 3 3 5 / 2 ù é 0 -1 1/ 2 ù é 3 2 3 ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú
P + Q = ê 3 5 7 / 2 ú + ê 1 0 -1/ 2 ú = ê 4 5 3ú = A
êë5 / 2 7 / 2 5 úû êë -1/ 2 1/ 2 0úû êë 2 4 5 úû

Thus, we have expressed A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.]

14. ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX :

é a11 a12 a13 ù

ê ú
Let A = [a ij ] = êa21 a22 a23 ú be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

êëa31 a32 a33 úû

é C11 C12 C13 ù
ê ú
=
the cofactors of aij in determinant |A| is ê C21 C22 C23 ú .
êëC31 C32 C33 úû
é C11 C21 C31 ù
Then (adj A) = êê C12 C22 C32 úú
êë C13 C23 C33 úû

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 MATHEMATICS
Hence the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A in det(A) is called the adj A.
Note :
ép q ù é s -q ù
(i) If A = ê ú then A dj A = ê - r p ú
ër sû ë û
Hence adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements
and changing the signs of the off diagonal elements.
(ii) The adjoint of a scalar matrix is also a scalar matrix, adjoint of a diagonal matrix and adjoint of a
triangular matrix is a triangular matrix.
EXAMPLE :
é1 2 3 ù é -24 4 8 ù
ê ú ê ú
E(1) A = ê5 0 4 ú find (adj. A). [Ans. adj A = ê -27 1 11 ú ]
êë2 6 7 úû êë 30 -2 -10 úû
15. PROPERTIES OF ADJOINT :
The following are some properties of adjoint of a square matrix which are stated as theorems
(E)Theorem-1 : A (adj. A) = (adj. A) .A = |A| In.
æ a11 a12 a13 ö æ C11 C21 C31 ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
Proof : A.(adj A) = ç a 21 a 22 a 23 ÷ ç C12 C22 C32 ÷
ça ÷ çC ÷
è 31 a 32 a33 ø è 13 C23 C33 ø

æ|A| 0 0 ö æ1 0 0 ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
ç 0 |A| 0 ÷ =|A|ç 0 1 0 ÷ Þ A. (Adj. A) = | A | I
ç 0 0 |A|ø ÷ ç0 0 1 ÷
è è ø
(whatever may be the value only |A| will come out as a common element)
A. (adj. A)
If | A | ¹ 0 then = I = unit matrix of the same order as that of A
|A|
(E)Theorem-2 : Let A be non- singular matrix of order n. Then
| adj A| = | A|n–1
Proof : A (adj A) = |A| In
|A| 0 0 .... 0
|A| 0 0 .... 0
0 |A| 0 .... 0
0 |A| 0 .... 0
A (adj A) = 0 0 |A| .... 0
Þ |A (adj A)|= 0 0 |A| .... 0 =|A|n
: : :
: : :
0 0 0 .... |A| n´ n
0 0 0 .... |A|
Þ |A||adj A|=|A| Þ | adj A|=|A|
n n–1
[Q | AB | = |A||B| ]
Home Work : NCERT (Miscelleneous Ex.)

th
5 LECTURE
(E)Theorem-3 : adj(KA) = Kn–1 adjA, where K is any scalar and n is order of A.
(D)Theorem-4 : If A and B are non singular square matrix of the same order, then adj AB = (adj B)(adj A)
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

Proof : Since A and B are non singular square matrices of the same order, therefore AB exists such that
|AB|=|A||B|¹ 0 (Q |A| ¹ 0, |B|¹ 0)
We know that, (AB) (adj AB) = |AB|In .......(i)
Also (AB)(adj B adj A)
= (A(B.adj B) adj A [By associativity]
= (A|B|In) adj A [Q B adj B = |B|In]
= |B|(A adj A) [Q AIn= A]
= |B|(|A|In) [Q A adj A = |A|In]

