CHAPTER 1: REACTION KINETICS

1.1: REACTION RATE

1. Reaction rate: Change in the _______________ of a ___________ or a ___________ with time.

Rate = k [A]x New rate equation when [A] is [A] increase by factor of? Order of
doubled reaction w.r.t
(with respect
to) to A?
x = 0, Rate = k [A]0 rate= -
Given A=2

x = 1, Rate = k [A]1 rate= Doubling the [A] will

Given A=2 ________________the rate.

x = 2, Rate = k[A]2 rate= Doubling [A], the rate will

Given A=2 increase by a factor of _____

2. Differential rate equation:

Ex 1: HCl(aq)+LiOH(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)

Rate =

Ex 2: C7H16(l)+O2(g)→CO2(g)+H2O(g)
Rate =

1
Exercise Differential Rate Equation

Equation Differential rate equation

1) NO2(g)+CO(g)⟶NO(g)+CO2(g)

2) I- (aq) + OCl- (aq) 

Cl- (aq) + OI- (aq)

3) 3O2 (g)  2O3 (g)

4) Ca(NO3)2(aq)+2NaOH(aq)→
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

5) Cu(s)+2AgNO3(aq)→Cu(NO3)2(aq)
+2Ag(s)

6)
HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)

7) C3H8(g)+O2(g)→CO2(g)+H2O(l)

8) HF(g)+K2CO3(aq)→KF(aq)+H2O(l)
+CO2(g)

9)Pb(NO3)2(aq)+FeCl3(aq)→
Fe(NO3)3(aq) +PbCl2(s)

2
1. For the reaction: 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g)  2N2(g) + 6H2O (g) . The rate decrease of NH3 is 0.82 Ms -1

a) Write the rate differential for the reaction above

b) What is the rate disappearance of O2 <0.615>

c) What is the rate of formation of H2O <1.23>

d) What is the rate of formation of N2 <0.41>

e) If the rate of formation of water at a given temperature and at certain time is 0.81 Ms-1.
Determine the rate of disappearance of ammonia? <0.54 Ms-1>

3
2. For the reaction 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  4NO(g) + 6H2O(g), the rate of disappearance of
oxygen is 0.020 Ms-1.

b) What is the rate disappearance of H2O <0.024>

c) What is the rate of formation of NO <0.016>

d) What is the rate of formation of NH3 <0.016>

3. The dissociation of nitrogen dioxide, NO2 occurs by the following reaction:

2NO2(g)  2NO(g) + O2(g)

If the rate for the formation of oxygen is 0.83 M s-1,

a) Write the differential rate expression for the above reaction.

b) Determine the rate of disappearance of NO2. <1.66> [3 m]

4
 Orders of Reaction
ZERO order FIRST order SECOND order
Rate law @
rate equation rate= rate= rate=

Unit of k

Graph
rate vs [ ]

*radioactive decay

Integrated rate
equation

Graph [A] vs t
(linear graph)

5
Writing Rate Law

1) ZERO order is NOT INCLUDED in rate law.

2) No need to write power of 1 for FIRST order.
3) Order of reaction ≠ mol
3

No Chemical Equation Order for reactants Rate Law Overall

Order
1 NO2(g)+CO(g) + O2 (g) ⟶ NO(g)+CO2(g) NO2 = zero
CO = first
O2 =second

2 NO(g)+O3(g)⟶NO2(g)+O2(g) NO = rate = k [NO]2[O3]

O3 =

3 CH3OH+CH3CH2OCOCH3⟶CH3OCOCH3+ CH3OH = first

CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OCOCH3 =
second

4 H2(g)+2NO(g)⟶N2O(g)+H2O(g) H2 = rate = k [NO]

2NO =

5 [CoCl(NH3)5]2+ (aq) + H2O (l) ⟶ CoCl(NH3)5]2+ = zero

[Co(H2O)(NH3)5]3+ + Cl- H2O = second

6 Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) → 2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3 = rate = k [Na2CO3]

CO2 = [H2O]2
H2O =

7 MCO3(s)+H2O(l)+CO2(g) ⇌ M(HCO3)2(aq) MCO3 = first

H2O = zero
CO2 = second

8 KBr + KMnO4 + H2SO4 ⟶ KBr = rate = k[KBr]2

Br2 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O KMnO4 = [KMnO4 ]
H2SO4 =

6
Initial rate method

1)Table below shows the result obtained from a reaction.

aX + bY  cZ

Exp Initial Concentration (M) Initial rate formation of Z

(M min-1)
X Y
1 1.0 1.0 2.20 x 10-4
2 2.0 2.0 1.70 x10-3
3 1.0 3.0 6.60 x 10-4
4 3.0 2.0 3.96 x 10-3

Write the differential rate equation for the reaction. What is the order of reaction with respect to X
and Y? Find the overall order of reaction. Calculate the rate constant, k of the reaction.
<1,2> <2.20 x 10-4 M-2 min-1> [10m]

Answer:

i) Rate =

ii) To find a , compare exp __ to exp ___ iii) To find b, compare exp __ to exp __

X is _______________ order Y is ______________ order

Overall order of reaction =

7
iv) Substitute any exp to find rate constant, k.

2. The reaction between C and D is represented as follows:

C + DE

Experiment Initial Concentration(M) Time interval The change in

(min) concentration of C
(M)
[C] [D]
1 0.10 1.0 30 2.5 x 10-3
2 0.10 2.0 30 1.0 x 10-2
3 0.05 1.0 120 5.0 x 10-3

i) Calculate the rate of reaction for each experiment. <8.30 x 10-5, 3.0 x 10-4, 4.16 x 10-5>
change in concentration
Rate =
time

Experiment 1=

Experiment 2=

Experiment 3=

ii) Determine the order of reaction with respect to C and D and write the rate law. <1,2>

iii) State the effect of the reaction if the concentration of D is doubled but the
concentration of C remains constant.

