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    Natural and Step Responses For RLC Circuits: A D X DT DX DT

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    farazhumayun
    The natural response of RLC circuits is described by a second-order differential equation. The general solution has two parts: the complementary solution xc(t), which is determined by the characteristic equation and can take three forms depending on whether the roots are real/unequal, real/equal, or complex; and the particular solution xp(t), which is zero for the natural response. The constants in the complementary solution are set by the initial conditions for the circuit variables like voltage or current.

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    Natural and Step Responses For RLC Circuits: A D X DT DX DT

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    farazhumayun
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    The natural response of RLC circuits is described by a second-order differential equation. The general solution has two parts: the complementary solution xc(t), which is determined by the characteristic equation and can take three forms depending on whether the roots are real/unequal, real/equal, or complex; and the particular solution xp(t), which is zero for the natural response. The constants in the complementary solution are set by the initial conditions for the circuit variables like voltage or current.

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    The natural response of RLC circuits is described by a second-order differential equation. The general solution has two parts: the complementary solution xc(t), which is determined by the characteristic equation and can take three forms depending on whether the roots are real/unequal, real/equal, or complex; and the particular solution xp(t), which is zero for the natural response. The constants in the complementary solution are set by the initial conditions for the circuit variables like voltage or current.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views2 pages

    Natural and Step Responses For RLC Circuits: A D X DT DX DT

    Uploaded by

    farazhumayun
    The natural response of RLC circuits is described by a second-order differential equation. The general solution has two parts: the complementary solution xc(t), which is determined by the characteristic equation and can take three forms depending on whether the roots are real/unequal, real/equal, or complex; and the particular solution xp(t), which is zero for the natural response. The constants in the complementary solution are set by the initial conditions for the circuit variables like voltage or current.

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    ELEC 226

    Prof. Rich Kozick

    Natural and Step Responses for RLC Circuits

    The natural and step responses of RLC circuits are described by second-order, linear differ-
    ential equations with constant coefficients and constant “input” (or forcing function),

    d2 x dx
    a 2
    + b + c x(t) = D, (1)
    dt dt
    ) +
    where a, b, c, and D are constants, and the initial values x(0+ ) and dx(0
    dt
    are known (these
    are found by circuit analysis). We assume a > 0, without loss of generality.

    As you know from MATH 212, the general solution for t > 0 is

    x(t) = xc (t) + xp (t), (2)

    where xc (t) is the complementary solution to the homogeneous equation and xp (t) is a
    particular solution. The particular solution is



    D
    c
    , c = 0
    xp (t) =  D
    b
    t, c = 0, b = 0 . (3)
     D 2
    2a
    t , c=b=0

    The homogeneous differential equation is

    d2 xc dxc
    a 2
    +b + c xc (t) = 0. (4)
    dt dt
    Its solution is determined by the characteristic (or auxiliary) equation,

    as2 + bs + c = 0, (5)

    which has roots


    
     2
    b  b c
    
    s1 = − + − = −α + α2 − ω02 (6)
    2a 2a a
    
     2
    b  b c
    s2 = − − − = −α − α2 − ω02 . (7)
    2a 2a a

    The neper frequency is α = b/(2a) and the resonant frequency is ω0 = c/a (in radians). If
    c < 0, then ω0 is imaginary and s1 > 0 in (6).
    There are three cases.

    1. Real and unequal roots (overdamped): α2 > ω02

    xc (t) = c1 es1 t + c2 es2 t (8)

    Both terms are decaying exponentials if c > 0.

    2. Real and equal roots (critically damped): α2 = ω02

    b
    xc (t) = c1 es1 t + c2 t es1 t , where s1 = −α = − (9)
    2a

    3. Complex roots (underdamped): α2 < ω02


    The roots have the form

    s1,2 = −α ± j ω02 − α2 = −α ± j ωd (10)

    where ωd is the damped frequency (in radians). Then

    xc (t) = c1 e−αt cos(ωd t) + c2 e−αt sin(ωd t) (11)

    In the case that α = 0, then ωd = ω0 and the solution is pure, undamped oscillation,

    xc (t) = c1 cos(ω0 t) + c2 sin(ω0 t). (12)

    This is why ω0 is called the resonant frequency.

    Summary:

    • The general solution is in equation (2): x(t) = xc (t) + xp (t).

    • The complementary solution xc (t) is either (8), (9), or (11).

    • The particular solution xp (t) is in (3). For the natural response, D = 0 and xp (t) = 0.
    dx(0+ )
    • The constants c1 and c2 are determined from the initial conditions x(0+ ) and dt
    .

    • Hints for finding initial conditions in RLC circuits:

    – Parallel RLC: Analyze voltages, so x(t) = v(t). Then v(0+ ) is determined from
    +)
    the initial capacitor voltage, and dv(0
    dt
    is determined from KCL and the initial
    inductor current.
    – Series RLC: Analyze currents, so x(t) = i(t). Then i(0+ ) is determined from
    +)
    the initial inductor current, and di(0
    dt
    is determined from KVL and the initial
    capacitor voltage.

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