554 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry

Chapter

12
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion annd Calorimetry
Temperature (8) NTP or STP implies 273.15K (0°C = 32°F)

Scales of Temperature

Boiling 212°F 100°C 373 K

water

Freezing 32°F 0°C 273 K

water

Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.

The natural flow of heat is from higher temperature to lower temperature.
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other, Fig. 12.1
The centigrade (°C), Farenheite (°F), Kelvin (K), Reaumer (R),
when no heat flows from one body to the other. That is when both the
Rankine (Ra) are commonly used temperature scales.
bodies are at the same temperature.
(1) To construct a scale of temperature, two fixed points are taken.
(1) Temperature is one of the seven fundamental quantities with
First fixed point is the freezing point (ice point) of water, it is called lower
dimension [T ]. It is a scalar physical quantity with S.I. unit kelvin. fixed point (LFP). The second fixed point is the boiling point (steam point)
(2) When heat is given to a body and its state does not change, the of water, it is called upper fixed point (UFP).
temperature of the body rises and if heat is taken from a body its (2) Celsius scale : In this scale LFP (ice point) is taken 0° and UFP
temperature falls i.e. temperature can be regarded as the effect of cause (steam point) is taken 100°. The temperature measured on this scale all in
“heat”. degree Celsius (°C).
(3) According to kinetic theory of gases, temperature (macroscopic (3) Farenheite scale : This scale of temperature has LFP as 32° F and
physical quantity) is a measure of average translational kinetic energy of a UFP as 212°F. The change in temperature of 1° F corresponds to a change
molecule (microscopic physical quantity). of less than 1° on Celsius scale.
(4) Although the temperature of a body can to be raised without limit, (4) Kelvin scale : The Kelvin temperature scale is also known as
it cannot be lowered without limit and theoretically limiting low thermodynamic scale. The triple point of water is also selected to be the
temperature is taken to be zero of the kelvin scale. zero of scale of temperature. The temperature measured on this scale are
(5) Highest possible temperature achieved in laboratory is about 10 K 8 in Kelvin (K).
while lowest possible temperature attained is 10 K. –8

The triple point of water is that point on a P-T diagram where the
(6) Temperature of the core of the sun is 10 K while that of its surface
7 three phases of water, the solid, the liquid and the gas, can coexist in
is 6000 K. equilibrium.

(7) Normal temperature of human body is 310. 15 K (37°C = 98.6°F). Table 12.1 : Different measuring scales
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansionand and Calorimetry 555

Scale Symbol for LFP UFP Number of

each degree divisions on the
scale
Celsius °C 0°C 100°C 100
Fahrenheit °F 32°F 212°F 180
An instrument used to measure the temperature of a body is called a
Reaumer °R 0°R 80°R 80 thermometer
Rankine °Ra 460 Ra 672 Ra 212 It works by absorbing some heat from the body, so the temperature
Kelvin K 273.15 K 373.15 K 100 recorded by it is lesser than the actual value unless the body is at constant
temperature. Some common types of thermometers are as follows
(5) Temperature on one scale can be converted into other scale by (1) Liquid (mercury) thermometers : In liquid thermometers mercury
using the following identity.
is preferred over other liquids as its expansion is large and uniform and it
Reading on any scale  LFP has high thermal conductivity and low specific heat.
= Constant for all scales
UFP  LFP
(i) Range of temperature :  50qC to 350qC
(freezing point) (boiling point)
(6) All these temperatures are related to each other by the following
relationship (ii) Upper limit of range of mercury thermometer can be raised upto
550°C by filling nitrogen in space over mercury under pressure (which
C 0 F  32 K  273.15 R 0 Ra  460
elevates boiling point of mercury).
100 212  32 373.15  273.15 80  0 672  460
(iii) Mercury thermometer with cylindrical bulbs are more sensitive
C F  32 K  273 R Ra  460 than those with spherical bulbs.
or
5 9 5 4 10.6 (iv) If alcohol is used instead of mercury then range of temperature
(7) The Celsius and Kelvin scales have different zero points but the same measurement becomes – 80°C to 350°C
size degrees. Therefore any temperature difference is the same on the Celsius l  l0
and Kelvin scales (T – T)°C = (T – T ) K. (v) Formula : t u 100qC
2 1 2 1
l100  l0
Thermometry (2) Gas thermometers : These are more sensitive and accurate than
A branch of science which deals with the measurement of temperature liquid thermometers as expansion of gases is more than that of liquids. The
of a substance is known as thermometry. thermometers using a gas as thermoelectric substance are called ideal gas
thermometers. These are of two types
(1) The linear variation in some physical properties of a substance with
change of temperature is the basic principle of thermometry and these (i) Constant pressure gas thermometers
properties are defined as thermometric property (x) of the substance. (a) Principle V v T (if P = constant)
(2) Thermometric properties (x) may be as follows V  V0 V
(i) Length of liquid in capillary (b) Formula : t u 100qC or T 273.16 K
V100  V0 VTr
(ii) Pressure of gas at constant volume.
(ii) Constant volume gas thermometers
(iii) Volume of gas at constant pressure.
(a) Principle P v T (if V = constant)
(iv) Resistance of a given platinum wire.
P  P0 P
(3) In old thermometry, freezing point (0°C) and steam point (100°C) (b) Formula : t u 100qC or T 273.16 K
are taken to define the temperature scale. So if the thermometric property P100  P0 PTr
at temperature 0°C, 100°C and t°C are x , x and x respectively then
0 100
(c) Range of temperature :
t 0 x  x0 x  x0 Hydrogen gas thermometer : – 200°C to 500°C
Ÿ t qC u 100qC
100  0 x 100  x 0 x100  x 0 Nitrogen gas thermometer : – 200°C to 1600°C
Helium gas thermometer : – 268°C to 500°C
(4) In modern thermometry instead of two fixed points only one
reference point is chosen (triple point of water 273.16 K) the other is itself (3) Resistance thermometers : Usually platinum is used in resistance
0 K where the value of thermometric property is assumed to be zero. thermometers due to high melting point and large value of temperature
coefficient of resistance.
So if the value of thermometric property at 0 K, 273.16 K and TK are
0, x and x respectively then Resistance of metals varies with temperature according to relation.
R R0 (1  Dt) where D is the temperature coefficient of resistance and t
Tr

T x ª x º
Ÿ T 273.16 « »K is change in temperature.
273.16 x Tr ¬ x Tr ¼
R  R0 R
(i) Formula : t u 100qC or T 273.16 K
Thermometers R100  R0 RTr
(ii) Temperature range : For Platinum resistance thermometer it is –
200°C to 1200°C
For Germanium resistance thermometer it is 4 to 77 K.
 556 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry
(4) Thermoelectric thermometers : These are based on “Seebeck
effect” according to which when two distinct metals are joined to form a
closed circuit called thermocouple and the difference in temperature is
maintained between their junctions, an emf is developed. The emf is called
thermo-emf and if one junction is at 0°C, thermoelectric emf varies with
temperature of hot junction (t) according to e = at + bt ; where a and b are
2

constants.
G

Fe When matter is heated without any change in it’s state, it usually

Cu expands. According to atomic theory of matter, a symmetry in potential
energy curve is responsible for thermal expansion. As with rise in
temperature the amplitude of vibration and hence energy of atoms
increases, hence the average distance between the atoms increases. So the
Hot Ice
matter as a whole expands.
(1) Thermal expansion is minimum in case of solids but maximum in
case of gases because intermolecular force is maximum in solids but
Fig. 12.2
Thermoelectric thermometers have low thermal capacity and high minimum in gases.
thermal conductivity, so can be used to measure quickly changing
temperature (2) Solids can expand in one dimension (linear expansion), two
dimension (superficial expansion) and three dimension (volume expansion)
Table 12.2 : Different temperature range while liquids and gases usually suffers change in volume only.
Thermo couple Temperature range (3) Linear expansion : When a solid is heated and it's length increases,
Copper-iron thermocouple 0°C to 260°C then the expansion is called linear expansion.
L0 L0 + 'L = L
Iron-constantan thermocouple 0°C to 800°C

Tungsten-molybdenum thermocouple 2000oC to 3000°C

(A) Before heating (B) After heating

Fig. 12.4
(5) Pyrometers : These are the devices used to measure the
(i) Change in length ' L = L D'T
temperature by measuring the intensity of radiations received from the 0

body. They are based on the fact that the amount of radiations emitted (L = Original length, 'T = Temperature change)
0

from a body per unit area per second is directly proportional to the fourth
(ii) Final length L = L (1 + D'T)
power of temperature (Stefan’s law). 0

'L
Telescope (iii) Co-efficient of linear expansion D
L0 'T
Radiations
Lamp (iv) Unit of D is qC 1 or K 1 . It's dimension is [T 1 ]
(4) Superficial (areal) expansion : When the temperature of a 2D
Red glass object is changed, it's area changes, then the expansion is called superficial
filter expansion.
A

L0
Fig. 12.3
(i) These can be used to measure temperatures ranging from 800°C to
'L
6000°C. L0

(ii) They cannot measure temperature below 800° C because the

amount of radiations is too small to be measured.
'L
(6) Vapour pressure thermometer : These are used to measure very
low temperatures. They are based on the fact that saturated vapour Fig. 12.5
pressure P of a liquid depends on the temperature according to the relation (i) Change in area is 'A = A E'T 0

c (A = Original area, 'T = Temperature change)

log P a  bT  0

T
(ii) Final area A = A (1 + E 'T)
The range of these thermometers varies from 0.71 K to 120 K for
0

different liquid vapours. 'A

(iii) Co-efficient of superficial expansion E
Thermal Expansion A0 'T

(iv) Unit of E is °C or K .
–1 –1
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansionand and Calorimetry 557

(5) Volume or cubical expansion : When a solid is heated and it's heating due to unequal linear expansion of the two metal. The strip will
volume increases, then the expansion is called volume or cubical expansion. bend with metal of greater D on outer side i.e. convex side.

Steel Brass
L0 L0

L0 V

Room temperature Higher temperature

(A) (B) OFF

ON
Bimetallic
(i) Change in volume is 'V V0J'T strip
Fig. 12.6
(V = Original volume, 'T = change in temperature)
0

(ii) Final volume V V0 (1  J'T )

'V At room temperature At high temperature

(iii) Volume co-efficient of expansion J (C)
V0 'T Fig. 12.7
(D)

(2) Effect of temperature on the time period of a simple pendulum : A

(iv) Unit of J is °C or K .
pendulum clock keeps proper time at temperature T. If temperature is
–1 –1

(6) More about D, E and J : The co-efficient D, E and J for a solid are increased to T c(! T ) then due to linear expansion, length of pendulum and
related to each other as follows hence its time period will increase.
E J 'T 1
D Ÿ D : E :J 1:2:3 Fractional change in time period D 'T
2 3 T 2
(i) Hence for the same rise in temperature (i) Due to increment in its time period, a pendulum clock becomes
Percentage change in area = 2 u percentage change in length. slow in summer and will lose time.

Percentage change in volume = 3 u percentage change in length. 1

Loss of time in a time period 'T D 'T T
2
(ii) The three coefficients of expansion are not constant for a given
(ii) Time lost by the clock in a day (t = 86400 sec)
solid. Their values depend on the temperature range in which they are
measured. 1 1
't D 'T t D 'T (86400) 43200 D 'T sec
(iii) The values of D, E, J are independent of the units of length, area 2 2
and volume respectively. (iii) The clock will lose time i.e. will become slow if T c ! T (in
summer)
(iv) For anisotropic solids J D x  D y  D z where D , D , and D
and will gain time i.e. will become fast if T c  T (in winter).
x y z

represent the mean coefficients of linear expansion along three mutually

perpendicular directions. (iv) The gain or loss in time is independent of time period T and
depends on the time interval t.
(7) Contraction on heating : Some rubber like substances contract
with rising temperature, because transverse vibration of atoms of substance (v) Since coefficient of linear expansion (D) is very small for invar,
hence pendulums are made of invar to show the correct time in all seasons.
dominate over longitudinal vibration which is responsible for expansion.
(3) Thermal stress in a rigidly fixed rod : When a rod whose ends are
Table 12.3 : D and J for some materials rigidly fixed such as to prevent expansion or contraction, undergoes a
change in temperature, due to thermal expansion or contraction, a
Material D[K–1 or (°C)–1] J[K–1 or (°C)–1]
compressive or tensile stress is developed in it. Due to this thermal stress
Steel 1.2 u 10–5 3.6 u 10–5 the rod will exert a large force on the supports. If the change in
temperature of a rod of length L is 'T then
Copper 1.7 u 10–5 5.1 u 10–5
Brass 2.0 u 10–5 6.0 u 10–5
Aluminium 2.4 u 10–5 7.2 u 10–5

Application of Thermal Expansion in Solids (A) Heating (B) Cooling

Fig. 12..8
(1) Bi-metallic strip : Two strips of equal lengths but of different
materials (different coefficient of linear expansion) when join together, it is 'L ª 'L 1 º
Thermal strain
L
D'T « AsD u
L 'T »¼
called “bi-metallic strip”, and can be used in thermostat to break or make ¬
electrical contact. This strip has the characteristic property of bending on
 558 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry

ª stress º expands less) but later on, it starts rising due to faster expansion of the
So Thermal stress Y D'T « AsY strain »¼
liquid.
¬
R
or Force on the supports F YA D 'T P
Q PQ o represents expansion of vessel
(4) Error in scale reading due to expansion or contraction : If a scale QR o represents the real
expansion of liquid
gives correct reading at temperature T, at temperature T c(! T ) due to PR o Represent the apparent
linear expansion of scale, the scale will expand and scale reading will be expansion of liquid
lesser than true value so that,
True value = Scale reading [1  D (T c  T )]

i.e. TV SR [1  D 'T ] with 'T (T c  T ) Fig. 12.11

(3) The actual increase in the volume of the liquid = The apparent
0 a 0 SR a 0 a SR increase in the volume of liquid + the increase in the volume of the vessel.
(4) Liquids have two coefficients of volume expansion.
(i) Co-efficient of apparent expansion (J ) : It is due to apparent (that
a

appears to be, but is not) increase in the volume of liquid if expansion of

at T at Tc > T at Tc < T vessel containing the liquid is not taken into account.
TV = SR TV > SR TV < SR
Apparent expansion in volume ('V )a
Fig. 12.9 Ja
However, if T c  T , due to contraction of scale, scale reading will be Initial volume u 'T V u 'T
more than true value, so true value will be lesser than scale reading and will (ii) Co-efficient of real expansion (J ) : It is due to the actual increase
r

still be given by above equation with 'T (T c  T ) negative. in volume of liquid due to heating.
Real increase in volume ('V )r
(5) Expansion of cavity : Thermal expansion of an isotropic object may Jr
be imagined as a photographic enlargement. So if there is a hole A in a Initial volume u 'T V u 'T
plate C (or cavity A inside a body C), the area of hole (or volume of cavity) ('V )Vessel
(iii) Also coefficient of expansion of flask J Vessel
will increase when body expands on heating, just as if the hole (or cavity) V u 'T
were solid B of the same material. Also the expansion of area (or volume) of (iv) J Real J Apparent  J Vessel
the body C will be independent of shape and size of hole (or cavity), i.e.,
(v) Change (apparent change) in volume in liquid relative to vessel is
will be equal to that of D.
'Vapp V J app 'T = V(J Real  J Vessel )'T V(J r  3D )'T
D = Coefficient of linear expansion of the vessel.
a A r r a
B D Table 12.4 : Different level of liquid in vessel

C J 'V Level
b b Level of liquid in
Expansion of A = Expansion of B Expansion of C = Expansion of D J Real ! J Vessel (=3D)Ÿ J app ! 0 'Vapp is positive vessel will rise on
heating.
Fig. 12.10
Level of liquid in
(6) Some other application J Real  J Vessel (=3D)Ÿ J app  0 'Vapp is negative vessel will fall on
heating.
(i) When rails are laid down on the ground, space is left between the
level of liquid in
ends of two rails. J Real J Vessel (=3D)Ÿ J app 0 'Vapp 0 vessel will remain
same.
(ii) The transmission cable are not tightly fixed to the poles.
(iii) Test tubes, beakers and crucibles are made of pyrex-glass or silica (5) Anomalous expansion of water : Generally matter expands on
because they have very low value of coefficient of linear expansion. heating and contracts on cooling. In case of water, it expands on heating if
its temperature is greater than 4°C. In the range 0°C to 4°C, water
(iv) The iron rim to be put on a cart wheel is always of slightly smaller contracts on heating and expands on cooling, i.e. J is negative. This
diameter than that of wheel. behaviour of water in the range from 0°C to 4°C is called anomalous
expansion.
(v) A glass stopper jammed in the neck of a glass bottle can be taken
out by warming the neck of the bottle This anomalous behaviour of water causes ice to form first at the
surface of a lake in cold weather. As winter approaches, the water
Thermal Expansion in Liquids temperature increases initially at the surface. The water there sinks because
of its increased density. Consequently, the surface reaches 0°C first and the
(1) Liquids do not have linear and superficial expansion but these only lake becomes covered with ice. Aquatic life is able to survive the cold winter
have volume expansion. as the lake bottom remains unfrozen at a temperature of about 4°C.
(2) Since liquids are always to be heated along with a vessel which At 4°C, density of water is maximum while its specific volume is
contains them so initially on heating the system (liquid + vessel), the level of minimum.
liquid in vessel falls (as vessel expands more since it absorbs heat and liquid
max
min
Anomalous
behaviour

Anomalous
behaviour
vol/mass

Density

0°C 4°C Temperature 0°C 4°C Temperature

(A) (B)
Fig. 12.12
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansionand and Calorimetry 559

(3) The amount of heat (Q) is given to a body depends upon it's mass
(m), change in it's temperature ('T ° = 'T) and nature of material i.e.
Q m.c. 'T ; where c = specific heat of material.

(4) Heat is a scalar quantity. It's units are joule, erg, cal, kcal etc.
(5) The calorie (cal) is defined as the amount of heat required to raise
(6) Effect of temperature on upthrust : The thrust on V volume of a the temperature of 1 gm of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C.
body in a liquid of density V is given by Th VVg Also 1 kcal = 1000 cal = 4186 J and 1 cal = 4.18 J
Now with rise in temperature by 'T °C, due to expansion, volume of (6) British Thermal Unit (BTU) : One BTU is the quantity of heat
the body will increase while density of liquid will decrease according to the required to raise the temperature of one pound ( 1 lb ) of water from 63°F
relations V c V(1  J S 'T ) and V c V /(1  J L 'T )
to 64°F
Thc V cV cg (1  J S 'T ) 1 BTU = 778 ft. lb = 252 cal = 1055 J
So the thrust Thc V cV cg Ÿ
Th VVg (1  J L 'T )
(7) In solids thermal energy is present in the form of kinetic energy, in
and apparent weight of the body W = Actual weight – Thrust
app
liquids, in the form of translatory energy of molecules. In gas it is due to
the random motion of molecules.
As J S  J L ? Thc  Th with rise in temperature thrust also
decreases and apparent weight of body increases. (8) Heat always flows from a body of higher temperature to lower
temperature till their temperature becomes equal (Thermal equilibrium).
Variation of Density with Temperature
(9) The heat required for a given temperature increase depends only
Most substances (solid and liquid) expand when they are heated, i.e., on how many atoms the sample contains, not on the mass of an individual
volume of a given mass of a substance increases on heating, so the density atom.
§ 1· 1
Specific Heat
should decrease ¨ as U v ¸ . For a given mass Uv Ÿ
© V¹ V
Uc V V V 1 When a body is heated it's temperature rises (except during a change
in phase).
U Vc V  'V V  JV'T 1  J 'T
(1) Gram specific heat : The amount of heat energy required to raise
U 1 the temperature of unit mass of a body through 1° C (or K) is called specific
Ÿ Uc U (1  J 'T ) = U (1  J 'T )
1  J 'T heat of the material of the body.

Expansion of Gases If Q heat changes the temperature of mass m by 'T then specific heat
Gases have no definite shape, therefore gases have only volume Q
c
expansion. Since the expansion of container is negligible in comparison to m 'T
the gases, therefore gases have only real expansion.
(i) Units : Calorie/gm u °C (practical), J/kg u K (S.I.) Dimension :
(1) Coefficient of volume expansion : At constant pressure, the unit
[L2 T 2T 1 ]
volume of a given mass of a gas, increases with 1°C rise of temperature, is
called coefficient of volume expansion. (ii) For an infinitesimal temperature change dT and corresponding
'V 1 quantity of heat dQ.
D u Ÿ Final volume V c V(1  D'T )
V0 'T 1 dQ
Specific heat c .
m dT
'P 1
(2) Coefficient of pressure expansion : E u
P 'T (2) Molar specific heat : Molar specific heat of a substance is defined
as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram mole
? Final pressure Pc P(1  E 'T )
of the substance through a unit degree it is represented by (capital) C.
For an ideal gas, coefficient of volume expansion is equal to the
1 Molar specific heat (C) M u Gram specific heat (c)
coefficient of pressure expansion i.e. D E qC 1
273
(M = Molecular mass of substance)
Heat
Q 1 Q § m·
(1) The form of energy which is exchanged among various bodies or C M ¨ where, Number of moles P ¸
system on account of temperature difference is defined as heat. m 'T P 'T © M¹

(2) We can change the temperature of a body by giving heat Units : calorie/mole u °C (practical); J/mole u kelvin (S.I.)
(temperature rises) or by removing heat (temperature falls) from body.
Dimension : [ML2T 2T 1 ]
 560 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry

Specific Heat of Solids (3) The variation of specific heat with temperature for water is shown
in the figure. Usually this temperature dependence of specific heat is
When a solid is heated through a small range of temperature, its neglected.
volume remains more or less constant. Therefore specific heat of a solid
may be called its specific heat at constant volume C . V

1.0089

Sp. heat cal/g C°

Y 3R 1.004
CV 1.000
0.996
20 40 60 80 100
Temp. in °C
X
T Debye temp. (4) As specific heat of water is Fig.
very12.14
large; by absorbing or releasing
large amount of heat its temperature changes by small amount. This is why,
Fig. at
(1) From the graph it is clear that 12.13
T = 0, C tends to zero it is used in hot water bottles or as coolant in radiators.
V

(2) With rise in temperature, C increases and at a particular Specific Heat of Gases
V

temperature (called Debey's temperature) it becomes constant = 3R = 6

(1) In case of gases, heat energy supplied to a gas is spent not only in
cal/mole u kelvin = 25 J/mole u kelvin raising the temperature of the gas but also in expansion of gas against
(3) For most of the solids, Debye temperature is close to room atmospheric pressure.
temperature. (2) Hence specific heat of a gas, which is the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of one gram of gas through a unit degree
(4) Dulong and Petit law : Average molar specific heat of all metals at shall not have a single or unique value.
room temperature is constant, being nearly equal to 3R = 6 cal. mole K = –1 –1

(3) If the gas is compressed suddenly and no heat is supplied from

25 J mole K , where R is gas constant for one mole of the gas. This
outside i.e. 'Q = 0, but the temperature of the gas raises on the account of
–1 –1

statement is known as Dulong and Petit law. compression.