8
3. A series of experiments was carried out to determine the rate law of the following
reaction:

M + N + P  Products

The experiment result is shown in the table below.

Experiment [M] (mol L-1) [N] (mol L-1) [P] (mol L-1) Rate
(mol L-1 s-1)
1 x 2y z t
2 2x 2y z t
3 2x 4y z 4t
4 2x 4y 2z 8t

i) Determine the order of reaction with respect to M, N and P? <M=0, N=2,P=1>

ii) Write the rate law.

iii) What is the unit of the rate constant? <Mol-2 L2 s-1>

4. Mercury(II) chloride reacts with oxalate ion according to the following equation:

9
 2HgCl2(aq) + C2O42-(aq)  2Cl-(aq) + 2CO2(g) + Hg2Cl2(s)

The result of the experiment are shown in the table below.

Experiment [HgCl2]/M [C2O42-]/M Initial rate (M h-1)

I 0.632 0.049 1.0 x 10-3
II 0.948 0.049 1.0 x 10-3
III 0.632 0.098 4.0 x 10-3

i) Determine the order of reaction with respect to HgCl2 and C2O42-. <0,2>

ii) Write the rate law.

iii) Calculate the value of the rate constant. <0.416>

10
 1.2: COLLISION THEORY

1) Activation Energy (Ea) : __________________ energy required to _______________ a chemical

reaction.

2) Drawing Energy Profile Diagram

Energy Profile Diagram
Endothermic Exothermic
Eproduct > Ereactant Eproduct < Ereactant

Energy (heat) is _____________ from surrounding.

Energy (heat) is _____________ to surrounding.

∆H = ∆H =

1) Reactants  Product: Enthalpy (insist sign –ve or +ve)

2) Reactant  Activated Complex: Ea forward

3) Product  Activated Complex: Ea reverse

4) Ea reverse = Ea forward + ∆H

11
 Ea reverse = Ea forward + ∆H

N2O (g) + NO(g)  N2(g) + NO2(g) ∆H = -110 kJ mol-1

Draw a labelled energy profile diagram for the reaction and calculate Ea for the reversed reaction
given the activation energy for the forward reaction is +2564 kJ mol-1. <2674>

Ea reverse =

12
2. The following reaction is first order with respect to NO2 and zero order with respect to O2.

2NO2 + ½ O2 → N2O5 ∆H = +92 kJ mol-1

Draw a labelled energy profile diagram for the reaction and calculate Ea for the reversed reaction
given the activation energy for the forward reaction is +354 kJ mol-1. <+262>

Determine the rate law for the reaction.

Rate =

13
3. Given Ea reverse = +67 kJ mol-1 and Ea forward = +1993 kJ mol-1. Draw the reaction profile based
on the value of ∆H. <-1926>

∆H=

4. Given Ea reverse = +2005 kJ mol-1 and Ea forward = +988 kJ mol-1. Draw the reaction profile based
on the value of ∆H. <+1017>

∆H=

14
 1.3: FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATE

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Curve

Number of Particles

Kinetic Energy

Shaded Area: Number of molecules with kinetic energy greater or

equal to Ea

15
16
17
 CHAPTER 2: THERMOCHEMISTRY

2.1: Concept of Enthalpy

 Definition of enthalpy, : Total value of of a system at constant

 Definition of standard enthalpy change,

 The between enthalpy of and enthalpy of

 What does theta, 𝜃 symbol represent?

 Enthalpy changes that happen in conditions.
Note: ∆Hf for elements
 What are the conditions of standard enthalpy change?
 K and kPa atm in NEUTRAL/STABLE
STATE is ZERO!

Enthalpy Definition Tick the correct example(s) (√)

Standard Heat _____________ when _______ _______ H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g)  H2O (g)
Enthalpy of of a _________________ is formed from its { }
formation, ______________ at standard conditions (298K
_________ and 1 atm) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (aq)
∆H = { }

Enthalpy of Heat _____________ when _______ _______ I (g) + 2I (g)  I2 (g)

formation, of a _________________ is formed from its { }
_________ ______________

∆H =

Standard Heat ____________ when ______ ________ of a 1/2N2 (g) + O2 (g)  NO2 (g)
Enthalpy of _______________ is burnt _________________ { }
combustion, in excess ____________ at standard conditions
_________ (298K and 1 atm) CH3OH (l) + 3/2 O2 (g) 
CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
∆H = { }

Standard Heat ___________ when ______ _______ of HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) 
Enthalpy of ___________ is formed from the NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
neutralization, ____________________ between _________ { }
_________ and ___________ at standard conditions (298K
and 1 atm) H2SO4 (aq) + 2KOH (aq) 
K2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
∆H = { }

Heat change (+ve or –ve)

Heat released (–ve)

18
Write the respective thermochemical equations based on the compounds given

No Enthalpy of Compound Thermochemical Equation

1 Formation C6H14 (s)

2 H2SO4 (aq)

3 NH3 (g)

4 C16H33O2 (l)

5 SiCl4 (s)

6 Fe2O3 (s)

7 Combustion C6H14 (l)

8 C (s)

9 NO (g)

10 C3H6O (aq)

11 C6H6 (l)

12 C2H6 (l)

13 Neutralisation CH3COOH (aq) +

KOH(aq)

