Simple Present Affirmative: Work You Work She Works

II simple present* affirmative / work; you work; she works
a /work you work he/she/it works we work they work

I live you live he/she/it lives we live they live
I stop you stop he/she/it stops we stop they stop
I work in a bank. He works in a restaurant.
You live near my brother. She lives in Liverpool.
We stop the lessons at 5.00. The train stops at York.
HOW TO MAKE HE/SHE/IT FORMS

• most verbs: + -s work - works know - knows rain- rains
• -s, -sh, -ch, -x: + -es pass - passes wash- washes teach - teaches mix - mixes
• exceptions: go- goes do- does have - has
() Write the he/she/it forms.
catch./ come./ cook drink fetch fix live miss push

read run smoke stand start touch watch wish write
+ -5:
+-ES: eatehes
VERBS ENDING IN -Y
e
• vowel + y -ay, -ey, -oy, -uy: + -s say- says
• consonant + y -dy, -ly, -py, -ry, etc: -y - -ies fly - flies
Write the he/she/it forms.
buy./ carry./ copy enjoy fry marry play stay study try
+ -5: ..�.".'--t1�--- ..
C.Qmts
-Y - -/ES:
0 Put the words in the correct order. 0 Circle the correct answers.
• eats dog too your much
• @1 My friend always wear old clothes.
..Y'?�t-�.'?9. �.�'?.��................. ........ • You @always wears nice clothes.
live I that house in
1 We all I The boss thinks you're wonderful.
2 //Catherine want a new job.
2 bank Kim in a works
3 Bread I Books costs a lot.
4 Andy I Andy and Pete sings very well.
3 badly violin plays the very Claire
5 Sophy I Sophy and Ian like parties.
6 You I She drive too fast.
4 Scotland those from children come
7 Our cat I Our cats never catches mice.
8 That child I Children makes a lot of noise.
5 young very look you
9 That bus I All those buses go to the station.
10 My father I My mother and father teaches
English.
• Also called 'present simple'
16 PRESENT TENSES
simple present: use / work in a bank.
We use the simple present to talk about:

I
• things that are always true. • habits and things that happen repeatedly.
The sun rises in the east. My parents live near Dover. Joe plays golf on Saturdays.
"�
PAST � � NOW � : FUTURE�
You never listen to me.
ask get up./ go make play speak
..,. Peter always .. e�. �"P. .......... late on Sundays.

1 Ann and John sometimes ........................ tennis at weekends.
2 My mother often ........................ French at home.
3 Small children ........................ questions all the time.
4 Sarah ........................ to Oxford to see her mother twice a week.
5 I ........................ more mistakes in English when I'm tired.
forget get listen live watch
6 I often ........................ people's names.

7 We usually ........................ to music in the car.
8 My brother ........................ in Vancouver.
9 I ........................ a lot of films on TV.
10 My parents ........................ all their food from supermarkets.
E) Choose suitable verbs in the correct forms to complete the sentences.

..,. The sun --��---· in the west. (live, rise, set)
1 That woman ............ that she ............ everything. (know, think, run, wash)
2 Our son ............ karate. (read, study, write)
3 Alice ............ to go skiing every year. (try, play, say)
4 You always ............ very nice clothes. (look, start, wear)
5 Andy always ............ his car on Saturdays. (buy, sell, wash)
6 Most people ............ for other people. (talk, work, teach)
7 That child never ............ Thank you'. (like, say, sing)
8 He ............ in the same chair every evening. (know , like, sit, stand)
9 My father ............ TV most evenings. (listen, think, watch)
10 We always ............ what we can't have. (want, get, forget)
We do not use a present tense to talk about how long something has lasted (see page 65).
I have known her since 1990. (NOT IlfRow her siF1ce 1990.)
In some answers, both contracted forms (for example I'm, don't) and full PRESENT TENSES 17
forms (for example/ am. do not) are possible. Normally both are correct.
simple present negatives / don t know. She doesn't ski. 1
a I do not work you do not work he/she/it does not work we/they do not work
Contractions: don't, doesn't
We make simple present negatives (ml) with do/does not+ infinitive (without to).
STATEMENT a NEGATIVE a
/know I do not know (NOT!kRe�v ,wr)
You think You do not think
He likes
She remembers
It helps
He does not like
She does not remember
It does not help
,.> ••• . ...
�,
... �..
We want We do not want :, -.
They understand They do not understand
0 Make negative sentences. Use do not or does not .

.., I play chess. (cards) .. ! .�<:>. ��.'P.�J;j .<:-��....................................
1 You speak very good Arabic. (Chinese) ................................................................ .
2 Bill plays the piano very well. (guitar) .................................................................
3 We agree about most things. (holidays) ................................................................ .
4 Alan and John live near me. (George and Andrew) .................................................................
5 My father writes novels. (poetry) ................................................................ .
6 Barbara works in London. (five)
7 Henry likes old books. (parties) ................................................................ .
$ Make negative sentences. Use don't or doesn't.

1 The train stops at Bristol. (Cardiff) It .................................................................
2 I like jazz. (pop music) .................................................................
3 Peter remembers names very well. (faces) ................................................................ .
4 We know our Member of Parliament. (his wife) ................................................................ .
5 Alice teaches engineering. (mathematics) .................................................................
6 The children play football on Mondays. (hockey) ................................................................ .
7 The shops open on Sunday mornings. (afternoons) .................................................................
0 Complete the negative sentences, using words from the box.

You can use do not I does not or don't I doesn't, as you like.
fish in Britain much petrol./ much tennis

on Sundays Russian your phone number
.., My car/ use ..�!1. '!'.�.Y. .�.��'.�. ��. ��. P.��t:'�.�-........................

1 Our cat/ like ..........................................................................
2 Melinda/ speak ......................................................................... .
3 I/ remember ..........................................................................
4 Oranges I grow ..........................................................................
5 The postman / come ..........................................................................
6 We I play ......................................................................... .
18 PRESENT TENSES
0 Choose one verb to make each sentence
.
� I t ............................
c(ot.s1A't .SIAOW
negative.
. .
very oft en in San Franc,sco. ( snow, sing, pIay)
1 I like football, but I ............................ cricket at all. (think, like, remember)
2 She lives in Japan, but she ............................ a word of Japanese. (sing, work, speak)
I
3 I'm sorry - I ............................ your name. (eat, remember, work)
4 He works in New York, but I ............................ what he does. (know, use, come)
5 Mary's really tired, but she ............................ to go to bed. (help, want, walk)
6 We ............................ a big flat - just one bedroom. (work, play, want)
7 Phil ............................ very hard, but he makes a lot of money. (work, stand, stop)
8 Gemma's parents ............................ I'm the right man for their daughter. (write, read, think)
0 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: games

Look at the table, and write five or more sentences like this:
..�".':'�.��-ki-�.�-�I'.':'�� .�.t:<:� :�.��- ��.".':'��.P.�11.':'��.....................................................................
"
tennis
�
football
(I
rugby
�
/a
basketball baseball
a
chess
0
cards
J
hockey
fl
badminton
Ann ./ X X ./ X X X X ./
Pete X ./ X X X ./ ./ X X
Joe ./ X ./ ./ X X ./ ./ ./
Sarah X ./ X X ./ ./ X X X
0 What games do you play? And what games do you not play?
NOTE: one negative word is enough (see page 115).

Nobody understands me. (NOT Nobody doesn't understand ffle.)
She never phones me. (NOT She doesn't ne-.,erphone ffle.)
In some answers. both contracted forms (for example /'m, don't) and full PRESENT TENSES 19
forms (for example/ om, do not) are possible. Normally both are correct.
0 Grammar in a text. Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs in the box.
get up go have like like live look after not like not want work work./
Anna ..,. ..�� ........ in a circus in the south of England. She 1 ................... the animals. Every day she
2 ................... at 5.00, she 3 ................... breakfast in her tent and then she 4 ................... to work
with the animals. She s ................... her life very much, and she 6 ................... the other people in the
circus, but she 7 ................... her boss. She also has problems with her boyfriend, James. He
a ................... 5 00 miles away, in Scotland, where he 9 ................... in a bank. He 10 ...................
her to stay with the circus.
cry do love not know not want not work read sit you think want
This morning Anna 11 ................... . She 12 ................... in her tent. She 13 ................... a letter
and she 14 ................... . In the letter, James says 'I 1s ................... you to leave the circus and come to
Scotland to be with me. I 16 ................... to move to England to be with you, because I'm doing well in my
job: Anna 17 ................... what to do. She 1a ................... James, but she 19 ................. ..
well in her job too. What 20 ................... she should do?
0 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: clothes. Use the words in the box to say what the people are (not)
wearing. Use a dictionary if necessary.
belt blouse boots

cardigan coat dress
glasses hat jacket
raincoat shoes shirt
skirt socks suit
sweater trousers
John Cathy Sandra David

,Jq.�� .�� .��.".'.r:��. � .��.��!.�.��I:<:�. ��I:.�.��':-<:� J�'?.��. �!"�.z:1 .�!"��.�� .��.� .�.L.i.:c:�. �.�� ..... .
..�.�I:<:�.�.'?�.�.��.��.<:-�.��.'?�:.�.��.�!.�.�".'.��. ff��:........................................................
Cathy is wearing .....................................................................................................................
Sandra .................................................................................................................................
David ..................................................................................................................................
f) Internet exercise. Use the internet to get information about a well-known person. Write some
of the information (simple present sentences). Some of these words might be useful.
hate like live work play travel often always never
pronunciation for grammar PRESENT TENSES 33

II present progressive: use / 1m working just now.
We use the present progressive to say that things are happening now or around now.
I'm working just now. It's raining again. Jane's taking driving lessons.
�- > - =
·"-
!• , -·�
9.··�·�
l.,. -.:...
___A____
'
-=---
I'm sorry, I can't come out. I'm working just now. (Compare: I work every day. - see page 17.)
Look - it's raining again. (Compare: It rains every day here.)
Jane's taking driving lessons. (Compare: A lot of people take lessons with that driving school.)
I'm enjoying this party. (Compare: I usually enjoy parties.)
0 Make present progressive sentences.

.,. Emma I read/the newspaper. .. ��.�:�. !':�':'.�.�� .t��. �":".'�:P�.�r...............................................
1 The baby/cry/ again. ........................................................................................................
2 It I snow/hard. .................................................................................................................
3 You/look I very beautiful today. ............................................................................................
4 Your coffee/get/cold. .......................................................................................................
5 I/play/ a lot of football this year. ...........................................................................................
6 We/ wait I for a phone call. ..................................................................................................
7 Chris and Helen /spend/a week in France. ..............................................................................
E) Look at the pictures and use the verbs in the box to say what Helen is doing.
brush brush drink get up .I go listen open read read wash
... ...�.�.r� .g��.��-.......... 5 ..................................... the newspaper.