(5) Debey's law : It was observed that at very low temperature molar Q 0
Ÿ c 0
specific heat v T 3 (exception are Sn, Pb and Pt) m('T ) m 'T

cal (4) If the gas is heated and allowed to expand at such a rate that rise
(6) Specific heat of ice : In C.G.S. cice 0 .5 in temperature due to heat supplied is exactly equal to fall in temperature
gm u qC
due to expansion of the gas. i.e. 'T = 0
cal Joule Q Q
In S.I. c 500 2100 . Ÿ c f
kg u qC kg u qC
ice

m('T ) 0
Table 12.5 : Specific heat of some solids at room temperature and atmospheric (5) If rate of expansion of the gas were slow, the fall in temperature of
pressure the gas due to expansion would be smaller than the rise in temperature of
Substance Specific heat Molar specific heat the gas due to heat supplied. Therefore, there will be some net rise in
(J-kg–1 K–1) (J-g mole–1 K–1) temperature of the gas i.e. 'T will be positive.
Aluminium 900.0 24.4 Q
Ÿ c Positive
Copper 386.4 24.5 m ('T )
Silver 236.1 25.5
(6) If the gas were to expand very fast, fall of temperature of gas due
Lead 127.7 26.5 to expansion would be greater than rise in temperature due to heat
Tungsten 134.4 24.9 supplied. Therefore, there will be some net fall in temperature of the gas i.e.
'T will be negative.
Specific Heat of Liquid (Water) Q
Ÿ c Negative
(1) Among all known solids and liquids specific heat of water is m('T )
maximum i.e. water takes more time to heat and more time to cool w.r.t. Hence the specific heat of gas can have any positive value ranging
other solids and liquids. from zero to infinity. Further it can even be negative. The exact value
(2) It is observed that by increasing temperature, initially specific heat depends upon the mode of heating the gas. Out of many values of specific
of water goes on decreasing, becomes minimum at 37° C and then it start heat of a gas, two are of special significance, namely C and C , in the P V

increasing. Specific heat of water is – chapter “Kinetic theory of gases” we will discussed this topic in detail.
1 cal cal J Specific heat of steam : c steam 0.47 cal / gm u qC
1000 4200
gm u qC kg u qC kg u qC
Phase Change and Latent Heat
(This value is obtained between the temperature 14.5°C to 15.5°C)
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansionand and Calorimetry 561

(1) Phase : We use the term phase to describe a specific state of But when a solid gets converted to a liquid, then the increase in volume is
matter, such as solid, liquid or gas. A transition from one phase to another negligible. Hence very less amount of heat is required. So, latent heat of
is called a phase change. vaporisation is more than the latent heat of fusion.
(i) For any given pressure a phase change takes place at a definite Thermal Capacity and Water Equivalent
temperature, usually accompanied by absorption or emission of heat and a
change of volume and density. (1) Thermal capacity : It is defined as the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of the whole body (mass m) through 0°C or 1K.
(ii) In phase change ice at 0°C melts into water at 0°C. Water at 100°C
boils to form steam at 100°C. Q
Thermal capacity mc PC
'T
Heat taken (– ' Q)
The value of thermal capacity of a body depends upon the nature of
Solid the body and its mass.
at 0°C
Dimension : [ML2 T 2T 1 ] , Unit : cal/°C (practical) Joule/k (S.I.)
Liquid at 0°C
Heat given (+ ' Q) (2) Water Equivalent : Water equivalent of a body is defined as the
(A) mass of water which would absorb or evolve the same amount of heat as is
Heat taken (– ' Q) done by the body in rising or falling through the same range of
temperature. It is represented by W.

If m = Mass of the body, c = Specific heat of body, 'T = Rise in

Liquid at 100°C
temperature.
Vapours at 100°C
Heat given (+ ' Q)
Then heat given to body 'Q mc'T ….. (i)
(B)
Fig. 12.15 If same amount of heat is given to W gm of water and its temperature
(iii) In solids, the forces between the molecules are large and the also rises by 'T. Then
molecules are almost fixed in their positions inside the solid. In a liquid, the
forces between the molecules are weaker and the molecules may move heat given to water Q W u 1 u 'T … (ii) [As c water 1]
freely inside the volume of the liquid. However, they are not able to come
out of the surface. In vapours or gases, the intermolecular forces are almost From equation (i) and (ii) 'Q mc'T W u 1 u 'T
negligible and the molecules may move freely anywhere in the container.
When a solid melts, its molecules move apart against the strong molecular Ÿ Water equivalent (W) = mc gm
attraction. This needs energy which must be supplied from outside. Thus,
the internal energy of a given body is larger in liquid phase than in solid (i) Unit : Kg (S.I.) Dimension : [ML0 T 0 ]
phase. Similarly, the internal energy of a given body in vapour phase is
(ii) Unit of thermal capacity is J/kg while unit of water equivalent is
larger than that in liquid phase.
kg.
(iv) In case of change of state if the molecules come closer, energy is
released and if the molecules move apart, energy is absorbed. (iii) Thermal capacity of the body and its water equivalent are
numerically equal.
(2) Latent heat : The amount of heat required to change the state of
the mass m of the substance is written as : Q = mL, where L is the latent (iv) If thermal capacity of a body is expressed in terms of mass of
heat. Latent heat is also called as Heat of Transformation. It's unit is cal/gm water it is called water-equivalent of the body.
or J/kg and Dimension: [L2T 2 ]
Some Important Terms
(i) Latent heat of fusion : The latent heat of fusion is the heat energy
(1) Evaporation : Vaporisation occurring from the free surface of a
required to change 1 kg of the material in its solid state at its melting point
liquid is called evaporation. Evaporation is the escape of molecules from the
to 1 kg of the material in its liquid state. It is also the amount of heat energy
surface of a liquid. This process takes place at all temperatures and
released when at melting point 1 kg of liquid changes to 1 kg of solid. For
increases with the increase of
water at its normal freezing temperature or melting point (0° C), the latent
temperature. Evaporation leads to
heat of fusion (or latent heat of ice) is
cooling because the faster molecules
LF Lice | 80 cal / gm | 60 kJ / mol | 336 kilo joule / kg escape and, therefore, the average
kinetic energy of the molecules of
(ii) Latent heat of vaporisation : The latent heat of vaporisation is the
the liquid (and hence the
heat energy required to change 1 kg of the material in its liquid state at
temperature) decreases.
its boiling point to 1 kg of the material in its gaseous state. It is also the
amount of heat energy released when 1 kg of vapour changes into 1 kg of (2) Melting (or fusion)/freezing Evaporation cools hot water produced
by power plants
liquid. For water at its normal boiling point or condensation temperature (or solidification) : The phase change
(100°C), the latent heat of vaporisation (latent heat of steam) is of solid to liquid is called melting or Fig. 12.16
fusion. The reverse phenomenon is
LV Lsteam | 540 cal / gm | 40.8 kJ / mol | 2260 kilo joule / kg
called freezing or solidification.
(iii) Latent heat of vaporisation is more than the latent heat of fusion. When pressure is applied on ice,
This is because when a substance gets converted from liquid to vapour, it melts. As soon as the pressure is
there is a large increase in volume. Hence more amount of heat is required.

Fig. 12.17
 562 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry
removed, it freezes again. This phenomenon is called regelation. S.V.P. at dew point
R.H.(%) u 100
(3) Vaporisation/liquefication (condensation) : The phase change from S.V. P. at given temperatu re
liquid to vapour is called vaporisation. The reverse transition is called (10) Variation of melting point with pressure : For those substances
liquefication or condensation. with contract on melting (e.g. water and rubber), the melting point
decreases with pressure. The reason is the pressure helps shrinking and
(4) Sublimation : Sublimation is the conversion of a solid directly into hence melting. Most substances expand on melting. (e.g. max, sulpher etc.)
vapours. Sublimation takes place when boiling point is less than the melting
point. A block of ice sublimates into vapours on the surface of moon An increase of pressure opposes the melting of such substances and
their melting point is raised.
because of very very low pressure on its surface. Heat required to change
unit mass of solid directly into vapours at a given temperature is called heat (11) Variation of latent heat with temperature and pressure : The
of sublimation at that temperature. latent heat of vapourization of a substance varies with temperature and
hence pressure because the boiling point depends on pressure. It
(5) Hoar frost : Direct conversion of vapours into solid is called hoar increases as the temperature is decreased. For example, water at 1 atm
frost. This process is just reverse of the boils at 100°C and has latent heat 2259 Jg but at 0.5 atm it boils at 82°C
–1

process of sublimation, e.g., formation and has latent heat 2310 Jg –1

of snow by freezing of clouds.

P P Critical point
Critical point

Fusion
L L
Vaporization Vaporization
(6) Vapour pressure : When the S
Fig. 12.18
space above a liquid is closed, it soon S Triple point
Triple point
becomes saturated with vapour and a dynamic equilibrium is established. V
The pressure exerted by this vapour is called Saturated Vapour Pressure V
The latent heat of fusion shows
T
similar but less pronounced pressure
T
(S.V.P.) whose value depends only on the temperature – it is independent of dependence.
any external pressure. If the volume of the space is reduced, some vapour Fig. 12.20for (a) a substance (e.g., water)
The figures show the P-T graphs
liquefies, but the pressure is unchanged.
which contracts on melting an (b) a substance (e.g. wax) which expands on
A saturated vapour does not obey the gas law whereas the unsaturated melting. The P-T graph consists of three curves.
vapour obeys them fairly well. However, a vapour differs from a gas in that (i) Sublimation curve which connects points at which vapour (V) and
the former can be liquefied by pressure alone, whereas the latter cannot be solid (S) exist in equilibrium.
liquefied unless it is first cooled. (ii) Vapourization curve which shows vapour and liquid (L) existing in
(7) Boiling : As the temperature of a liquid is increased, the rate of equilibrium.
evaporation also increases. A stage is (iii) Fusion curve which shows liquid and solid existing in equilibrium.
reached when bubbles of vapour start The three curves meet at a single point which is called the triple point.
forming in the body of the liquid It is that unique temperature-pressure point for a substance at which all the
which rise to the surface and escape. A three phases exist in equilibrium.
liquid boils at a temperature at which (12) Freezing mixture : If salt is added to ice, then the temperature of
the S.V.P. is equal to the external mixture drops down to less than 0°C. This is so because, some ice melts
pressure. down to cool the salt to 0°C. As a result, salt gets dissolved in the water
formed and saturated solution of salt is obtained; but the ice point (freeing
It is a fast process. The boiling point Fig. 12.19 point) of the solution formed is always less than that of pure water. So, ice
changes on mixing impurities. cannot be in the solid state with the salt solution at 0°C. The ice which is in
(8) Dew point : It is that temperature at which the mass of water contact with the solution, starts melting and it absorbs the required latent
vapour present in a given volume of air is just sufficient to saturate it, i.e. heat from the mixture, so the temperature of mixture falls down.
the temperature at which the actual vapour pressure becomes equal to the Joule's Law (Heat and Mechanical Work)
saturated vapuor pressure.
(9) Humidity : Atmospheric air always contains some water vapour.
The mass of water vapour per unit volume is called absolute humidity.
The ratio of the mass of water vapour (m) actually present in a given
volume of air to the mass of water vapour (M) required to saturate the
same volume at the same temperature is called the relative humidity (R.H.).
m
Generally, it is expressed as a percentage, i.e., R.H.(%) u 100(%)
M
R.H. May also be defined as the ratio of the actual vapour pressure (p)
Whenever heat is converted into mechanical work or mechanical work is
p
of water at the same temperature, i.e. R.H.(%) u 100(%) converted into heat, then the ratio of work done to heat produced always
P
W
Thus R.H. may also be defined as remains constant. i.e. W v Q or J
Q
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansionand and Calorimetry 563

This is Joule’s law and J is called mechanical equivalent of heat. Heat lost = Heat gained
(1) From W = JQ if Q = 1 then J = W. Hence the amount of work done i.e. principle of calorimetry represents the law of conservation of heat
necessary to produce unit amount of heat is defined as the mechanical energy.
equivalent of heat. (1) Temperature of mixture (T ) is always ≥ lower temperature (T ) and
mix L

(2) J is neither a constant, nor a physical quantity rather it is a ≤ higher temperature (T ), i.e., T L d Tmix d T H .
H

conversion factor which used to convert Joule or erg into calorie or kilo It means the temperature of mixture can never be lesser than lower
calories vice-versa. temperatures (as a body cannot be cooled below the temperature of cooling
Joule erg body) and greater than higher temperature (as a body cannot be heated
(3) Value of J 4.2 4.2 u 107 above the temperature of heating body). Furthermore usually rise in
cal cal
temperature of one body is not equal to the fall in temperature of the other
Joule body though heat gained by one body is equal to the heat lost by the other.
4 .2 u 10 3 .
kcal (2) Mixing of two substances when temperature changes only : It
(4) When water in a stream falls from height h, then its potential means no phase change. Suppose two substances having masses m 1 and
energy is converted into heat and temperature of water rises slightly. m 2 , gram specific heat c 1 and c 2 , temperatures T 1 and T 2 (T1 ! T 2 )
From W = JQ Ÿ mgh = J (mc 'T ) are mixed together such that temperature of mixture at equilibrium is T mix

[where m = Mass of water, c = Specific heat of water, 'T = Hence, Heat lost = Heat gained
temperature rise] Ÿ m1c1 (T1  T mix ) m 2 c2 (T mix  T 2 ) Ÿ
gh m1 c1T1  m 2 c 2T 2
Ÿ Rise in temperature 'T qC T mix
Jc m1 c1  m 2 c 2
(5) The kinetic energy of a bullet fired from a gun gets converted into
Table 12.6 : Temperature of mixture in different cases
heat on striking the target. By this heat the temperature of bullet increases
by 'T. Condition Temperature of mixture
If bodies are of same material m1T1  m 2T 2
1 T mix
From W = JQ Ÿ mv 2 J ( m s 'T ) i.e. c1 = c2 m1  m 2
2
If bodies are of same mass T1c1  T 2 c 2
[where m = Mass of the bullet, v = Velocity of the bullet, c = Specific T mix
heat of the bullet] m1 = m2 c1  c 2

v2 T mix
T1  T 2
Ÿ Rise in temperature 't qC If m1 = m2 and c1 = c2
2 Jc 2
If the temperature of bullet rises upto the melting point of the bullet
(3) Mixing of two substances when temperature and phase both
and bullet melts then.
changes or only phase changes: A very common example for this category is
From W = J(Q +Q )
Temperature change Phase change
ice-water mixing.
1
Ÿ mv 2 J (mc 'T  mL ) ; L = Latent heat of bullet Suppose water at temperature T °C is mixed with ice at 0 °C, first ice
2 W i

will melt and then it's temperature rises to attain thermal equilibrium.
ª§ v2 ·º Hence; Heat given = Heat taken
« ¨¨  L ¸¸ »
«© 2 J ¹ » qC Ÿ mW CW (TW  Tmix ) mi Li  miCW (Tmix  0q)
Ÿ Rise in temperature 'T « »
« c » m i Li
« » m WT W 
¬ ¼ CW
Ÿ T mix
(6) If m kg ice-block falls down through some height (h) and melts mW  m i
partially (m' kg) then its potential energy gets converted into heat
of melting. Li
TW 
CW
m ' § JL · (i) If mW mi then T mix
From W = JQ Ÿ mgh J m' L Ÿ h ¨ ¸ 2
m ¨© g ¸¹
JL (ii) By using this formulae if T mix  T i then take Tmix 0qC
If ice-block melts completely then m' = m Ÿ h meter
g
Heating Curve
Principle of Calorimetry
If to a given mass (m) of a solid, heat is supplied at constant rate P
Calorimetry means 'measuring heat'. and a graph is plotted between temperature and time, the graph is as
When two bodies (one being solid and other liquid or both being shown in figure and is called heating curve. From this curve it is clear that
liquid) at different temperatures are mixed, heat will be transferred from
body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature till both acquire
same temperature. The body at higher temperature releases heat while body E
at lower temperature absorbs it, so that C
T2 Boiling
Boiling D point
Temp.

T1 B Melting
A Melting point

O Time
t1 t2 t3 t4
Figg. 12.21
 564 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry

the atmosphere to melt down.

So, in the mountains, when
snow falls, one does not feel
too cold, but when ice melts, he feels too cold.

(1) In the region OA temperature of solid is changing with time so, " There is more shivering effect of ice-cream on teeth as compared to
that of water
Q mc S 'T Ÿ P 't mc S 'T [as Q = P't]
(obtained from ice).
But as ('T/'t) is the slope of temperature-time curve This is because, when ice-cream
1 melts down, it absorbs large
cs v
Slope of line OA amount of heat from teeth.
i.e. specific heat (or thermal capacity) is inversely proportional to the " Branch of physics dealing with production and measurement of
slope of temperature-time curve. temperatures close to 0K is known as cryogenics while that dealing with
the measurement of very high temperature is called as pyrometry.
(2) In the region AB temperature is constant, so it represents change
of state, i.e., melting of solid with melting point T . At A melting starts and
1
" It is more painful to get burnt by steam rather than by boiling
at B all solid is converted into liquid. So between A and B substance is water at same temperature. This is so because when steam at 100°C gets
partly solid and partly liquid. If L is the latent heat of fusion. Q mL F or
F converted to water at 100°C, then it gives out 536 calories of heat. So, it
P(t 2  t1 ) is clear that steam at 100°C has more heat than water at 100°C (i.e.,
LF [as Q P(t 2  t1 ) ] boiling of water).
m

or L v length of line AB " A solid and hollow sphere of same radius and material, heated to
the same temperature then expansion of both will be equal because
F

i.e. Latent heat of fusion is proportional to the length of line of zero thermal expansion of isotropic solids is similar to true photographic
1 enlargement. It means the expansion of cavity is same as if it has been a
slope. [In this region specific heat v f] solid body of the same material. But if same heat is given to the two
tan 0
spheres, due to lesser mass, rise in temperature of hollow sphere will be
(3) In the region BC temperature of liquid increases so specific heat
­ § 'Q ·½
(or thermal capacity) of liquid will be inversely proportional to the slope of more ®As ¨ 'T ¸¾ .
line BC ¯ © mc ¹¿

1 Hence its expansion will be more.

i.e., c L v
Slope of line BC " Specific heat of a substance can also be negative. Negative specific
heat means that in order to raise the temperature, a certain quantity of
(4) In the region CD temperature is constant, so it represents the
heat is to be withdrawn from the body.
change of state, i.e., boiling with boiling point T . At C all substance is in
2

liquid state while at D in vapour state and between C and D partly liquid e.g. Specific heat of saturated vapours.
and partly gas. The length of line CD is proportional to latent heat of
" Specific heat for hydrogen is maximum (3.5 cal / gm uo C) and it
vaporisation
is minimum for radon and actinium ~ 0.022 cal / gm u qC .
i.e., L v Length of line CD [In this region specific heat v
V

1 " The minimum possible temperature is 0 K.

f]
tan 0 " Amount of steam at 100°C required to just melt m gm of ice at 0°C
(5) The line DE represents gaseous state of substance with its is m/8 gm.
temperature increasing linearly with time. The reciprocal of slope of line will " If we put the beaker containing water in melting ice, the water in
be proportional to specific heat or thermal capacity of substance in vapour the beaker will cool to 0°C but will never freeze.
state.

Water

Melting Ice

" A pressure in excess of 25 atm is required to make helium solidfy.

" After snow falls, the temperature of the atmosphere becomes very At 1 atm pressure, helium remains a liquid down to absolute zero.
low. This is because " Boiling temperature of water, if pressure is different from normal
the snow absorbs the heat from pressure is t = [100°C – (760 – P in mm) u 0.037]°C
Boiling
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansionand and Calorimetry 565

" Confusing S.I. and C.G.S. units 5. The resistance of a resistance thermometer has values 2.71 and 3.70
ohm at 10°C and 100°C. The temperature at which the resistance is
It is advised to do questions on calorimetry in C.G.S. as 3.26 ohm is [CPMT 1994]
calculations becomes simple. If the final answer is in joules, then convert (a) 40°C (b) 50°C
cal into joules. (c) 60°C (d) 70°C
" Invar and quartz have very small values of co-efficient of linear 6. No other thermometer is as suitable as a platinum resistance
expansion. thermometer to measure temperature in the entire range of
[MNR 1993]
" In S.I. nomenclature " degree" is not used with the kelvin scale; e.g. (a) 0°C to 100°C (b) 100°C to 1500°C
273°K is wrong while 273 K is correct to write.
(c) – 50°C to +350°C (d) – 200°C to 600°C
" Magnetic thermometer is recommended for measuring very low
temperature (2K).
" The most sensitive thermometer is gas thermometer.
" Dew formation is more probable on a cloudiness calm night.
" In winters, generally fog disappear before noon. Because, the
atmosphere warms up and tends to be unsaturated. The condensed
vapours reevaporates and the fog disappears.
" Standardisation of thermometer is obtained with gas thermometer.
Because coefficient of expansion of gas is very large.
" Dogs hang their tongues in order to expose a surface to the air for
evaporation and hence, cooling. They do not sweat.

Thermometry
1. On the Celsius scale the absolute zero of temperature is at
[CBSE PMT 1994]
(a) 0°C (b) – 32°C
(c) 100°C (d) – 273.15°C
2. Oxygen boils at – 183°C. This temperature is approximately
[CPMT 1992]
(a) 215°F (b) – 297°F
(c) 329°F (d) 361°F
3. Recently, the phenomenon of superconductivity has been observed
at 95 K. This temperature is nearly equal to
[CPMT 1990]
(a) – 288°F (b) – 146°F
(c) – 368°F (d) +178°F
4. The temperature of a substance increases by 27° C. On the Kelvin
scale this increase is equal to [CPMT 1993]
(a) 300 K (b) 2.46 K
(c) 27 K (d) 7 K
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 567

7. The temperature of the sun is measured with 18. One quality of a thermometer is that its heat capacity should be
small. If P is a mercury thermometer, Q is a resistance thermometer
[Pb. PMT 1998; CPMT 1998; Pb. PET 1997, 2001]
and R thermocouple type then [CPMT 1997]
(a) Platinum thermometer
(a) P is best, R worst (b) R is best, P worst
(b) Gas thermometer
(c) R is best, Q worst (d) P is best, Q worst
(c) Pyrometer
19. Two thermometers are used to record the temperature of a room. If
(d) Vapour pressure thermometer the bulb of one is wrapped in wet hanky
8. Absolute temperature can be calculated by [AFMC 1994] [AFMC 1997]
(a) Mean square velocity (b) Motion of the molecule (a) The temperature recorded by both will be same
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above (b) The temperature recorded by wet-bulb thermometer will be
9. Thermoelectric thermometer is based on greater than that recorded by the other
[CPMT 1993, 95; AFMC 1998] (c) The temperature recorded by dry-bulb thermometer will be
greater than that recorded by the other
(a) Photoelectric effect (b) Seeback effect
(d) None of the above
(c) Compton effect (d) Joule effect
20. The temperature of a body on Kelvin scale is found to be x K. When
10. Maximum density of H 2 O is at the temperature it is measured by Fahrenheit thermometer, it is found to be x°F,
then the value of x is
[CPMT 1996; Pb. PMT 1996]
[UPSEAT 2000; Pb. CET 2004]
(a) 32°F (b) 39.2°F
(a) 40 (b) 313
(c) 42°F (d) 4°F
(c) 574.25 (d) 301.25
11. The study of physical phenomenon at low temperatures (below
liquid nitrogen temperature) is called [CPMT 1992] 21. A centigrade and a Fahrenheit thermometer are dipped in boiling
water. The water temperature is lowered until the Fahrenheit
(a) Refrigeration (b) Radiation thermometer registers 140°. What is the fall in temperature as
(c) Cryogenics (d) Pyrometry registered by the Centigrade thermometer
12. ‘Stem Correction’ in platinum resistance thermometers are [CBSE PMT 1992; AIIMS 1998]
eliminated by the use of [AIIMS 1998] (a) 30° (b) 40°
(a) Cells (b) Electrodes (c) 60° (d) 80°
(c) Compensating leads (d) None of the above 22. At what temperature the centigrade (Celsius) and Fahrenheit,
13. The absolute zero is the temperature at which readings are the same
[AIIMS 1998] [RPMT 1997, 99, 2003; BHU 1997; MNR 1992;
(a) Water freezes DPMT 1998; CPMT 1995; UPSEAT 1999; KCET 2000]

(b) All substances exist in solid state (a) – 40° (b) + 40°
(c) Molecular motion ceases (c) 36.6° (d) – 37°
(d) None of the above 23. Standardisation of thermometers is obtained with
[CPMT 1996]
14. Absolute scale of temperature is reproduced in the laboratory by
making use of a [SCRA 1998] (a) Jolly’s thermometer
(a) Radiation pyrometer (b) Platinum resistance thermometer
(b) Platinum resistance thermometer (c) Thermocouple thermometer
(c) Constant volume helium gas thermometer (d) Gas thermometer
(d) Constant pressure ideal gas thermometer 24. The gas thermometers are more sensitive than liquid thermometers
15. Absolute zero (0 K) is that temperature at which because [CPMT 1993]

[AFMC 1993] (a) Gases expand more than liquids

(a) Matter ceases to exist (b) Gases are easily obtained
(b) Ice melts and water freezes (c) Gases are much lighter
(c) Volume and pressure of a gas becomes zero (d) Gases do not easily change their states
(d) None of these 25. Mercury thermometers can be used to measure temperatures upto
16. On which of the following scales of temperature, the temperature is [CBSE PMT 1992, 96; BHU 1998; UPSEAT 1998]
never negative [EAMCET 1997] (a) 100°C (b) 212°C
(a) Celsius (b) Fahrenheit (c) 360°C (d) 500°C
(c) Reaumur (d) Kelvin
26. A constant volume gas thermometer shows pressure reading of
17. The temperature on Celsius scale is 25°C. What is the corresponding 50cm and 90cm of mercury at 0°C and 100°C respectively. When the
temperature on the Fahrenheit scale
pressure reading is 60 cm of mercury, the temperature is
[AFMC 2001]
[MNR 1991; UPSEAT 2000; Pb. CET 2004]
(a) 40°F (b) 77°F
(c) 50°F (d) 45°F (a) 25°C (b) 40°C
 568 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
(c) 15°C (d) 12.5°C 2. A vertical column 50 cm long at 50°C balances another column of
27. Mercury boils at 367°C. However, mercury thermometers are made same liquid 60 cm long at 100°C. The coefficient of absolute
such that they can measure temperature up to 500° C. This is done expansion of the liquid is [EAMCET 1990]
by [CPMT 2004] (a) 0.005/°C (b) 0.0005/°C
(a) Maintaining vacuum above mercury column in the stem of the (c) 0.002/°C (d) 0.0002/°C
thermometer
3. The apparent coefficient of expansion of a liquid when heated in a
(b) Filling nitrogen gas at high pressure above the mercury column copper vessel is C and when heated in a silver vessel is S. If A is the
(c) Filling nitrogen gas at low pressure above the mercury level linear coefficient of expansion of copper, then the linear coefficient
(d) Filling oxygen gas at high pressure above the mercury column of expansion of silver is