14 HCN (aq) + KOH (aq)

15 HCl (aq) + Ba(OH)2

19
No Reaction Enthaply of Energy Profile Diagram

1 6C(s)+6H2(g)+3O2(g) Formation ( )

→C6H12O6(s) Combustion ( )

∆H = +156 kJ mol-1 Neutralisation( )

2 Mg(g)+C(s)+3/2O2(g) Formation ( )
→MgCO3(s)
Combustion ( )
-1
∆H = -364 kJ mol
Neutralisation( )

3 CH4(g)+2O2(g)⟶ Formation ( )
CO2(g)+2H2O(l)
Combustion ( )
-1
∆H = -283 kJ mol
Neutralisation( )

20
No Reaction Enthaply of Energy Profile Diagram

4 C2H5OH(l)+3O2(g) Formation ( )
⟶CO2(g)+3H2O(l)
Combustion ( )

∆H = -26 kJ mol-1 Neutralisation( )

5 CH3COOH (aq) + Formation ( )

NaOH (aq) ⇄
CH3COONa(aq) + H2O Combustion ( )
(l)
Neutralisation( )
-1
∆H = -987 kJ mol

6 HCN (aq) + NaOH (aq) Formation ( )

⇄ NaCN (aq) + H2O (l)
Combustion ( )
∆H = -98 kJ mol-1
Neutralisation( )

21
 2.2: Calorimetry

q = heat mc= mass calorimeter(given) mw = mass water

msol = mass solution (acid +base) ∆T= final temperature – initial temperature (in 0C)

Reminder!!!!

Calculation is always in SI Unit

Final answer should be in kJ mol-1 or J mol-1

22
1. Refer (Past Year 15/16)

A bomb calorimeter contains 780 g of water. An amount of 2.34 g benzoic acid, C7H6O2, is burned in
the calorimeter and this cause the temperature to increase from 25.6 0C to 36.7 0C. Calculate,

i) Energy released in kJ, if heat capacity of the empty calorimeter is 870 J 0C-1. <45.85 kJ>

q=

ii) Heat evolved per mole of benzoic acid <-2390 kJ mol-1>

2. Refer (Past Year 10/11) Qb

100 cm3 of 2 M HCl and 100 cm3 KOH, both at initial temperature of 30 0C are mixed in calorimeter.
The maximum temperature of the solution is 410C. Calculate the enthalpy of neutralization for the
reaction. <45.98 kJ mol-1>

q=

23
3. 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide
solution, both at initial temperature of 30.00C are mixed in a calorimeter. The maximum
temperature of the solution is 41.00C. Calculate the enthalpy of neutralization for the reaction.

<45.98 kJmol-1>

4. Refer (Past Year 07/08) Qa

The enthalpy of combustion of fructose, C6H12O6, is 21.2 kJ mol-1 . An amount of 2.63 g of C6H12O6 was
completely combusted in a bomb calorimeter at 25 0C.

i) Write the thermochemical equation for the reaction.

ii) Calculate the final temperature if the calorimeter contains 225.0 mL of water. <25.33 0C>

q=

24
5. The enthalpy of combustion of benzoic acid is -3226.7 kJ mol-1. When 3.2 g benzoic acid,
C6H5COOH is completely combusted in a bomb calorimeter containing 2.0 kg of water, the
temperature of the water increased by 3.8 oC. Calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter.
< 13.887 kJ0C-1>

6. A bomb calorimeter contains 780 g of water. An amount of 2.34 g benzoic acid, C7H6O2, is burned
in the calorimeter and this causes the temperature to increase from 25.6oC to 36.7oC.

Calculate,

(i) Energy released in kJ, if heat capacity of the empty calorimeter is 870 J oC-1. <45.85 kJ> (ii)
(ii) Heat evolved per mole of benzoic acid. <-2390 kJmol-1>

[8 marks]

25
7. A 200 g of metal rod is heated and then is placed into an insulated vessel containing 1L of water at
20 0C. The final temperature after the equilibrium is achieved is 29.5 0C. Calculate the initial
temperature of the metal rod if its specific heat capacity is 0.9 J g-1 0C-1. (𝜌 H2O= 1 g mL-1) <250.10 0C>

26
8. Refer (Past Year 04/05) Q2b

The following equations show the combustion reactions of ethyne and propane.

2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g)  4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ∆H0 = -2598.8 kJ

C3H8 (g)+ 5O2 (g)  3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l) ∆H0 = -2220.0 kJ

A mixture of 5 mol of gaseous consisting of ethyne and propane is burnt and 7647.8 kJ heat is
evolved. What is the mole ratio of ethyne and propane in the mixture? <C2H2: 3, C3H8: 1>

Answer Scheme:

1. ∆H0c C2H2 = , ∆H0c C3H8 =

2. Let x =

Let y =

3. Find x and y using simultaneous equation < x= 3.75, y = 1.25>

4. Remember that ratio MUST BE IN WHOLE NUMBER!

27
 CHAPTER 3 : ELECTROCHEMISTRY

3.1 : GALVANIC CELL

Definitions:

1. Electrode potential ( ): A measure of the ability of a half cell to ______________ electrons

towards itself.