1 ..................................... her face. 6 ..................................... her hair.
2 ..................................... her teeth. 7 ..................................... letters.
3 ..................................... to the radio. 8 ..................................... the door.
4 ..................................... coffee. 9 ..................................... to work.
24 PRESENT TENSES (J 4,jlH. I (J �j�j,O

www.irLanguage.com
present progressive negatives He s not listening to me.
I
1
Ill I am not working you are not working he/she/it is not working we/they are not working
Contractions: I'm not, you're not; he's/she's/it's not, we're not, they're not
Or: you/we/they aren't, he/she/it isn't
We make present progressive negatives with am/are/is not+ ... ing.

I'm not working this week.
0 Choose the right verbs and make negative (Ill) present progressive sentences.
.,.. I (write, play, ask) you for a lot of money. ..!'.�.�.�.�.��."'.'-:9.�q�.fC?r. .�.��.t?f.�C!�!j: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 He (listen, stand, start) to me. ................................................................................................
2 I (rain, work, get) today. ...................................................................................................... .
3 It (wear, rain, speak) now. .................................................................................................... .
4 She (wear, look, wait) a coat. ................................................................................................ .
5 John's students (wait, like, learn) very much. ............................................................................. .
6 We (enjoy, fly, read) this film. .................................................................................................
7 You (live, wait, eat) much these days. ...................................................................................... .
8 I (sleep, stand, expect) to pass the exam. ...................................................................................
9 My computer (pay, work, write). ............................................................................................ .
10 I (stop, play, give) much tennis these days.
E) Write negative ends for the sentences.

.... It's cold, but (r:Jsnow) .. �t�..�� .��:...............................................................................
.,.. I'm a teacher, but (rt/Jwork just now) ..!'.�.�.�.�9.��1:d�t.��: ............................................... .
1 He's a good footballer, but (rt/Jplay well today) .............................................................................
2 They are in England now, but (rt/Jlive in London) .......................................................................... .
3 It's a new car, but (rt/Jrun well) ................................................................................................ .
4 Everybody says this is a good book, but (I r:Jenjoy it) ................................................................... .
5 It's summer , but (the sun rt/Jshine) ........................................................................................... .
6 I'm a student, but (rt/Jstudy at university) ................................................................................... .
7 She sings when she's happy, but (rt/Jsing just now) ....................................................................... .
8 I don't have any problems, but (rt/J sleep well these days) ...............................................................
9 We're on holiday, but (rt/J have a good time) .................................................................................
10 I'm crying, but (rt/Jcrybecauseofyou) ........................................................................................
Complete the sentences, using the verbs in the box.
not work not listen not rain not move not eat �-
*�
1 The train ..................................... 1
2
2 The children ................................... .
! �h·�·��·;·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.........
5 John .....................................
· 3
��
4
NOTE: We do not use a present tense to say how long something has lasted (see page 65 ).
I've been waiting since 9.00. (NOT I'm weitiR(j since 9.00.)
forms (for example I am, do nor) are possible. Normally both are correct.
II present progressive questions Is it raining?
ID am I working? are you working? is he/she/it working? are we/they working?
We make present progressive questions with am/are/is+ subject+ . . . ing

STATEMENT l9 : It is raining. You are working. The children are making something.
QUESTION ID: /
Is it raining? A�u working?
---------
What are the children making?
0 Make questions.
..,, everybody I listen I to me? .. !�.�.'(�".l:j�'?0l1..��.��. �'?. �? ............................................. .
1 you/wait I for somebody? ............................................................................................
2 your boyfriend/enjoy/the concert? ....................................................................................
3 those men/take/our car? ............................................................................................
4 you/talk/to me? ............................................................................................
5 it I snow? ............................................................................................
6 we/go/toofast? ............................................................................................
7 your computer/work? ............................................................................................
8 you read I that newspaper? ............................................................................................
9 the bus/come? ............................................................................................
10 somebody/cook lunch? ............................................................................................
E) Complete the questions.

a Yt tvitu
· h.' 'What I anguage ............
'Those peop I e aren't speak.mg E ng1 ,s 0 ..S'tltQ
R.�&A.a?
r.......
.... :.-.-.-;.) .........................
· .
1 'Bill's writing something on the wall: 'I can't see - what ........................................................'
2 'The train's stopping!' 'Why ........................................................'
3 'They're studying now.' 'What ........................................................'
4 'They're playing a game.' 'What game ........................................................'
5 Tm going now. Goodbye.' 'Wait! Where ....................................................... .'
6 'Nadia's telephoning somebody.' 'Who ........................................................'
7 'The baby's eating something.' 'What ........................................................'
8 'Sue's working as a secretary.' 'Where ....................................................... .'
9 'I'm cooking something good.' 'What ........................................................'
10 'I'm not living with my parents.' 'Where ........................................................'
0 Put in question words and make present progressive questions. (More than one answer may
be possible.)
"" you/do .. �-��. ��. .¼1.D�. 0��?...........................................................
1 you/go now ............................................................................................
2 Anne/cry ............................................................................................
3 he/write ............................................................................................
4 you/telephone ............................................................................................
5 they/ live ............................................................................................
6 your brother/study English ............................................................................................
7 you/cook ............................................................................................
8 those people/look at me ............................................................................................
9 the dog/eat ............................................................................................
10 the children/do ............................................................................................
26 PRESENT TENSES
present progressive: more practice
a lam working you are working he/she/it/is working we/they are working
I
D am I working? are you working? is/he/she/it working? are we/they working?
II I am not working you are not working he/she/it/is not working etc
I'm, you're, he's etc (not) ... ing; you aren't, he isn't etc... ing
0
Contractions:
Put the words in the correct order. Use contractions (e.g. it's) where possible.
.,. me you talking are to? . :'.':'-.��-1:1�� -��-��-�-� .�!. ................................... .
getting are you up? ..........................................................................
2 raining is again it. ..........................................................................
3 not you are listening. ......................................................................... .
4 going where you are? ......................................................................... .
5 talking fast too I am? ..........................................................................
6 I film enjoying not this am. ......................................................................... .
7 laughing those people at are me why? ......................................................................... .
8 am for you I cooking this not. ..........................................................................
9 you what drinking are? ..........................................................................
10 the baby eating the is newspaper. ..........................................................................
f) Make present progressive sentences.,

... I/look for/the station IJ .. !'.� .lf>��.ft:?�. �.�� -��':'\ .............................. .
.,. you/work/tonight D . :'.':'-t�.i::W�.":'"'.'�.��. �p��.0.�� ................................
.,. it/rain II .. !�'.�. ��. r.��.��'::-fL ..............................................
1 Peter/try/to save money O ..........................................................................
2 why/those children/cry D ..........................................................................
3 your friends/play football/this afternoon D .........................................................................
4 she /look/very well today II ......................................................................... .
5 I think she/make/a big mistake O ......................................................................... .
6 you/wear/your usual glasses 11 ..........................................................................
7 I I start I to learn Spanish O ........................................................................ ..
8 the 10.15 train/run/today D ..........................................................................
9 David/live with his parents/any more II ......................................................................... .
10 what/vou/do/in my room D ..........................................................................
C) Complete the text with verbs from the boxes.
1-5: come./ look not wear snow walk wear
, ,
And Mrs Alexander .,. .. ��..C:�.�.r...� ...... down the steps of the plane now. It is very cold and it
1 ........................ heavily,but she 2........................ very happy. She 3........................ a dark blue
dress with a black coat and boots,but she 4 •...••.•..•....•.•.....• a hat. She really is a very beautiful woman.
Her husband s........................ down the steps with her.
6-11: kiss look return say stop try
Now Mrs Alexander and her husband 6........................ at the crowd and smiling. The photographers
7 ........................ to get nearer, but the police s........................ them.What a day! At last, after
twenty years,this wonderful woman 9........................ to her own country. Now the President
10........................ her hand.What 11 ....••..••..•...••••.•.. he ........................ to her,do you think?
forms (for example/ am, do not) are possible. Normally both are correct.
CTIO 3 talking about the future Q)
::,
+-'
.
::,
grammar summary
Q)
There are three common ways to talk about the future in English:
+-'
• with the going to structure.
+-'
I'm really going to stop smoking. ::,
• with the present progressive.
ro
I'm seeing John this evening.
• with will.
Anna will be in the office from 10.00 ti/12.00. i: en
We use going to or the present progressive especially when the future has some present reality: C
-ro
1,-
for example to talk about plans that we have already made. �

We can sometimes use the simple present to talk about the future.
Her train arrives at 15.37. I'll phone you when I get home. +-'
I'll see you tomorrow if I have time.
Your horoscopefor next week

� AQUARIUS GEMINI � LIBRA
f.r.A. (Jan 21 - Feb 18) (May 22 - June 21) � � (Sept 24 - Oct 23)
Wednesday will bring money, Your family will cause You will spend most of the
but the money will bring problems on Monday. And week in hospital. Good luck.
problems. on Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, ... � SCORPIO
� PISCES � (Oct 24 - Nov 22)
� (Feb 19 - March 20) .&.I, CANCER The week will be bad in many
It will be a difficult week. ... (June 22 - July 22) ways. But not as bad as the
Don't travel by train. The week will bring love, following week.
excitement and adventure.
,,,, ARIES But not to you.
11
SAGITTARIUS
� (Mar 21 - Apr 20) (Nov 23 - Dec 21)
Some very strange things will LEO You will make an unexpected
happen on Tuesday. Try to (July 23 - Aug 23) journey. It will end badly.
laugh about them. Stay in bed on Thursday.
Don't open the door. Don't CAPRICORN
� TAURUS answer the phone.
(Dec 22 - Jan 20)
� (Apr 21 -May 21) Trouble will come from a
The week will be full of VIRGO horse and a washing machine.
danger. Stay away from (Aug 24 - Sept 23)
children and animals. You will meet an exciting
stranger. Don't believe
anything that he says.
TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE 35

II going to Look - it's going to rain.
a I am going to drive you are going to drive he/she is going to drive etc
D am I going to drive? are you going to drive? is he/she going to drive? etc
a I am not going to drive you are not going to drive etc
For contractions (I'm, aren't etc), see pages 2 and 315.
We often use going to when we can see the future in the present - when a future situation is starting,
or clearly on the way.
a�
�
Look - it's going to rain. _r:f!_ Rebecca's going to have a baby next month.
-_:,_--:::.._____,0z;z:ce -
() Look at the pictures. What is going to happen? Use the words in the box .
.., She is · · g9.�� .�9.P.9��.� .��.�r:. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·..
- - k-th_e_w- in_d_o_w_ _,
,---b-rea
1 The woman ................................................................. crash
2 He ................................................................. dr ink coffee
3 She ................................................................. have breakfast
4 The cars ................................................................. play the piano
5 He ................................................................. post a letter ./
6 The ball ................................................................ . read a letter
... .--�
,_ . .
2
� a·
i��
�
,�
d(�""'
,.;----
We often use going to to talk about intentions - things that people have decided (not) to do.
What are you going to wear this evening? I'm not going to take a holiday this year.
$ Make questions with going to .