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 MATHEMATICS
= |A||B|In
= |AB|In [Q |AB|=|A||B|]
Thus, (AB)(adj B adj A) = |AB|In .......(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get (AB)(adj B) = (AB)(adj B . adj A)
But |AB| ¹ 0, therefore (AB)–1 exists. By cancellation law, we have adj (AB) = adj B . Adj
(D)Theorem-5 : If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj AT = (adj A)T
Proof : Since A is invertible matrix. Therefore,
|A|¹0
Þ | AT | ¹ 0 [Q | A | = | AT | ]
Þ | A | is invertible
T

Now, A adj A = |A|In

Þ (A adj A)T = (|A|In)T
Þ (adj A)T (AT)= |A|In .......(i)
Also we have
(adj AT) (AT)= |AT|In (using (adj B) . B = |B|In)
Þ (adj A) (A )= |A|In
T T
.......(ii) [Q | A | = | AT | ]
From (i) and (ii), we get
(adj AT) (AT)= (adj A)T (AT)
Þ adj AT = (adj A)T [By right cancellation law]
(D)Theorem-6 : If A is a are non singular square matrix , then
2
(a) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A (b) |adj (adj A)| = |A|(n -1)
Proof : We know that
B (adj B) = | B | In for every square matrix of order n.
Replacing B by adj A, we get
(adj A) [adj (adj A)] = | adj A | In
Þ (adj A) [adj (adj A)] = | A |n–1 In [Q|adj A | = | A |n–1 ]
Þ A . (adj A) (adj (adj A)] = A{|A|n–1 In} [pre-multiplying both sides by A]
Þ |A|In (adj adj A) = | A | n–1
A [Q = AIn = A and A adj A = | A | In]
Þ |A|In (adj adj A) = | A | A n–1

Þ |A| adj(adj A) = | A |n–1 A

Þ adj adj A = |A|n–2 A
2 2
- 2n +1
Now, |adj(adj A)| = (|A|n – 2)n . (A) = |A|n =|A|(n -1)

16. INVERSE OF A MATRIX (RECIPROCAL MATRIX) :

Definition : A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that,
AB = I = BA
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A –1. Thus
A–1 = B Û AB = I = BA
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

17. PROPERTIES OF INVERSE :

(adj A)
Property-1 A -1 =
|A|
We have, A.(adj A) = |A| I n Þ A -1 A(adj A) = A -1 In |A| Þ In (adj A) = A -1 |A|I n
(adj A)
\ A -1 = for |A| ¹ 0
|A|
Remarks : Note that A–1 exists if A is non singular.

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MATHEMATICS
EXAMPLE :
æ 1 0 -1 ö
E(1) Find the inverse of the matrix , A = çç 3 4 5 ÷÷
ç 0 -6 -7 ÷
è ø
Note :
(i) The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that |A| ¹ 0 .
(ii) Inverse of a non singular diagonal matrix dia(k 1k 2k 3 ......k n ) is the diagonal matrix diag
(k1-1, k2-1, k 3-1 ......,k -n1 )
(E)Theorem-1 : Every invertible matrix posses a unique inverse.
Proof : Let A be an invertible matrix of order n. Let B and C be two inverse of A.
Then, AB = BA = In ..............(i)
and AC = CA = In ..............(ii)
(i) – (ii) Þ A(B – C) = On
Q A is invertible matrix
\ A–1A(B – C) = On
Þ B=C
Hence an invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
(E)Theorem-2 : If A is an invertible square matrix, then A T is also invertible and (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
Proof : Since A is invertible matrix. Therefore,
|A| ¹ 0

Þ |A T | ¹ 0 [Q A T | = |A|]

Þ AT is also invertible.
Now, AA–1 = In = A–1 A
Þ (AA–1)T = (In)T = (A–1A)T
Þ (A–1)T (AT) = In = AT (A–1)T (as good as AB = I = AB Þ A–1 = B)
Þ (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
1
(E)Theorem-3 : If A a non-singular matrix, then prove that |A–1| = | A|–1 i.e. | A–1| =
|A|
Proof : Since |A| ¹ 0 therefore A–1 exists such that
AA–1 = I = A–1 A Þ |AA–1| = |I|
Þ |A| |A–1| = 1 [Q |AB| = |A| |B| and |I| = 1]
1
Þ |A–1| = [Q |A| ¹ 0 ]
|A|
(E)Theorem-4 : If A & B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