2. Standard Electrode potential ( ): Reaction that happen in standards conditions( ______0C,

______ atm and concentration _______ M for aqueous solution)

28
MORE POSITIVE E0 will be the CATHODE! E0cell = E0cathode - E0anode
@
Species Half cell equations E0cell Spontaneous
or not?
1) Anode:

Li+ = -3.05 V Cathode:

F- = +2.87 V
Anode:

Cathode:

Overall reaction:

2) Anode:

Au+=+ 1.50 V Cathode:

Al3+ = -1.66 V
Anode:

Cathode:

Overall reaction:

3) Anode:
Zn2+ = -0.76 V
Cathode:

Mn2+ = -1.18V Overall reaction:

4) Anode:

Pb2+ = -0.13 V Cathode:

Cr3+ = -0.74 V Anode:

Cathode:

Overall reaction:

29
 Species Half cell equations E0cell Spontaneous
or not?
5) Anode:

Fe3+ =+0.77 V Cathode:

Cu2+= +0.34 V
Anode:

Cathode:

Overall reaction:

6) Anode:

Ag+=+ 0.80 V Cathode:

Sn4+ = +0.13
V Anode:

Cathode:

Overall reaction:

7) Anode:
Zn2+ = -0.76 V
Cathode:

Be2+ = -1.85V Overall reaction:

8) Anode:

Pb2+ = -0.13 V Cathode:

Na+ = -2.71 V Anode:

Cathode:

Overall reaction:

30
 If using inert electrode such as:

Platinum (Pt),

Graphite (carbon),

Palladium (Pd).

Galvanic/ Voltaic/_______________ cell Electrolytic cell

Electrode Anode - terminal Anode - terminal
Cathode - terminal Cathode - terminal
Energy Change

Cell diagram Cu = +0.34V Zn= -0.76V H2O (anode)= +1.23V H2O (cathode)= -0.83V
A: anode
B: salt bridge
C: cathode

ABC

Function of salt bridge: KCl, KNO3

 To allow movement of ________ between
two electrolytes.
 To maintain _________ ____________ of
the solution.
 To __________ the electrical circuit.

Spontaneity

Half cell Anode : Anode :

equation

Cathode: Cathode:

Overall cell
reaction

Cell notation
(ABC)?
*Phase and
molarity insist

Electron moves from anode to cathode 31

1. For the following cell notation : Al (s) | Al3+ (aq) || Pb2+ (aq) | Pb (s) E0 Al= -1.66 V
i. Draw a voltaic cell and E0 Pb= -0.13 V
ii. Write the anode and cathode half-reaction
iii. Write the overall reaction for the following galvanic cell
iv. Calculate the E0cell

i) Drawing

ii) Anode:

Cathode:

iii) Anode:

Cathode:

Overall cell reaction:

iv) E0cell =

32
2. Consider the following redox equations:

a) Mg(s) + Sn2+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + Sn(s)

E0 Mg = -2.37 V

E0 Ag = +0.80 V
b) Cl2(g) + 2Ag(s)  2Cl-(aq) + 2Ag+(aq)
E0 Sn = -0.14 V

E0 Cl = +1.36 V
c) Sn(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  Sn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

i. Write the anode and cathode half-reaction

Anode Cathode
a)

b)

c)

ii. State the reducing agent ________________________________

iii. Identify the strongest reducing agent in each reaction _____________

iv. State the oxidizing agent in each reaction ____________________________

v. Identify the strongest oxidizing agent in each reaction _____________

vi. Arrange the reducing agent in order of decreasing strength

____________________________

vii. Arrange the oxidizing agent in order of decreasing strength

___________________________

3. Refer (Past Year 07/08)

Sketch and label all the components of a galvanic cell using the following half-cell equations:

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-  Cu(s) E0 = +0.34 V

Cd2+ (aq) + 2e-  Cd(s) E0 = -0.40 V

Describe the operation of the cell and show the movement of its electrons and ions

33
Answer scheme:

[5m]

Operation of the cell:

i) At anode, _______________ process occurs.

Half cell equation:

At cathode, _______________ process occurs.

Half cell equation:

ii) Overall reaction:

 Electron flows from _____________ to cathode through the wire.

 Mass of _______ electrode decrease, [ ] increase.
 Mass of _______ electrode increase, [ ] decrease.

iii) Cell notation:

iv) If there is no salt bridge present, then,

 ______________ _____________ will not be maintained, charges will build up.

 ______________ is not completed.

34
Definition of Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) : Made up of a __________ electrode, immersed
in an aqueous solution of H+ (___ M) and bubbled with hydrogen gas at ___ atm pressure, and
temperature at ____oC. SHE at cathode : 2H+ (aq) + 2e-  H2 (g)
5. Refer (Past Year 06/07) SHE at anode : H2 (g)  2H+ (aq) + 2e-
a)Sketch and label all the components of SHE which consisted of Cu = +0.34 V and H2 = 0 V

b) Explain how the concentration of the solution at the anode and cathode would change after the
cell had been discharged continuously?

At anode, _____________________ process occurs.

 Half cell equation:

 ____________ is oxidised to _______________

 [ ] ________________

At cathode, ____________________ process occurs.

Q5 SHE :
 Half cell equation:

 __________ is reduced to _______________

 [ ] ______________

Overall cell reaction:

35
6 a)Sketch and label all the components of SHE which consisted of Mg = -2.37 V and H2 = 0 V

b) Explain how the concentration of the solution at the anode and cathode would change after the
cell had been discharged continuously?

At anode, _____________________ process occurs.

 Half cell equation:

 ____________ is oxidised to _______________

 [ ] ________________

At cathode, ____________________ process occurs.

 Half cell equation:

 __________ is reduced to _______________

 [ ] ______________

Overall cell reaction:

36
 3.2 : ELECTROLYTIC CELL
Electrolysis of Half-cell reactions Reason
Molten NaCl Anode: Only involved
respective elements
without presence of
Cathode: __________.