.,.. you I cook supper ..�.r:t)j�':<: .g<:>�.�. �<?.�P9.� .��P.'PY"?. .................
.., when/ your brothers/ be here ..�.��.� .�.r:�
.t,9.1:<:".'.�.".'9.��.�".'� .0.l?�.� �<?.��.�.�".'�� ..
1 Jane/ change her school .................................................................
2 where/ you / put that picture ................................................................ .
3 what/ you/ buy for Felix's birthday ................................................................ .
4 Ethan/ play football/ tomorrow .................................................................
5 when/ you/ stop smoking .................................................................
6 Alice/ go to university ................................................................ .
7 you/ phone the police ................................................................ .
8 your mother/ come and stay with us .................................................................
9 she/ buy that coat ................................................................ .
10 what/ you/ tell the boss .................................................................
36 TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

0 Lindsay is talking about her holiday next week. Look at the pictures and complete the
sentences.
do any work drive to Italy./ fly./ learn some Italian

stay in a nice hotel swim a lot
read English newspapers
take photos visit museums write postcards
I
.,. .. �t.?�.!'.� .�.� .0.t.?�.1�·:�L�t.?.fl.tt..................
· . 4 .........................................................
... .. !'.�.g�.i..� .��. �!':�':'� �f:>. !��tl: ................ 5
1 ............••...................•....................... 6 ........................................................ .
2 ........................................................ . 7 .........................................................
3 ························································· 8
1 2
0 Make sentences with going to.

.,. Andy/start school/next week IJ ..�.".':0.1:j.��..0.l?�!'::9. ��.��/:'.�.�.':'�t.?�� .':":0.-�.:':'��: .......................... .
.,. you/see the dentist D . .�.I'.'�.tj�':'<: .g�.i..".':0_ .��. ��. �.�� .�.�".':-��!....................................................
.,. I/work this evening m
. . !'.�.��.g�.i..".':0..�9.�t?r.�.��.�.�':'�.".':�!'70:................................................
1 how/ you/get to London D . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .
2 when/Monica/come and see us D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 it/snowm ······················································································································
4 I/cook fish/ for lunch IJ .....................................................................................................
5 when/you/see the doctor D . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Angela/marry/her secretary IJ ...........................................................................................
7 John/call/this evening D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 I/stop/playing poker IJ ....................................................................................................
9 everybody I watch the football match 1J ............................................................................... .
10 Sally/get the job m
..........................................................................................................
8 Write some sentences about your intentions. Use I'm (not) going to ...
1 I'm ................................................................................................................ this evening.
2 ........................................................................................................................ tomorrow.
3 ........................................................................................................................ next year.
4 .................................................................................................................... when I'm old.
5 .......................................................................................................................... one day.
NOTE: In informal speech (and songs), we often say gonna for going to.
In some answers, both contracted forms (for example I'm. don't) and full TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE 37
forms (for example/ am, do nor) are possible. Normally both are correct.
C) Complete the sentences with the correct verb forms.
1
..,. .. '.�9. .lj.'?�. ��.�?'..................... 'No, never.' (you I smoke)
..,. 'What .. �r�. !jl?�.�.��.i..�.?'. .................... 'A cheese sandwich.' (you I eat)
'Where .............................................. these days?' 'In a garage.' (she I work)
I
2 ' .............................................. here in summer?' 'Not very often.' (it I rain)
3 'Bonjour.' 'Sorry, I .............................................. French.' (not speak)
4 'Your English .............................................. better.' 'Oh, thank you.' (get)
5 ' .............................................. golf?' 'Yes, but not very well.' (you I play)
6 'Who .............................................. to?' 'My boyfriend.' (you I write)
7 'Where's Suzanne?' '.............................................. now.' (she I come)
8 Well, goodnight ............................................... to bed. (I I go)
9 Water .............................................. at 10o·c. (boif)
1 O ' ..............................................?' 'Not yet.' (that water I boil)
11 ' ..............................................?' 'I can't see it.' (the bus I come)
12 'That man .............................................. all the time.'
'Yes, and he ..............................................' (talk; never listen)
13 'What's Peter's job?' '.............................................. film scripts.' (he I write)
14 'Summer's coming.' 'Yes, .............................................. warmer.' (it I get)
15 'How often ..............................................?' 'Every weekend.' (you I see your parents)
16 'Where's your brother?' '.............................................. from Scotland today.' (he I come back)
17 ' .............................................. fast?' 'Yes, always. Too fast.' (John I drive)
18 'Come and have a drink.' 'Not now. I .............................................. a phone call.' {wait for)
19 'What .............................................. at?' 'A very strange bird.' (you I look)
20 'What kind of music ..............................................' 'All kinds.' (you I like)
0 Make true sentences about yourself.

..,. I often .."P.l:ti'Jj.t��......... , but .. !.�.�.�tP..�!j��J��... now. (play)
1 I often ............................, but I .......................................... now. (play)
2 I sometimes ............................, but I .......................................... now. (wear)
3 I often ............................, but I .......................................... now. (speak)
4 I often ............................ , but I .......................................... now. (listen)
5 I sometimes ............................, but I .......................................... now. (read)
6 I often ............................, but I .......................................... now. (watd,\
7 I sometimes ............................ , but I .......................................... now. (buy)
8 I often ............................, but I .......................................... now. (eat)
9 I often ............................, but I .......................................... now. (drink)
10 I never ............................ , and I .......................................... now.(?)
I never votefor anybody I ahvays vote

against. (WC Fields)
I never travel without my diary.

One should always have something
sensational to read in the train.
(Oscar Wilde)
I never think of the future.

It comes soon enough.
(Albert Einstein)
In some answers. both contracted forms (for example /'m, don tl and full PRESENT TENSES 29
forms (for example/ am. do nor) are possible. Normally both are correct
I non-progressive verbs / don't understand.
Some verbs are most often used in simple tenses, not progressive, even if we mean 'just now'.
I like this weather. (NOT I'm likiR(j this weather.) What does he want? (NOT �ifiot is fie w-oRtiRg?)
THE MOST IMPORTANT NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS

believe, hate, hope, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, remember, seem,
think(= 'have an opinion'), understand, want
I hate this music. 'We're late.' '/ know.' I love that colour. Do you understand?
What does this mean? I need some help. 'Tea?' 'I prefer juice.' Ayesha seems unhappy.
Note also the expressions It doesn't matter(= 'It's not important') and I see(= 'I understand').
'I'm sorry I'm late.' 'It doesn't matter.' 'There's a problem.' 'I see.'
f) Make sentences.
.... Ayesha/ seem/ unhappy today la . :��-�� :�.��- .L:<-.1'.':'��P.P.!j -��-�-�!j:................ .
..,. .
you I need I help D P�. tit?�. ��0..
�-��"?? ....................................
..,. I/ know/ her name II .. ! .�.t?�:�. -�� -�-�".".��: ........................... .
1 what/ this word/ mean D .................................................................
2 Rob/ want/ to see the doctor II .................................................................
3 she/ love / me ! la .................................................................
4 Peter/ seem/ tired la .................................................................
5 we/ need/ a new car II .................................................................
6 you/ know / that man D .................................................................
7 I/ hate/ this cold weather la .................................................................
8 you I like/ this music D ................................................................ .
9 I/ remember/ her address II .................................................................
IO you/ understand/ this letter D .................................................................
8 Complete the sentences with verbs from the boxes.
hope like need not matter not understand prefer not remember want./
..,. What .. 0.�.�----

Paul ..".":'�!':-'.� .. for his birthday?
1 'Przepraszam!' 'Sorry, I ..................................... ·
2 'Would you like some coffee?' 'No, thank you. I ..................................... tea, if that's OK:
3 'What do you think of this music?' 'I ..................................... it:
4 I'm going to the shops. ............... we ............... anything?
5 'I've broken a cup: 'It ..................................... '
6 I ..................................... it doesn't rain tomorrow.
7 Sorry, I ..................................... your name.
believe hate not know love mean see think
8 ............... you ............... what she told you?

9 I ..................................... her name or address.
10 ............... you ............... it's going to rain?
11 'We've got a problem: 'I ..................................... ·
12 'You're crazy!' 'What ............... you ............... ?'
13 If you ..................................... me, why can't we get married?
14 My father likes most music, but he ..................................... rock.
30 PRESENT TENSES
II
SOME USEFUL EXPRESSIONS WITH NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS:
I hope so. I hope not. I think so. I don't think so. It depends. I don't mind. ( = 'It doesn't matter to me:)
'Will you pass your exam?' 'I hope so.' 'Is it going to rain?' 'I hope not.'
'Is that Maria over there?' 'Yes, I think so.' '.Are you free on Sunday?' 'I don't think so.'
'Can you help me?' 'It depends. What do you want me to do?'
'What would you like to drink?' 'I don't mind.'
C, Choose the best expressions to complete the conversations.

..,. 'Is Ingrid enjoying her holiday?' f[_hope�€)! 'I don't mind.'
1 'Agresti, min ruggide flochsch?' 'I don't think so.' I 'I don't understand.'
2 'We're not happy with your work: 'I hope so.' I 'I see.'
3 'Is Jeremy coming to dinner?' 'I see.' I 'I hope not.'
4 'Do you like this music?' '/ think so.' I 'I don't remember.'
5 'Is that Olivia getting into the taxi?' 'I know.' I 'I don't think so.'
6 'Who wrote 'War and Peace'?' 'It depends.' I 'I don't know.'
7 'It's Tuesday: 'I think so.' I 'I know.'
8 'Can you lend me some money?' 'It depends.' I 'It doesn't matter.'
9 'We're too early: 'I don't know.' I 'It doesn't matter.'
10 'What's Phil's address?' 'I don't remember.' I 'It depends.'
11 'Sorry, this coffee isn't very good: 'I don't mind.' I 'I hope so.'
12 'Will you pass your exam?' 'I hope so.' I 'I don't remember.'
13 'Is Pete in his office?' '/ don't think so.' I 'I see.'
14 'Is it going to rain?' 'It depends.' I 'I hope not.'
15 'Can you help me?' 'I think so.' I 'I don't remember.'
0 Write personal answers.