28. A device used to measure very high temperature is [EAMCET 1991]

[KCET 1998] C  S  3A C  3A  S
(a) (b)
(a) Pyrometer (b) Thermometer 3 3
(c) Bolometer (d) Calorimeter S  3A  C C  S  3A
(c) (d)
29. The absolute zero temperature in Fahrenheit scale is 3 3
[DCE 1996] 4. A uniform metal rod is used as a bar pendulum. If the room
(a) – 273°F (b) – 32°F temperature rises by 10°C, and the coefficient of linear expansion of
the metal of the rod is 2 u 10 per °C, the period of the pendulum
–6

(c) – 460°F (d) – 132°F

will have percentage increase of
30. A constant pressure air thermometer gave a reading of 47.5 units of [NSEP 1992]
volume when immersed in ice cold water, and 67 units in a boiling
liquids. The boiling point of the liquid will be (a) – 2 u 10 –3
[AIIMS 1994] (b) – 1 u 10 –3

(a) 135°C (b) 125°C (c) 2 u 10 –3

(d) 1 u 10 –3

(c) 112°C (d) 100°C 5. A bar of iron is 10 cm at 20°C. At 19°C it will be (D of iron = 11 u 10 –

31. If a thermometer reads freezing point of water as 20° C and boiling /°C)
6
[EAMCET 1997]
point as 150°C, how much thermometer read when the actual (a) 11 u 10 cm longer
–6
(b) 11 u 10 cm shorter
–6

temperature is 60°C [AFMC 2004]

(a) 98°C (b) 110°C (c) 11 u 10 cm shorter
–5
(d) 11 u 10 cm longer
–5

(c) 40°C (d) 60°C 6. When a rod is heated but prevented from expanding, the stress
developed is independent of [EAMCET 1997]
32. If temperature of an object is 140°F, then its temperature in
centigrade is [RPMT 1999] (a) Material of the rod (b) Rise in temperature
(a) 105°C (b) 32°C (c) Length of rod (d) None of above
(c) 140°C (d) 60°C 7. Expansion during heating [CBSE PMT 1994]
33. Of the following thermometers, the one which can be used for (a) Occurs only in solids
measuring a rapidly changing temperature is a
(b) Increases the weight of a material
[CPMT 1992]
(a) Thermocouple thermometer (c) Decreases the density of a material
(b) Gas thermometer (d) Occurs at the same rate for all liquids and solids
(c) Maximum resistance thermometer 8. On heating a liquid of coefficient of cubical expansion J in a
(d) Vapour pressure thermometer container having coefficient of linear expansion J / 3, the level of
34. On centigrade scale the temperature of a body increases by 30 liquid in the container will [EAMCET 1993]
degrees. The increase in temperature on Fahrenheit scale is [UPSEAT 2005]
(a) Rise
(a) 50° (b) 40°
(b) Fall
(c) 30° (d) 54°
(c) Will remain almost stationary
35. The correct value of 0°C on Kelvin scale will be
(d) It is difficult to say
[RPMT 1999]
9. A pendulum clock keeps correct time at 0°C. Its mean coefficient of
(a) 273.15 K (b) 273.00 K
linear expansions is D / qC , then the loss in seconds per day by the
(c) 273.05 K (d) 273.63 K clock if the temperature rises by t°C is
Thermal Expansion 1
D t u 864000
2 1
1. When a copper ball is heated, the largest percentage increase will (a) (b) D t u 86400
Dt 2
occur in its [EAMCET 1992] 1
2
(a) Diameter (b) Area
(c) Volume (d) Density
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 569

1 1 19. Density of substance at 0°C is 10 gm/cc and at 100°C, its density is

D t u 86400 D t u 86400 9.7 gm/cc. The coefficient of linear expansion of the substance will
(c) 2 (d) 2 be
§ Dt·
2 Dt
¨1  ¸ 1 [BHU 1996; Pb. PMT 1999; DPMT 1998, 2003]
© 2 ¹ 2
(a) 10 2
(b) 10 –2

10. When a bimetallic strip is heated, it [CBSE PMT 1990] (c) 10 –3

(d) 10 –4

(a) Does not bend at all 20. Coefficient of real expansion of mercury is 0.18 u 10 /°C. If the –3

(b) Gets twisted in the form of an helix density of mercury at 0°C is 13.6 gm/cc. its density at 473K is
(c) Bend in the form of an arc with the more expandable metal (a) 13.11 gm/cc (b) 26.22 gm/cc
outside (c) 52.11 gm/cc (d) None of these
(d) Bends in the form of an arc with the more expandable metal 21. The real coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is 0.000597
inside per°C and linear coefficient of expansion of glass is 0.000009 per° C.
11. A solid ball of metal has a concentric spherical cavity within it. If the Then the apparent volume coefficient of expansion of glycerine is
ball is heated, the volume of the cavity will (a) 0.000558 per°C (b) 0.00057 per°C
[AFMC 1997; Orissa PMT 2004]
(c) 0.00027 per°C (d) 0.00066 per°C
(a) Increase (b) Decrease
22. A beaker is completely filled with water at 4°C. It will overflow if [EAMCET 19992; BHU 19
(c) Remain unaffected (d) None of these (a) Heated above 4°C
12. A litre of alcohol weighs [AFMC 1994] (b) Cooled below 4°C
(a) Less in winter than in summer (c) Both heated and cooled above and below 4°C respectively
(b) Less in summer than in winter (d) None of the above
(c) Some both in summer and winter 23. The volume of a metal sphere increases by 0.24% when its
temperature is raised by 40°C. The coefficient of linear expansion of
(d) None of the above the metal is .......... °C [Kerala PMT 2005]
13. 5 litre of benzene weighs [MNR 1996] (a) 2 u 10 –5
(b) 6 u 10 –5

(a) More in summer than in winter (c) 2.1 u 10 –5

(d) 1.2 u 10 –5

(b) More in winter than in summer 24. Ratio among linear expansion coefficient (D), areal expansion
(c) Equal in winter and summer coefficient (E) and volume expansion coefficient (J) is
(d) None of the above (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 : 1
14. Water has maximum density at [Pb. PMT 1997] (c) 4 : 3 : 2 (d) None of these
(a) 0°C (b) 32°F 25. If on heating liquid through 80° C, the mass expelled is (1/100) of th

mass still remaining, the coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid

(c) – 4°C (d) 4°C
is [RPMT 2004]
15. At some temperature T, a bronze pin is a little large to fit into a
hole drilled in a steel block. The change in temperature required for (a) 1.25 u 10 /°C –4
(b) 12.5 u 10 /°C –4

an exact fit is minimum when

(c) 1.25 u 10 /°C –5
(b) None of these
[SCRA 1998]
26. In cold countries, water pipes sometimes burst, because
(a) Only the block is heated
(a) Pipe contracts
(b) Both block and pin are heated together
(c) Both block and pin are cooled together (b) Water expands on freezing
(d) Only the pin is cooled (c) When water freezes, pressure increases
16. If the length of a cylinder on heating increases by 2%, the area of its (d) When water freezes, it takes heat from pipes
base will increase by [CPMT 1993; BHU 1997] 27. A cylindrical metal rod of length L is shaped into a ring with a small
0

(a) 0.5% (b) 2% gap as shown. On heating the system

(c) 1% (d) 4% X

17. The volume of a gas at 20° C is 100 cm at normal pressure. If it is

3

heated to 100°C, its volume becomes 125 cm at the same pressure,

3

r
then volume coefficient of the gas at normal pressure is [Pb. PET 2002; DPMT 2001]
(a) 0.0015/°C (b) 0.0045/°C
(c) 0.0025/°C (d) 0.0033/°C (a) x decreases, r and d increase d
18. The coefficient of superficial expansion of a solid is 2 u 10 /°C. It's
–5
(b) x and r increase, d decreases
coefficient of linear expansion is [KCET 1999] (c) x, r and d all increase
(a) 4 u 10 /°C
–5
(b) 3 u 10 /°C –5
(d) Data insufficient to arrive at a conclusion
(c) 2 u 10 /°C
–5
(d) 1 u 10 /°C
–5
28. The length of a metallic rod is 5m at 0°C and becomes 5.01 m, on
heating upto 100°C. The linear expansion of the metal will be
 570 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry

(a) 2.33 u 10 /°C –5

(b) 6.0 u 10 /°C –5 (c) No change in temperature takes place whether heat is taken in
or given out
(c) 4.0 u 10 /°C –5
(d) 2.0 u 10 /°C –5

(d) All of the above

29. A metal rod of silver at 0°C is heated to 100°C. It's length is
4. A gas in an airtight container is heated from 25° C to 90°C. The
increased by 0.19 cm. Coefficient of cubical expansion of the silver density of the gas will [BCECE 1997]
rod is [UPSEAT 2001]
(a) Increase slightly (b) Increase considerably
(a) 5.7 u 10 /°C –5
(b) 0.63 u 10 /°C –5

(c) Remain the same (d) Decrease slightly

(c) 1.9 u 10 /°C–5
(d) 16.1 u 10 /°C –5
5. A quantity of heat required to change the unit mass of a solid
substance, from solid state to liquid state, while the temperature
30. A brass disc fits simply in a hole of a steel plate. The disc from the remains constant, is known as [AIIMS 1998]
hole can be loosened if the system [UPSEAT 2001]
(a) Latent heat (b) Sublimation
(a) First heated then cooled (b) First cooled then heated
(c) Hoar frost (d) Latent heat of fusion
(c) Is heated (d) Is cooled 6. The latent heat of vaporization of a substance is always
31. An iron bar of length 10 m is heated from 0°C to 100°C. If the coefficient [SCRA 1998]
of linear thermal expansion of iron is 10 u 10 /°C, the increase in the
–6
(a) Greater than its latent heat of fusion
length of bar is [UPSEAT 2005] (b) Greater than its latent heat of sublimation
(a) 0.5 cm (b) 1.0 cm (c) Equal to its latent heat of sublimation
(c) 1.5 cm (d) 2.0 cm (d) Less than its latent heat of fusion
7. The factor not needed to calculate heat lost or gained when there is
32. If a cylinder of diameter 1.0 cm at 30°C is to be solid into a hole of no change of state is [AFMC 1997; BHU 1997]
diameter 0.9997 cm in a steel plate at the same temperature, then
minimum required rise in the temperature of the plate is : (a) Weight (b) Specific heat
(Coefficient of linear expansion of steel 12 u 10 6 / qC ) (c) Relative density
[EAMCET 2001] (d) Temperature change
(a) 25°C (b) 35°C 8. 540 g of ice at 0°C is mixed with 540 g of water at 80°C. The final
temperature of the mixture is [AFMC 1994]
(c) 45°C (d) 55°C
(a) 0°C (b) 40°C
33. Surface of the lake is at 2°C. Find the temperature of the bottom of
the lake [Orissa JEE 2002] (c) 80°C (d) Less than 0°C
(a) 2°C (b) 3°C 9. Water is used to cool radiators of engines, because
[AFMC 2001]
(c) 4°C (d) 1°C
(a) Of its lower density (b) It is easily available
34. Two rods, one of aluminum and the other made of steel, having
initial length l1 and l2 are connected together to form a single rod (c) It is cheap (d) It has high specific heat
of length l1  l2 . The coefficients of linear expansion for aluminum 10. How much heat energy is gained when 5 kg of water at 20°C is
brought to its boiling point
and steel are D a and D s respectively. If the length of each rod
(Specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ kg c ) [BHU 2001]
–1 –1

increases by the same amount when their temperature are raised by

(a) 1680 kJ (b) 1700 kJ
l1
t o C , then find the ratio [IIT-JEE
(c) (Screening)
1720 kJ 2003] (d) 1740 kJ
(l1  l2 )
11. Melting point of ice [CBSE PMT 1993]
Ds Da (a) Increases with increasing pressure
(a) (b)
Da Ds (b) Decreases with increasing pressure
Ds Da (c) Is independent of pressure
(c) (d)
(D a  D s ) (D a  D s ) (d) Is proportional to pressure
12. Heat required to convert one gram of ice at 0° C into steam at 100°C
Calorimetry is (given L = 536 cal/gm)
steam
[Pb. PMT 1990]

1. When vapour condenses into liquid [CPMT 1990]

(a) 100 calorie (b) 0.01 kilocalorie
(a) It absorbs heat (b) It liberates heat (c) 716 calorie (d) 1 kilocalorie
(c) Its temperature increases (d) Its temperature decreases 13. 80 gm of water at 30°C are poured on a large block of ice at 0° C.
The mass of ice that melts is [CBSE PMT 1989]
2. At NTP water boils at 100°C. Deep down the mine, water will boil at (a) 30 gm (b) 80 gm
a temperature [CPMT 1996]
(c) 1600 gm (d) 150 gm
(a) 100°C (b) > 100°C
14. The saturation vapour pressure of water at 100°C is
(c) < 100°C (d) Will not boil at all
[EAMCET 1997]
3. If specific heat of a substance is infinite, it means (a) 739 mm of mercury (b) 750 mm of mercury
[AIIMS 1997] (c) 760 mm of mercury (d) 712 mm of mercury
(a) Heat is given out 15. Two spheres made of same substance have diameters in the ratio 1 :
(b) Heat is taken in 2. Their thermal capacities are in the ratio of
[JIPMER 1999]
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 571

(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 8 (a) From 14.5°C to 15.5°C at 760 mm of Hg

(c) 1 : 4 (d) 2 : 1 (b) From 98.5°C to 99.5°C at 760 mm of Hg
16. Work done in converting one gram of ice at –10°C into steam at (c) From 13.5°C to 14.5°C at 76 mm of Hg
100°C is
(d) From 3.5°C to 4.5°C at 76 mm of Hg
[MP PET/PMT 1988; EAMCET (Med.) 1995; MP PMT 2003]
26. 100 gm of ice at 0°C is mixed with 100 g of water at 100°C. What
(a) 3045 J (b) 6056 J
will be the final temperature of the mixture
(c) 721 J (d) 616 J
[SCRA 1996; AMU 1999]
17. If mass energy equivalence is taken into account, when water is
cooled to form ice, the mass of water should (a) 10°C (b) 20°C
[AIEEE 2002] (c) 30°C (d) 40°C
(a) Increase (b) Remain unchanged 27. At atmospheric pressure, the water boils at 100°C. If pressure is
(c) Decrease (d) First increase then decrease reduced, it will boil at [MP PMT 1984]
18. Compared to a burn due to water at 100°C, a burn due to steam at (a) Higher temperature (b) Lower temperature
100°C is [KCET 1999; UPSEAT 1999] (c) At the same temperature (d) At critical temperature
(a) More dangerous (b) Less dangerous 28. A closed bottle containing water at 30° C is carried to the moon in a
(c) Equally dangerous (d) None of these space-ship. If it is placed on the surface of the moon, what will
19. 50 gm of copper is heated to increase its temperature by 10°C. If the happen to the water as soon as the lid is opened
same quantity of heat is given to 10 gm of water, the rise in its (a) Water will boil
temperature is (Specific heat of copper = 420 Joule-kg °C )
–1 –1
[EAMCET (Med.) 2000]
(b) Water will freeze
(a) 5°C (b) 6°C
(c) Nothing will happen on it
(c) 7°C (d) 8°C
20. Two liquids A and B are at 32°C and 24°C. When mixed in equal (d) It will decompose into H 2 and O2
masses the temperature of the mixture is found to be 28° C. Their
29. The thermal capacity of 40 gm of aluminium (specific heat = 0.2
specific heats are in the ratio of [DPMT 1996]
cal/gm/°C) is [CBSE PMT 1990]
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 3 (a) 40 cal/°C (b) 160 cal/°C
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 4 : 3 (c) 200 cal/°C (d) 8 cal/°C
21. A beaker contains 200 gm of water. The heat capacity of the beaker
30. If temperature scale is changed from °C to °F, the numerical value of
is equal to that of 20 gm of water. The initial temperature of water
specific heat will [CPMT 1984]
in the beaker is 20°C. If 440 gm of hot water at 92°C is poured in
it, the final temperature (neglecting radiation loss) will be nearest to[NSEP 1994] (a) Increases (b) Decreased
(a) 58°C (b) 68°C (c) Remains unchanged (d) None of the above
(c) 73°C (d) 78°C 31. By exerting a certain amount of pressure on an ice block, you
22. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body through (a) Lower its melting point
1K is called its (b) Make it melt at 0°C only
[KCET 1996; MH CET 2001; AIEEE 2002]
(c) Make it melt at a faster rate
(a) Water equivalent (b) Thermal capacity
(d) Raise its melting point
(c) Entropy (d) Specific heat
32. When we rub our palms they gets heated but to a maximum
23. A metallic ball and highly stretched spring are made of the same temperature because
material and have the same mass. They are heated so that they melt,
the latent heat required [AIIMS 2002]
(a) Heat is absorbed by our palm
(a) Are the same for both (b) Heat is lost in the environment
(b) Is greater for the ball (c) Produced of heat is stopped
(c) Is greater for the spring (d) None of the above
(d) For the two may or may not be the same depending upon the 33. A bullet moving with a uniform velocity v, stops suddenly after
metal hitting the target and the whole mass melts be m, specific heat S,
24. A liquid of mass m and specific heat c is heated to a temperature initial temperature 25°C, melting point 475°C and the latent heat L.
2T. Another liquid of mass m/2 and specific heat 2c is heated to a Then v is given by
temperature T. If these two liquids are mixed, the resulting [NCERT 1972]
temperature of the mixture is 2
1 mv
[EAMCET 1992] (a) mL mS (475  25)  ˜
2 J
(a) (2/3)T (b) (8/5)T
(c) (3/5)T (d) (3/2)T mv 2
(b) mS (475  25)  mL
2J
25. Calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise
temperature of 1g of water by 1°C and it is defined under which of mv 2
the following conditions (c) mS (475  25)  mL
J
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 2005]
 572 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry

mv 2 (c) Calorie u Erg (d) Erg/Calorie

(d) mS (475  25)  mL
2J 43. Of two masses of 5 kg each falling from height of 10 m, by which
34. A water fall is 84 metres high. If half of the potential energy of the 2kg water is stirred. The rise in temperature of water will be
falling water gets converted to heat, the rise in temperature of water (a) 2.6°C (b) 1.2°C
will be [JIPMER 2002]
(c) 0.32°C (d) 0.12°C
(a) 0.098°C (b) 0.98°C
44. A lead ball moving with a velocity V strikes a wall and stops. If 50%
(c) 9.8°C (d) 0.0098°C
of its energy is converted into heat, then what will be the increase in
35. A body of mass 5 kg falls from a height of 30 metre. If its all temperature (Specific heat of lead is S)
mechanical energy is changed into heat, then heat produced will be [CPMT 1975]
[RPMT 1996]
(a) 350 cal (b) 150 cal
2 2
2V V
(c) 60 cal (d) 6 cal (a) (b)
JS 4 JS
36. In supplying 400 calories of heat to a system, the work done will be [MP PMT 1989]
(a) 400 joules (b) 1672 joules V2 V 2S
(c) (d)
(c) 1672 watts (d) 1672 ergs J 2J

37. 0.93 watt-hour of energy is supplied to a block of ice weighing 10 45. The mechanical equivalent of heat J is [MP PET 2000]
gm. It is found that (a) A constant (b) A physical quantity
[NCERT 1973; DPMT 1999] (c) A conversion factor (d) None of the above
(a) Half of the block melts
46. Water falls from a height of 210m. Assuming whole of energy due to
(b) The entire block melts and the water attains a temperature of fall is converted into heat the rise in temperature of water would be
4°C
(J = 4.3 Joule/cal)
(c) The entire block just melts
[Pb. PMT 2002]
(d) The block remains unchanged
(a) 42°C (b) 49°C
38. The weight of a person is 60 kg. If he gets 10 calories heat through
5

food and the efficiency of his body is 28%, then upto how much (c) 0.49°C (d) 4.9°C
height he can climb (approximately) 47. A block of mass 100 gm slides on a rough horizontal surface. If the
[AFMC 1997] speed of the block decreases from 10 m/s to 5 m/s, the thermal
(a) 100 m (b) 200 m energy developed in the process is

(c) 400 m (d) 1000 m [UPSEAT 2002]

(a) 3.75 J (b) 37.5 J
39. The temperature of Bhakhra dam water at the ground level with
respect to the temperature at high level should be (c) 0.375 J (d) 0.75 J
(a) Greater (b) Less 48. 4200 J of work is required for [MP PMT 1986]
(a) Increasing the temperature of 10 gm of water through 10°C
(c) Equal (d) 0°C
(b) Increasing the temperature of 100 gm of water through 10°C
40. The height of a waterfall is 84 metre. Assuming that the entire
(c) Increasing the temperature of 1 kg of water through 10°C
kinetic energy of falling water is converted into heat, the rise in
temperature of the water will be (d) Increasing the temperature of 10 kg of water through 10°C
49. At 100°C, the substance that causes the most severe burn, is
(g 9.8 m / s 2 , J 4.2 joule / cal) [MP PET 1994]
[KCET 1999; UPSEAT 1999]
(a) 0.196°C (b) 1.960°C (a) Oil (b) Steam
(c) 0.96°C (d) 0.0196°C (c) Water (d) Hot air
41. Hailstone at 0°C falls from a height of 1 km on an insulating surface 50. In a water-fall the water falls from a height of 100 m. If the entire
converting whole of its kinetic energy into heat. What part of it will K.E. of water is converted into heat, the rise in temperature of water
will be [MP PMT 2001]
melt (g 10 m / s 2 ) [MP PMT 1994]
(a) 0.23°C (b) 0.46°C
1 1 (c) 2.3°C (d) 0.023°C
(a) (b)
33 8
51. A lead bullet of 10 g travelling at 300 m/s strikes against a block of
1 wood and comes to rest. Assuming 50% of heat is absorbed by the
(c) u 10  4 (d) All of it will melt bullet, the increase in its temperature is
33
(Specific heat of lead = 150J/kg, K) [EAMCET 2001]
42. The SI unit of mechanical equivalent of heat is
(a) 100°C (b) 125°C
[MP PMT/PET 1998]
(c) 150°C (d) 200°C
(a) Joule u Calorie (b) Joule/Calorie
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 573