Water Anode: At Anode:

 E0 for water
Species goes to: molecules is
______
 __________ .
Anode:  H2O easier to
____________.
 _____ is
produced.
Cathode:

Cathode: At cathode:
 E0 for water
molecules is
______
 __________ .
 H2O easier to
____________.
 _____ is
produced.

Note: SO42-, CO32-, NO3-, PO43- does not involve in electrolysis as it

already has the highest oxidation number!!

37
Concentrated and dilute Concentrated NaCI At Anode:
aqueous NaCI Anode: ____ will be selected
for oxidation because
____ has high
Species goes to: _________________.
 _____ is
produced.
Anode: Cathode:
At cathode:
 E0 for water
molecules is
______
Cathode:  __________ .
 H2O easier to
____________.
 _____ is
produced.

Species goes to: Dilute aqueous NaCI At Anode:

Anode:  E0 for water
molecules is
Anode: ______
 __________ .
 H2O easier to
____________.
 _____ is
Cathode: Cathode: produced.

At cathode:
 E0 for water
molecules is
______
 __________ .
 H2O easier to
____________.
 _____ is
produced.
Aqueous Na2SO4 Anode: At Anode:
_____ cannot be
oxidize because ____
is in it highest
oxidation number (+6)

At cathode:
 E0 for water
molecules is
Cathode: ______
 __________ .
 H2O easier to
____________.
 _____ is
produced.

38
 Electrolysis using ACTIVE ELECTRODE
(electrode which actively participates in the reaction)

Example : Electrolysis of Copper (II) sulphate using copper electrodes.

Anode or Cathode?? Anode or Cathode??

Anode

Cathode

Overall Reaction

Observations
1) Anode _________________ in mass.
2) Cathode _________________ in mass.
3) Blue colour of CuSO4 ____________________.

39
Example : Electrolysis of silver nitrate using silver electrodes.

Spoon
Silver
electrode
Silver Nitrate (aq)

Anode

Cathode

Overall Reaction

Observations
1) Anode _________________ in mass.
2) Cathode _________________ in mass.

40
41
 4.1 : INTRODUCTION

4.2: Structural Formula :

42
 4.2 : Structural Formula
Show double and triple bond Do not show C & H
Show ALL bonds & atoms Branches or other atoms than C & H Zig-zag form
are written in ( )
Compounds Expanded Condensed Skeletal
a)
2-methylbutane

b) 3-pentanol

c)
2-chloropen-2-ene

Definition Structural formula : Shows how the atoms in molecule bonded to each other (but not in actual shape)
d)
2-bromobutadioic acid

e)
cyclohexane-1,2-diol

f)
4-hydroxypentanoic acid

g)1,1-dichloro-3-
methylcyclohexene

1
h)

i)

j)

k)

2
 Primary (10) C : 1 carbon attached to it

Secondary (20) C : 2 carbon attached to it

Tertiary (30) C : 3 carbon attached to it

Quarternary (40) C : 4 carbon attached to it

Primary (10) H : Attached to 10 C

Secondary (20) H : Attached to 20 C

Tertiary (30) H : Attached to 30 C

4.3 : Classification of Organic Compounds

1
Identify all 14 homologous series and its functional groups in the form of

(homologous series , functional groups)

HO

O OH O

OH
Cl O O

H3C
H

O O

Br
H H3C O
O O O

H2N O CH3
NH2

2
 4.4 : Hydrocarbon

Determine whether the following structures are aliphatic, cyclic ring or aromatic ring.

Highlight the correct one.

Aliphatic? Aliphatic?
Cyclic ring? Cyclic ring?
Aromatic ring? Aromatic ring?
Saturated or Unsaturated? Saturated or Unsaturated?
Aliphatic? Aliphatic?
Cyclic ring? Cyclic ring?
Aromatic ring? Aromatic ring?
Saturated or Unsaturated? Saturated or Unsaturated?
Aliphatic? Aliphatic?
Cyclic ring? Cyclic ring?
Aromatic ring? Aromatic ring?
Saturated or Unsaturated? Saturated or Unsaturated?

Aliphatic? Aliphatic?
Cyclic ring? Cyclic ring?
Aromatic ring? Aromatic ring?
Saturated or Unsaturated? Saturated or Unsaturated?

3
4
 Structure Chain Isomerism Positional Isomerism Functional Group Isomerism
CH3CH2CH=CH2

CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH

CH3CH(Br)CH(CH3)CH2COOH
 Structure Chain Isomerism Positional Isomerism Functional Group Isomerism
CH2CH2CHO

CH2(Br)CH2CH2-O-CH3

1
4.6 : Basic Reactions in Organic Compounds
1) Free Radical Stability

_________________________ stability

The stability of free radical _______________ with the number of alkyl groups present. More alkyl
groups, _____________ stable the free radical.