..,. Will everybody in the world.speak English one day? .. !.��-�1?:/..'.0.�."'.':·.�-��-�1?:/..'.��J.>�.�1?:/.....
. . . ! -�-l?P.�. ��; /. !. 0.�."'.':·.�-��.0 . / ·'· -��i::-:�. �.10'.l?�:.....
1 Is your English getting better? .................................................................
2 Will you be rich and famous one day? .................................................................
3 What were you doing at 8.00 in the morning on February 16th last year?
4 How many stars are there in the sky? ................................................................ .

5 Will it rain tomorrow? ................................................................ .
6 Have you got a good government? ................................................................ .
7 Will you live to be 100 years old? ................................................................ .
8 Are there people on other planets? ................................................................ .
9 Are you a nice person? ................................................................ .
10 Will you fall in love next week? .................................................................
WHATTHEY MEAN
'Do you mind if I sit here?' 'No, please do.' 'Go away.'
'I'm sorry I spilt coffee on you .' 'It doesn't matter at all.' 'You clumsy fool.'
'Can you do something for mer 'It depends. What is id' 'Certainly not.'
'What shall I sing?' 'I don't mind.Anything.' 'Don't sing.'
'Do you see what I meanr 'Yes.' 'No.'
'Shall I wear the blue dress or the 'I don t min
green one? Which do you prefer?' beautiful.'
'You don't seem to like the food.' 'Oh, I do. It's delicious.' 'I hate it.'
'I need to be alone.' 'I see.' 'I don't see.'
forms (for example I am, do not) are possible Normally both are correct.
present tenses: more practice
0 Question words. Choose words from the box to complete the questions.
how how many how much what what time when where why
1 ............... do you want for Christmas? 5 ............... do you usually get up?
2 ............... does the holiday start? 6 ............... rice do you want?
3 ............... does your sister live? 7 ............... do you need to learn English?
4 ............... tickets do you need? 8 ............... do you make scrambled eggs?
E) Simple present. Choose the correct verbs to make simple present sentences.
..,. I/ hamburgers (0) (like, drink, play) .. ! .��- -��':'<:�0�.I"."�:.......................................................
..,. Henry/ French (0) (make, speak, work) ..��..�.".".1'.1::1.�P.�.�-�- ft��? .......................................
..,. the buses I on Sundays (a) (speak, play, run) .. !1'.t� .�� .�P�:�..I::<:�.�.".". .�.�.�".Il:'.1�:......................
1 what language/ Brazilians (0) (run, work, speak) ....................................................................
2 Felix/ fast cars (0) (sing, catch, drive) ...................................................................................
3 Annemarie/ newspapers (a) (make, read, clean) .................................................................... .
4 my two brothers both/ in London (0) (play, speak, work) ......................................................... .
5 dogs I vegetables (II) (walk, eat, pass) ................................................................................ .
6 Maria/ the piano (II) (play, make, cool) .................................................................................
7 Peter/ at weekends (0) (work, wear, break) ...........................................................................
8 my husband/ very well (0) (want, cook, stop) ....................................................................... .
9 Roger/ to work with animals (0) (want, play, reacf) ..................................................................
10 this bus/ to Belfast (0) (work, speak, go) .............................................................................. .
0 Present progressive. Write true sentences to say what is (not) happening now.
..,. I/ work .. ! '.':":": -��:............................................... .
1 I/ wear red socks I'm ............ ..................................................................
2 it/ rain .................................................................... .
3 I/ listen to music .................................................................... .
4 I/ sit on the beach .................................................................... .
5 I/ sing ........................................................ :. ...........
6 I/ think about something beautiful .................................................................... .
7 I/ wait for a phone call .....................................................................
8 the sun/ shine .....................................................................
9 the government/ make everybody happy .................................................................... .
10 my English/ get better .................................................................... .
0 Progressive and non-progressive verbs. Correct (.I) or not (X)?

..,. Are you liking this weather? . /.. 5 I'm thinking you're wrong. ......
..,. I'm working today. ..(. 6 That man is looking like your brother. ......
1 You're driving too fast. ...... 7 Sorry, I'm not understanding. ......
2 What is this word meaning? ...... 8 I'm seeing the doctor this morning. ......
3 I'm not wanting a drink just now. ...... 9 'I can't pay you today.' 'I see.' ......
4 Where are you living now? ...... 10 What are you thinking about? ......
32 PRESENT TENSES
0 Grammar in a text. Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs in the box.
get up go have like like live look after not like not want work work./
Anna ..,. ..�� ........ in a circus in the south of England. She 1 ................... the animals. Every day she
2 ................... at 5.00, she 3 ................... breakfast in her tent and then she 4 ................... to work
with the animals. She s ................... her life very much, and she 6 ................... the other people in the
circus, but she 7 ................... her boss. She also has problems with her boyfriend, James. He
a ................... 5 00 miles away, in Scotland, where he 9 ................... in a bank. He 10 ...................
her to stay with the circus.
cry do love not know not want not work read sit you think want
This morning Anna 11 ................... . She 12 ................... in her tent. She 13 ................... a letter
and she 14 ................... . In the letter, James says 'I 1s ................... you to leave the circus and come to
Scotland to be with me. I 16 ................... to move to England to be with you, because I'm doing well in my
job: Anna 17 ................... what to do. She 1a ................... James, but she 19 ................. ..
well in her job too. What 20 ................... she should do?
0 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: clothes. Use the words in the box to say what the people are (not)
wearing. Use a dictionary if necessary.
belt blouse boots

cardigan coat dress
glasses hat jacket
raincoat shoes shirt
skirt socks suit
sweater trousers
John Cathy Sandra David

,Jq.�� .�� .��.".'.r:��. � .��.��!.�.��I:<:�. ��I:.�.��':-<:� J�'?.��. �!"�.z:1 .�!"��.�� .��.� .�.L.i.:c:�. �.�� ..... .
..�.�I:<:�.�.'?�.�.��.��.<:-�.��.'?�:.�.��.�!.�.�".'.��. ff��:........................................................
Cathy is wearing .....................................................................................................................
Sandra .................................................................................................................................
David ..................................................................................................................................
f) Internet exercise. Use the internet to get information about a well-known person. Write some
of the information (simple present sentences). Some of these words might be useful.
hate like live work play travel often always never
pronunciation for grammar PRESENT TENSES 33

present tenses: revision test
0 Write the simple present he/she/it forms.
go .. 0��... catch ............ cost ............ do ............ enjoy ............ fly ............
have ...... ...... hope ............ know ............ live ............ mix ............ pass ............
play ............ stand ............ teach ............ think ............ try .......... .. wash ............
wear ............ wish . ....... . ... work ........... .
Q Write the -ing forms.

call .. �':'.��-..... begin ... ......... cry ............ die ......... ... enjoy ............ fly ............
forget ... ......... get ............ happen ............ hold ............ hope ..... ....... learn ............
look ..... ....... make ............ open ...... ...... play ............ send ............ sit ............
sleep ............ stop ............ take ............
0 Put the words in order to make simple present sentences.

..,. Phil/dogs/like (I]) .. ��. ��.�. ��0:�: ................................................................................ .
..,. know/you/Anna (ID) .. ��-l-1�.t.:<.- .��.�-� ......................................................................
..,. open on Sundays/the post office (II) .. :!'.'.� P.�.��. eff!-.<::�. 0��."'."'.'.�.�P.�.� P�. �L:<:�0�rj�:......................
1 work/you/London (ID) .....................................................................................................
2 pop music/like/I (II} .........................................................................................................
3 where/live/James (ID) ......................................................................................................
4 coffee/some/want/you (ID) ..............................................................................................
5 rain/here/it/a lot (I]) ......................................................................................................
6 I/my/every week/wash/car (I]) .......................................................................................
7 Spanish/ Luke/speak (Ill ..................................................................................................
8 friends/football/play/all your (ID .......................................................................................
9 a suit/wear/to the office/ I (II} ...........................................................................................
1 O make/ spaghetti carbonara/how/you (ID) .............................................................................
0 Put the words in order to make present progressive sentences.

1 sister/my/in Spain/travel (I]) ............................................................................................
2 happy/Alice/look/very (II) ..............................................................................................
3 the baby/why/cry (ID) ......................................................................................................
4 for the bus/wait/you (ID) ..................................................................................................
5 much tennis/I I these days/play (II) .....................................................................................
6 nice /Tim/wear/a I very/raincoat (I]) ..................................................................................
7 me/talk/you/about/ (ID) .................................................................................................
8 walk/slowly/you/too (I]) .................................................................................................
9 that/what/eat/child (ID) ................................................................................................. .
10 this/I/enjoy/concert (II)
f) Correct (.I) or not (.x)?

1 'Where's Melissa?' 'She's coming now: ...... 9 I'm seeing the doctor this morning. ......
2 'Are you smoking?' 'No, never: ...... 10 'I can't pay you today: 'I see: ......
3 John cooks dinner just now. ...... 11 Where are you living now? ......
4 I work late most Tuesdays. ...... 12 What do you think about? ......
5 Why is she looking at me? ...... 13 I think you're wrong. ......
6 I'm going skiing every winter. ...... 14 That man is looking like your brother. ......
7 You're driving too fast. ...... 15 'Your English gets better: 'Oh, thank you: ......
8 What is this word meaning? ......
34 PRESENT TENSES In some answers. both contracted forms (for example I'm, don't) and full
forms (for example I am, do not) are possible. Normally both are correct.
CTIO 3 talking about the future Q)
::,
+-'
.
::,
grammar summary
Q)
There are three common ways to talk about the future in English:
+-'
• with the going to structure.
+-'
I'm really going to stop smoking. ::,
• with the present progressive.
ro
I'm seeing John this evening.
• with will.
Anna will be in the office from 10.00 ti/12.00. i: en
We use going to or the present progressive especially when the future has some present reality: C
-ro
1,-
for example to talk about plans that we have already made. �

We can sometimes use the simple present to talk about the future.
Her train arrives at 15.37. I'll phone you when I get home. +-'
I'll see you tomorrow if I have time.
Your horoscopefor next week

� AQUARIUS GEMINI � LIBRA
f.r.A. (Jan 21 - Feb 18) (May 22 - June 21) � � (Sept 24 - Oct 23)
Wednesday will bring money, Your family will cause You will spend most of the
but the money will bring problems on Monday. And week in hospital. Good luck.
problems. on Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, ... � SCORPIO
� PISCES � (Oct 24 - Nov 22)
� (Feb 19 - March 20) .&.I, CANCER The week will be bad in many
It will be a difficult week. ... (June 22 - July 22) ways. But not as bad as the
Don't travel by train. The week will bring love, following week.
excitement and adventure.
,,,, ARIES But not to you.
11
SAGITTARIUS
� (Mar 21 - Apr 20) (Nov 23 - Dec 21)
Some very strange things will LEO You will make an unexpected
happen on Tuesday. Try to (July 23 - Aug 23) journey. It will end badly.
laugh about them. Stay in bed on Thursday.
Don't open the door. Don't CAPRICORN
� TAURUS answer the phone.
(Dec 22 - Jan 20)
� (Apr 21 -May 21) Trouble will come from a
The week will be full of VIRGO horse and a washing machine.
danger. Stay away from (Aug 24 - Sept 23)
children and animals. You will meet an exciting
stranger. Don't believe
anything that he says.
TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE 35

II going to Look - it's going to rain.
a I am going to drive you are going to drive he/she is going to drive etc
D am I going to drive? are you going to drive? is he/she going to drive? etc
a I am not going to drive you are not going to drive etc
For contractions (I'm, aren't etc), see pages 2 and 315.
We often use going to when we can see the future in the present - when a future situation is starting,
or clearly on the way.
a�
�
Look - it's going to rain. _r:f!_ Rebecca's going to have a baby next month.
-_:,_--:::.._____,0z;z:ce -
() Look at the pictures. What is going to happen? Use the words in the box .
.., She is · · g9.�� .�9.P.9��.� .��.�r:. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·..
- - k-th_e_w- in_d_o_w_ _,
,---b-rea
1 The woman ................................................................. crash
2 He ................................................................. dr ink coffee
3 She ................................................................. have breakfast
4 The cars ................................................................. play the piano
5 He ................................................................. post a letter ./
6 The ball ................................................................ . read a letter
... .--�
,_ . .
2
� a·
i��
�
,�
d(�""'
,.;----
We often use going to to talk about intentions - things that people have decided (not) to do.
What are you going to wear this evening? I'm not going to take a holiday this year.
$ Make questions with going to .