52. The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid becomes (c) 0°C (d) 50°C
equals to the external (atmospheric) pressure is its
62. During constant temperature, we feel colder on a day when the
[Kerala (Engg.) 2001] relative humidity will be [Pb. PMT 1996]
(a) Melting point (b) Sublimation point (a) 25% (b) 12.5%
(c) Critical temperature (d) Boiling point (c) 50% (d) 75%
53. When the pressure on water is increased the boiling temperature of
63. Which of the following is the unit of specific heat
water as compared to 100°C will be
[MH CET 2004]
[RPET 1999]
1
(a) Lower (a) J kg qC (b) J / kg qC
(b) The same
(c) kg qC / J (d) J / kg qC 2
(c) Higher
64. 50 gm of ice at 0°C is mixed with 50 gm of water at 80°C, final
(d) On the critical temperature temperature of mixture will be [DCE 2002]
54. Calorimeters are made of which of the following (a) 0°C (b) 40°C
[AFMC 2000] (c) 40°C (d) 4°C
(a) Glass (b) Metal 65. The freezing point of the liquid decreases when pressure is
(c) Wood (d) Either (a) or (c) increased, if the liquid [DCE 1995]
(a) Expands while freezing
55. Triple point of water is [CPMT 2002]
(b) Contracts while freezing
(a) 273.16°F (b) 273.16 K
(c) Does not change in volume while freezing
(c) 273.16°C (d) 273.16 R
(d) None of these
56. A liquid boils when its vapour pressure equals
66. The relative humidity on a day, when partial pressure of water
[MP PET 2002]
vapour is 0.012 u 10 5 Pa at 12°C is (take vapour pressure of
(a) The atmospheric pressure
water at this temperature as 0.016 u 10 5 Pa )
(b) Pressure of 76.0 cm column of mercury
[AIIMS 1998]
(c) The critical pressure
(a) 70% (b) 40%
(d) The dew point of the surroundings (c) 75% (d) 25%
57. The amount of work, which can be obtained by supplying 200 cal of 67. A hammer of mass 1kg having speed of 50 m/s, hit a iron nail of
heat, is [Pb. PET 2001, 03; BHU 2004] mass 200 gm. If specific heat of iron is 0.105 cal/gm°C and half the
energy is converted into heat, the raise in temperature of nail is
(a) 840 dyne (b) 840 W
(a) 7.1°C (b) 9.2°C
(c) 840 erg (d) 840 J
(c) 10.5°C (d) 12.1°C
58. How many grams of a liquid of specific heat 0.2 at a temperature 68. Latent heat of 1gm of steam is 536 cal/gm, then its value in joule/kg
40°C must be mixed with 100 gm of a liquid of specific heat of 0.5 is [RPMT 1999]
at a temperature 20°C, so that the final temperature of the mixture
becomes 32°C [Pb. PET 1999] (a) 2.25 u 10 6 (b) 2.25 u 10 3
(c) 2.25 (d) None
(a) 175 gm (b) 300 g
69. Which of the following has maximum specific heat
(c) 295 gm (d) 375 g
[RPMT 1999]
59. 1 g of a steam at 100°C melt how much ice at 0°C? (Latent heat of (a) Water (b) Alcohol
ice = 80 cal/gm and latent heat of steam = 540 cal/gm) [Pb. PET 2000]
(c) Glycerine (d) Oil
(a) 1 gm (b) 2 gm 70. 50 gm ice at 0°C in insulator vessel, 50g water of 100°C is mixed in
(c) 4 gm (d) 8 gm it, then final temperature of the mixture is (neglect the heat loss)
60. 5 g of ice at 0°C is dropped in a beaker containing 20 g of water at (a) 10°C (b) 0q  Tm  20qC
40°C. The final temperature will be [Pb. PET 2003] (c) 20°C (d) Above 20°C
(a) 32°C (b) 16°C 71. A stationary object at 4°C and weighing 3.5 kg falls from a height of
(c) 8°C (d) 24°C 2000 m on a snow mountain at 0°C. If the temperature of the object
just before hitting the snow is 0°C and the object comes to rest
61. One kilogram of ice at 0°C is mixed with one kilogram of water at
immediately (g 10 m / s 2 ) and (latent heat of
80°C. The final temperature of the mixture is
5
ice 3.5 u 10 joule / sec ), then the object will melt
(Take : specific heat of water 4200 J kg 1 K 1 , latent heat of ice
(a) 2 kg of ice (b) 200 gm of ice
336 kJ kg 1 ) [KCET 2002] (c) 20 gm ice (d) 2 gm of ice
(a) 40°C (b) 60°C
 574 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
72. 300 gm of water at 25°C is added to 100 gm of ice at 0°C. The final (a) 80 cal / gm (b) 8 gm
temperature of the mixture is [MP PET 2004] (c) 80 gm (d) 80 kg
5 5 81. A liquid of mass M and specific heat S is at a temperature 2t. If
(a)  qC (b)  qC
3 2 t
another liquid of thermal capacity 1.5 times, at a temperature of
(c) – 5°C (d) 0°C 3
is added to it, the resultant temperature will be
73. Calculate the amount of heat (in calories) required to convert 5 gm
4
of ice at 0°C to steam at 100°C [DPMT 2005] (a) t (b) t
3
(a) 3100 (b) 3200 t 2
(c) (d) t
(c) 3600 (d) 4200 2 3
74. 2gm of steam condenses when passed through 40gm of water 82. Dry ice is [CPMT 2000]
initially at 25°C. The condensation of steam raises the temperature (a) Ice cube (b) Sodium chloride
of water to 54.3°C. What is the latent heat of steam (c) Liquid
[J & Knitrogen
CET 2005] (d) Solid carbon dioxide
(a) 540 cal/g (b) 536 cal/g
(c) 270 cal/g (d) 480 cal/g
75. 10 gm of ice at 0°C is mixed with 100 gm of water at 50°C. What is
the resultant temperature of mixture [AFMC 2005]
(a) 31.2°C (b) 32.8°C 1. A glass flask is filled up to a mark with 50 cc of mercury at
(c) 36.7°C (d) 38.2°C 18º C. If the flask and contents are heated to 38º C, how much
mercury will be above the mark ? (D for glass is 9 × 10 /ºC and –6

76. Three liquids with masses m1 , m 2 , m 3 are thoroughly mixed. If coefficient of real expansion of mercury is 180 × 10 /ºC) –6

their specific heats are c1 , c 2 , c 3 and their temperatures (a) 0.85 cc (b) 0.46 cc
T1 , T2 , T3 respectively, then the temperature of the mixture is (c) 0.153 cc (d) 0.05 cc
2. The coefficient of apparent expansion of mercury in a glass vessel is
c1 T1  c 2 T2  c 3 T3
(a) 153 × 10 /ºC and in a steel vessel is 144 × 10 /ºC. If D for steel is 12 × 10
–6 –6 –

m 1c 1  m 2 c 2  m 3 c 3 /ºC, then that of glass is

6

m 1 c1 T1  m 2 c 2 T2  m 3 c 3 T3 [EAMCET 1997]
(b)
m 1c 1  m 2 c 2  m 3 c 3 (a) 9 × 10 /ºC
–6
(b) 6 × 10 /ºC–6

(c) 36 × 10 /ºC –6
(d) 27 × 10 /ºC –6

m 1 c1 T1  m 2 c 2 T2  m 3 c 3 T3
(c) 3. Solids expand on heating because [CPMT 1990]
m 1T 1  m 2 T 2  m 3 T3
(a) Kinetic energy of the atoms increases
m 1 T1  m 2 T2  m 3 T3 (b) Potential energy of the atoms increases
(d)
c 1T 1  c 2 T 2  c 3 T 3
(c) Total energy of the atoms increases
77. The point on the pressure temperature phase diagram where all the (d) The potential energy curve is asymmetric about the equilibrium
phases co-exist is called [MH CET 2005] distance between neighbouring atoms
(a) Sublimation (b) Fusion point 4. An iron tyre is to be fitted on to a wooden wheel 1m in diameter.
(c) Triple point (d) Vaporisation point The diameter of tyre is 6 mm smaller than that of wheel. The tyre
should be heated so that its temperature increases by a minimum of
78. Boiling water is changing into steam. At this stage the specific heat
(the coefficient of cubical expansion of iron is 3.6 × 10 /ºC)[CPMT 1989]
–5

of water is [UPSEAT 1998]

(a) 167ºC (b) 334ºC
(a) < 1 (b) f
(c) 500ºC (d) 1000ºC
(c) 1 (d) 0
5. A glass flask of volume one litre at 0°C is filled, level full of mercury
79. A vessel contains 110 g of water. The heat capacity of the vessel is
at this temperature. The flask and mercury are now heated to 100° C.
equal to 10 g of water. The initial temperature of water in vessel is How much mercury will spill out, if coefficient of volume expansion
10°C. If 220 g of hot water at 70°C is poured in the vessel, the final
of mercury is 1.82 u 10 4 / qC and linear expansion of glass
temperature neglecting radiation loss, will be [UPSEAT 2000]
is 0.1 u 10 4 / qC respectively [MNR 1994]
(a) 70°C (b) 80°C
(a) 21.2 cc (b) 15.2 cc
(c) 60°C (d) 50°C
(c) 1.52 cc (d) 2.12 cc
80. The thermal capacity of a body is 80 cal, then its water equivalent is
[UPSEAT 2001]
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 575

6. A steel scale measures the length of a copper wire as 80.0 cm, (c) It will start solidifying from the middle, upward and downward
at equal rates
when both are at 20qC (the calibration temperature for scale).
What would be the scale read for the length of the wire when both (d) The whole mass will solidify simultaneously
are at 40qC ? (Given D steel
11 u 10 6 per°C and D copper
13. A substance of mass m kg requires a power input of P watts to
17 u 10 6 per qC ) remain in the molten state at its melting point. When the power is
turned off, the sample completely solidifies in time t sec. What is the
[CPMT 2004] latent heat of fusion of the substance
(a) 80.0096 cm (b) 80.0272 cm [IIIT JEE 1992]
(c) 1 cm (d) 25.2 cm Pm Pt
(a) (b)
7. A bimetallic strip is formed out of two identical strips, one of t m
copper and other of brass. The coefficients of linear expansion of the m t
two metals are D C and D B . On heating, the temperature of the (c) (d)
Pt Pm
strip goes up by 'T and the strip bends to form an arc of radius of 14. Steam at 100ºC is passed into 1.1 kg of water contained in a
curvature R. Then R is calorimeter of water equivalent 0.02 kg at 15ºC till the temperature
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 1999] of the calorimeter and its contents rises to 80º C. The mass of the
steam condensed in kg is
(a) Proportional to 'T
[IIIT 1995]
(b) Inversely proportional to 'T (a) 0.130 (b) 0.065
(c) Proportional to | D B  D C | (c) 0.260 (d) 0.135
(d) Inversely proportional to | D B  D C | 15. 2 kg of ice at – 20°C is mixed with 5 kg of water at 20°C in an
insulating vessel having a negligible heat capacity. Calculate the final
8. Two metal strips that constitute a thermostat must necessarily differ
mass of water remaining in the container. It is given that the specific
in their [IIT-JEE 1992]
heats of water and ice are 1 kcal/kg per °C and 0.5 kcal/kg/°C while
(a) Mass the latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2003]
(b) Length (a) 7 kg (b) 6 kg
(c) Resistivity
(c) 4 kg (d) 2 kg
(d) Coefficient of linear expansion
16. Water of volume 2 litre in a container is heated with a coil of 1 kW
9. A metal ball immersed in alcohol weighs W1 at 0°C and W 2 at
at 27 qC . The lid of the container is open and energy dissipates at
59°C. The coefficient of cubical expansion of the metal is less than
that of alcohol. Assuming that the density of metal is large rate of 160 J / s. In how much time temperature will rise from
compared to that of alcohol, it can be shown that 27 qC to 77 qC [Given specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ / kg ] [IIT-JEE (S
[CPMT 1998]
(a) 8 min 20 s (b) 6 min 2 s
(a) W1 ! W2 (b) W1 W2 (c) 7 min (d) 14 min
(c) W1  W2 (d) W2 (W1 / 2) A lead bullet at 27°C just melts when stopped by an obstacle.
17.
Assuming that 25% of heat is absorbed by the obstacle, then the
10. The coefficient of volumetric expansion of mercury is
velocity of the bullet at the time of striking (M.P. of lead = 327° C,
18 × 10 /ºC. A thermometer bulb has a volume 10 m and cross
–5 –6 3

section of stem is 0.004 cm . Assuming that bulb is filled with

2
specific heat of lead = 0.03 cal/gm°C, latent heat of fusion of lead = 6
mercury at 0ºC then the length of the mercury column at 100ºC is [Pb. PMT 1998,cal/gm 1997,
DPMT and J2001]
= 4.2 joule/cal) [IIT 1981]

(a) 18.8 mm (b) 9.2 mm (a) 410 m/sec (b) 1230 m/sec
(c) 7.4 cm (d) 4.5 cm (c) 307.5 m/sec (d) None of the above
11. A piece of metal weight 46 gm in air, when it is immersed in the 18. If two balls of same metal weighing 5 gm and 10 gm strike with a
liquid of specific gravity 1.24 at 27ºC it weighs target with the same velocity. The heat energy so developed is used
30 gm. When the temperature of liquid is raised to 42º C the metal for raising their temperature alone, then the temperature will be
piece weight 30.5 gm, specific gravity of the liquid at 42ºC is 1.20, higher
then the linear expansion of the metal will be (a) For bigger ball
[BHU 1995] (b) For smaller ball
(a) 3.316 × 10 /ºC
–5
(b) 2.316 × 10 /ºC–5

(c) Equal for both the balls

(c) 4.316 × 10 /ºC
–5
(d) None of these (d) None is correct from the above three
12. It is known that wax contracts on solidification. If molten wax is
19. The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B and
taken in a large vessel and it is allowed to cool slowly, then [CBSE PMT 1994]
C are 12ºC, 19ºC and 28ºC respectively. The temperature when A
(a) It will start solidifying from the top downward and B are mixed is 16ºC and when B and C are mixed is 23ºC. The
(b) It will start solidifying from the bottom upward temperature when A and C are mixed is
 576 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
(a) 18.2ºC (b) 22ºC (b) 20 gm of ice
(c) 20.2ºC (d) 25.2ºC (c) 10 gm ice and 10 gm water
20. In an industrial process 10 kg of water per hour is to be heated from (d) 5 gm ice and 15 gm water
20°C to 80°C. To do this steam at 150°C is passed from a boiler into a 26. A rod of length 20 cm is made of metal. It expands by 0.075cm
copper coil immersed in water. The steam condenses in the coil and is when its temperature is raised from 0°C to 100°C. Another rod of a
returned to the boiler as water at 90°C. how many kg of steam is different metal B having the same length expands by 0.045 cm for
required per hour. the same change in temperature. A third rod of the same length is
(Specific heat of steam = 1 calorie per gm°C, Latent heat of composed of two parts, one of metal A and the other of metal B.
vaporisation = 540 cal/gm) This rod expands by 0.060 cm for the same change in temperature.
The portion made of metal A has the length [CPMT 19
(a) 1 gm (b) 1 kg
(a) 20 cm (b) 10 cm
(c) 10 gm (d) 10 kg
(c) 15 cm (d) 18 cm
21. In a vertical U-tube containing a liquid, the two arms are maintained
27. Steam is passed into 22 gm of water at 20°C. The mass of water
at different temperatures t 1 and t 2 . The liquid columns in the two
that will be present when the water acquires a temperature of 90° C
arms have heights l1 and l 2 respectively. The coefficient of volume (Latent heat of steam is 540 cal/gm) is
expansion of the liquid is equal to [SCRA 1994]
(a) 24.8 gm (b) 24 gm
t1 (c) 36.6 gm (d) 30 gm
t2
l1
l2
l1  l 2 l1  l 2
(a) (b)
l 2 t 1  l1 t 2 l1 t 1  l 2 t 2

l1  l 2 l1  l 2
(c) (d) 1. The graph AB shown in figure is a plot of temperature of a body in
l 2 t 1  l1 t 2 l1 t 1  l 2 t 2 degree celsius and degree Fahrenheit. Then
22. The coefficient of linear expansion of crystal in one direction is D 1 B
100°C
and that in every direction perpendicular to it is D 2 . The coefficient
Centigrade

of cubical expansion is
(a) D 1  D 2 (b) 2D 1  D 2
32° F 212°F Fahrenheit
(c) D 1  2D 2 (d) None of these A

23. Three rods of equal length l are joined to form an equilateral (a) Slope of line AB is 9/5 (b) Slope of line AB is 5/9
triangle PQR. O is the mid point of PQ. Distance OR remains same
for small change in temperature. Coefficient of linear expansion for (c) Slope of line AB is 1/9 (d) Slope of line AB is 3/9
PR and RQ is same i.e. D 2 but that for PQ is D 1 . Then 2. The graph shows the variation of temperature (T) of one kilogram
of a material with the heat (H) supplied to it. At O, the substance is
(a) D2 3D 1 R in the solid state. From the graph, we can conclude that
(b) D 2 4D 1 T
C (H3,T2) J
(c) D1 3D 2
D (H4,T2)
A(H1,T1) E
(d) D 1 4D 2
B(H2,T1)
P Q D
24. A one litre glass flask contains some mercury.O It is found that at
different temperatures the volume of air inside the flak remains the O H
same. What is the volume of mercury in this flask if coefficient of (a) T 2 is the melting point of the solid
linear expansion of glass is 9 u 10 /°C while of volume expansion of
–6

mercury is 1.8 u 10 /°C –4

(b) BC represents the change of state from solid to liquid

(a) 50 cc (b) 100 cc (c) (H 2  H1 ) represents the latent heat of fusion of the
substance
(c) 150 cc (d) 200 cc
(d) (H 3  H1 ) represents the latent heat of vaporization of the
25. 10 gm of ice at – 20°C is dropped into a calorimeter containing 10 gm
liquid
of water at 10°C; the specific heat of water is twice that of ice. When
equilibrium is reached, the calorimeter will contain
(a) 20 gm of water
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 577

3. A block of ice at –10°C is slowly heated and converted to steam at

100°C. Which of the following curves represents the
phenomenon qualitatively [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2000]

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Temperature

Temperature

Density

Density
Heat supplied Heat supplied
(c) (d) Temperature Temperature
8. If a graph is plotted taking the temperature in Fahrenheit along Y-
Temperature

Temperature

axis and the corresponding temperature in Celsius along the X-axis,

it will be a straight line [AIIMS 1997]
(a) Having a +ve intercept on Y-axis
(b) Having a +ve intercept on X-axis
Heat supplied Heat supplied (c) Passing through the origin
4. The portion AB of the indicator diagram representing the state of
matter denotes (d) Having a – ve intercepts on both the axis
P A 9. Which of the curves in figure represents the relation between
Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures
C °C
B (a) 1
D 2 3
(b) 2
V
(a) The liquid state of matter (c) 3 °F
(b) Gaseous state of matter (d) 4 4 1
(c) Change from liquid to gaseous state
10. Heat is supplied to a certain homogenous sample of matter, at a
(d) Change from gaseous state to liquid state uniform rate. Its temperature is plotted against time, as shown.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn
5. The figure given below shows the cooling curve of pure wax
material after heating. It cools from A to B and solidifies along BD. If
L and C are respective values of latent heat and the specific heat of
Temperature

the liquid wax, the ratio L/C is

Y
T°C A
90
(a) Its specific heat capacity is greaterTime
in the solid state than in the
B D liquid state
80
(b) Its specific heat capacity is greater in the liquid state than in
2 min 4 min the solid state
X
Time (Min.) (c) Its latent heat of vaporization is greater than its latent heat of
(a) 40 (b) 80 fusion
(c) 100 (d) 20 (d) Its latent heat of vaporization is smaller than its latent of fusion
11. A student takes 50gm wax (specific heat = 0.6 kcal/kg°C) and heats
6. A solid substance is at 30°C. To this substance heat energy is it till it boils. The graph between temperature and time is as follows.
supplied at a constant rate. Then temperature versus time graph is Heat supplied to the wax per minute and boiling point are
as shown in the figure. The substance is in liquid state for the respectively [BHU 1994]
portion (of the graph) [RPET 1990, 94]
250
F
Temperature (°C)

240 200
Temperature (T°C)

210 D 150
B E 100
60
C 50
30 0
(a) BC A CD
(b) Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(a) 500 cal, 50°C Time (b) 1000
(Minute) cal, 100°C
(c) ED (d) EF
(c) 1500 cal, 200°C (d) 200°C
7. The variation of density of water with temperature is represented by
the 12. The graph signifies [JIPMER 1999]

(a) (b)
Temperature
Density

Density

Temperature Time
Temperature
 578 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
Reason : Latent heat is the heat required to melt a unit mass
of solid. [AIIMS 1998]
4. Assertion : Specific heat capacity is the cause of formation of
land and sea breeze.
(a) Adiabatic expansion of a gas Reason : The specific heat of water is more than land.
[AIIMS 1995]
(b) Isothermal expansion of a gas
5. Assertion : A brass disc is just fitted in a hole in a steel plate.
(c) Change of state from liquid to solid The system must be cooled to loosen the disc from
the hole.
(d) Cooling of a heated solid
Reason : The coefficient of linear expansion for brass is
13. Which of the substances A, B or C has the highest specific heat ? greater than the coefficient of linear expansion for
The temperature vs time graph is shown steel.
A 6. Assertion : The coefficient of volume expansion has dimension
K.
Temperature (T)

–1

B
Reason : The coefficient of volume expansion is defined as
C the change in volume per unit volume per unit
change in temperature.
7. Assertion : The temperature at which Centigrade and
Time (t) Fahrenheit thermometers read the same is – 40°.
(a) A (b) B Reason : There is no relation between Fahrenheit and
(c) C (d) All have equal specific heat Centigrade temperature.
14. Two substances A and B of equal mass m are heated at uniform rate 8. Assertion : When a solid iron ball is heated, percentage
of 6 cal s under similar conditions. A graph between temperature
–1
increase is its volume is largest.
and time is shown in figure. Ratio of heat absorbed H A / H B by Reason : Coefficient of superficial expansion is twice that of
linear expansion where as coefficient of volume
them for complete fusion is expansion is three time of linear expansion.
9 9. Assertion : A beaker is completely filled with water at 4°C. It will
(a) 100
4 overflow, both when heated or cooled.
Temperature °C

A
80
4 Reason : There is expansion of water below and above 4°C.
(b) 60
9 40 B 10. Assertion : Latent heat of fusion of ice is 336000 J kg .–1

8 20 Reason : Latent heat refers to change of state without any

(c)
5 change in temperature
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 11. Assertion : Two bodies at different temperatures, if brought in
(d) thermal contact do not necessary settle to the mean
8
temperature.
Reason : The two bodies may have different thermal
capacities.
12. Assertion : Specific heat of a body is always greater than its
thermal capacity.
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of Reason : Thermal capacity is the required for raising
the options given below : temperature of unit mass of the body through unit
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct degree.
explanation of the assertion. 13. Assertion : Water kept in an open vessel will quickly evaporate
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct on the surface of the moon.
explanation of the assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. Reason : The temperature at the surface of the moon is
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false. much higher than boiling point of the water.
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true. 14. Assertion : The molecules at 0ºC ice and 0ºC water will have
1. Assertion : The melting point of ice decreases with increase of same potential energy.
pressure. Reason : Potential energy depends only on temperature of
Reason : Ice contracts on melting. [AIIMS 2004] the system.
2. Assertion : Fahrenheit is the smallest unit measuring
temperature.
Reason : Fahrenheit was the first temperature scale used for
measuring temperature.
[AIIMS 1999]
3. Assertion : Melting of solid causes no change in internal Thermometry
energy.
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 579

1 d 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 b 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 d
6 d 7 c 8 a 9 b 10 b 6 b 7 a 8 a 9 a 10 bc
11 c 12 c 13 c 14 c 15 c 11 c 12 c 13 c 14 c
16 d 17 b 18 c 19 c 20 c
21 c 22 a 23 d 24 a 25 c Assertion and Reason
26 a 27 b 28 a 29 c 30 c
1 a 2 c 3 e 4 a 5 a
31 a 32 d 33 a 34 d 35 a
6 a 7 c 8 a 9 a 10 b

Thermal Expansion 11 a 12 d 13 a 14 d

1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 c
6 c 7 c 8 c 9 b 10 c
11 a 12 b 13 b 14 d 15 a
16 d 17 d 18 d 19 d 20 a
21 b 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 a
26 b 27 c 28 d 29 a 30 d Thermometry
31 b 32 a 33 a 34 c
1. (d) T 273.15  tqC Ÿ 0 273.15  tqC
Calorimetry Ÿt 273.15qC

C F  32 183 F  32
1 b 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 d 2. (b) Ÿ Ÿ F 297qF
5 9 5 9
6 a 7 c 8 a 9 d 10 a
11 b 12 c 13 a 14 c 15 b F  32 K  273 F  32 95  273
3. (a) Ÿ ŸF 288qF
9 5 9 5
16 a 17 b 18 a 19 a 20 c
21 b 22 b 23 a 24 d 25 a 4. (c) Temperature change in Celsius scale = Temperature change in
Kelvin scale = 27 K
26 a 27 b 28 a 29 d 30 b
31 a 32 b 33 b 34 a 35 a
5. (b) Change in resistance 3.70  2.71 0.99 : corresponds to
interval of temperature 90°C.
36 b 37 c 38 b 39 a 40 a
41 a 42 b 43 d 44 b 45 c So change in resistance 3.26  2.71 0.55 : Corresponds
46 c 47 a 48 b 49 b 50 a to change in temperature
51 c 52 d 53 c 54 b 55 b 90
u 0 .55 50qC
56 a 57 d 58 d 59 d 60 b 0 .99
61 c 62 a 63 a 64 a 65 a 6. (d) – 200°C to 600°C can be measured by platinum resistance
66 c 67 a 68 a 69 a 70 a
thermometer.

71 b 72 d 73 c 74 a 75 d 7. (c) Pyrometer can measure temperature from 800°C to 6000°C.