2. Carbocation@________________________ Stability

_________________________ stability

The stability of carbocation ___________ with the number of alkyl groups present. More alkyl
groups, _____________ stable the carbocation.
 Types How to determine whether it is E+, Nu- or Free
radical??
1) Addition Step 1: Determine whether reactant is E+ or Nu-
 From _____________ bond  Step 2: Then, whether E+ or Nu- is needed to BALANCE
____________ bond the reactant.
 Two types: E+ Addition and Nu- Addition
Ex: If E+ is needed, then it is an electrophilic addition
2) Substitution Determine whether E+ or Nu- is ‘placed’ at the
 No _________ in bond product
 Only one atom is substituted
 Three types: E+ Substitution & Nu- Ex: If E+ is ‘placed’ , then it is an electrophilic
Substitution & Free radical Substitution (uv) substitution
3) Elimination
 From _____________ bond  NONE
____________ bond
4) Rearrangement
 Both ____________ and _____________ NONE
has the same atoms

1) CH3CH=CH2 + Br2 CH3CH(Br)CH2(Br)

2) CH3CHO + HCN CH3CH(CN)OH

3) CH3CH2Cl + OH- reflux

CH3CH2OH +Cl-

4) CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 +H2O

 Cl
5)
CH3C CHCH3 + HCl CH3C CH2CH3

CH2CH3 CH2CH3
6)
CH3CH3 + Br2 CH3CH2Br
uv

O O
7)

PCl5
CH2C-OH CH2C-Cl

8)

Br2
FeBr3 Br

9) CH3CH2CH2Br  CH3CH=CH2 + HBr

AlCl3
10) C6H6 + CH3Cl C6H5CH3 + HCl

11)

12)

13)

1
 TASK: FIND THE HIDDEN WORD

(HINT: IT’S ALREADY IN YOU)

No Letter Structure Name it! Notes

th
1 4 letter
 Identify the ____________ chain of carbon as
_______________
 Substituent with letter e comes before m
(ethyl should be named first)

2 3rd letter
Ring + aliphatic in one structure?

Choose one with highest number of carbon as

__________________

3 7th letter

Hydroxyl as ___________________ as it has

_______________ priority than C-C single bond

4 6th letter

________________ as parents as it has more

number of carbon
No Letter Structure Name it! Notes
5 3rd last
letter

Aliphatic alkane as _______________ as it has

the longest chain or carbon

6 2nd last
letter

Aliphatic alkane as _______________ as it has

the longest chain or carbon

7 1st letter

The correct name should consist of the lowest

total number of substituent

1
8 5th letter

The correct name should consist of the lowest

total number of substituent

9 1st letter

____________________ is the
substituent

10 2nd letter

Substituent ______________ should be

named first

WHAT IS YOUR HIDDEN WORD?

2
3
 General formula aliphatic alkane: CnH2n+2

cyclic alkane : CnH2n

Exercise Boiling Point

1) Arrange nonane, pentane, decane, heptane in order of increasing boiling point.

Draw nonane pentane decane heptane

Structures

No of
Carbon

increasing boiling point

Explanation:

 _____________ has the highest boiling point because it has the highest
__________________ _______________ compared to _______________, _____________,
_______________.
 Hence, ________________ has the ______________ surface area and _________________
van der Waals forces.

2) Arrange pentane, 2-methylbutane and 2,2-dimethylpropane in order of increasing boiling point.

Draw Pentane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane

Structures

No of
Carbon

Explanation:
 All molecules have the same number of carbon ( ).
 _____________ has the highest boiling point because it has the biggest
__________________ _______________ compared to __________& __________.
 ___________ is more branched than __________, hence it has the ______________
boiling point.
3) Arrange (CH3)2CHCH3, (CH3)4C, CH3(CH2)2CH3, CH3(CH2)3CH3

Draw (CH3)2CHCH3 (CH3)4C CH3(CH2)2CH3 CH3(CH2)3CH3

structures

No of
Carbon
Shape

Explanation:

 ________ has the highest boiling point as it has ______________ structure with _____________
surface area.
 B and D has ____________ boiling point than C as they both has _______________ no of C.
 __________ and _________ has the same no of carbon ( ) but __________ has higher
boiling point than _________ because it is less _________________.
__________ and ____________

1
Exercise: Draw the Free Radical Substitution mechanism for alkanes below

a)
H
CH2Cl2
H + Br2
uv
H
1
c)

2
d)

3
4
 General formula: CnH2n
ALKENE (C=C)

5
 1) Preparation of alkene
1) Dehydration of alcohol (-H2O) 2) Dehydrohalogenation of haloalkane
(-HX)

H H H3C H H H H3C H Note:

H C C C C H H C C C C H

H OH H H H Cl H H

Follow Saytzeff’s rule to determine the major product:

More substituted C of C=C is the ____________ product(stable product)

Q: Determine the minor and major product of structure below

1)

2)

KOH, EtOH

reflux

6
3)

4)

Heat

5)

6)

7
 2) Electrophilic Addition Reaction (C=C  C-C )
H2,Pt/Pd/Ni H H3C

H C C CH3

*Chemical Test: Bromine test

Cl2 or Br2, CH2Cl2 H H3C

H C C CH3

H H3C *Chemical Test: Bromine water test

Cl2 or Br2, H2O H H3C

C
H C C CH3 H C CH3

Mechanism Follow
H H3C
HCl or HBr Markovnikov’s
H C C CH3 rule:

Add H or Cl/Br to
the side of C=C
Mechanism with ___________
H2O, H3O+ no of H.
H H3C
(acidified water)
H C C CH3

HCl or HBr, Follow

H H3C
H2O2 / ROOR Anti-
H C C CH3
Markovnikov’s
rule:

Add H or Cl/Br to
the side of C=C
with ___________
*Chemical Test: Bromine test & Bromine water test no of H.
Observation: Reddish brown colour of bromine decolourise

8
Mechanism for Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides (HCl or HBr)

9
+ HCl

10
 Unsaturation test

*Chemical Test KMnO4, OH-

Name: cold

Obs:

H CH3

H CH3

*Chemical Test

Name: Cl2 or Br2, CH2Cl2

Obs:
Try this!