Proof : A & B are invertible. (reversal law of inverse)

Þ |A| ¹ 0 & |B| ¹ 0 Þ |A||B| ¹ 0 Þ |AB| ¹ 0
ÞAB is invertible
Let C = B–1 A–1
\ (AB) C = (AB) (B–1 A–1)
= A (BB–1) A–1 (assoviatively)
= A IA–1 = (AI) A–1 = AA –1 = AA–1 = I ........(1)
Note : If A is invertible, (a) (A–1)–1 = A (b) (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k = A–k (negetive integral power of A)

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Proof : (a) As A is invertible hence AA–1 = I = A–1A
Hence (A–1) and A are inverse of each other
\ (A–1)–1 = A
k
(b) again A = A
14A4244
A.....A.
3
k times

\ (A ) = (A A....A)–1 = A–1 . A–1 . A–1 ..... k times = (A–1)k

k –1

hence (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k kÎN

E(1) If A & B commute then A–1 and B–1 (if exist) also commute.
EXAMPLES :
E(1) If A is a symmetric matrix, then prove that adj A is also a symmetric matrix.
Proof : Let A be a symmetric matrix. Then,
AT = A .............(i)
We know that
adj (AT) = (adj A)T [see theorem 4]
\ adj (A) = (adj A)T
[using (i)]
Þ adj A is a symmetric matrix.
E(2) If A and B are square matrices of order 3, and adj A = B, then adj (3AB) is equal to -
(A) 3 |B|2 I3 •(B) 9 |B| I3 (C) 3 |A|2 I3 (D) 9 |A| I3

éa b ù
E(3) Find the inverse of the matrix A = ê 1 + bc ú and show that : aA = (a +bc + 1)I – aA.
–1 2

êë c a û ú

é 1 + bc -bù é 1 + bc -bù
[Hint : adj A = ê a ú and |A|=1] [Ans. ê a ú]
êë -c a úû êë -c a úû
é2 1 ù é -3 2 ù é -2 4 ù
E(4) Find the matrix A satisfying the equation, ê
3 2
ú Aê ú=ê ú
ë û ë 5 - 3 û ë 3 - 1û
[Hint : PAQ=R Þ P–1PAQ = P–1R Þ AQ = P–1R
Þ AQQ–1 = P–1RQ–1 Þ A = P–1RQ–1]

é cos x - sin x 0ù é cos y 0 sin y ù

ê ú ê ú
E(5) Let F (x) = ê sin x cos x 0ú and , G(y) = ê 0 1 0 ú
êë 0 0 1 úû êë - sin y 0 cos y úû

Show that : (i) [F(x)]–1 = F (–x) ; (ii) [G(y)]–1 = G(–y) ; (iii) [F(x) G(y)]–1 = G (–y) F (–x)

é cos x - sin x 0ù é cos x sin x 0ù é1 0 0ù

ê ú ê ú
[Sol. (i) We have, F (x) F (–x) = ê sin x cos x 0ú ê - sin x cos x 0ú = ê0 1 0ú = I3
ê ú
êë 0 0 1 úû êë 0 0 1 úû êë0 0 1úû
Þ F(–x) is the inverse of matrix F(x) i.e. [F(x)]–1 = F (–x)
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\MATRICES

é cos y 0 sin y ù é cos y 0 - sin y ù é1 0 0ù

We have, G (y) G(–y) = ê 0 ú ê ú ê ú
(ii) 1 0 ú ê 0 1 0 ú = ê0 1 0ú = I3
ê
êë - sin y 0 cos y úû êë sin y 0 cos y úû êë0 0 1úû

Þ G(–y) is the inverse of G(y) i.e. [G(y)]–1 = G (–y)

(iii) We have, [F(x) G(y)–1] = [G(y)–1] [F(x)]–1 [Q (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1]
= G(–y) [F( – x)] [Using (i) and (ii)]
E(6) If A is an orthogonal non-singular matrix, then prove that A–1 is also an orthogonal matrix.