Hence temperature of sun is measured with pyrometer.
76 b 77 c 78 b 79 d 80 c
81 b 82 d 8. (a) v 2 v T
9. (b) Thermoelectric thermometer is based on Seeback Effect.
Critical Thinking Questions 10. (b) Maximum density of water is at 4°C
C F  32 4 F  32
1 c 2 a 3 d 4 c 5 b Also Ÿ Ÿ F 39.2qF
5 9 5 9
6 a 7 bd 8 d 9 c 10 d
11. (c) Production and measurement of temperature close to 0 K is
11 b 12 b 13 b 14 a 15 b done in cryogenics
16 a 17 a 18 c 19 c 20 b 12. (c)
21 a 22 c 23 d 24 c 25 c 13. (c) At absolute zero (i.e. 0 K) v becomes zero.
rms

14. (c)
26 b 27 a
15. (c) We know that P P0 (1  Jt) and V V0 (1  Jt)
Graphical Questions
 580 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry

and J (1 / 273) / qC for t 273qC , we have P 0 and

V 0
Hence, at absolute zero, the volume and pressure of the gas
become zero.
16. (d) Zero kelvin 273qC (absolute temperature). As no matter
can attain this temperature, hence temperature can never be
negative on Kelvin scale.
C F  32 25 F  32
17. (b) Ÿ Ÿ F 77qF .
5 9 5 9
18. (c) Thermoelectric thermometer is used for finding rapidly varying
temperature.
19. (c) Due to evaporation cooling is caused which lowers the
temperature of bulb wrapped in wet hanky.
F  32 K  273 x  32 x  273
20. (c) Ÿ Ÿ x 574.25
9 5 9 5
C F  32 C (140  32)
21. (c) Ÿ Ÿ C 60q
5 9 5 9
C F  32 t t  32
22. (a) Ÿ Ÿ t  40q
5 9 5 9
23. (d) Standardisation of thermometers is done with gas
thermometer.
24. (a) For gases J is more.
25. (c) The boiling point of mercury is 400°C. Therefore, the mercury
thermometer can be used to measure the temperature upto
360°C.
(Pt  P0 ) (60  50)
26. (a) t u 100qC u 100 25qC
(P100  P0 ) (90  50)
27. (b) By filling nitrogen gas at high pressure, the boiling point of
mercury is increased which extend the range upto 500°C.
28. (a) Pyrometer is used to measure very high temperature.
F  32 K  273 F  32 0  273
29. (c) Ÿ
9 5 9 5
Ÿ F 459.4qF | 460qF
 582 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry

30. (c) Initial volume V1 47.5 units 6. (c) Stress Y D'T ; hence it is independent of length.
7. (c) Solids, liquids and gases all expand on being heated as result
Temperature of ice cold water T1 0qC 273 K density (= mass/volume) decreases.
Final volume of V2 67 units 8. (c) As coefficient of cubical expansion of liquid equals coefficient of
cubical expansion of vessel, the level of liquid will not change
V1 V2 on heating.
Applying Charle’s law, we have
T1 T2 'T 1 1
9. (b) Loss in time per second D'T D (t  0)
(where temperature T2 is the boiling point) T 2 2
Ÿ loss in time per day
V2 67 u 273
or T2 u T1 385 K 112qC §1 · 1 1
V1 47.5 't ¨ Dt ¸ t Dt u (24 u 60 u 60) Dt u 86400
©2 ¹ 2 2
31. (a) Temperature on any scale can be converted into other scale by
10. (c) A bimetallic strip on being
x  LFP x  20 60
= Constant for all scales Ÿ heated bends in the form of
UFP  LFP 150  20 100 an arc with more
DA >DB
x 98qC expandable metal (A) B
outside (as shown) correct. B
C F  32 C 140  32 A A
32. (d) Ÿ Ÿ C 60qC DB
5 9 5 9
11. (a) When the ball is heated, DA DB
DA
33. (a) Rapidly changing temperature is measured by thermocouple expansion of ball and cavity
thermometers. both occurs, hence volume of cavity increases.
34. (d) Difference of 100°C = difference of 180°F 12. (b) In summer alcohol expands, density decreases, so 1 litre of
180 alcohol will weigh less in summer than in winter.
? Difference of 30° u 30 54q
100 13. (b) Similar to previous question, benzene contracts in winter. So 5
litre of benzene will weigh more in winter than in summer.
35. (a)
14. (d) Water has maximum density at 4°C.
15. (a) Since coefficient of expansion of steel is greater than that of
Thermal Expansion bronze. Hence with small increase in it's temperature the hole
expand sufficiently.
1. (c) When a copper ball is heated, it’s size increases. As Volume
v(radius) and Area v ((radius) , so percentage increase will be 'A 'L 'A
A v L2 Ÿ 2˜ Ÿ 2u2 4% .
3 2

16. (d)
largest in it’s volume. Density will decrease with rise in A L A
temperature.
V1 1  J t1 100 1  J u 20
h1 U1 (1  J T1 ) ª U0 º 17. (d) Ÿ Ÿ J = 0.0033/°C
V2 1  J t2 125 1  J u 100
2. (a) « U »
h2 U2 (1  J T 2 ) ¬ (1  JT ) ¼
E 2 u 10 5
50 1  J u 50 18. (d) D 10 5 / qC
Ÿ Ÿ J 0.005 / qC 2 2
60 1  J u 100
19. (d) Coefficient of volume expansion
3. (b) J r J a  J v ; where J r coefficient of real expansion, 'U (U1  U 2 ) (10  9 .7)
J a coefficient of apparent expansion and J v coefficient of J 3 u 10  4
U.'T U.( 'T ) 10 u (100  0)
expansion of vessel.
Hence, coefficient of linear expansion
For copper J r C  3 DCu C  3 A
J
For silver J r S  3 D Ag D 10  4 / qC
3
C  S  3A
Ÿ C  3A S  3D Ag Ÿ D Ag 20. (a) U U0 (1  J .'T ) 13.6[1  0.18 u 10 3 (473  273)]
3
4. (d) Fractional change in period 13.6[1  0.036] 13.11 gm / cc .
'T 1 1 21. (b) As we know J real J app.  J vessel
D'T u 2 u 10  6 u 10 10  5
T 2 2
Ÿ J app. J glycerine  J glass
'T
% change u 100 10 5 u 100 10  3 %
T 0.000597  0.000027 0.00057 / qC
L 1  D ('T )1 22. (c) Water has maximum density at 4°C, so if the water is heated
5. (c) L L0 (1  D'T ) Ÿ 1 above 4°C or cooled below
L2 1  D ('T )2 Density
4°C density decreases i.e.
10 1  11 u 10 6 u 20 volume increases. In other
Ÿ Ÿ L2 9.99989 words, it expands so it
L2 1  11 u 10  6 u 19
overflows in both the cases.
Ÿ Length is shorten by 23. (a) 0°C 4°C Temp.
5
10  9.99989 0.00011 11 u 10 cm
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 583

'V 0.24 Short trick : For these type of frequently asked questions you
J 6 u 10 5 / qC can remember the following formula
V .'T 100 u 40
mL
J m WT W  i i
Ÿ D 2 u 10 5 / qC cW
3 T mix (See theory for more details)
m i  mW
E J
24. (a) As D Ÿ D : E :J 1: 2 : 3 Li
2 3 TW  80
80 
Mass expelled cW 1
25. (a) J app. If mW mi then T mix 0 qC
Mass remained u 'T 2 2
9. (d) Due to large specific heat of water, it releases large heat with
x / 100 1
1.25 u 10  4 / qC very small temperature change.
x u 80 8000 10. (a) Q m.c.'T 5 u (1000 u 4.2) u (100  20)
26. (b) In anomalous expansion, water contracts on heating and
expands on cooling in the range 0° C to 4°C. Therefore water 1680 u 10 3 J 1680 kJ
pipes sometimes burst, in cold countries.
11. (b) Melting point of ice decreases with increase in pressure (as ice
27. (c) On heating the system; x, r, d all increases, since the expansion expands on solidification).
of isotropic solids is similar to true photographic enlargement.
12. (c) Conversion of ice (0°C) into steam (100°C) is as follows
'L 0.01 5
28. (d) D 2 u 10 / qC
L0 u 'T 5 u 100 ice
0°C (Q1 = mLi)
'L 0 .19
29. (a) D 1 .9 u 10 5 / qC
L0 ('T ) 100 (100  0) Water at 0°C

Now J = 3D = 3 u 1.9 u 10 /°C = 5.7 u 10 /°C

–5 –5 (Q2 = mcW'T)
30. (d) Since, the coefficient of linear expansion of brass is greater
than that of steel. On cooling, the brass contracts more, so, it
get loosened. (Q3 = mLV)
31. (b) Increase in length 'L = L D 'T Water at100°C
C process
0

Steam
Heat required at 100°
in the given Q1  Q2  Q3
= 10 u 10 u 10 u (100 – 0) = 10 m = 1 cm
–6 –2

'L (1  0.9997) 1 u 80  1 u 1 u (100  0)  1 u 536 716 cal

32. (a) D 25qC
L0 'T 0.9997 u 12 u 10 6 13. (a) If m gm ice melts then
33. (c) The densest layer of water will be at bottom. The density of Heat lost = Heat gain
water is maximum at 4°C. So the temperature of bottom of 80 u 1 u (30  0) m u 80 Ÿ m 30 gm
lake will be 4°C.
34. (c) Given 'l1 'l2 or l1D a t l2D s t 14. (c) At boiling point saturation vapour pressure becomes equal to
atmospheric pressure. Therefore, at 100°C for water. S.V.P. =
l1 Ds l1 Ds 760 mm of Hg (atm pressure).
? or .
l2 Da l1  l2 Da  D s 15. (b) Thermal capacity = Mass u Specific heat
Due to same material both spheres will have same specific heat.
Calorimetry Also mass = Volume (V) u Density (U)
1. (b) In vapor to liquid phase transition, heat liberates. ? Ratio of thermal capacity
2. (b) Pressure inside the mines is greater than that of normal. 4 3
V1 U
Sr1 § r ·3 3
Pressure. Also we know that boiling point increases with m1 3 §1·
¨ 1¸ ¨ ¸ 1:8
increase in pressure. m2 4 3 ¨© r2 ¸¹
V2 U ©2¹
Sr2
Q 3
3. (c) Q m.c.'T Ÿ c ; when 'T 0 Ÿ c f
m .'T 16. (a) Ice (–10°C) converts into steam as follows
4. (c) Mass and volume of the gas will remain same, so density will (c = Specific heat of ice, c = Specific heat of water)
i W

also remain same.

5. (d) ice ice
–10°C (Q1 = mci'T) 0°C (Q2 = mLf)
6. (a) The latent heat of vaporization is always greater than latent
heat of fusion because in liquid to vapour phase change there
Water at 0°C
is a large increase in volume. Hence more heat is required as
compared to solid to liquid phase change. (Q3 = mcW'T)
7. (c) When state is not changing 'Q = mc'T.
8. (a) Heat taken by ice to melt at 0°C is
Q1 mL 540 u 80 43200 cal (Q4 = mLV)
Heat given by water to cool upto 0° C is Water at 100°C
Total heat required QSteam Q2C Q3  Q4
Q1at100°
Q2 ms'T 540 u 1 u (80  0) 43200 cal
Hence heat given by water is just sufficient to melt the whole Ÿ Q 1 u 0.5(10)  1 u 80  1 u 1 u (100  0)  1 u 540
ice and final temperature of mixture is 0°C.
725 cal
 584 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
Hence work done W JQ 4.2 u 725 3045 J 33. (b) Firstly the temperature of bullet rises up to melting point, then
it melts. Hence according to W JQ .
17. (b) When water is cooled at 0°C to form ice then 80 calorie/gm
(latent heat) energy is released. Because potential energy of the 1
Ÿ mv 2 J .[m.c.'T  mL ] J[m S (475  25)  mL ]
molecules decreases. Mass will remain constant in the process 2
of freezing of water.
mv 2
18. (a) Steam at 100°C contains extra 540 calorie/gm energy as Ÿ mS (475  25)  mL
compare to water at 100°C. So it’s more dangerous to burn 2J
with steam then water. 1 gh
34. (a) As W JQ Ÿ (mgh) J u mc 'T Ÿ 'T
19. (a) Same amount of heat is supplied to copper and water so 2 2 Jc
m c cc 'T c mW cW 'T W 9.8 u 84
'T 0.098qC
3 2 u 4.2 u 1000
m c cc ('T )c 50 u 10 u 420 u 10
Ÿ 'TW 5qC cal
mW cW 10 u 10  3 u 4200 ( cwater 1000 )
kg u qC
T Ac A  T BcB
20. (c) Temperature of mixture T mix g
c A  cB Short trick : Remember the value of 0 .0023 , here
JcW
32 u c A  24 u c B 1 1
Ÿ 28 'T u (0.0023)h u 0 .0023 u 84 0.098qC
c A  cB 2 2
cA 1 35. (a) W JQ Ÿ mgh J uQ
Ÿ 28 c A  28 cB 32 c A  24 cB Ÿ
cB 1 mgh 5 u 9.8 u 30
Ÿ Q 350 cal
21. (b) Heat lost by hot water = Heat gained by cold water in beaker + J 4.2
Heat absorbed by beaker 36. (b) W JQ 4.18 u 400 1672 joule
Ÿ 440(92  T ) 200 u (T  20)  20 u (T  20)
37. (c) Energy supplied 0.93 u 3600 joules = 3348 joules
ŸT 68qC Heat required to melt 10 gms of ice
22. (b) Q m.c.'T ; if 'T 1K then Q mc Thermal 10 u 80 u 4.18 3344 joules
capacity.
Hence block of ice just melts.
23. (a) Latent heat is independent of configuration. Ordered energy 38. (b) Suppose person climbs upto height h, then by using
spent in stretching the spring will not contribute to heat which
is disordered kinetic energy of molecules of substance. W JQ Ÿ mgh JQ
24. (d) Temperature of mixture § 28 ·
Ÿ 60 u 9 .8 u h 4 .2 u ¨10 5 u ¸ Ÿ h 200 m
m © 100 ¹
m u c u 2T  (2c)T
m1c1T1  m 2 c2T 2 2 3
T mix T 39. (a) When water falls from a height, loss of potential energy causes
m1c1  m 2 c2 m 2 rise in temperature.
m .c  (2c)
2
40. (a) W JQ Ÿ mg h J (m.c.'T )
25. (a)
Li 80 gh
TW  100  Ÿ 'T 0 .0023 h 0.0023 u 84 0 .196qC
cW 1 Jc
26. (a) T mix 10qC
2 2 41. (a) Suppose mc kg ice melts out of m kg then by using
27. (b) When pressure decreases, boiling point also decreases.
28. (a) Boiling occurs when the vapour pressure of liquid becomes W JQ Ÿ mgh J (mcL) . Hence fraction of ice melts
equal to the atmospheric pressure. At the surface of moon,
mc gh 9.8 u 1000 1
atmospheric pressure is zero, hence boiling point decreases and
water begins to boil at 30°C. m JL 4.18 u 80 33
29. (d) Thermal capacity mc 40 u 0.2 8 cal / qC . W Joule
42. (b) J
Q Q cal
30. (b) Q m.c.'T Ÿ c
m .'T 43. (d) W JQ Ÿ (2m)gh J u mcc'T
In temperature measurement scale 'T qF ! 'T qC so Ÿ 2 u 5 u 10 u 10 4.2(2 u 1000 u 'T )
(c)q F  (c)qC .
Ÿ 'T 0.1190qC 0.12qC
31. (a) Increasing pressure lowers melting point of ice.
32. (b) Work done changes into heat energy, when the temperature of 1 §1 · V2
palm becomes above the atmosphere so it starts losing heat to 44. (b) W JQ Ÿ ¨ mV 2 ¸ J u mS 'T Ÿ 'T
2©2 ¹ 4 JS
the surroundings.
45. (c) ‘J’ is a conversion
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 585

46. (c) 'T 0.0023 h 0.0023 u 210 0.483qC | 0.49qC . Li

336
TW  80 
47. (a) According to energy conservation, change in kinetic energy cW
4 .2 0 qC
mi mW Ÿ T mix
appears in the form of heat (thermal energy). 2 2
1 ª º 62. (a) When the relative humidity is low (approx. 25%), the
Ÿ i.e. Thermal energy m(v 12  v 22 ) W
«(Joule) Q » evaporation from our body is faster. Thus we feel colder.
2 ¬ (Joule) ¼
Q J
63. (a) c o
1 m.'T kg u qC
(100 u 10  3 )(10 2  5 2 ) 3.75 J
2 Li
TW  80
48. (b) Work done to raise the temperature of 100 gm water through 80 
cW 1
10°C is 64. (a) T mix 0
2 2
3
W JQ 4.2 u (100 u 10 u 1000 u 10) 4200 J 65. (a) Freezing point of water decreases when pressure increases,
because water expands on solidification while “except water”
49. (b) Among all the option, latent heat of steam is highest. for other liquid freezing point increases with increase in
50. (a) 'T 0.0023 h 0.0023 u 100 0.23qC pressure.
Since the liquid in question is water. Hence, it expands on
51. (c) Since specific heat of lead is given in Joules, hence use W Q freezing.
instead of W JQ .
66. (c) Partial pressure of water vapour PW 0.012 u 10 5 Pa ,
2 2
1 §1 · v (300)
Ÿ u ¨ mv 2 ¸ m.c.'T Ÿ 'T 150qC . Vapour pressure of water PV 0.016 u 10 5 Pa .
2 ©2 ¹ 4c 4 u 150
The relative humidity at a given temperature is given by
52. (d) At boiling point, vapour pressure becomes equal to the external
pressure. Partial pressure of water v apour
53. (c) When pressure increases boiling point also increases. Vapour pre ssure of water
54. (b) Calorimeters are made by conducting materials. 0 .012 u 10 5
0 .75 75%
55. (b) Triple point of water is 273.16 K. 0 .016 u 10 5
56. (a) 1 §1 ·
67. (a) W JQ Ÿ ¨ Mv 2 ¸ J (m.c.'T )
57. (d) W JQ Ÿ W 4.2 u 200 840 J . 2©2 ¹
m1c1T1  m 2 c2T 2 1
58. (d) Temperature of mixture T Ÿ u 1 u (50) 2 4.2[200 u 0.105 u 'T ] Ÿ 'T 7.1qC
m1c1  m 2T 2 4

m 1 u 0 .2 u 40  100 u 0 .5 u 20 cal 536 u 4.2 J

Ÿ 32 Ÿ m1 375 gm 68. (a) 536 2 .25 u 10 6 J / kg
m 1 u 0 .2  100 u 0 .5 gm 10 3 kg

59. (d) Suppose m gm ice melted, then heat required for its melting 69. (a) Water has maximum specific heat.
mL m u 80 cal Li 80
TW  100 
CW 1
Heat available with steam for being condensed and then 70. (a) T mix 10qC
brought to 0°C 2 2
1 u 540  1 u 1 u (100  0) 640 cal 71. (b) Suppose m kg of ice melts then by using W H
(Joules ) (Joules)

Ÿ Heat lost = Heat taken Ÿ Mgh mL Ÿ 3.5 u 10 u 2000 m u 3.5 u 10 5

Ÿ 640 m u 80 Ÿ m 8 gm Ÿ m 0.2 kg 200 gm
Short trick: You can remember that amount of steam (m') at m iL i
m m WT W  100 u 80
100°C required to melt m gm ice at 0°C is m ' 300 u 25 
. SW 1
8 72. (d) T mix 1 .25 o C
m i  mW 100  300
Here, m 8 u m' 8 u 1 8 gm
Which is not possible. Hence T mix 0o C
m iL i
m WT W  73. (c) Ice (0°C) converts into steam (100°C) in following three steps.
cW
60. (b) For water and ice mixing T mix
m i  mW ice
0°C (Q1 = mLi)
5 u 80
20 u 40 
1 Water at 0°C
16qC
5  20 (Q2 = mcW'T)
m iL i
m WT W 
cW
61. (c) T mix
m i  mW (Q3 = mLV) Water at 100°C
Steam at 100°C
 586 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
Total heat required Q Q1  Q2  Q3 3. (d) The expansion of solids can be well understood by potential
energy curve for two adjacent atoms in a crystalline solid as a
5 u 80  5 u 1 u (100  0)  5 u 540 3600 cal function of their internuclear separation (r).
74. (a) Let L be the latent heat and using principle of calorimetry. U
2L + 2 (100 – 54.3) = 40 u (54.3 – 25.3)
Ÿ L = 540.3 cal/gm.
m iL i r
m WT W  80
100 u 50  10 u P3
cW 1 | 38.2 qC
75. (d) T mix E P2 FT
m i  mW 10  100
3
C D T2
P1
76. (b) Let the final temperature be T °C. A B T
r0 1
Total heat supplied by the three liquids in coming down to 0°C = r1 T3> T2 > T1
r
m 1 c1 T1  m 2 c 2 T2  m 3 c 3 T3 ..... (i) At ordinary temperature : Each molecule of the solid vibrate
2

about it' s equilibrium position P between A and B (r is the

Total heat used by three liquids in raising temperature from equilibrium distance of it from some other molecule)
1 0

0 C to T C
o o

At high temperature : Amplitude of vibration increase (C l D

= m 1 c1 T  m 2 c 2 T  m 3 c 3 T .....(ii) and E l F). Due to asymmetry of the curve, the equilibrium
By equating (i) and (ii) we get positions (P and P ) of molecule displaced. Hence it's distance
2 3

from other molecule increases (r > r > r ).

(m 1 c1  m 2 c 2  m 3 c 3 ) T 2 1 0

Thus, on raising the temperature, the average equilibrium

= m 1 c1 T1  m 2 c 2 T2  m 3 c 3 T3 distance between the molecules increases and the solid as a
whole expands.
m 1 c1 T1  m 2 c 2 T2  m 3 c 3 T3 4. (c) Initial diameter of tyre = (1000 – 6) mm = 994 mm, so initial
Ÿ T .
m 1 c1  m 2 c 2  m 3 c 3 radius of tyre R
994
497 mm
77. (c) At triple point all the phases co-exist 2
Q 6
78. (b) c ; as 'T = 0, hence c becomes f. and change in diameter 'D = 6 mm so 'R 3 mm
m .'T 2
79. (d) Let final temperature of water be T After increasing temperature by 'T tyre will fit onto wheel
Heat taken = Heat given Increment in the length (circumference) of the iron tyre
J J
110 u1 (T – 10) + 10 (T – 10) = 220 u 1 (70 – T) 'L = L u D u 'T L u u 'T [As D ]
3 3
Ÿ T = 48.8°C | 50°C.
§J · 3 'R 3u3
80. (c) We know that thermal capacity of a body expressed in calories 2S 'R 2S R ¨ ¸ 'T Ÿ 'T
is equal to water equivalent of the body expressed in grams. ©3¹ J R 3 .6 u 10  5 u 497

t Ÿ 'T 500 o C
m s (2 t)  1 .5 (m s) u
m1c1T1  m 2 c2T 2 3 5. (b) Due to volume expansion of both liquid and vessel, the change
81. (b) T mix t
m1c1  m 2 c2 m s  1 .5 (m s) in volume of liquid relative to container is given by 'V =
V0 [J L  J g ]'T
82. (d) We know that when solid carbondioxide is heated, it becomes
vapour directly without passing through its liquid phase. Given V = 1000 cc, D = 0.1×10 /°C –4

Therefore it is called dry ice. 0 g

?Jg 3D g 3 u 0.1 u 10 4 / qC 0.3 u 10 4 / qC

Critical Thinking Questions
? 'V = 1000 [1.82 × 10 – 0.3 × 10 ] × 100 = 15.2 cc
–4 –4

1. (c) Due to volume expansion of both mercury and flask, the

6. (a) With temperature rise (same 25°C for both), steel scale and
change in volume of mercury relative to flask is given by
copper wire both expand. Hence length of copper wire w.r.t.
'V V0 [J L  J g ]'T V[J m  3D g ]'T steel scale or apparent length of copper wire after rise in
temperature
50 [180 u 10 6  3 u 9 u 10 6 ] (38  18) 0.153 cc
Lapp L'cu  L'steel [L0 (1  DCu 'T )  L0 (1  D s 'T )
2. (a) J = J + J
Ÿ Lapp L0 (DCu  D s )'T
real app. vessel

So (J + J ) = (J + J )
app. vessel glass app. vessel steel

Ÿ 153 × 10 + (J ) = (144 × 10 + J ) –6

vessel glass
–6

vessel steel
80(17 u 10 6  11 u 10 6 ) u 20 = 80.0096 cm
Further, (J ) = 3D = 3 × (12 × 10 ) = 36 × 10 /ºC
vessel steel
–6 –6
7. (b, d) Let L be the initial length of each strip before heating.
0

Ÿ 153 × 10 + (J ) = 144 × 10 + 36 × 10 –6

vessel glass
–6 –6
Length after heating will be
Ÿ (J ) = 3D = 27 × 10 /ºC Ÿ D = 9 × 10 /ºC
vessel glass
–6 –6
LB L0 (1  D B 'T ) (R  d)T

LC L0 (1  D C 'T ) RT d

R T
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 587

Rd 1  D B 'T 14. (a) Heat is lost by steam in two stages (i) for change of state from
Ÿ steam at 100ºC to water at 100ºC is m × 540
R 1  D C 'T
(ii) to change water at 100ºC to water at 80ºC is
d m × 1 × (100 – 80), where m is the mass of steam condensed.
Ÿ 1 1  (D B  D C )'T
R Total heat lost by steam is m × 540 + m × 20 = 560 m (cals)
d 1 1 Heat gained by calorimeter and its contents is
Ÿ R Ÿ Rv and R v
(D B  D C )'T 'T (D B  D C ) = (1.1 + 0.02) × (80 – 15) = 1.12 × 65 cals.