11
Propose a chemical test to differentiate between butane and butene. State the observation and
write the reaction equation involved.

Chemical Test:

Equation 1:

Observation 1:

Equation 2:

Observation 2:

12
Propose a chemical test to differentiate between 1-methylcyclobutane and 3-m3thylcyclobutene.
State the observation and write the reaction equation involved.

Chemical Test:

Equation 1:

Observation 1:

Equation 2:

Observation 2:

13
Refer Past Year 202020/2021
A hydrocarbon, C6H12, exists in two isomeric forms, A and B. Compound A decolourises bromine
water, whereas B does not. Compound A undergoes ozonolysis to give a single product C. Compound
C forms a brick red precipitate when treated with copper (II) sulphate and sodium potassium tartrate
in alkaline solution.
(a) Deduce the structural formula of A.
(b) Draw the structural formula of B. [5 marks]

Dehydration of 2-methyl-2-butanol produces alkenes.

(c) Draw the structural formulae of all alkenes formed.
(d) Label the major product and explain your answer. [4 marks]

14
15
Tick all the related information regarding each structures

16
Name: Name: phenol Name:
Name:

Name: toluene
Name:
Name:

17
Draw the structural formula for each of the following compounds.

1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

m-bromophenol

p-methylbenzaldehyde

4-chloro-2,3-dinitrotoluene

o-nitrotoluene

isopropylbenzene

18
 BENZENE
2) Halogenation
1) Nitration
Electrophilic
Aromatic
Substitution

H H

3) Friedel-Crafts alkylation 4) Friedel-Crafts acylation

H H
H
1) Preparation of
benzene

Function of AlCl3 : as a ________________

Q: Why benzene only undergo substitution, not addition?

A: In order to _____________________ its ________________________

Try this!

19
20
1. Classify following compounds as 10, 20 and 30 and give their IUPAC names.
Compounds Classes IUPAC names

21
2. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of boiling point. Explain.
Compounds Expanded structure Molecular weight Number of OH Intramolecular
group forces
1,2-ethanediol

n-butane

1-propanol

1,3-
propanediol

-Generally, H bond is ______________ than van der Waals forces. ________ only has van der Waals
forces. Thus it has the _______________ boiling point.

-Strength of H bond increase with the increase in their molecular weight and OH number.

- _______ has the highest boiling point than _______ and ________ as it has the highest number of
OH compared to ________ and highest molecular weight than _________ and __________.

increasing order of boiling point

22
3. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of boiling point. Explain.

Compounds (CH3)2CHCH2OH (CH3)2CH(CH2)2CH2OH (CH3)2CH(CH2)3CH2OH

Number of C

-All compounds have the same OH number. Hence, no effect of OH bond.

-The higher the number of carbon (molecular weight), the higher the van der Waals forces, thus the
higher the boiling point.

-________ has the highest number of carbon (molecular weight), the highest the van der Waals
forces, thus the highest the boiling point.

-________ has the lowest number of carbon (molecular weight), the weakest van der Waals forces,
thus the lowest the boiling point.

increasing order of boiling point

4. Arrange the compounds in each set in decreasing order of solubility in water. Explain.

Compounds ethanol 1-pentanol 1-hexanol

Number of C

Number of carbon is equal to the hydrophobic area (alkyl group) of an alcohol.

___________________ has the biggest hydrophobic area (alkyl group), hence the __________
solubility.

___________________ has the smallest hydrophobic area (alkyl group), hence the __________
solubility.

decreasing order of solubility in water

5. Arrange the compounds in each set in decreasing order of solubility in water. Explain.

Compounds hexane 1-hexanol 1,2-ethanediol

Number of OH group

More OH, hence more soluble.

23
 HYDROXYL COMPOUNDS ( R-OH )

1) Fermentation 1) Preparation
3) Hydrolysis of haloalkane
of carbohydrate

C6H12O6  2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

R-OH

4) Addition of Grignard
reagent to carbonyl
2) Hydration of alkene compound

2) Chemical Properties of Aliphatic Alcohol

Na
CH3CH2-

O
1
R OH
CH3CH2-
Esterification

CH3CH2-OH

ZnCl2 , conc. HCl

CH3CH2-

*Chemical Test:

Lucas Test

24
 Name: Lucas Test Observation
10 OH

20 OH

30 OH

[O] (weak) PCC 10 OH

CH2Cl2

(strong) KMnO4 @ K2Cr2O7, H+ 10 OH

CH3CH2-OH (strong) KMnO4 @ K2Cr2O7, H+ 20 OH

Notes:

 For [O], convert C-OH to C=O

 30 OH did not undergo [O] bcoz C bearing OH has no H

*Chemical Test:
I2, OH-
Iodoform Test

Draw structure of methyl

carbinol group:

I2, NaOH

25
Obs: _______________ precipitate formed
6. Show the preparation of

(a) propanone from 2-bromopropane

(b) 1,2-dibromoethane from ethanol

7. Give a chemical test to distinguish between 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol.

Chemical Test:

Observation:

Observation:

26
8. Give a chemical test to distinguish between benzene and cyclohexanol.