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 MATHEMATICS
[Sol. Since A is an orthogonal matrix. Therefore,
AAT = I = ATA Þ (AAT)–1 = I = (AT A)–1
Þ (AT)–1 A–1 = I = A–1 (AT)–1
Þ (A–1)T A–1 = I = A–1 (A–1) T [Q (AT)–1 = (A–1)T]
Þ A–1 is an orthogonal matrix.]
D(5) Prove that det{adj(adjA–1)} = (detA)–4, where A is a square matrix of order 3.
18. SYSTEM OF EQUATION & CRITERIAN FOR CONSISTENCY
(A) GAUSS-JORDAN METHOD
E(1) x + y + z = 6
x–y+z=2
2x + y – z = 1
æ x + y + z ö æ 6ö æ1 1 1 ö æ x ö æ6ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
ç x - y + z ÷ = ç2÷ Þ ç
1 -1 1 ÷ ç y ÷ = ç 2 ÷
ç 2x + y - z ÷ ç 1 ÷ ç 2 1 -1 ÷ ç z ÷ ç 1 ÷
è ø è ø è ø è ø è ø
A X B
AX=B Þ adjA.AX = adjA.B Þ |A|X = adjA.B
adjA
If |A| ¹ 0, then x = .B Þ X = A–1B, which represents the unique solution.
|A|
Note :
(i) If |A|¹ 0 ,system is consistent having unique solution as X = A–1B.
(ii) If |A|¹ 0 & (adj A) . B ¹ Null matrix, system is consistent having unique non-trivial solution.
(iii) If |A|¹ 0 & (adj A) . B = O (Null matrix), system is consistent having trivial solution as X = 0.
(iv) If |A| = 0 ,

If (adj A) . B = null matrix If (adj A) . B ¹ 0

Infinite solutions Inconsistent (no solution)

D(2) x + 2y + 3z = 2
2x + 4y + 5z = 3
3x + 5y + 6z = 4
(B) GAUSS - ELIMINATION METHOD (Not in Syllabus of JEE)
(SOLVING SYSTEM OF EQUATION BY ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATION
D(1) x + y + z = 4
3x + 2y – 2z = 1
5x + y – z = 4

é1 1 1 ù
ê ú
3 2 -2 ú
The coefficient of this system is ê
êë5 1 -1úû
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é1 1 1 | 4 ù
ê ú
3 2 -2 | 1 ú
Augmented matrix is ê
êë5 1 -1 | 4 úû
Elementary row operations that can be performed are
(i) Interchanging two rows
(ii) Multiplying any row by a non-zero scalar
(iii) Subtracting (adding) elements of any row by equimultiples of corresponding elements of any other
row.
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These operations are performed on Augmented matrix
é1 1 1 | 4 ù
ê ú R 2 ® R2 - 3R1 ü
ê3 2 -2 | 1 ú ý (III) operation
R 3 ® R 3 - 5R1 þ
êë5 1 -1 | 4 úû

é1 1 1 | 4 ù
ê ú
0 -1 -5 | -11ú
~ê R3 ® R3 - 4R 2 } (III) operation
êë0 -4 -6 | -16 úû

é1 1 1 | 4 ù x+y+z =4 ü
ê ú ï
~ ê0 -1 -5 | -11ú Þ y + 5z = 11 ý Þ x = 1, y = 1, z = 2
ï
ëê0 0 14 | 28 úû 14z = 28 þ
If the system has infinite solutions the equivalent augmented matrix will be of the form
éa1 a2 a 3 | d1 ù
ê ú
ê 0 b2 b3 | d 2 ú
êë 0 0 0 | 0 úû
If the system is inconsistent the equivalent augmented matrix will be of the form
é a1 a2 a 3 | d1 ù
ê ú
ê0 b2 b3 | d2 ú & d3 ¹ 0
êë 0 0 0 | d 3 úû