8. (d) Thermostat is used in electric apparatus like refrigerator, Iron using Principle of calorimetery, Heat gained = heat lost
etc for automatic cut off. Therefore for metallic strips to bend ? 560 m = 1.12 × 65, m = 0.130 gm
on heating their coefficient of linear expansion should be
different. 15. (b) Initially ice will absorb heat to raise it's temperature to 0 C o

then it's melting takes place

9. (c) As the coefficient of cubical expansion of metal is less as
compared to the coefficient of cubical expansion of liquid, we If m = Initial mass of ice, m ' = Mass of ice that melts and m =
i i W

may neglect the expansion of metal ball. So when the ball is Initial mass of water
immersed in alcohol at 0ºC, it displaces some volume V of By Law of mixture Heat gained by ice = Heat lost by water Ÿ
alcohol at 0ºC and has weight W . 1

mi u c u (20)  mi ' u L = mW cW [20]

? W = W – VU g
Ÿ 2 u 0.5(20)  mi 'u80 = 5 u 1 u 20 Ÿ m i ' = 1kg
1 0 0

where W = weight of ball in air

0

Similarly, W = W – VU g So final mass of water = Initial mass of water + Mass of ice that
2 0 50

melts = 5 + 1= 6 kg.
where U = density of alcohol at 0ºC
0
16. (a) Heat gained by the water = (Heat supplied by the coil) –
and U = density of alcohol at 50ºC
50
(Heat dissipated to environment)
As U < U , Ÿ W > W or W < W
50 0 2 1 1 2 Ÿ mc 'T PCoil t  PLoss t
10. (d) V = V (1 + J 'T) Ÿ Change in volume
Ÿ 2 u 4.2 u 10 3 u (77  27) 1000 t  160 t
0

V  V0 'V A.'l V0J'T

4 .2 u 10 5
V .'T 10 6 u 18 u 10 5 u (100  0) Ÿ t 500 sec 8 min 20 sec
Ÿ 'l = 0 = 840
A 0 .004 u 10 4
17. (a) If mass of the bullet is m gm,
= 45 × 10 m = 4.5 cm
–3

then total heat required for bullet to just melt down

11. (b) Loss of weight at 27ºC is
Q = m c 'T + m L = m u 0.03 (327 – 27) + m u 6
= 46 – 30 = 16 = V × 1.24 U × g
1

…(i)
(15m u 4.2)J
1 l

= 15 m cal
Loss of weight at 42ºC is
= 46 – 30.5 = 15.5 = V × 1.2 U × g …(ii) Now when bullet is stopped by the obstacle, the loss in its
1
2 l

16 V 1 .24 mechanical energy (m u 10  3 )v 2 J

Now dividing (i) by (ii), we get = 1 u 2
15 . 5 V2 1 .2
(As m gm m u 10 3 kg )
V 15.5 u 1 .24
But 2 = 1 + 3D (t – t ) = = 1.001042 As 25% of this energy is absorbed by the obstacle,
V1 16 u 1 .2
2 1

The energy absorbed by the bullet

Ÿ 3D (42º – 27º) = 0.001042 Ÿ D = 2.316 × 10 /ºC. –5

75 1 3
12. (b) Substances are classified into two categories Q2 u mv 2 u 10 3 mv 2 u 10 3 J
100 2 8
(i) water like substances which expand on solidification.
Now the bullet will melt if Q 2 t Q1
(ii) CO like (Wax, Ghee etc.) which contract on solidification.
2

3
Their behaviour regarding solidification is opposite. i.e. mv 2 u 10 3 t 15m u 4.2 Ÿ v min 410 m / s
8
Melting point of ice decreases with rise of temp but that of
1
wax etc increases with increase in temperature. Similarly ice 18. (c) Energy = mv 2 = mc 'T; Ÿ 'T v v 2
starts forming from top downwards whereas wax starts its 2
formation from bottom. Temperature does not depend upon the mass of the balls.
mL 19. (c) Heat gain = heat lost
13. (b) Heat lost in t sec = mL or heat lost per sec = . This must C 3
t C (16 –12) = C (19 – 16) Ÿ A =
CB 4
A B

be the heat supplied for keeping the substance in molten state

per sec.
CB 5
mL Pt and C (23 – 19) = C (28 – 23) Ÿ =
? CC 4
B C

P or L
t m
 588 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry

CA 15 l2 l2
Ÿ ...(i) l2  l 2 (1  D 22 t 2  2D 2 t)  (1  D12 t 2  2D1t)
CC 16 4 4
If T is the temperature when A and C are mixed then, Neglecting D 22 t 2 and D12 t 2
CA 28  T l2 2D1
C A (T  12) = C C (28  T ) Ÿ ...(ii) 0 l 2 (2D 2 t)  (2D1t) Ÿ 2D 2 Ÿ; D1 4D 2
CC T  12 4 4
On solving equation (i) and (ii) T = 20.2ºC. 24. (c) It is given that the volume of air in the flask remains the same.
20. (b) Suppose m kg steam required per hour This means that the expansion in volume of the vessel is exactly
equal to the volume expansion of mercury.
Heat released by steam in following three steps
i.e., 'Vg 'VL or VgJ g 'T VLJ L 'T
(i) When 150°C steam 
o 100qC steam
Q 1
VgJ g 1000 u (3 u 9 u 10 6 )
Q = mc 'T = m u 1 (150 – 100) = 50 m cal ? VL 150 cc
1 Steam
JL 1 .8 u 10  4
(ii) When 150°C steam 
o 100qC water
Q 2 25. (c) Heat given by water Q1 10 u 10 100 cal.
Q = mL = m u 540 = 540 m cal
2 V Heat taken by ice to melt
(iii) When 100°C water 
o 90qC water
Q
Q = 10 u 0.5 u [0 – (– 20)] + 10 u 80 = 900 cal
2
2
As Q1  Q2 , so ice will not completely melt and final
Q = mc 'T = m u 1 u (100 – 90) = 10 m cal
3 W
temperature = 0°C.
Hence total heat given by the steam Q = Q +Q + Q = 600 mcal 1 2 3
As heat given by water in cooling up to 0° C is only just
... (i) sufficient to increase the temperature of ice from – 20°C to
Heat taken by 10 kg water 0°C, hence mixture in equilibrium will consist of 10 gm ice and
10 gm water at 0°C.
Q' mc W 'T 10 u 10 3 u 1 u (80  20) 600 u 10 3 cal
26. (b) 'L L0 D'T
Hence Q = Qc Ÿ 600 m = 600 u 10 3

75
Rod A : 0.075 = 20 u D u 100 Ÿ D A u 10  6 / qC
Ÿ m = 10 gm = 1kg. 3 A

2
21. (a) Suppose, height of liquid in each arm before rising the 45
temperature is l. rod B : 0.045 = 20 u D u 100 Ÿ D B u 10  6 / qC
2
B

t1 For composite rod : x cm of A and (20 – x) cm of B we have

t2 x (20 – x)
l1
l l l2
DA A B DB
With temperature rise height of liquid in each arm increases 20cm
0.060 = x D u 100 + (20 – x) D u 100
i.e. l > l and l > l
1 2
A B

l1 l2 ª 75 45 º
Also l x « u 10 6 u 100  (20  x ) u u 10  6 u 100 »
1  J t1 1  J t2 ¬ 2 2 ¼
l1  l2 On solving we get x = 10 cm.
Ÿ l1  J l1t2 l2  J l2 t1 Ÿ J
l2 t1  l1 t2 27. (a) Let m gm of steam get condensed into water (By heat loss).
This happens in following two steps.
22. (c) V V0 (1  J'T )
100°C 100°C
L3 L0 (1  D1'T )L20 (1  D 2 'T )2 L30 (1  D1'T )(1  D 2 'T )2
Steam (H1 = m u 540) Water
Since L30 V0 and L3 V

Hence 1  J'T (1  D1'T ) (1  D 2 'T )2 [H2 = m u 1 u (100 – 90)]

~ (1  D 'T ) (1  2D 'T ) ~ (1  D 'T  2D 'T ) 90°C

1 2 1 2

Ÿ J = D + 2D Water
1 2
Heat gained by water (20°C) to raise it’s temperature upto 90°
2
§l· 22 u 1 u (90  20)
23. (d) (OR)2 (PR)2  (PO)2 l2  ¨ ¸
©2¹ Hence, in equilibrium heat lost = Heat gain
2
ªl º Ÿ m u 540  m u 1 u (100  90) 22 u 1 u (90  20)
[l(1  D 2 t)]2  « (1  D1t)»
¬ 2 ¼ Ÿ m 2.8 gm
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 589

The net mass of the water present in the mixture Ÿ Heat required for a minute = 50 u 0.6 u 50 = 1500 cal.
22  2.8 24.8 gm. Also from graph, Boiling point of wax is 200°C.
12. (c)
Graphical Questions 13. (c) Substances having more specific heat take longer time to get
heated to a higher temperature and longer time to get cooled.
1. (b) Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit scale of temperature is
C F  32 5 160
Ÿ C= F T A
5 9 9 9
B
Equating above equation with standard equation of line
5
y mx  c we get slope of the line AB is m C
9
2. (c) Since in the region AB temperature is constant therefore at this If we draw a line parallel to the time axis then it cuts the given
temperature phase of the material changes from solid to liquid graphs at three different
tA tpoints.
B tC Corresponding tpoints on the
and (H – H ) heat will be absorb by the material. This heat is
2 1
times axis shows that
known as the heat of melting of the solid.
Similarly in the region CD temperature is constant therefore at tC ! tB ! t A Ÿ CC ! CB ! C A
this temperature phase of the material changes from liquid to 14. (c) From given curve,
gas and (H – H ) heat will be absorb by the material. This heat
4 3
Melting point for A 60qC
as known as the heat of vaporisation of the liquid.
and melting point for B 20qC
3. (a) Initially, on heating temperature rises from –10°C to 0°C. Then
ice melts and temperature does not rise. After the whole ice Time taken by A for fusion (6  2) 4 minute
has melted, temperature begins to rise until it reaches 100° C. Time taken by B for fusion (6.5  4 ) 2.5 minute
Then it becomes constant, as at the boiling point will not rise.
H 6 u 4 u 60 8
4. (a) The volume of matter in portion AB of the curve is almost Then A .
constant and pressure is decreasing. These are the HB 6 u 2 .5 u 60 5
characteristics of liquid state.
5. (d) Let the quantity of heat supplied per minute be Q. Then Assertion and Reason
quantity of heat supplied in 2 min mC (90  80)
1. (a) With rise in pressure melting point of ice decreases. Also ice
In 4 min, heat supplied 2m C(90  80) contracts on melting
2. (c) Celsius scale was the first temperature scale and Fahrenheit is
L
? 2m C(90  80) m L Ÿ 20 the smallest unit measuring temperature.
C
3. (e) Melting is associated with increasing of internal energy without
6. (b) In the given graph CD represents liquid state. change in temperature. In view of the reason being correct the
7. (a) Density of water is maximum at 4°C and is less on either side amount of heat absorbed or given out during change of state is
of this temperature. expressed Q mL , where m is the mass of the substance and
L is the latent heat of the substance.
C F  32 9
8. (a) We know that, or F C  32 4. (a) The temperature of land rises rapidly as compared to sea
100 180 5
because of specific heat of land is five times less than that of
Equation of straight line Y sea water. Thus, the air above the land become hot and light so
is, y mx  c rises up so because of pressure drops over land. To compensate
F the drop of pressure, the cooler air starts from sea starts
Hence, m
(9 / 5) , blowing towards lands, so, setting up sea breeze. During night
positive and c 32 land as well sea radiate heat energy. The temperature of land
positive. The graph is falls more rapidly as compared to sea water, as sea water
shown in figure. X consists of higher specific heat capacity. The air above sea
O C
9. (a) water being warm and light rises up and to take its place the
C F  32 cold air from land starts blowing towards sea and so et up
Ÿ breeze.
5 9
§5· 20 5. (a) Linear expansion for brass (19 u 10 4 ) ! linear expansion for
C ¨ ¸F . Hence graph between °C and °F will be a
© 9. ¹ 3 steel (11 u 10 4 ) . On cooling the disk shrinks to a greater
straight line with positive slope and negative intercept. extent than the hole and hence it will get loose.
10. (bc) The horizontal parts of the curve, where the system absorbs
heat at constant temperature must depict changes of state. 'V
6. (a) As, J i.e., units of coefficient of volume expansion is
Here the latent heats are proportional to lengths of the V'T
horizontal parts. In the sloping parts, specific heat capacity is K.
–1

inversely proportional to the slopes.

C F  32
11. (c) Since specific heat = 0.6 kcal/gm u °C = 0.6 cal/gm u°C 7. (c) The relation between F and C scale is, . If F = C
5 9
From graph it is clear that in a minute, the temperature is
raised from 0°C to 50°C. Ÿ C = – 40°C i.e., at – 40° the Centigrade and Fahrenheit
thermometers reads the same.
 590 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
8. (a) As E 2D and J 3D , i.e., coefficient of volume expansion
of solid is three time coefficient of linear expansion and 1.5
times the coefficient of superficial expansion, on heating a solid
iron ball, percentage increase in its volume is largest.
9. (a) Water has maximum density at 4°C. On heating above 4°C or
cooling below 4°C, density of water decreases and its volume
increases. Therefore, water overflows in both the cases.
10. (b) The Latent heat of fusion of ice is amount of heat required to
convert unit mass of ice at 0°C into water at 0°C. For fusion of
ice
L 80 cal / gm 80000 cal / gm 8000 u 4.2 J / kg

336000 J / kg .

11. (a) When two bodies at temperature T1 and T2 are brought in

thermal contact, they do settle to the mean temperature
(T1  T2 ) / 2 . They will do so, in case the two bodies were of
same mass and material i.e., same thermal capacities. In other
words, the two bodies may be having different thermal
capacities, that’s why they do not settle to the mean
temperature, when brought together.
12. (d) Specific heat of a body is the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of unit mass of the body through unit degree.
When mass of a body is less than unity, then its thermal
capacity is less than its specific heat and vice-versa.
13. (a) Water would evaporate quickly because there is no atmosphere
on moon, due to which surface temperature of moon is much
higher than earth (Maximum surface temperature of moon is
123ºC).
14. (d) The potential energy of water molecules is more. The heat
given to melt the ice at 0ºC is used up in increasing the
potential energy of water molecules formed at 0º C.
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 591

1. Out of the following, in which vessel will the temperature of the 8. Latent heat of ice is 80 cal/gm. A man melts 60 g of ice by chewing
solution be higher after the salt is completely dissolved. in 1 minute. His power is
(a) 4800 W (b) 336 W
Water Water (c) 1.33 W (d) 0.75W
9. A faulty thermometer has its lower fixed point marked as
Salt Salt in 10qC and upper fixed point marked as 110° and upper fixed point
crystal power
marked as 110°. If the temperature of the body shown in this scale is
form
(a) A 62°, the temperature shown on the Celsius scale is
(b) B (a) 72° C (b) 82° C
(c) Equal in both (c) 60° C (d) 42° C
(d) Information is not sufficient 10. If there are no heat losses, the heat released by the condensation of
2. Fire is extinguished more effectively by x gm of steam at 100°C into water at 100°C can be used to convert y
gm of ice at 0°C into water at 100°C. Then the ratio y : x is nearly
(a) Hot water (b) Cold water
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2.5 : 1
(c) Equally by both (d) Ice
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
3. An ideal thermometer should have
11. The figure shows a glass tube (linear co-efficient of expansion is D)
(a) Large heat capacity (b) Medium heat capacity completely filled with a liquid of volume expansion co-efficient J. On
(c) Small heat capacity (d) Variable heat capacity heating length of the liquid column does not change. Choose the
correct relation between J and D
4. A steel meter scale is to be ruled so that millimeter intervals are
accurate within about 5 u 10 mm at a certain temperature. The
–5
(a) J = D A0
maximum temperature variation allowable during the ruling is (b) J = 2D
(Coefficient of linear expansion of steel 10 u 10 6 K 1 ) (c) J =[EAMCET
3D 2001]
l0
D
(a) 2°C (b) 5°C (d) J
3
(c) 7°C (d) 10°C
12. Water falls from a height 500m. What is the rise in temperature of
5. During illness an 80 kg man ran a fever of 102.2°F instead of normal water at bottom if whole energy remains in the water [AFMC 19
body temperature of 98.6°F. Assuming that human body is mostly
(a) 0.96°C (b) 1.02°C
water, how much heat is required to raise his temperature by that
amount (c) 1.16°C (d) 0.23°C
(a) 100 kcal (b) 160 kcal 13. A steel ball of mass 0.1 kg falls freely from a height of 10 m and
bounces to a height of 5.4m from the ground. If the dissipated
(c) 50 kcal (d) 92 kcal energy in this process is absorbed by the ball, the rise in its
6. Two holes of unequal diameters d and d (d1 ! d 2 ) are cut in a temperature is
1 2

metal sheet. If the sheet is heated (Specific heat of steel 460 Joule  kg 1 qC 1 , g 10 ms 2 )
[EAMCET (Med.) 2000]
(a) Both d and d will decrease (a) 0.01°C (b) 0.1°C
1 2
d2
(b) Both d and d will increase
1 2
(c) 1°C (d) 1.1°C
(c) d will increase, d will decrease 14. 1gm of ice at 0°C is mixed with 1gm of water at 100°C the resulting
d1
1 2
temperature will be [AIIMS 1994]
(d) d will decrease, d will increase
1 2 (a) 5°C (b) 0°C
7. If earth suddenly stops rotating about its own axis, the increase in (c) 10°C (d) f
it’s temperature will be 15. The amount of heat required to change 1 gm (0°C) of ice into water
of 100°C, is [RPMT 1999]
R Z 2 2
R Z
2 2
(a) (b) (a) 716 cal (b) 500 cal
5 Js Js (c) 180 cal (d) 100 cal
Rm Z 2
(c) (d) None of these
5 Js

(SET -12)
 592 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry

1. (b) When salt crystals dissolves, crystal lattice is destroyed. The Now we can write V = V (1 + J 'T) 0

process requires a certain amount of energy (latent heat) which

Since V = Al = [A (1 + 2D'T)]l = V (1 + 2D'T)
is taken from the water. 0 0 0 0

In vessel (B), a part of intermolecular bonds has already been Hence V (1 + J 'T) = V (1 + 2D'T) Ÿ J = 2D.
0 0

destroyed in crushing the crystal. Hence less energy is require 12. (c) By using
to dissolve the powder and the water will be at higher
temperature. 'T 0.0023 h 0.0023 u 500 1.15qC | 1.16qC

2. (a) Fire is extinguished by the vaporisation do water which lowers 13. (b) According to energy conservation, change in potential energy of
the temperature of the burning body. Further, the water the ball, appears in the form of heat which raises the
vapour envelops the body, keeping oxygen away. Hot water temperature of the ball.
evaporates more than cold water as i.e. mg(h1  h2 ) m.c.'T
3. (c) The thermometer has to attain the temperature of the body. To h1
g(h1  h2 )
do this, it should draw as little heat from the body as possible, Ÿ 'T h2
so that the existing temperature of the body is not disturbed. c
10(10  5 .4 )
'L 'L 5 u 10 5 0 .1 qC
4. (b) As we know D Ÿ 'T 5qC 460
L0 'T D L0 10 u 10  6 u 1
Li 80
5. (b) Since 102.2°F o 39°C and 98.6°F o 39°C Tw  100 
CW 1
14. (c) T mix 10qC
Hence 'Q = m. s. 'Q = 80 × 1000 × (39 – 37) 2 2
= 16 × 10 cal = 160 kcal.
4 15. (c) Ice (0°C) converts into water (100°C) in following two steps.
6. (b) If the sheet is heated then both d and d will increase since the
1 2

thermal expansion of isotropic solid is similar to true ice

photographic enlargement. 0°C (Q1 = mLi) (Q2 = mcW'T)
1 1 §2 · Water at 0°C Water at 100°C
7. (a) W JQ Ÿ IZ 2 J (MS 'T ) Ÿ ¨ MR 2 ¸ Z 2
2 2 ©5 ¹ Total heat required
Q Q1  Q2 1 u 80  1 u 1 u (100  0) 180 cal
R 2Z 2
J (MS 'T ) Ÿ 'T
5 Js

§m ·
8. (b) W JQ J (mL) Ÿ P u t J (mL) Ÿ P J¨ ¸L;
© t ¹

m
where rate of melting of ice by chewing
t
60 gm 1 gm
Ÿ P = 4.2 u 1 u 80 = 336 W.
min sec
X L C 62  (10) C
9. (c) Ÿ (C = 60°C)
UL 100 110  (10) 100

***

10. (d) Heat released to convert x gm of steam at 100°C to water at

100°C is x u 540 cals.
If y gm of ice is converted from 0°C to water at 100°C it
requires heat y u 80 + y u 1 u 100 = 180 y
y 540 3
? x u 540 180 y or
x 180 1
11. (b) When length of the liquid column remains constant, then the
level of liquid moves down with respect to the container, thus J
must be less than 3D.
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 593

Chapter

13
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Gas (4) The volume of molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume
of gas. (The volume of molecules is only 0.014% of the volume of the gas).
In gases the intermolecular forces are very weak and its molecule may
fly apart in all directions. So the gas is characterized by the following (5) Molecules of a gas keep on moving randomly in all possible
properties. direction with all possible velocities.
(i) It has no shape and size and can be obtained in a vessel of any (6) The speed of gas molecules lie between zero and infinity
shape or size.
(7) The gas molecules keep on colliding among themselves as well as
(ii) It expands indefinitely and uniformly to fill the available space. with the walls of containing vessel. These collisions are perfectly elastic.
(iii) It exerts pressure on its surroundings.
(8) The time spent in a collision between two molecules is negligible
(iv) Intermolecular forces in a gas are minimum. in comparison to time between two successive collisions.
(v) They can easily compressed and expand.
(9) The number of collisions per unit volume in a gas remains
Assumption of Ideal Gases (or Kinetic Theory of constant.
Gases) (10) No attractive or repulsive force acts between gas molecules.
(11) Gravitational attraction among the molecules is ineffective due to
extremely small masses and very high speed of molecules.
(12) Molecules constantly collide with the walls of container due to
which their momentum changes. The change in momentum is transferred
to the walls of the container. Consequently pressure is exerted by gas
molecules on the walls of container.
(13) The density of gas is constant at all points of the container.
Kinetic theory of gases relates the macroscopic properties of gases
(such as pressure, temperature etc.) to the microscopic properties of the Gas Laws
gas molecules (such as speed, momentum, kinetic energy of molecule etc.) (1) Boyle’s law : For a given mass of an ideal gas at constant
Actually it attempts to develop a model of the molecular behaviour temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
which should result in the observed behaviour of an ideal gas. It is based on
following assumptions : P1 P2
(1) Every gas consists of extremely small particles known as molecules. Increase
The molecules of a given gas are all identical but are different than those of pressure
another gas.
(2) The molecules of a gas are identical, spherical, rigid and perfectly Decrease
elastic point masses. V1 pressure V2
(3) Their size is negligible in comparison to intermolecular distance
(10 m) 1 (B)
i.e. V v (A) or PV = constant Ÿ P1 V1
–9

P2 V2
P Fig. 13.1
 594 Kinetic Theory of Gases

§m · P P1 P2
(i) PV = P ¨¨ ¸¸ constant Ÿ constant or
©U¹ U U1 U2
m
(As volume and m = constant) V/T V/T
U (Densityof the gas)
§N· P P1 P2
(ii) PV = P ¨ ¸ constant Ÿ constant or
©n¹ n n1 n2
T or 1/T V or 1/V
N (D) (E)
(iii) As number of molecules per unit volume n Fig. 13.5
V
N (3) Gay-Lussac’s law or pressure law : The volume remaining constant,
ŸV also N = constant the pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
n
temperature.
(iv) Graphical representation : If m and T are constant
P P1 P2
P PV PV P v T or constant Ÿ
T T1 T2
(i) The volume remaining constant, the pressure of a given mass of a
gas increases or decreases by Pt
1
V P V of its pressure at 0°C for
P V 273.15
(A) (B) (C) each 1°C rise or fall in temperature. P0

ª 1 º t(°C)
Pt P0 «1  t
¬ 273.15 »¼ – 273.15 O
Fig. 13.5
1/V 1/P This is pressure law for
(D) (E) centigrade scale.
Fig. 13.2 (ii) Graphical representation : If m and V are constants
(2) Charle's law : If the pressure remaining constant, the volume of the P P/T
given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. P/T