Chemical Test:

Equation 1:

Observation 1:

Equation 2:

Observation 2:

27
28
Give the IUPAC name and draw the structures for each of the following aldehydes and
ketones

e) 2-ethyl-3-methylpentanal

f)4-methyl-2-pentanone

g)4-chloro-2-methyl-3-hexanone

29
 CARBONYL COMPOUND (NU- ATTACK C=O)
Aldehyde
1) Preparation of aldehyde

1) Ozonolysis of alkene 2) [O] of 10 alcohol

H3C OH
H2C CH2

2) Chemical Properties of aldehyde

1) Nu- addition KCN @ NaCN,H3O+

Notes:

For Nu- addition

C=O  C-OH i) LiAlH4

2) Reduction

ii) H3O+

NaBH4 , CH3OH

H2 , Pt/Pd/Ni

30
3) Identification test : Brady’s test
(to identify carbonyl)

2,4-DNPH
Obs: _______________ precipitate
is formed.

4) Chemical test: Tollens’: [Ag(NH3)2]+,

OH-

(to identify aldehyde)

Obs: _______________ mirror is

formed on the test tube wall.

5)Chemical test :

Iodoform Test:

(To identify methyl carbonyl group)

I2, NaOH (aq)

Draw methyl carbonyl group:

Obs: _______________ precipitate

is formed.

31
 CARBONYL COMPOUND (NU- ATTACK C=O)
Ketone
1) Preparation of Ketone

1) Ozonolysis of alkene 2) [O] of 20 alcohol

R R
20 ROH
R R
KMnO4,
∆
H+

O
1
R R

2) Chemical Properties of ketone

1) Nu- addition KCN @ NaCN,H3O+

Notes:

For Nu- addition

C=O  C-OH i) LiAlH4

2) Reduction

ii) H3O+

NaBH4 , CH3OH

H2 , Pt/Pd/Ni

32
3) Identification test : Brady’s test
(to identify carbonyl)

2,4-DNPH
Obs: _______________ precipitate
is formed.

4) Chemical test: Tollens’: [Ag(NH3)2]+,

OH-

(to identify aldehyde)

Obs: No silver mirror is formed on

the test tube wall.

5)Chemical test :

Iodoform Test:

(To identify methyl carbonyl group)

I2, NaOH (aq)

Draw methyl carbonyl group:

Obs: _______________ precipitate

is formed.

33
1. Suggest a chemical test to differentiate between benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol

Chemical Test:

Equation 1:

Observation 1:

Equation 2:

Observation 2:

2. Suggest a chemical test to differentiate between pentanal and 3-hexanone

Chemical Test:

Equation 1:

Observation 1:

34
Equation 2:

Observation 2:

3. Suggest a chemical test to differentiate between 2-pentanone and 3-pentanone

Chemical Test:

Equation 1:

Observation 1:

Equation 2:

Observation 2:

35
4. Deduce the structures X, Y and Z

X=

Y=

Z=

5.

36
37
Draw the structural formula for each of the following compounds:

2-hydroxy-2-phenylethanoic acid

2-chlorobutanedioic acid

o-hydroxybenzoic acid

Butyric acid

2-methylbutanedioic acid

2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid

38
1.
Organic compound Molar mass (g mol-1 ) No of H bond
Ethanoic acid (A)
Propanoic acid (B)
Butanoic acid (C)

 All carboxylic acids has the ____________ number of hydrogen bond.

 _________ has the biggest molecular weight than ________ & ______ hence it has the
________________ van der Waals forces.

 _________ has the smallest molecular weight than ________ & ______ hence it has the
________________ van der Waals forces.

 The _____________ molecular weight, the _____________ van der Waals forces hence the
_________________ the boiling point.

Increasing order of boiling point

2.

1 2 3 4

Structure 1 2 3 4
Molecular Mass
No of H bond

 Carboxylic acids (3 & 4) has _______________ hydrogen bond than alcohols (1 & 2)

 This is because carboxylic acids can form ________________ that are arranged closely
packed together.

 Carboxylic acids : _______ has the highest boiling point than _________as it has
________________ molecular weight.

 Alcohols: _______ has the highest boiling point than _________as it has ________________
molecular weight.

39
3. Arrange these carboxylic acids in order of increasing order of solubility.

1 2 3 4

Structure 1 2 3 4
Molecular Mass
No of COOH

__________ is the most soluble as it more COOH than 2,3,4 hence it can form __________ hydrogen
bonds with water.

________ is more soluble than ______ as it has _________ carbon chain (hydrophobic area).

__________ is the least soluble as it has aromatic ring.

Increasing order of solubility

4. The table below shows the molar mass of several organic compounds.
Organic compound Molar mass (g mol-1 ) No of H bond
Butanoic acid (A) 88
1-pentanol (B) 88
hexane (C) 86
Arrange these organic compounds in order of decreasing solubility in water. Explain your answer.

Butanoic acid is the ____________ soluble in water as they can form more hydrogen bonds with
water molecules as it can form dimer and has _____________ hydrophobic area than 1-pentanol.

Hexane is _______________ in water as it cannot form hydrogen bond.

Decreasing order of solubility

40
 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

1) [O] of 10 alcohols 2) [O] of 10 aldehyde

2) Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acid

Na/Mg

O
base: NaOH
R OH

CH3CH2-OH, conc. H2SO4

Esterification

41
Exercise:

1)

2) Refer Past Year 2018/2019

(a) Treatment of 2-phenylethanoic acid with alcohol U gives an ester V with molecular
formula of C11H4O2. Alcohol U reacts with alkaline iodine solution to form yellow
precipitate W, whereas oxidation of U yields X.
(i) Draw the structural for U, V and X
(ii) Write all chemical equations involved.
(iii) Give the IUPAC name of W.

42
(b) Explain why methanoic acid gives a positive test towards Tollen’s reagent but ethanoic
acid does not. Write the equation for this reaction.

43
44