19. FINDING INVERSE USING ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATION

(Not in Syllabus of JEE) (Essential for Enthusiast course)
é 1 2 -2ù
ê ú
-1 3 0 ú
Using elementary transformation to find the inverse of ê
êë 0 -2 1 úû

é 1 2 -2 ù é1 0 0ù
ê ú ê ú
A = IA = ê -1 3 0 ú = ê0 1 0ú A
êë 0 -2 1 úû êë0 0 1 úû

é1 2 -2ù é1 0 0ù
ê ú ê ú
= ê0 5 -2ú = ê1 1 0ú A [Applying R2 ® R 2 + R1 ]
êë0 -2 1 úû êë0 0 1 úû

é1 0 -1ù é1 0 1 ù
ê ú ê ú
ê0 5 -2ú = ê1 1 2ú A [Applying R2 ® R2 + 2R 3 ]
êë0 -2 1 úû êë0 0 1 úû

é1 0 -1ù é1 0 1 ù
ê ú ê ú
ê0 1 0 ú = ê1 1 2 ú A [Applying R 3 ® R 3 + 2R2 ]
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êë0 0 1 úû êë2 2 5 úû

é1 0 0ù é3 2 6 ù
ê ú ê ú
ê0 1 0ú = ê1 1 2 ú A [Applying R1 ® R1 + R 3 ]
êë0 0 1 úû êë2 2 5 úû

(D)Home work : NCERT (Ex. 3.4) (Not in prescribed JEE syllabus)

(NOTE : NOT TO BE TAKEN IN CLASS)

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SUBMATRIX
Let A be an m × n matrix. Then a matrix obtained by leaving some rows or columns or both of A is called a
submatrix of A.

é2 1 0ù é2 1 0 -1ù
ê ú é2 2 ù ê ú
For example, matrix A = 3 2 2 and ê ú are submatrices of matrix A = ê3 2 2 4 ú
ê ú ë 5 3 û
êë2 5 3 1 úû
ëê2 5 3úû
The matrix A itself is a submatrix of A
20. RANK OF A MATRIX
A number r is said to be the rank of an m × n matrix A if
(i) every square submatrix of order ( r + 1) or more is singular, and
(ii) there exists atleast one square submatrix of order r which is non-singular.
Thus, the rank of a matrix is the other of the highest order non-singular square submatrix.
NOTE :
(i) The rank of null matrix is zero and the rank of every non-null matrix is greater than or equal to 1.
(ii) Rank of identity matrix of order n is n.
21. EQUIVALENT MATRICES
Two matrices A and B are equivalent if one can obtained from the other by a sequence of
elementary row transformations denoted by A ~ B

22. GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION AND MATRICES

é x ' ù é1 0 ù é x ù
(a) If a point P is ref. in x - axis, to Px (x' , y'), then ê ú = ê ú ê ú
ë y ' û ë0 - 1 û ë y û

é x '' ù é -1 0ù é x ù
(b) If ref. is in y-axis, then ê ú =ê ú ê ú
ë y '' û ë 0 1û ë y û P(x,y)
P y(x",y")
é x''' ù é0 1 ù é x ù
(c) If ref. is in y = x, then ê ú=ê ú ê ú P xy(x',y')
ë y''' û ë1 0 û ë y û

é x 0 ù é -1 0 ù é x ù
(d) If ref. is the origin, then ê ú =ê ú ê ú
ë y 0 û ë 0 -1û ë y û
P0
é x1 ù écos 2q sin 2q ù é x ù
(e) If ref. y = x tan q, then ê ú=ê ú ê ú
ë y1 û ë sin 2q - cos 2qû ë y û

é x1 ù écos q - sin qù é x ù
(f) If OP is rotated through an angle q (anticlockwise), then ê y ú = ê ú ê ú
ë 1 û ë sin q cos q û ë y û
23. HERMITIAN AND SKEW HERMITIAN MATRIX :
If A is square matrix whose entire are imaginary and
(A) T = A Þ A is a Hermitian Matrix
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(A) T = - A Þ A is a Skew Harmitian Matrix

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