.,.. you I cook supper ..�.r:t)j�':<: .g<:>�.�. �<?.�P9.� .��P.'PY"?. .................
.., when/ your brothers/ be here ..�.��.� .�.r:�
.t,9.1:<:".'.�.".'9.��.�".'� .0.l?�.� �<?.��.�.�".'�� ..
1 Jane/ change her school .................................................................
2 where/ you / put that picture ................................................................ .
3 what/ you/ buy for Felix's birthday ................................................................ .
4 Ethan/ play football/ tomorrow .................................................................
5 when/ you/ stop smoking .................................................................
6 Alice/ go to university ................................................................ .
7 you/ phone the police ................................................................ .
8 your mother/ come and stay with us .................................................................
9 she/ buy that coat ................................................................ .
10 what/ you/ tell the boss .................................................................

0 Lindsay is talking about her holiday next week. Look at the pictures and complete the
sentences.
do any work drive to Italy./ fly./ learn some Italian

stay in a nice hotel swim a lot
read English newspapers
take photos visit museums write postcards
I
.,. .. �t.?�.!'.� .�.� .0.t.?�.1�·:�L�t.?.fl.tt..................
· . 4 .........................................................
... .. !'.�.g�.i..� .��. �!':�':'� �f:>. !��tl: ................ 5
1 ............••...................•....................... 6 ........................................................ .
2 ........................................................ . 7 .........................................................
3 ························································· 8
1 2
0 Make sentences with going to.

.,. Andy/start school/next week IJ ..�.".':0.1:j.��..0.l?�!'::9. ��.��/:'.�.�.':'�t.?�� .':":0.-�.:':'��: .......................... .
.,. you/see the dentist D . .�.I'.'�.tj�':'<: .g�.i..".':0_ .��. ��. �.�� .�.�".':-��!....................................................
.,. I/work this evening m
. . !'.�.��.g�.i..".':0..�9.�t?r.�.��.�.�':'�.".':�!'70:................................................
1 how/ you/get to London D . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .
2 when/Monica/come and see us D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 it/snowm ······················································································································
4 I/cook fish/ for lunch IJ .....................................................................................................
5 when/you/see the doctor D . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Angela/marry/her secretary IJ ...........................................................................................
7 John/call/this evening D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 I/stop/playing poker IJ ....................................................................................................
9 everybody I watch the football match 1J ............................................................................... .
10 Sally/get the job m
..........................................................................................................
8 Write some sentences about your intentions. Use I'm (not) going to ...
1 I'm ................................................................................................................ this evening.
2 ........................................................................................................................ tomorrow.
3 ........................................................................................................................ next year.
4 .................................................................................................................... when I'm old.
5 .......................................................................................................................... one day.
NOTE: In informal speech (and songs), we often say gonna for going to.
In some answers, both contracted forms (for example I'm. don't) and full TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE 37
forms (for example/ am, do nor) are possible. Normally both are correct.
II present progressive What are you doing this evening?
a lam working you are working he/she/it is working we/they are working
6 am I working? are you working? is he/she/it working? are we/they working?
a I am not working you are not working he/she/it is not working '" �
For contractions (I'm, aren't etc), see pages 2 and 31 5.
We can use the present progressive with a future meaning, especially when we talk about plans for
a fixed time and/or place.
'What are you doing this evening?' 'I'm staying in.' Where are you going on holiday?
Joe's coming to the theatre with us tomorrow. I'm starting a new job next week.
0 Make sentences with the present progressive.

.,.. when/you/ come back 6 ..'f',(��.�.�.":"�.t,P.�.�P.��.�?.<:-�? .....................................................
.... I/ go/ there again Im ..
!'.�.��.0.'?�."'."'.0..��.�f�..�0��·................................................................
1 I/ play/ baseball tomorrow Im ..............................................................................................
2 I/ go/ to Canada next year Im ............................................................................................. .
3 we/ stay/with Paul and Lucy next week la ..............................................................................
4 you /work/ this evening Im .................................................................................................
5 what time/ your friends/ arrive Im ...................................................................................... ..
6 my company/ move/to Scotland next year la ......................................................................... .
7 how/ your mother/ travel to France 6 ...................................................................................
8 I/see/ the dentist on Thursday la ........................................................................................ .
9 I/ go/ to a concert tonight la .............................................................................................. .
10 Gary/ marry Cathy/ after all Im ........................................................................................... .
f) Look at Harry's diary and correct the sentences.
.,.. He's staying in Berlin on Friday night.
Sunday
Joh111, PQrirur
.. �.��.�.(�.�p��.��.��.�P.��.�.�.fy��?.11.��g��:.....
MO™�
Monday
He's seeing John Parker on Sunday afternoon.
to lloi.rw.i�hAK4 (1.1StrAi.111,)
Tuesday
2 He's going to the Birmingham office by car.
li.c.111,C,h SttwArt 1.00
Wednesday
3 He's having dinner with Stewart on Tuesday.
theatre wi.th .A:--.. Alll<dJot
Thursday
4 He's going to the theatre on Thursday evening. JA.tlll seeretA'l:j starti.�
Friday
5 His new secretary is starting on Friday. to 11,en.i,111, LJ-t01... g .00;
bAe� l.H1.35' 1 .... -40
6 Phil and Monica are going to his wedding on Saturday. Saturday
Phi.l Alll<d Molll,LC.A'S we,ilc.t�
0 A friend of yours is going on holiday soon. Write questions.

.,.. when/ leave ..�.��.�.�.".'�.ljP�.�.��?........ 5 stay/ with friends .....................................
.,.. take/ your sister :�.� .!1��-�-�. l::W�".'.��r!. 6 how/ travel .............................................
1 where/ go ............................................... 7 take/the dog ......................................... .
2 why/ go there ......................... ................. 8 who/go with you .....................................
3 how long/ stay .......................................... 9 when/ come back .....................................
4 stay/in one place ......................................

will: predicting / think it will rain tomorrow.
a I/you/he/she/it/we/they will work

II
D will I/you/he etc work?
II I/you/he etc will not work
Contractions: I'll, you'll etc; won't(= will not)
We use will+ infinitive to predict - to say things that we think, guess or know about the future.
I think it will snow tomorrow. Be quick, or you'll miss your train.
Bella won't be here this evening. When will you know your exam results?
0 Put the words in the correct order to make affirmative (II) sentences.
IIJ,,, here George be will ..�.��!'.'��-��.l.�.��-.��.t'.'�............................................ tomorrow.
.,,. speak everybody English perhaps will ..��- �.".'�.'11�-��!1. ��.�P.��- �-�.��-�-... in the year 2100.
1 begin class will the ................................................................. at 9.30.
2 be they'll home ................................................................. soon.
3 examination will the difficult be .................................................................
4 walk we'll party the to ................................................................ .
5 she not speak will me to ................................................................ .
6 your John answer questions will .................................................................
7 Sunday ten years old will Emily be on .................................................................
f) Make questions with will.

1 what time/ tomorrow evening's concert/ start ? ........................................................................
2 when/ you and the family/ get back/ from Paris ? .................................................................... .
3 you/ be/ here tomorrow ? .................................................................................................. .
4 you and your mother/ be/ here tomorrow ? .............................................................................
5 where/ you/ be/ this evening ? ............................................................................................
6 the children/ have enough money/ for the journey ? .................................................................
7 how soon/ you know/ the answer ? .......................................................................................
0 Make negatives, with won't and questions. , ,

.,,. 'I .. ��'.�.ft:��- ....... this work today: 'When ..�-1,-�� .l:'.1�-�- V-�� ... it?' (finish)
11J,,, 'John .. ��'.�. ��- ............. here tomorrow: ' ..�.i...�� -�-� -�� -��t:'� ..... on Tuesday?' (be)
1 'Annie ....... ..... ...... .. ...... .. here at ten: 'When .......... ........ .......... here?' (be)
2 'I ............................ time for lunch: ' ............................ time for a sandwich?' (have)
3 'You ............................ a pen in there: 'Where ............................ one?' (find)
4 'The children ............................ to school in Ely: 'Where ............................ '(go)
5 'Dylan . ........................... much money if he sells that car: 'How much ............................ '(get)
6 'Your car ............................ ready today: 'When ............................ ready?' (be)
7 'I ............................ the exam result today: 'When ............................ it?' (know)
NOTE: After I and we, some people say shall instead of will. The meaning is the same; will is more common
in modern English.
In some answers, both contracted forms (for example I'm, don't) and full TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE 39
II
will: deciding, refusing, promising /'//answer it.
We can use will when we decide or agree to do things, and when we talk about refusing (saying 'no')
and promising. We don't use the simple present in these cases.
OK, I really will stop smoking. She won't speak to me. I'll phone you. (NOT�)
Things can 'refuse'.
The car won't start. This pen won't write.
We often use will at the moment when we decide something.
'There's someone at the door.' 'I'll go.' (NOT�) 'That's the phone.' 'I'll answer it:
0 Put in words from the box with 'II or won't.
do go shopping go to bed./ help open start stop tell./ tell wash
� I'm tired. I think 1.'.��.0�.��..��: .. 4 I ................... Jack that we're going to be late.
� I don't know what he wants. He ..�.�':":''.�.�.��.. us. 5 The baby .............. crying. Can you sing to her?
1 I ................... the cups; can you dry them? 6 'There's no food in the house.' 'I .................. .'
2 'Can somebody post my letters?' 'I ............... it.' 7 'I can't move this table.' 'I ................... you.'
3 'My motorbike .................. .' 'No petrol?' 8 'This door ...................' 'It's locked.'
8 It's time to change your life. Look at the ideas in the box and write six promises with
will or won't - the most important first.
always think before I speak be nice to everybody drive too fast fall in love every week
go for a walk every day go to bed early learn another language / a musical instrument
read more relax smile at everybody smoke study English every day talk more slowly
talk to strangers think about myself too much work harder (your own promise)
� .. ('.��.��. ��. ��.��tl: ............................. . 3 ...............................................................