P
P
Increase
volume T T or 1/T P or 1/P
1/P (A) (B)P (C)
T2 > T1
Decrease
V2
T1 V1 volume

T 1/T
(A) V V V2 (B) (D) (E)
i.e., V v T Ÿ constant Ÿ 1
Fig. 13.3 T Fig. 13.6
T 1 T2
V m m (4) Avogadro’s law : Equal volume of all the gases under similar
(i) constant (As volume V )
T UT U conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules
or UT constant Ÿ U1 T1 U 2 T2 i.e. N 1 N 2 .
(ii) If the pressure remains constant, the volume of the given mass of a (5) Grahm’s law of diffusion : When two gases at the same pressure
gas increases or decreases by Vt and temperature are allowed to diffuse into each other, the rate of diffusion
1 of each gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the
of its volume at 0°C for
273.15 1 1
each 1°C rise or fall in temperature. V0 gas i.e. r v v (M is the molecular weight of the gas) Ÿ
U M
§ 1 ·
Vt V0 ¨1  t¸ .
© 273.15 ¹ – 273.15 O
t(°C) r1 U2 M2
r2 U1 M1
This is Charle’s law for Fig. 13.4
centigrade scale. If V is the volume of gas diffused in t sec then
(v) Graphical representation: If m and P are constant V r V1 t2
r Ÿ 1 u
V 1/V V t r2 V2 t1
(6) Dalton’s law of partial pressure : The total pressure exerted by a
mixture of non-reacting gases occupying a vessel is equal to the sum of the

T T 1/T
(A) (B) (C)
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 595

individual pressures which each gases exert if it alone occupied the same (1) The gases actually found in nature are called real gases.
volume at a given temperature. (2) They do not obeys gas Laws.
For n gases P P1  P2  P3  ..... Pn PV
(3) For exactly one mole of an ideal gas 1 . Plotting the
where P = Pressure exerted by mixture and RT
P1 , P2 , P3 , ...... Pn Partial pressure of component gases. PV
experimentally determined value of for exactly one mole of various
RT
Equation of State or Ideal Gas Equation real gases as a function of pressure P, shows a deviation from identity.
The equation which relates the pressure (P) volume (V) and PV
temperature (T) of the given state of an ideal gas is known as ideal gas (4) The quantity is called the compressibility factor and should
RT
equation or equation of state. be unit for an ideal gas.
PV
For 1 mole of gas R (constant) Ÿ PV = RT
T 2
N2 CH4
where R = universal gas constant. H2
Table 13.1 : Different forms of gas equation 1.5
Quantity of gas Equation Constant PV CO2
1 mole gas PV = RT R = universal gas constant RT 1
Ideal gas
P mole gas PV = PRT
1 molecule of gas k = Boltzmann's constant 0.5
§ R ·
PV ¨ ¸
¨ N ¸T kT
© A¹
0 200 400 600 800 1000
N molecules of gas PV = NkT (5) Deviation from ideal behaviour as a function ofPtemperature
(atm)
1 gm of gas r = Specific gas constant Fig. 13.7
§R·
PV ¨ ¸T rT
©M¹ 2 200 K 500 K
m gm of gas PV = mrT
1.5
1000 K
(1) Universal gas constant (R) : Universal gas constant signifies the
PV
work done by (or on) a gas per mole per kelvin. RT 1 Ideal gas
PV Pressure u Volume Work done
R
PT P u Temperatu re P u Temperatu re 0.5
(i) At S.T.P. the value of universal gas constant is same for all gases R
J cal ~ 2 cal 300 600 900 1200 P(atm)
= 8.31 1.98 0
mole u kelvin mole u kelvin mol u kelvin (6) A real gas behaves as ideal gas most closely at low pressure and
Fig. 13.8
high temperature. Also can actual gas can be liquefied most easily which
litreu atm deviates most from ideal gas behaviour at low temperature and high
0.8221 . pressure.
mole u kelvin
(7) Equation of state for real gases : It is given by Vander Waal's with
(ii) Dimension : [ML2T 2T 1 ] two correction in ideal gas equation. The it know as Vander Waal's gas
(2) Boltzman's constant (k) : It is represented by per mole gas equation.
R 8 .31 (i) Volume correction : Due to finite size of molecule, a certain portion
constant i.e., k 1.38 u 10 23 J / K of volume of a gas is covered by the molecules themselves. Therefore the
N 6 .023 u 10 23
space available for the free motion of molecules of gas will be slightly less
It's dimension : [ML2 T 2T 1 ] than the volume V of a gas. Hence the effective volume becomes (V – b).
(ii) Pressure correction : Due to intermolecular force in real gases,
(3) Specific gas constant (r) : It is represented by per gram gas molecule do not exert that force on the wall which they would have exerted
R Joule in the absence of intermolecular force. Therefore the observed pressure P
constant i.e., r . It's unit is and dimension
M gm u kelvin of the gas will be less than that present in the absence of intermolecular
[L2 T 2T 1 ] § a ·
force. Hence the effective pressure becomes ¨ P  2 ¸ .
© V ¹
Since the value of M is different for different gases. Hence the value of
(iii) Vander Waal's gas equations
R
r is different for different gases. e.g. It is maximum for hydrogen rH 2 § a ·
2 For 1 mole of gas ¨ P  2 ¸ (V  b) RT
© V ¹
Real Gases
 596 Kinetic Theory of Gases

§ Consider an ideal gas (consisting of N molecules each of mass m)

aP 2 ·
For P moles of gas ¨¨ P  2 ¸¸ (V  Pb) P RT enclosed in a cubical box of side L.
© V ¹
Y
Here a and b are constant called Vander Waal’s constant.
Y
Dimension : [a] = [ML5 T 2 ] and [b] = [L ] 3

o
v vy
Units : a = N u m and b = m .
4 3
x
v
(8) Andrews curves : The pressure (P) versus volume (V) curves for o
v X
x
X vx
actual gases are called Andrews curves. vz
D G Z
P Gas L
380°C Z
(A) (B)
H Liquid vapour region
Fig. 13.10 &
374.1°C (1) Instantaneous velocity : Any molecule of gas moves with velocity v
Liquid 370°C in any direction
&
F 360°C E where v v x ˆi  v y ˆj  v z kˆ Ÿ v v x2  vy2  v z2 . Due to random
Vapour
C 350°C B
A V
motion of molecule v x vy vz Ÿ v 2 3v x2 3vy2 3vz2
Andrews curve for water (2) Time during collision : Time between two successive collision with
Fig. 13.9 the wall A .
(i) At 350°C, part AB represents vapour phase of water, in this part 1

Distancetravelled by molecule between two successivecollision

§ 1· 't
Boyle’s law is obeyed ¨ P v ¸ . Part BC represents the co-existence of Velocityof molecule
© V¹
2L
vapour and liquid phases. At point C, vapours completely change to liquid
vx
phase. Part CD is parallel to pressure axis which shows that compressibility
of the water is negligible. (3) Collision frequency (n) : It means the number of collision per
1 vx
(ii) At 360°C portion representing the co-existence of liquid vapour second. Hence n
phase is shorter. 't 2 L
(iii) At 370°C this portion is further decreased. (4) Change in momentum : This molecule collides with the shaded
wall (A ) with velocity v and rebounds with velocity v x .
(iv) At 374.1°C, it reduces to point (H) called critical point and the 1 x

temperature 374.1°C is called critical temperature (T ) of water. The change in momentum of the molecule
c

(v) The phase of water (at 380°C) above the critical temperature is 'p (mv x )  (mv x ) 2mv x
called gaseous phase. As the momentum remains conserved in a collision, the change in
(9) Critical temperature, pressure and volume : The point on the P-V momentum of the wall A is 'p 2mv x 1

curve at which the matter gets converted from gaseous state to liquid state After rebound this molecule travel toward opposite wall A with 2

is known as critical point. At this point the difference between the liquid velocity v x , collide to it and again rebound with velocity v x towards wall
and vapour vanishes i.e. the densities of liquid and vapour become equal. A.
1

(i) Critical temperature (T ) : The maximum temperature below which

c
(5) Force on wall : Force exerted by a single molecule on shaded wall
a gas can be liquefied by pressure alone is called critical temperature and is is equal to rate at which the momentum is transferred to the wall by this
characteristic of the gas. A gas cannot be liquefied if its temperature is molecule.
more than critical temperature. 'p 2mv x mv x2
i.e. FSingle molecule
CO (31.1°C), O (–118°C), N (–147.1°C) and H O (374.1°C)
2 2 2 2
't (2 L / v x ) L
(ii) Critical pressure (P ) : The minimum pressure necessary to liquify
c
The total force on the wall A1 due to all the molecules
a gas at critical temperature is defined as critical pressure CO (73.87 bar)
¦
m m 2 mN 2
Fx v x2 = (v x  v x22  v x23  ...) vx
2

and O (49.7atm)
2 L M 1 L
(iii) Critical volume (V ) : The volume of 1 mole of gas at critical
c
v x2 mean square of x component of the velocity.
pressure and critical temperature is defined as critical volume CO (95 u10 –6

2
(6) Pressure : Now pressure is defined as force per unit area, hence
m)
3

Fx mN 2 mN 2
(iv) Relation between Vander Waal’s constants and T , P , V pressure on shaded wall Px vx vx
c c c
A AL V
8a a For any molecule, the mean square velocity v 2 v x2  vy2  v z2 ; by
Tc , Pc , Vc 3b ,
27 Rb 27b 2
v2
27 R 2
Tc2 R § Tc · PV 3 symmetry v x2 vy2 v z2 Ÿ v x2 v y2 v z2
a , b ¨ ¸ and c c R 3
64 Pc 8 ¨© Pc ¸
¹ Tc 8 Total pressure inside the container
1 mN 2 1 mN 2
Pressure of an Ideal Gas P v vrms (where vrms v2 )
3 V 3 V
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 597

(7) Relation between pressure and kinetic energy : As we know

3 RT 3 u 8.31 u 273
1 mN 2 1 M 2 1 (vrms ) 1840 m / s .
P v rms v rms Ÿ P U v rms
2
... (i) M 2 u 10 3
3 V 3 V 3
M 3
[As M = mN = Total mass of the gas and U ] (v) rms speed of gas molecules is times that of speed of sound
V J
1§M· 2 1
? K.E. per unit volume E ¨ ¸ vrms U vrms
2
...(ii) 3 RT JRT 3
2©V ¹ 2 in gas, as v rms and v s Ÿ v rms vs
M M J
2
From (i) and (ii), we get P E (vi) rms speed of gas molecules does not depends on the pressure of
3
gas (if temperature remains constant) because P v U (Boyle’s law) if
i.e. the pressure exerted by an ideal gas is numerically equal to the two
third of the mean kinetic energy of translation per unit volume of the gas. pressure is increased n times then density will also increases by n times but
(8) Effect of mass, volume and temperature on pressure : v remains constant.
rms

1 mN 2 (m N )T 2 (vii) Moon has no atmosphere because v of gas molecules is more

P v rms or P v [As v rms vT] rms

3 V V than escape velocity (v ). e

(i) If volume and temperature of a gas are constant P v mN i.e. A planet or satellite will have atmosphere only if vrms  ve
Pressure v (Mass of gas).
i.e. if mass of gas is increased, number of molecules and hence number (viii) At T = 0; v = 0 i.e. the rms speed of molecules of a gas is zero at
rms

of collision per second increases i.e. pressure will increase. 0 K. This temperature is called absolute zero.

(ii) If mass and temperature of a gas are constant. P v (1/V), i.e., if (2) Most probable speed : The particles of a gas have a range of
volume decreases, number of collisions per second will increase due to speeds. This is defined as the speed which is possessed by maximum
lesser effective distance between the walls resulting in greater pressure. fraction of total number of molecules of the gas. e.g., if speeds of 10
molecules of a gas are 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6 km/s, then the most probable
(iii) If mass and volume of gas are constant, P v (v rms )2 v T speed is 3 km/s, as maximum fraction of total molecules possess this speed.
i.e., if temperature increases, the mean square speed of gas molecules
2P 2 RT 2kT
will increase and as gas molecules are moving faster, they will collide with Most probable speed vmp
the walls more often with greater momentum resulting in greater pressure. U M m
(3) Average speed : It is the arithmetic mean of the speeds of
Various Speeds of Gas Molecules molecules in a gas at given temperature.
The motion of molecules in a gas is characterised by any of the v1  v 2  v 3  v 4  .....
v av
following three speeds. N
(1) Root mean square speed : It is defined as the square root of mean and according to kinetic theory of gases
of squares of the speed of different molecules
8P 8 RT 8 kT
Average speed vav
v12  v 22  v32  v42  .... SU S M S m
i.e. vrms v2
N
Maxwell’s Law (or the Distribution of Molecular
(i) From the expression of pressure P
1
U v rms
2 Speeds
3 (1) The v gives us a general idea of molecular speeds in a gas at a
rms

given temperature. This doesn't mean that the speed of each molecule is v .
3P 3 PV 3 RT 3kT rms

Ÿ vrms Many of the molecules have speed less than v and many have speeds
U Mass of gas M m
rms

greater than v . rms

Mass of gas (2) Maxwell derived as equation given the distribution of molecules in
where U Densityof the gas , M = P u (mass of
V different speed as follow
gas), pV PRT , R = kN A , k Boltzmann’s constant, 3/2 mv 2
§ m · 
M dN 4SN ¨ ¸ 2
v e 2 kT dv

m= = mass of each molecule. © 2SkT ¹

NA
where dN = Number of molecules with speeds between v and v + dv.
(ii) With rise in temperature rms speed of gas molecules increases as
dN
v rms v T . At a particular
dv temperature
(iii) With increase in molecular weight rms speed of gas molecule (Number of
1 molecules at a
decreases as v rms v . e.g., rms speed of hydrogen molecules is four particular speed)
M
times that of oxygen molecules at the same temperature.
v(m/s)
(iv) rms speed of gas molecules is of the order of km/s e.g., at NTP vmp vav vrms
for hydrogen gas Fig. 13.11
 598 Kinetic Theory of Gases

dN [As m = Mass each molecule, mn = Mass per unit volume = Density =

(3) Graph between (number of molecules at a particular speed) U]
dv
dN t
and v (speed of these molecules). From the graph it is seen that is (5) If average speed of molecule is v then O vu vuT
dv N
maximum at most probable speed.
[As N = Number of collision in time t, T = time interval between two
This graph also represent that vrms ! vav ! vmp collisions].
(Order remember trick RAM) 1
(i) As Ov and O v m i.e. the mean free path is inversely
U
3 RT 8 RT 2 RT
Ÿ ! ! Ÿ proportional to the density of a gas and directly proportional to the mass of
M SM M
each molecule.
RT RT RT
1.77 ! 1 .6 ! 1.41 O O
M M M
Area bonded by this curve with speed axis represents the number of
molecules corresponds to that velocity range. This curve is asymmetric
curve. m
U
Effect of temperature on velocity distribution : With temperature rise (A) (BB)
dN Fig. 13.14
the vs v . Curve shift towards right and becomes broader. 1 kT
dv (ii) As O . For constant volume and hence constant
2 Sd P
2

dN T1
P
dv number density n of gas molecules, is constant so that O will not
T2 T
T2 > T1 depend on P and T. But if volume of given mass of a gas is allowed to
1
change with P or T then O v T at constant pressure and O v at
P
v constant temperature.
Fig. 13.12
(Because with temperature rise average molecular speed increases).
O O
Mean Free Path.
(1) The distance travelled by a gas molecule between two successive
collisions is known as free path.
P T
Total distance travelled by a gas molecule between successivecollisions (A) (B)
O
Total number of collisions Fig. 13.15
During two successive collisions, a molecule of a gas moves in a Degree of Freedom
straight line with constant velocity and
The term degree of freedom of a system refers to the possible
Let O1 , O2 , O3 ..... be the distance travelled by a gas molecule during
independent motions, systems can have. or
n collisions respectively, then the mean
The total number of independent modes (ways) in which a system can
free path of a gas molecule is given by
possess energy is called the degree of freedom (f).
O1  O 2  O 3  ....  On The independent motions can be translational, rotational or vibrational
O
n or any combination of these.
So the degree of freedom are of three types :
1
(2) O (i) Translational degree of freedom
2Snd 2
(ii) Rotational degree of freedom
where d = Diameter of the
molecule, (iii) Vibrational degree of freedom
General expression for degree of freedom
n = Number of molecules per unit Fig. 13.13
volume f = 3A – B ; where A = Number of independent particles,
N P B = Number of independent restriction
(3) As PV = P RT = P NkT Ÿ n Number of molecule
V kT (1) Monoatomic gas : Molecule of monoatomic gas can move in any
1 kT direction in space so it can have three y
per unit volume so O . independent motions and hence 3 degrees of
2 Sd P
2
vy
freedom (all translational)
v vx
1 m m
(4) From O vz
x
2Snd 2
2S (mn )d 2
2Sd U2

z
Fig. 13.16
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 599

(2) Diatomic gas : Molecules of diatomic gas are made up of two 3

atoms joined rigidly to one another 1 mole gas RT ; R = Universal gas constant
y 2
through a bond. This cannot only move
3
bodily, but also rotate about one of the P mole gas PRT
three co-ordinate axes. However its 2
moment of inertia about the axis joining x 3
1 molecule k T ; k = Boltzmann’s constant
the two atoms is negligible compared to 2
that about the other two axes. z 3
Fig. 13.17 N molecule NkT
Hence it can have only two 2
rotational motion. Thus a diatomic molecule has 5 degree of freedom : 3 3
translational and 2 rotational. 1 gm gas rT ; r = Specific gas constant
2
(3) Triatomic gas (Non-linear) : A non-linear molecule can rotate
3
about any of three co-ordinate axes. Hence y m gm gas m rT
2
it has 6 degrees of freedom : 3
translational and 3 rotational. (1) Kinetic energy per molecule of gas does not depends upon the
x mass of the molecule but only depends upon the temperature of the gas. As
3
E kT or E v T i.e. molecules of different gases say He, H and O
2
2 2

z Fig. 13.18
Table 13.2 ; Degree of freedom for etc. at same temperature will have same translational kinetic energy though
different gases
their r.m.s. speed are different.
Atomicity of Example A B f=3 Figure
(2) For two gases at the same temperature m1 (vrms )12 m 2 (vrms )22
gas A–B
A (3) Kinetic energy per mole of gas depends only upon the temperature
Monoatomic He, Ne, Ar 1 0 f=3 of gas.
H2, O2, N2, B (4) Kinetic energy per gram of gas depend upon the temperature as
Diatomic 2 1 f=5 A A
Cl2 etc. well as molecular weight (or mass of one molecule) of the gas.
A 3 k T
Triatomic non E gram T Ÿ E gram v
H2O 3 3 f=6 B B 2m m
linear
A B A (5) From the above expressions it is clear that higher the temperature
of the gas, more will be the average kinetic energy possessed by the gas
Triatomic linear CO2, BeCl2 3 2 f=7 A molecules at T = 0, E = 0 i.e. at absolute zero the molecular motion stops.
A A
B B
Law of Equipartition of Energy
The above degrees of freedom are shown at room temperature. According to this law, for any system in thermal equilibrium, the total
Further at high temperature, in case of diatomic or polyatomic molecules, energy is equally distributed among its various degree of freedom. And each
the atoms with in the molecule may also vibrate with respect to each other.
1
In such cases, the molecule will have an additional degrees of freedom, due degree of freedom is associated with energy kT (where
to vibrational motion. 2
An object which vibrates in one dimension has two additional degree k 1.38 u 10 23 J / K , T = absolute temperature of the system).
of freedom. One for the potential energy and one for the kinetic energy of (1) At a given temperature T, all ideal gas molecules no matter what
vibration.
their mass have the same average translational kinetic energy; namely,
A diatomic molecule that is free to vibrate (in addition to translation 3
and rotation) will have 7 (2  3  2) degrees of freedom. kT . When measure the temperature of a gas, we are also measuring the
2
average translational kinetic energy of it' s molecules.
Kinetic Energy of Ideal Gas
(2) At same temperature gases with different degrees of freedom (e.g.,
In ideal gases, the molecules are considered as point particles. For
He and H ) will have different average energy or internal energy namely
point particles, there is no internal excitation, no vibration and no rotation. 2

The point particles can have only translational motion and thus only f
kT . (f is different for different gases)
translational energy. For an ideal gas the internal energy can only be 2
tranlational kinetic energy. (3) Different energies of a system of degree of freedom f are as follows
Hence kinetic energy (or internal energy) of 1 mole ideal gas f
(i) Total energy associated with each molecule = kT
1 2 1 3 RT 3 2
E Mvrms Mu RT
2 2 M 2 f
(ii) Total energy associated with N molecules = NkT
Table 13.3 : Various Translational kinetic energies 2
f
Quantity of gas Kinetic energy (iii) Total energy associated with P mole = RT
2
 600 Kinetic Theory of Gases

(iv) Total energy associated with P molen =

f
PRT
Specific Heat in Terms of Degree of Freedom
2 (1) C : For a gas at temperature T, the internal energy
V

f f f
(v) Total energy associated with each gram = rT U PRT Ÿ Change in energy 'U PR'T ... (i)
2 2 2
f Also, as we know for any gas heat supplied at constant volume
(iv) Total energy associated with m gram = mrT ('Q)V PCV 'T 'U ... (ii)
2
1
Specific Heat (CP and CV) of a Gas From equation (i) and (ii) CV fR
2
The specific heat of gas can have many values, but out of them (2) C : From the Mayer’s formula C p  Cv R
following two values are very important P

f §f ·
(1) Specific heat at constant volume (C ) : The specific heat of a gas at Ÿ CP CV  R RR ¨  1¸ R
2 © 2 ¹
V

constant volume is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the

temperature of unit mass of gas through 1°C or 1 K when its volume is kept §f ·
¨  1 ¸R
('Q)V © 2 ¹ CP 2
constant, i.e., cV (3) Ratio of C and C (J) : J 1
m 'T
p v
f CV f
R
If instead of unit mass, 1 mole of gas is considered, the specific heat is 2
called molar specific heat at constant volume and is represented by capital (i) Value of J is different for monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic
C. 5 7 4
v gases. J mono 1.6, J di 1.4 , J tri 1.33
3 5 3
M ('Q)V 1 ('Q)V ª mº (ii) Value of J is always more than 1. So we can say that always C > C
CV McV
m 'T P 'T « As P M »¼
P V

¬ .
(2) Specific heat at constant from (C ) : The specific heat of a gas at
P
Gaseous Mixture
constant pressure is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the If two non-reactive gases are enclosed in a vessel of volume V. In the
temperature of unit mass of gas through 1 K when its pressure is kept
mixture P moles of one gas are mixed with P moles of another gas. If N is
('Q) p
1 2 A

Avogadro’s number then

constant, i.e., c P
m 'T
Number of molecules of first gas N 1 P1 N A
If instead of unit mass, 1 mole of gas is considered, the specific heat is
and number of molecules of second gas N 2 P2 N A
called molar specific heat at constant pressure and is represented by C .
(1) Total mole fraction P (P1  P 2 ) .
p

M ('Q) p 1 ('Q) p ª mº
Cp MC p
m 'T P 'T « As P M »¼
(2) If M 1 is the molecular weight of first gas and M 2 that of second
¬
gas.
Mayer's Formula P1 M1  P 2 M 2
Then molecular weight of mixture M
(1) Out of two principle specific heats of a gas, C is more than C
P V
P1  P2
because in case of C , volume of gas is kept constant and heat is required
V
(3) Specific heat of the mixture at constant volume will be
only for raising the temperature of one gram mole of the gas through 1°C or
m1 m
1 K. Hence no heat, what so ever, is spent in expansion of the gas. CV  2 CV2
P1CV1  P 2 CV2
M1 1 M 2
It means that heat supplied to the gas increases its internal energy CVmix
P1  P 2 m1 m 2

only i.e. ('Q)V 'U PCV 'T …..(i)
M1 M 2
(2) While in case of C the heat is used in two ways
P (4) Specific heat of the mixture at constant pressure will be
(i) In increasing the temperature of the gas by 'T § J1 · § J ·
P1 ¨¨ ¸R  P2 ¨ 2 ¸R
¸ ¨ J 1 ¸
(ii) In doing work, due to expansion at constant pressure ('W) P1CP1  P2CP2 J
© 1  1 ¹ © 2 ¹
C Pmix
So ('Q)P 'U  'W P CP 'T …..(ii) P1  P2 P1  P 2