� .. ( .��".":''.�.0.��Y�. �P�. fl:':��......................... . . . . . . . 4 ...............................................................
1 .............................................................. . 5 ...............................................................
2 ······························································· 6
0 Look at the expressions in the box. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Then�the best answers.
I'll think about it. I'll see. ( ='I'll think about it.') (I'll) see you tomorrow/later.
(I'll) see you. I'll give you a ring/call. (='I'll phone you.') I'll tell you tomorrow/later.
1 'Mum, can I have an ice cream?' A 'I'll see.' B 'I'll see you.'
2 'When do you want to play tennis?' A 'I'll see you tomorrow.' B 'I'll tell you tomorrow.'
3 'I've got to go now.' A 'I'll see you.' B 'I'll think about it.'
4 'Would you like to come dancing with me?' A 'I'll think about it.' B 'I'll see you later.'
5 'Can we talk about it some more?' A 'I'll see you.' B 'I'll give you a ring.'
6 'Goodbye now.' A 'See you tomorrow.' B 'I'll see.'
7 'What do you want for your birthday?' A 'See you.' B 'I'll tell you later.'
8 'Would you like to go to Scotland with me?' A 'I' ll see you.' B 'I'll see.'

S CTION 4 past tenses V')
Q)
V')
C
Q)
grammar summary
.....,
V')
SIMPLE PAST:/ worked, she worked, he didn't work etc ro
PAST PROGRESSIVE (OR 'PAST CONTINUOUS'):/ was working, she was working, he wasn't working etc
Cl.
two 'past' tenses.
English has
• We use the simple past for complete finished actions. We often use it in stories.
I wrote ten letters yesterday. A man walked into a police station and asked ...
• We use the past progressive to talk about actions which were unfinished at a past time.
'What were you doing at 10.00 last night?' '/ was writing letters.'
• About 6,000 years ago, somebody About 2,200 years ago,

painted this picture on a cave wall in Shi Huangdi completed
Namibia, south-west Africa. the Great Wall of China.
Stonehenge, in southern England, is

about 4,800 years old. Who built it?
Nobody knows.
• About 1,200 years ago, Vikings from

Scandinavia made this beautiful ship.
I =.
e
... r - ' .- 45
."-.
•)
I .....
II simple past: forms / worked. I went.
REGULAR VERBS IRREGULAR VERBS

a I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked I/you/he/she/it/we/they went
did I/you/he/she/it/we/they work? did I/you/he/she/it/we/they go?
I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not work I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not go
Contraction: didn't
HOW TO MAKE REGULAR SIMPLE PAST FORMS

• most verbs: + -ed work - worked help - helped rain - rained
• after -e: + -d hope - hoped like - liked
0 Write the simple past.

walk ..:'Y��.. arrive ............... change ............... cook ...............
hate............... live ............... pass ............... shave ............... watch ...............
,.------------------------------
VERBS ENDING IN -Y
• vowel (a, e, o) + y - -yed play - played enjoy - enjoyed
• consonant (d, /, r etc) + y - -ied try - tried reply - replied
t) Write the simple past.

stay ............... study ............... cry .............. . annoy ............... carry .............. .
hurry ............... pray ...............
DOUBLING (stopped, planned etc)

• one vowel + one consonant
- double consonant+ -ed stop - stopped (NOT steped) plan - planned
• two vowels: don't double seem -- seemed wait - waited (NOT waitted)
• two consonants: don't double want - wanted (NOT wantted) help - helped
• only double in STRESSED syllables preFER - preferred BUT WONder - wondered
0 Write the simple past.

shop ............... rain ............... start ............... rob .............. . slim ...............
jump .............. . shout ............... slip ....... .... .... fit ............... turn ...............
Visit ............... reGRET ............... deVElop .... ........... GALiop ...............
OPen ............... ANswer ............... reFER ...............
With irregular verbs, you have to learn the simple past forms one by one (see page 299).
go - went see - saw buy - bought pay - paid
0 Write as many of the simple past forms as you can. Check them on page 299, and learn
the ones that you don't know.
become ........... . begin .... .... . ... break .......... .. bring ...... ...... catch ........... .
come ........... . drink ............ eat ............ fall ............ feel ...... ...... forget ............
get ........... . give ............ hear ...... ...... hold ............ keep ............ know ............
learn ........... . leave ......... ... let ............ make ............ pay ............ put ............
read ............ say............ shut ........ .... sit ............ speak ...... ...... stand ............
take ............ tell ............ think ............ write ............
46 PAST TENSES
si m pie past: use left school in 1 990.
We often use the simple past to talk about when things happened.
I
/ left school in 1990. I did(! r see Ann yesterday. What timedid you amve?
We use the simple past, not the present perfect (have seen etc) with finished-time expressions.
I saw that film last week. (NOT IhBve seeA that film IBst week.)
-��--�
Did you pay William on Sunday? (NOT I-lave yo1:1 (!}Bid WilliBR'I OR 5tJR86)'?)
L
• Put the beginnings and ends together, using the verbs in the box.
die./ forget learn like read speak stop
0 Shakespeare --��·-···· A birthpay on Monday. ......

1 I ............... my girlfriend's B in 1616 . ..�.
2 That's a really good book. C so I ............... my lessons last week. ......
3 When we were children D I ............... it last year. ......
4 I didn't ............... my piano teacher E we always ............... French at home. ......
5 Where did you ............... F to speakSpanish so well? ......
Note the word order with ago.

I started this job three years ago. (NOT ... 090 th,eeyeBrs.) It happened a long time ago. � .... •,
t) How long ago was your last birthday? Ten days ago? Five weeks ago? Eight months ago?
Write the answer, and complete the other sentences.
1 My last birthday was .................................... 3 Last January ..............................................
2 Last Tuesday was ........................................ 4 My third birthday ........................................
We often use the simple past for things that happened one .ifter another, for example in stories.
He parked his car, went into the station and bought a ticket. Then he had a cup of coffee and ...
-------�-
• Grammar in a text. Put simple past verbs into the story.
1-6: come hear open say not see stand

7-10: give hold not read take
11-15: run say not speak turn write
He 1 ...............•... outside her door for a long time. Then he 2 •...•••••...••••... her footsteps inside the
house.She 3 ................... the door and 4 ................... out. At first she s ................... him, but then
she 6 ................... , 'Oh, hello, Harold: He 7 .........•..••.•.•. a paper out of his pocket and a .................. .
it to her.She 9 ................... it in one hand, but 10 ................... it.'Listen; he 11 ................... . .She
12 ................... 'I 13 ................... you this letter because-'She 14 ................... back into the house.
He 1s ................... and walked slowly down the street.
In some answers, both contracted forms (for example I'm, don't) and full PAST TENSES 47
II simple past: negatives / did not work. I did not go.
II I did not work you did not work he/she/it did not work we did not work they did not work
Contraction: didn't
We make simple past negatives (II) with did not !didn't+ infinitive (without to).
STATEMENT 19 NEGATIVE II
He cleaned the car. He did not clean the car. (NOT �e did not deaned thecar.)
He started early. He did not start early. (NOT �e did notstarts early.)
She saw you. She didn't see you. (NOT She didn't sawyot1.)
John went to Rome. John didn't go to Rome.
0 Circle the correct form .

.., I break /�a cup yesterday. 4 Alina come I came to see us at the weekend.
.., Ann did no� played tennis this morning. 5 I didn't see I saw Bill at the party.
1 Harry work I worked last Sunday. 6 Peter didn't write I wrote to me for a long time.
2 I didn't know I knew where I was. 7 The train did not arrive I arrives on time.
3 I didn't feel I felt well last night. 8 Julita didn't like I likes/ liked her teacher.
Make simple past negative sentences.

.., I played hockey last weekend. (football) .. 1.0.�0.':":''.�.P.�l::1 .fr£?�.��: ..............................
1 We spoke Spanish together. (Arabic) .................................................................
2 My uncle taught mathematics. (science) .................................................................
3 Bill cooked the potatoes. (the fish) .................................................................
4 I took my mother to the mountains. (my father) .................................................................
5 We told our parents everything. (the police) .................................................................
6 I wrote to my sister. (my brother) .................................................................
7 I liked the party. (the music) .................................................................
8 We knew her address. (phone number) .................................................................
Complete the sentences with affirmative (IJ) or negative (II) verbs .

... I didn't break this window, but (the other one IJ) .. 1.�.I'.''?.� .�n.�.'?��.�1'.'.'?.�: .......................................
.., 1 worked last week, but (the week before II) .. 1.0.��':":''.�. �'?� .�n.�.��.��.�.ef.�I'.'�......................... . . . . . . . . . .
1 He didn't change his trousers, but (his shirt IJ) ......................................................................... .
2 She answered the first question, but (the others II) ....................................................................
3 He phoned her, but (go to her house 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 I didn't bring any flowers, but (some chocolates IJ) .....................................................................
5 She didn't buy a coat, but (a very nice dress IJ) ..........................................................................
6 I ate the vegetables, but (the meat a=I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 We kept the photos, but (the letters a=IJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 They didn't speak English, but (German IJ) ..............................................................................
9 My grandfather shaved on weekdays, but (at weekends a=I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 Write five things that you didn't do yesterday.

1 I didn't .............................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
3 .......................................................................................................................................
4 .......................................................................................................................................
5
48 PAST TENSES
simple past questions Did you pay? What did she say?
D did I work? did you work? did he/she/it work? did we work? did they work?
I
We make simple past questions (IU} with did+ subject + infinitive (without to).
STATEMENT ID QUESTION D
He cleaned the car. Did he clean the car? (NOT Die he cletme<J the car?)
The class went to Rome. Where did the class go? (NOT Where <Jid the c/.oss weRt?)
0 Circle the correct form .

..,. I take l(iool{) my father to Spain last week. 6 Why did you leave I left your job?
..,. Did you(fieab/ heard me? 7 Did Fred speak I spoke to you about Andy?
1 Did Theo bring I brought his wife with him? 8 Where did that woman keep I kept all her money?
2 When did Gemma start I starts school? 9 Rolf learn/ learnt English when he was young.
3 I see I saw Eric in the supermarket yesterday. 10 Sorry - I forget I forgot to buy milk.
4 The lesson begin I began very late. 11 Did you come I came by train or by bus?
5 How did Oliver break I broke his leg? 12 What did you say I said?
$ Make simple past questions .

..,. James enjoyed the food, but (the music IU) ..?.��.��- ��P�.�-��- -��-�?......................
1 She listened to everything, but (remember it IU) ...........................................................
2 You didn't pay Ryan, but (the others IU ) .......................................................... .
3 You liked the book, but (the film IU ) ...........................................................
4 He played football, but (we// lU) ...........................................................
5 You gave them some help, but (any money IU) .................................................. ·: ...... .
6 She wrote to her sister, but (her mother IU) ...........................................................
7 He learnt French, but (English IU) ...........................................................
8 She got up early, but (early enough IU) ...........................................................
9 You shut the back door, but (the front door IU) .......................................................... .
10 They took the children with them, but (the dog IU) ...........................................................
11 She felt ill on Sunday, but (OK yesterday IU) ...........................................................
12 He forgot the name of his hotel, but (the address as well lU) .........................................................
0 Make simple past questions with what, who and where.

..,. Pete saw somebody. ..�.�� .0.�.0. .�� ................................................................................ .
1 John went somewhere. .......................................................................................................
2 Bill bought something. .......................................................................................................
3 Alice married somebody. ....................................................................................................
4 Mary broke something. ...................................................................................................... .
5 Mike stayed somewhere. .....................................................................................................
6 Joe studied something. .......................................................................................................
7 Robert studied somewhere. . ............................................................................................... .
8 Ann wrote something. ...................................................................................................... .
9 Catherine heard somebody. ................................................................................................ .
10 George understood something. ............................................................................................
11 Helen forgot something. .....................................................................................................
12 Sarah went on holiday somewhere. ........................................................................................
-+ For questions without did, like Who said that? or What happened?, see pages 108-109.
In some answers, both contracted forms (for example I'm, don't) and full PAST TENSES 49
present perfect: forms / have paid. Has she forgotten?
REGULAR VERBS AN IRREGULAR VERB

I have worked you have worked he/she/it has worked etc I have seen etc
have I worked? have you worked? has he/she/it worked? etc have I seen? etc
I have not worked you have not worked etc I have not seen etc
For contractions (I've, he's, haven't), see page 301.
To make the present perfect, put have/has with the past participle (worked, seen etc).
Regular past participles end in -ed. like simple past tenses (for spelling rules, see page 46).
work - worked hope - hoped stop - stopped try - tried
With irregular verbs, the past participle is often different from the simple past tense.
You have to learn the forms one by one (see page 299).
see - seen speak - spoken go - gone buy - bought
• Write as many of the irregular past participles as you can. Check them on page 299,
and learn the ones that you don't know.
become .. �.��.. begin .. ��... break ............... bring ............... buy ...............
come ............... drink ............... eat ............... fall ............... forget .............. .
give ............... hear ............... hold ............... keep ............... know ...............
learn ............... leave ............... let ............... make ............... pay ...............
put ............... read ............... say ............... shut ............... sit ...............
stand ............... take ............... tell ............... think ............... write ...............
8 Write affirmative (IS) or negative (II) present perfect sentences.

• I (speak IS) to the boss .. ! .��.��. �'P.��."'.". .�I?.�.��..��.�.................................................................. .
• they (eat Ill anything ..��Jj.�-�Y�.��.�.��.��.�.�!:1�.l'.t� .�·.........................................................
1 she (forget IS) my address ...................................................................................................
2 I (make IS) a mistake ..........................................................................................................
3 you (shut ll)the door ........................................................................................................ .
4 Alan (work IS) very hard ..................................................................................................... .
5 I (hear II) from Mary ..........................................................................................................
6 John (learn Ill anything ......................................................................................................
7 I (break IS) a cup .............................................................................................................. .
8 we (buy IS) a new car ........................................................................................................ .
9 the rain (stop IS) ............................................................................. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
10 I (see Ill a newspaper today ................................................................................................ .
'Somewhere with no irregular verbs:
58 PERFECT TENSES
We make present perfect questions with have/has + subject + past participle.
STATEMENT D:
QUESTION D:
You have paid.
_,,..
Have you paid?
The rain has stopped.
-----
Has the rain stopped?
The children have gone to Dublin.
----- .
Where have the children gone? I
:
• Make present perfect questions.

..,. John/ leave? .. !':f:t'.t�J��-·�·�····························································································
... why/ Fiona/ go home? ..�.�a.��.f.Lf?�.9�.�.��? ..........................................................
..,. where/ you I put the keys? ..�.��.t:�.��.'!.� 11�."'.'.P.��.�.��..��.� ...................................................
1 we/ pay? ........................................................................................................................
2 Tim/ phone? .................................................................................................................
3 you/ hear the news? .........................................................................................................
4 the dogs/ come back? .......................................................................................................
5 what/ Barbara tell the police? ..............................................................................................
6 why/ Andy and Sarah/ bring the children? ..............................................................................
7 what/ you/ say to Mike? ....................................................................................................
8 why/ everybody/ stop talking? ............................................................................................
9 you I see/ Martin anywhere? ...............................................................................................
10 who/ take/ my coat? .........................................................................................................
11 what/ happen? ................................................................................................................
12 where/ my brother/ go ? ....................................................................................................
13 why/ Peter/ close the window ? ............................................................................................
14 Judith/ pass/ her exam ? ............-: .......................................................................................
15 the postman/ come? .........................................................................................................
0 Look at the pictures and put the �ords in the correct order.
lady you without seen me have a
seen ball sorry your haven't no ./ I
'No, .......................................................................................
In some answers. both contracted forms (for example I'm. don't) and full PERFECT TENSES 59
forms (for example/ am. do not) are possible, Normally both are correct.
It finished actions: present perfect or simple past?
PRESENT PERFECT: WE THINK ABOUT THE PAST AND THE PRESENT TOGETHER
When we think about the past and present together, we normally use
the present perfect.
I've written to John, so he knows what's happening now.
I've made a cake. Would you like some?
Look - I've bought· a new dress.
FINISHED ACTION PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT

letter (yesterday) ----- I've written to John. .,_________ John knows now.
cake (this morning) ----- I've made a cake. Would you like some? -+--- I'm offering you some now.
new dress (last Tuesday) --- Look - I've bought a new dress. I'm showing you now.
SIMPLE PAST: WE THINK ONLY ABOUT THE PAST, NOT THE PRESENT
When we think only about the past, we most often use the simple past.
My grandfather wrote me a lot of letters.
(He's dead now; I'm not thinking about the present.)
I made a cake for the children, but they didn't like it.
(I'm not talking about the present.)
I bought a new dress last Tuesday, for the party.
(I'm thinking only about last Tuesday.)
C) Read the sentences and the questions, and circle the correct answers.
..,. Ann has bought a new coat. Has she got the coat now? @1 PERHAPS
..,. Grandma came to stay with us. Is Grandma with us now? YES /(fROBABLY Nof)
1 I made a cup of tea. Is there tea now? YES/ PROBABLY NOT
2 Eric has made a cake. Is there a cake now? YES/ PROBABLY NOT
3 Jane went to France. Is she there now? YES/ DON'T KNOW
4 Marlon has gone to Scotland. Is he there now? YES/ DON'T KNOW
5 Pat and Al started a business. Is the business still running? YES/ DON'T KNOW
6 Sue has started guitar lessons. Is she taking lessons now? YES/ DON'T KNOW
7 The cat has run away. Is the cat at home now? NO/ DON'T KNOW
8 The doctor sent Bill into hospital. Is he there now? YES/ DON'T KNOW
9 Pete lost his glasses. Has he got his glasses now? NO I DON'T KNOW
10 Joanna has cut all her hair off. Has she got any hair now? NO/ DON'T KNOW
e �the correct verb forms.

1 Shakespeare never travelled Ihas never travelled in Africa.
2 When I was at school I studied Ihave studied Latin.
3 Rob lost Ihas lost his job, and he can't find another one.
4 We met Ihave met some very interesting people on our last holiday.
5 Look - I bought/ 've bought some new shoes.
6 My grandmother left Ihas left school at 14.
7 'Does your father know you're back in England?' 'Yes, I told I've told him.
8 I made I've made mushroom soup. Would you like some?
9 'What's Rosie's phone number?' 'Sorry, I forgot I've forgotten:
10 Who built Ihas built Edinburgh Castle?
60 PERFECT TENSES
Ii time words: present perfect or simple past?
We don't normally use the present perfect with finished-time expressions.

We've found oil in the garden. BUT NOT We've ffJtJRd oil iR the 9aFdeR yesterElay.
A plane has crashed at Heathrow Airport. BUT NOT AplaRe has oaslierJ at 3.15 this aftemooR.
C, �the words for a finished time.

a few days ago always this week last week never now
then today yesterday when in 1990
8 Correct (.I) or not (.X)?

ll> My father has changed his job. . :(. 8 Mary has written to me three weeks ago. ......
..,. Andy has gone to Scotland last week. . /.. 9 Sorry - I've forgotten your name. ......
1 Look what Peter has given me yesterday! ...... 10 I've forgotten Mike's birthday lastTuesday. ......
2 I've seen a great programme last night. ...... 11 Everybody has gone home at 10 o'clock. ......
3 I think everybody has arrived now. ...... 12 There's nobody here! What has happened? ......
4 When have you talked to Ann? ...... 13 Sally has left school in 2006. ......
5 We've bought a new car in April. ...... 14 When have you arrived in London? ......
6 I've met my wife when we were students. ...... 15 I think Mary has missed the train. ......
7 Look what Peter has given me! ...... 16 What have you done then? ......
We can use the present perfect to ask if things have happened up to now, or to say that they haven't
happened up to now. This often happens with words for an unfinished time (for example today, ever, never).
Has the boss phoned today? Have you ever broken your leg?
We haven't been to Scotland this year. Mary hasn't written to me this week. ,, _
Have you ever seen a ghost? I've never seen one.
PAST NOW PAST NOW
0 Make present perfect sentences.

..,. Steven/pay/for his lessons ? .. r.f:1:'.� -��-�Y.�':":'.P.':l.�.�- ft?:.-��-�-��':':'�.� ............................................
1 you/ever/ write/a poem ? .................................................................................................
2 I/never/climb/ a mountain ................................................................................................
3 Charles/speak/to you/today ? ...........................................................................................
4 Clara/ not/tell/me/her new address ...................................................................................
5 you/ever/lose/your memory ? .......................................................................................... .
6 We/not/play/football/this year .........................................................................................
7 Alex/never/write to me ....................................................................................................
8 you/see Henry/this week ? ................................................................................................
9 my father/never/drive a car ...............................................................................................
10 the cat/have/anything to eat/today ? ..................................................................................
11 you/finish /those letters ? ..................................................................................................
12 I/not/pay/ for the lessons/this month .................................................................................
13 Sally/have a baby .............................................................................................................
14 Lucy/not phone/today .....................................................................................................
15 Corinne/come back/from India ? .........................................................................................
16 It/stop/raining ...............................................................................................................
17 the postman/come/this morning ? ......................................................................................
18 We/eat/ everything in the house ........................................................................................ .
62 PERFECT TENSES
We can use the present perfect to say how often things have happened up to now.
That's a wonderful film. I've seen it three times.
We've often wanted to come and see you.
() Make present perfect sentences.

Sally has only been to Ireland once.
I
..,. I/break/ my arm/ three times ..! '.Y.� .�.�C?��.� .�rJ.�'.�.�.�:.��.�.�.i:-:.0.-:................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Joe/change/ his job/twice this year
2 how often / she/ask/you for money ?
3 I/often I try I to stop smoking
4 Tom/phone/me/six times this week
5 My father/ meet/the Prime Minister/twice
6 The police/question/ Annie/more than once
7 I/only/play/ rugby/once in my life
8 My brother I often I help/ me/ in my work
9 Nobody/ ever/ understand I her
IO I /never/want/to go to the moon
0 Present perfect or simple past?@he correct answers.

1 Did you ever go I Have you ever been to Wales? 6 I haven't bought any clothes this year I last year.
2 I never read I have never read any of his books. 7 Julia stayed I has stayed with us last week.
3 Our team won I has won two matches this year. 8 I worked very hard today I yesterday.
4 Our team won I has won two matches last year. 9 I never saw I have never seen a ghost.
5 Shakespeare never went I has never been to Athens. -10 When did John phone. I has John phoned?
0 Write five things that you didn't do yesterday, and five things that you have never done.
1 I didn't . ......... . . . ............... .................... .............................................. .... ......... . .. yesterday.
2 ·······································································································································
3 .......................................................................................................................................
4 ·······································································································································
5 ·······································································································································
6 I have never ...................................................................................................................... .
7 .......................................................................................................................................
8
9 .......................................................................................................................................
10 ..........··············· ···································································································· ......... .
-. For the present perfect with just, yet and already, see page 64.
In some answers. both contracted forms (for example I'm. don·t) and full PERFECT TENSES 63
forms (for example/ om. do nor) are possible Normally both are correct.
already, yet and just
We often use the present perfect with already(= 'earlier than somebody expected').
Note the word order: already comes after have.
'Newspaper?' 'No, thanks. I've already read it.' You're late. We've already started.
0 Complete the sentences with already and verbs from the box (present perfect).
cook finish get up go .I leave pay I
.,_ 'Wh eres, pet e.,, 'H es, ...........

aLn:a�LA .......... home.,
u..goll\.,e 3 'Can you wake Helen?' 'She .........................'
1 'Shall I pay?' 'No, I ......................................' 4 'let's have fish: 'I ............................ chicken:
2 'What time's the train?' 'It ............................' 5 'When's the film?' 'It ...................................'
We also often use the present perfect with yet(= 'up to now') in questions and negatives.
Note the word order: yet usually comes at the end of a sentence.
'Have you spoken to John yet?' 'No. He hasn't come in yet'
t) Make questions (6) and negatives (Ill) with yet.

1 my sister I phone 6 ..........................................................................................................
2 the postman / come Ill ...................................................................................................... .
3 Bill / find a job Ill ............................................................................................................. .
4 you I finish that book 6 .....................................................................................................
5 I / start work 111 .................................................................................................................
6 you I have supper 6 ..........................................................................................................
And we often use the present perfect with just(= 'a short time ago'). Just comes after have.
I've just come back from Spain. The rain has just stopped.
() Do these things, and then write sentences to say what you have just done.
"" (touch your ear) .. ! . ��.':�.J.��- �P.t:<:�.��.0..�. . -��.":..................................................................... ..
1 (look at the floor) ...............................................................................................................
2 (think about your home) ..................................................................................................... .
3 (move your feet) ................................................................................................................
4 (put your hand on your head) .................................................................................................
0 It is eight o'clock in the morning. Look at the table and say what Angela has (not) done.
Use present perfect verbs with already, yet and just.
.....:?.�.� -�-��j�� -�-��.�- -��:P..�f.�ef.f.��: ............................. have a cup of coffee 7.55 .I
.....:?.�.� .�.�;:�'.�. 0.��-�:��-��-.1:J��....................................... get dressed Ill .I
.....:?.�-� -�-�;: -�-��-�0.�. �?.��- �-��-� .c1. ::".�:.�: ........................ do a lot of work a .I
1 She .............................................................. letters. write letters three
2 She ............................................................. mother. telephone mother 7.57
3
4
She
She
..
............................................................ kitchen.
......................................... newspaper ...............
clean kitchen
read newspaper
a
Ill
5 She ........................................................ some toast. make toast 7.59
6 She ......................................... radio ...................... . listen to the radio a
64 PERFECT TENSES
since and for since Tuesday; for ten years
TUESDAY I've been here since Tuesday NOW
We use the present perfect, not the present, to say how long something has continued up to now.
I've been here since Tuesday. (NOT Iem lte,e siRee Ttlesthly.)
I've known John for ten years. (NOT /l<Aew Jeltl'f fer teR yeers.)
We can say how long with since or for.
We use since when we give the beginning of the time (for example since Tuesday).
We use for when we give the length of the time (for example for three days).
I've been here since Tuesday. I've been he;e for three days. (NOT ... siRce three d6ys.)
I've known Mary since 2005. I've known Mary for a very long time.
I've had this car since April. I've had this car for six months.
C) Put in since or for.

1 ............... six weeks 5 ............... yesterday 9 ............... July
2 ............... Sunday 6 ............... breakfast time 1O ............... last week
3 ............... 1996 7 ............... a long time 11 ............... a day
4 ............... ten years 8 ............... five minutes 12 ............... this morning
8 How long have you known people? Write sentences.

... .. ! '.Y.�.��. � � .t?.� ��:'=: �. ��0.'?!': �.r: .5: �.��. :-?.��.�-��.!".·.............................................................
1 I've known ..................................................... for ..............................................................
2 I've ..................................................................................................................................
3 ...................................................................................................................................... .
4 ................... .............................................. ............................................................ ......... .
5 ·······································································································································
0 How long have you had things? Write sentences.

.,. .. !'.'-!.�-�-�.0.�-�0.�.:'=:�/?�.�.f�t:'.�.��. ��t.�:'=:·................................................................................. .
1 I've had my .......................................................... since .....................................................
2 ·······································································································································
3 .......................................................................................................................................
4 ········· · · · · · · · · · · · · ··············· ······························ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · ··········· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ···········
5 .......................................................................................................................................
0 Make present perfect questions with How long ... ?

.,. you/ be/ in this country .. !i1?�..L.��.h0.Y.�.1;1q.L:<-..��-��.��-�.��-�.'?��-�?......................................
.,. Rachel/ have/ her job .. !il?'.-':':.L.��.h��.�.1:-h�.L..��0..�.�d?.�?.................................................... .
you/ know/ Mike ............................................................................................................. .
2 you/ be/ a student ............................................................................................................
3 your brother/ be/ a doctor ..................................................................................................
4 Andrew/ have/ that dog .....................................................................................................
5 David and Elizabeth/ be/ together ........................................................................................
Be, know and have are non-progressive verbs (see pages 30-31 ). With most other verbs, we use the present
perfect progressive (see next page) to say how long things have continued up to now.
How long have you been waiting?
In some answers, both contracted forms (for example I'm. don't) and full PERFECT TENSES 65
forms (for example/ om, do nor) are possible. Normally both are correct.

Simple Present Affirmative: Work You Work She Works

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Simple Present Affirmative: Work You Work She Works

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Simple Present Affirmative: Work You Work She Works

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

II simple present* affirmative / work; you work; she works

a /work you work he/she/it works we work they work

HOW TO MAKE HE/SHE/IT FORMS

() Write the he/she/it forms.

catch./ come./ cook drink fetch fix live miss push

Write the he/she/it forms.

• Also called 'present simple'

We use the simple present to talk about:

You never listen to me.

ask get up./ go make play speak

..,. Peter always .. e�. �"P. .......... late on Sundays.

forget get listen live watch

6 I often ........................ people's names.

E) Choose suitable verbs in the correct forms to complete the sentences.

0 Make negative sentences. Use do not or does not .

$ Make negative sentences. Use don't or doesn't.

0 Complete the negative sentences, using words from the box.

fish in Britain much petrol./ much tennis

.., My car/ use ..�!1. '!'.�.Y. .�.���'.�. ��. ����. P.��t:'�.�-........................

0 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: games

NOTE: one negative word is enough (see page 115).

belt blouse boots

John Cathy Sandra David

hate like live work play travel often always never

pronunciation for grammar PRESENT TENSES 33

0 Make present progressive sentences.

... ...�.�.r� .g����.��-.......... 5 ..................................... the newspaper.

24 PRESENT TENSES (J 4,jlH. I (J �j�j,O

We make present progressive negatives with am/are/is not+ ... ing.

E) Write negative ends for the sentences.

Complete the sentences, using the verbs in the box.

ID am I working? are you working? is he/she/it working? are we/they working?

We make present progressive questions with am/are/is+ subject+ . . . ing

E) Complete the questions.

f) Make present progressive sentences.,

6-11: kiss look return say stop try

for example to talk about plans that we have already made. �

Your horoscopefor next week

TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE 35

$ Make questions with going to .

36 TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

do any work drive to Italy./ fly./ learn some Italian

0 Make sentences with going to.

0 Make true sentences about yourself.

I never votefor anybody I ahvays vote

I never travel without my diary.

I never think of the future.

THE MOST IMPORTANT NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS

..,. What .. 0.�.�----

believe hate not know love mean see think

8 ............... you ............... what she told you?

C, Choose the best expressions to complete the conversations.

0 Write personal answers.

4 How many stars are there in the sky? ................................................................ .

0 Progressive and non-progressive verbs. Correct (.I) or not (X)?

belt blouse boots

John Cathy Sandra David

hate like live work play travel often always never

pronunciation for grammar PRESENT TENSES 33

.., My car/ use ..�!1. '!'.�.Y. .�.��'.�. ��. ��. P.��t:'�.�-........................

... ...�.�.r� .g��.��-.......... 5 ..................................... the newspaper.

� .. ('.��.��. ��. ��.��tl: ............................. . 3 ...............................................................

0 Shakespeare --��·-···· A birthpay on Monday. ......