From equation (i) and (ii) P CP 'T  P CV 'T 'W R ª § J1 · § J ·º

« P1 ¨ ¸  P 2 ¨ 2 ¸»
P1  P2 ¬« ¨© J 1  1 ¸¹ ¨J 1¸
© 2 ¹¼»
P'V
Ÿ P 'T (CP  CV ) P'V Ÿ C P  CV =R
P 'T R ª m1 § J 1 · m 2 § J 2 · º
« ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸»
m1 m 2 « M1 ¨© J 1  1 ¸¹ M 2 ¨© J 2  1 ¸¹»
[For constant pressure, 'W = P'V also from PV = PRT,  ¬ ¼
M1 M 2
P'V = PR'T]
(P1C P1  P 2 C P2 )
This relation is called Mayer’s formula and shows that C P ! CV i.e. C Pmix P1  P 2
(5) J mixture
molar specific heat at constant pressure is greater than that at constant CVmix (P1CV1  P 2 CV2 )
volume.
P1  P 2
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 601

­° § J 1 · § J · ½
®P1 ¨¨ ¸ R  P 2 ¨ 2 ¸ R °¾ " v :v :v = 3:
8
: 2 3 : 2.5 : 2
P1C P1  P 2 C P2 °̄ © J 1  1 ¸¹ ¨ J 1 ¸ °
© 2 ¹ ¿
rms av mp

S
P1CV1  P 2 CV2 °­ §¨ R ·¸ § R ·½°
®P1 ¨  P 2 ¨¨ ¸¾ " For oxygen gas molecules v = 461 m/s, v = 424.7 m/s and v =
°̄ © J 1  1 ¸¹ ¸
© J 2  1 ¹°¿
rms av rms

376.4 m/s
P1J 1 PJ " An atom in a solid though has no degree of freedom for
 2 2
J1  1 J 2  1 P1J 1 (J 2  1)  P 2J 2 (J 1  1) translational and rotational motion, due to vibration along 3 axes has 3 u
? J mixture
P1 P2 P1 (J 2  1)  P 2 (J 1  1)
 2 = 6 degrees of freedom (and not like an ideal gas molecule). When a
J1  1 J 2  1 diatomic or polyatomic gas dissociates into atoms it behaves as
monoatomic gas whose degree of freedom are changed accordingly
" In General a polyatmic molecule has 3 translational, 3 rotational
degree of freedom and a certain number of vibration mode fvib . Hence
4  fvib
J poly .
3  fvib
" The cooking gas cylinder contains L.P.G. (Liquid Petroleum gas)
which is saturated. And as pressure " Only average translational kinetic energy of a gas contributes to its
temperature. Two gases with the same average translational kinetic
of saturated vapours is independent of volume
energy have the same temperature even if one has grater rotational
(at constant temperature). the pressure of gas energy and thus greater internal energy.
coming out of the cylinder remains constant
" Unsaturated vapours obey gas laws while saturated vapours don’t.
till the cylinder becomes empty.
" For real gases effective volume is considered as (V – Pb) where
" If the number of molecules in a gas increases, then the §4 ·
temperature, kinetic energy and pressure of the gas increases because P b 4 N A ¨ Sr 3 ¸ ; r = radius of each molecule and N = avogrado
©3 ¹
A

v n, T v n and kinetic energy v T v n.

number.
" At constant volume if T increases then v , v , P and collision rms
" Variation of degree of freedom of a diatomic gas (H ) with 2

frequency increases. temperature. At very low temperature only translation is possible. as the
temperature increases rotational motion can begin. At still higher
" If two gases are filled in vessel then nothing can be predicted about temperatures vibratory motion can begin.
the pressure of gases. However their mean molecular energies will be CV
same but their rms velocities will be different. 4R
" The average distance between two gas molecules at NTP is 10 m. –9
7R/2
Vibration
" The space available for a single gas molecule at NTP is 37.2 u 10 –2 5R/2
m.
2
Rotation
3R/2
" The molecules of gases will escape out from a planet if the Translation
Mve2
temperature of planet T d ; where v = escape velocity from the Temperature(K)
3R
e
100 1000 10000
planet, R = universal, gas constant and M = Molecular mass of the gas.
" As f (degree of freedom) increases then C n, C n and J n.
P V

" The number of molecules present in 1 gm mole of a gas is defined

as Avogadro number (N ). A

NA 6.023 u 10 23
per gm mole 6.023 u 10 26 per kg mole. Gas Laws
1. The temperature of a gas at pressure P and volume V is 27°C.
At S.T.P. or N.T.P. (T = 273 K and P = 1 atm) 22.4 litre of each gas has
Keeping its volume constant if its temperature is raised to 927° C,
6.023 u 10 23 molecule then its pressure will be [MP PMT 1985]
(a) 2 P (b) 3 P
" One mole of any gas at S.T.P. occupy 22.4 litre of volume
(c) 4 P (d) 6 P
e.g. 32 gm oxygen, 28 gm nitrogen and 2gm hydrogen occupy the same 2. 4 moles of an ideal gas is at 0°C. At constant pressure it is heated to
volume at S.T.P. double its volume, then its final temperature will be
" For any gas 1 mole = M gram = 22.4 litre = 6.023 u 10 molecule. 23
(a) 0°C (b) 273°C
(c) 546°C (d) 136.5°C
3. Every gas (real gas) behaves as an ideal gas
[CPMT 1997; RPMT 2000; MP PET 2001]
 602 Kinetic Theory of Gases
(a) At high temperature and low pressure
(b) At low temperature and high pressure
(c) At normal temperature and pressure
(d) None of the above
4. Boyle's law holds for an ideal gas during
[AFMC 1994; KCET 1999]
(a) Isobaric changes (b) Isothermal changes
(c) Isochoric changes (d) Isotonic changes
5. S.I. unit of universal gas constant is
[MNR 1988; MP PMT 1994; UPSEAT 1999]
(a) cal/°C (b) J/mol
(c) J mol 1 K 1 (d) J/kg
6. Molecules of a gas behave like [J & K CET 2000]
(a) Inelastic rigid sphere
(b) Perfectly elastic non-rigid sphere
(c) Perfectly elastic rigid sphere
(d) Inelastic non-rigid sphere
 1626 Communication
11. If P and P are the refractive indices of the materials of core and
1 2

cladding of an optical fibre, then the loss of light due to its leakage
can be minimised by having [BVP 2003]
(a) P > P 1 2
(b) P < P
1 2

(c) P = P 1 2
(d) None of these
12. Through which mode of propagation, the radio waves can be sent
Communication from one place to another [JIPMER 2003]
(a) Ground wave propagation
1. In short wave communication waves of which of the following
frequencies will be reflected back by the ionospheric layer, having (b) Sky wave propagation
electron density 10 per m
11 3
(c) Space wave propagation
[AIIMS 2003] (d) All of them
(a) 2 MHz (b) 10 MHz 13. A laser beam of pulse power 10 watt is focussed on an object are 10
12 –4

(c) 12 MHz (d) 18 MHz cm . The energy flux in watt/ cm at the point of focus is
2 2

2. In an amplitude modulated wave for audio frequency of 500 (a) 10 20

(b) 10 16

cycle/second, the appropriate carrier frequency will be (c) 10 8

(d) 10 4

[AMU 1996] 14. The carrier frequency generated by a tank circuit containing 1 nF
(a) 50 cycles/sec (b) 100 cycles/sec capacitor and 10 PH inductor is [AFMC 2003]
(c) 500 cycles/sec (d) 50,000 cycles/sec (a) 1592 Hz (b) 1592 MHz
3. AM is used for broadcasting because (c) 1592 kHz (d) 159.2 Hz
15. Broadcasting antennas are generally [AFMC 2003]
(a) It is more noise immune than other modulation systems
(a) Omnidirectional type (b) Vertical type
(b) It requires less transmitting power compared with other
(c) Horizontal type (d) None of these
systems
16. For television broadcasting, the frequency employed is normally
(c) Its use avoids receiver complexity (a) 30-300 MHz (b) 30-300 GHz
(d) No other modulation system can provide the necessary (c) 30-300 KHz (d) 30-300 Hz
bandwidth faithful transmission 17. The radio waves of frequency 300 MHz to 3000 MHz belong to
4. Range of frequencies allotted for commercial FM radio broadcast is (a) High[MNR 1997] band
frequency
(a) 88 to 108 MHz (b) 88 to 108 kHz (b) Very high frequency band
(c) 8 to 88 MHz (d) 88 to 108 GHz (c) Ultra high frequency band
5. The velocity factor of a transmission line x. If dielectric constant of (d) Super high frequency band
the medium is 2.6, the value of x is 18. An antenna behaves as resonant circuit only when its length is
[AFMC 1995] O
(a)
(a) 0.26 (b) 0.62 2
(c) 2.6 (d) 6.2 O
(b)
6. The process of superimposing signal frequency (i.e. audio wave) on 4
the carrier wave is known as [AIIMS 1987] (c) O
(a) Transmission (b) Reception O O
(d) or integral multiple of
(c) Modulation (d) Detection 2 2
7. Long distance short-wave radio broadcasting uses 19. Maximum useable frequency (MUF) in F-region layer is x, when the
[AFMC 1996] critical frequency is 60 MHz and the angle of incidence is 70°. Then
x is [Himachal PMT 2003]
(a) Ground wave (b) Ionospheric wave
(a) 150 MHz (b) 170 MHz
(c) Direct wave (d) Sky wave
8. A step index fibre has a relative refractive index of 0.88%. What is (c) 175 MHz (d) 190 MHz
the critical angle at the corecladding interface 20. The electromagnetic waves of frequency 2 MHz to 30 MHz are
[Manipal 2003] (a) In ground wave propagation
(a) 60° (b) 75° (b) In sky wave propagation
(c) 45° (d) None of these (c) In microwave propagation
9. The characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable is of the order of (d) In [CPMT
satellite2003]
communication
(a) 50 : (b) 200 : 21. A laser is a coherent source because it contains
(c) 270 : (d) None of these [JIPMER 2003]
10. In which frequency range, space waves are normally propagated [EAMCET 2002]
(a) Many wavelengths
(a) HF (b) VHF
(b) Uncoordinated wave of a particular wavelength
(c) UHF (d) SHF
 Communication 1627
(c) Coordinated wave of many wavelengths (c) fa | ff (d) fa t ff
(d) Coordinated waves of a particular wavelength 32. Which of the following is the disadvantage of FM over AM
22. The attenuation in optical fibre is mainly due to (a) Larger band width requirement
[AFMC 2003] (b) Larger noise
(a) Absorption (c) Higher modulation power
(b) Scattering (d) Low efficiency
(c) Neither absorption nor scattering 33. If a number of sine waves with modulation indices n , n , n ........
1 2 3

(d) Both (a) and (b) modulate a carrier wave, then total modulation index (n) of the
wave is
23. The maximum distance upto which TV transmission from a TV (a) n + n .... + 2(n + n .....)
tower of height h can be received is proportional to
1 2 1 2

[AIIMS 2003] (b) n1  n2  n3 ..........

(a) h 1/2
(b) h
(c) n12  n22  n32 .........
(c) h 3/2
(d) h 2

(d) None of these

24. A laser beam is used for carrying out surgery because it
34. An AM wave has 1800 watt of total power content, For 100%
[AIIMS 2003] modulation the carrier should have power content equal to
(a) Is highly monochromatic (b) Is highly coherent (a) 1000 watt (b) 1200 watt
(c) Is highly directional (d) Can be sharply focussed (c) 1500 watt (d) 1600 watt
25. Laser beams are used to measure long distances because 35. The frequency of a FM transmitter without signal input is called
[DCE 2002, 03] (a) Lower side band frequency
(a) They are monochromatic (b) Upper side band frequency
(b) They are highly polarised (c) Resting frequency
(c) They are coherent (d) None of these
(d) They have high degree of parallelism 36. What type of modulation is employed in India for radio transmission
26. An oscillator is producing FM waves of frequency 2 kHz with a (a) Amplitude modulation (b) Frequency modulation
variation of 10 kHz. What is the modulating index
(c) Pulse modulation (d) None of these
[DCE 2004]
37. When the modulating frequency is doubled, the modulation index is
(a) 0.20 (b) 5.0 halved and the modulating voltage remains constant, the modulation
(c) 0.67 (d) 1.5 system is
27. The maximum peak to peak voltage of an AM wire is 24 mV and the (a) Amplitude modulation (b) Phase modulation
minimum peak to peak voltage is 8 mV. The modulation factor is (c) Frequency modulation (d) All of the above
(a) 10% (b) 20%
38. An antenna is a device
(c) 25% (d) 50%
(a) That converts electromagnetic energy into radio frequency
28. Sinusoidal carrier voltage of frequency 1.5 MHz and amplitude 50 V signal
is amplitude modulated by sinusoidal voltage of frequency 10 kHz
producing 50% modulation. The lower and upper side-band (b) That converts radio frequency signal into electromagnetic
frequencies in kHz are energy
(a) 1490, 1510 (b) 1510, 1490 (c) That converts guided electromagnetic waves into free space
electromagnetic waves and vice-versa
1 1 1 1
(c) , (d) ,
1490 1510 1510 1490 (d) None of these
29. What is the modulation index of an over modulated wave 39. While tuning in a certain broadcast station with a receiver, we are
(a) 1 (b) Zero actually
(c) < 1 (d) > 1 (a) Varying the local oscillator frequency
30. Basically, the product modulator is (b) Varying the frequency of the radio signal to be picked up
(a) An amplifier (b) A mixer (c) Tuning the antenna
(c) A frequency separator (d) A phase separator
(d) None of these
31. If f and f represent the carrier wave frequencies for amplitude and
a f

frequency modulations respectively, then 40. Indicate which one of the following system is digital
(a) fa ! ff (b) fa  ff (a) Pulse position modulation
(b) Pulse code modulation
 1628 Communication
(c) Pulse width modulation 49. Audio signal cannot be transmitted because
(d) Pulse amplitude modulation [Kerala PMT 2005]
(a) The signal has more noise
41. In a communication system, noise is most likely to affect the signal
(b) The signal cannot be amplified for distance communication
(a) At the transmitter
(c) The transmitting antenna length is very small to design
(b) In the channel or in the transmission line (d) The transmitting antenna length is very large and impracticable
(c) In the information source (e) The signal is not a radio signal
(d) At the receiver 50. In which of the following remote sensing technique is not used
42. The waves used in telecommunication are (a) Forest density (b) Pollution
(c) Wetland mapping (d) Medical treatment
(a) IR (b) UV
51. For sky wave propagation of a 10 MHz signal, what should be the
(c) Microwave (d) Cosmic rays minimum electron density in ionosphere
43. In an FM system a 7 kHz signal modulates 108 MHz carrier so that [AIIMS 2005]
frequency deviation is 50 kHz. The carrier swing is
(a) ~ 1.2 u 10 m 12 –3
(b) ~ 10 m6 –3

(a) 7.143 (b) 8 (c) ~ 10 m14 –3

(d) ~ 10 m22 –3

(c) 0.71 (d) 350 52. What should be the maximum acceptance angle at the aircore
44. Consider telecommunication through optical fibres. Which of the interface of an optical fibre if n and n are the refractive indices of
1 2

following statements is not true [AIEEE 2003] the core and the cladding, respectively
(a) Optical fibres may have homogeneous core with a suitable [AIIMS 2005]
cladding
(a) sin1 (n2 / n1 ) (b) sin1 n12  n22
(b) Optical fibres can be of graded refractive index
(c) Optical fibres are subject to electromagnetic interference from ª 1 n2 º ª n º
(c) « tan » (d) « tan 1 1 »
outside n1 ¼ n2 ¼
¬ ¬
(d) Optical fibres have extremely low transmission loss
45. The phenomenon by which light travels in an optical fibres is [DCE 2001]
(a) Reflection (b) Refraction
(c) Total internal reflection (d) Transmission
46. Television signals on earth cannot be received at distances greater
than 100 km from the transmission station. The reason behind this is 1. A sky wave with a frequency 55 MHz is incident on D-region of
that [DCE 1995] earth's atmosphere at 45 . The angle of refraction is (electron density
o

for D-region is 400 electron/cm ) 3

(a) The receiver antenna is unable to detect the signal at a distance

[Haryana PMT 2003]
greater than 100 km
(b) The TV programme consists of both audio and video signals (a) 60° (b) 45°

(c) The TV signals are less powerful than radio signals (c) 30° (d) 15°
(d) The surface of earth is curved like a sphere 2. In a diode AM-detector, the output circuit consist of R = 1k: and C = 10
pF. A carrier signal of 100 kHz is to be detected. Is it good
47. Advantage of optical fibre [DCE 2005]
(a) High bandwidth and EM interference (a) Yes
(b) Low bandwidth and EM interference (b) No
(c) High band width, low transmission capacity and no EM (c) Information is not sufficient
interference (d) None of these
(d) High bandwidth, high data transmission capacity and no EM
interference 3. Consider an optical communication system operating at O~800 nm.
Suppose, only 1% of the optical source frequency is the available
48. In frequency modulation [Kerala PMT 2005]
channel bandwidth for optical communication. How many channels
(a) The amplitude of modulated wave varies as frequency of carrier can be accommodated for transmitting audio signals requiring a
wave bandwidth of 8 kHz
(b) The frequency of modulated wave varies as amplitude of
(a) 4.8 u 10 8
(b) 48
modulating wave
(c) The amplitude of modulated wave varies as amplitude of (c) 6.2 u 10 8
(d) 4.8 u 10 5

carrier wave 4. A photodetector is made from a semiconductor In Ga As with E = 0.53 0.47 g

(d) The frequency of modulated wave varies as frequency of 0.73 eV. What is the maximum wavelength, which it can detect
modulating wave (a) 1000 nm (b) 1703 nm
(e) The frequency of modulated wave varies as frequency of carrier
(c) 500 nm (d) 173 nm
wave
 Communication 1629
5. A transmitter supplies 9 kW to the aerial when unmodulated. The Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of
power radiated when modulated to 40% is the options given below:
(a) 5 kW (b) 9.72 kW (a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
(c) 10 kW (d) 12 kW
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
6. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 A when only carrier explanation of the assertion.
is sent but increases to 8.96 A when the carrier is sinusoidally (c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
modulated. The percentage modulation is (d) If the assertion and reason both are false.
(a) 50% (b) 60% (e) If assertion is false but reason is true.
(c) 65% (d) 71% 1. Assertion : Diode lasers are used as optical sources in optical
communication.
7. The total power content of an AM wave is 1500 W. For 100%
modulation, the power transmitted by the carrier is Reason : Diode lasers consume less energy.
(a) 500 W (b) 700 W [AIIMS 2005]

(c) 750 W (d) 1000 W 2. Assertion : Television signals are received through sky-wave
propagation.
8. The total power content of an AM wave is 900 W. For 100%
modulation, the power transmitted by each side band is Reason : The ionosphere reflects electromagnetic waves of
frequencies greater than a certain critical frequency.
(a) 50 W (b) 100 W [AIIMS 2005]
(c) 150 W (d) 200 W 3. Assertion : In high latitude one sees colourful curtains of light
9. The modulation index of an FM carrier having a carrier swing of 200 hanging down from high altitudes.
kHz and a modulating signal 10 kHz is Reason : The high energy charged particles from the sun are
(a) 5 (b) 10 deflected to polar regions by the magnetic field of
(c) 20 (d) 25 the earth. [AIIMS 2003]
4. Assertion : Short wave bands are used for transmission of radio
10. A 500 Hz modulating voltage fed into an FM generator produces a
frequency deviation of 2.25 kHz. If amplitude of the voltage is kept waves to a large distance.
constant but frequency is raised to 6 kHz then the new deviation Reason : Short waves are reflected by ionosphere
will be [AIIMS 1994]
(a) 4.5 kHz (b) 54 kHz 5. Assertion : The electrical conductivity of earth's atmosphere
(c) 27 kHz (d) 15 kHz decreases with altitude.
11. The audio signal used to modulate 60 sin (2 S u 10 t) is 6 Reason : The high energy particles (i.e. J-rays and cosmic
15 sin 300St. The depth of modulation is rays) coming from outer space and entering our
earth's atmosphere cause ionisation of the atoms of
(a) 50% (b) 40% the gases present there and the pressure of gases
(c) 25% (d) 15% decreases with increase in altitude.
12. The bit rate for a signal, which has a sampling rate of 8 kHz and 6. Assertion : The electromagnetic waves of shorter wavelength
where 16 quantisation levels have been used is can travel longer distances on earth's surface than
(a) 32000 bits/sec (b) 16000 bits/sec those of longer wavelengths.
(c) 64000 bits/sec (d) 72000 bits/sec Reason : Shorter the wavelength, the larger is the velocity of
wave propagation.
13. An amplitude modulated wave is modulated to 50%. What is the
saving in power if carrier as well as one of the side bands are 7. Assertion : The surface wave propagation is used for medium
suppressed wave band and for television broadcasting.
(a) 70% (b) 65.4% Reason : The surface waves travel directly from transmitting
antenna to receiver antenna through atmosphere.
(c) 94.4% (d) 25.5%
8. Assertion : The television broadcasting becomes weaker with
14. In AM, the centpercent modulation is achieved when increasing distance.
(a) Carrier amplitude = signal amplitude Reason : The power transmitted from TV transmitter varies
inversely as the distance of the receiver
(b) Carrier amplitude z signal amplitude
9. Assertion : Microwave propagation is better than the sky wave
(c) Carrier frequency = signal frequency propagation.
(d) Carrier frequency z signal frequency Reason : Microwaves have frequencies 100 to 300 GHz,
which have very good directional properties.
10. Assertion : Satellite is an ideal platform for remote sensing.
Reason : Satellite in polar orbit can provide global coverage
or continuous coverage of the fixed area in
geostationary configuration.
11. Assertion : Fax is a modulating and demodulating device.
 1630 Communication
Reason : It is necessary for exact reproduction of a
document.
12. Assertion : A dish antenna is highly directional.
Reason : This is because a dipole antenna is omni directional.

Communication

1 a 2 d 3 c 4 a 5 b
6 c 7 c 8 d 9 c 10 c
11 a 12 d 13 b 14 c 15 b
16 a 17 c 18 d 19 c 20 b
21 d 22 d 23 a 24 d 25 d
26 b 27 d 28 a 29 d 30 b
31 b 32 a 33 c 34 b 35 c
36 a 37 c 38 c 39 a 40 b
41 b 42 c 43 a 44 c 45 c
46 d 47 d 48 b 49 d 50 d
51 a 52 b

Critical Thinking Questions

1 b 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 b
6 d 7 d 8 c 9 b 10 b
11 c 12 a 13 c 14 a
 626 Kinetic Theory of Gases
11. Assertion : For an ideal gas, at constant temperature, the
product of the pressure and volume is constant.
Reason : The mean square velocity of the molecules is
inversely proportional to mass. [AIIMS 1998]
12. Assertion : If a gas container in motion is suddenly stopped,
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of the temperature of the gas rises.
the options given below: Reason : The kinetic energy of ordered mechanical motion is
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct converted in to the kinetic energy of random
explanation of the assertion. motion of gas molecules.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct 13. Assertion : Internal energy of an ideal gas does not depend
explanation of the assertion. upon volume of the gas
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false. Reason : Internal energy of ideal gas depends on temperature
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true. of gas.
14. Assertion : At low density, variables of gases P, V and T follows
1. Assertion : In pressure-temperature (P-T) phase diagram of
water, the slope of the melting curve is found to be the equation PV PRT
negative. Reason : At low density real gases are more closely to ideal
Reason : Ice contracts on melting to water. gases
[AIIMS 2005] 15. Assertion : Maxwell speed distribution graph is symmetric
2. Assertion : For gas atom the number of degrees of freedom is about most probable speed
3. Reason : rms speed of ideal gas, depends upon it's type
(monoatomic, diatomic and polyatomic)
CP
Reason : J [AIIMS 2000]
CV
3. Assertion : A gas have a unique value of specific heat.
Reason : Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of unit mass of
the substance through unit degree.
Gas Laws
4. Assertion : A gas can be liquified at any temperature by
increase of pressure alone. 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 c
Reason : On increasing pressure the temperature of gas 6 c 7 c 8 c 9 a 10 d
decreases.
11 a 12 d 13 b 14 d 15 c
5. Assertion : Equal masses of helium and oxygen gases are given
equal quantities of heat. There will be a greater rise 16 b 17 c 18 a 19 a 20 d
in the temperature of helium compared to that of 21 c 22 b 23 a 24 a 25 a
oxygen.
26 a 27 c 28 a 29 c 30 c
Reason : The molecular weight of oxygen is more than the
31 d 32 c 33 a 34 d 35 a
molecular weight of helium.
6. Assertion : Absolute zero is the temperature corresponding to 36 a 37 c 38 a 39 a 40 c
zero energy. 41 d 42 b 43 a 44 c 45 a
Reason : The temperature at which no molecular motion 46 a 47 d 48 d 49 c 50 d
cease is called absolute zero temperature.
51 c 52 c 53 c 54 b 55 d
7. Assertion : The ratio of specific heat gas at constant pressure
56 c 57 c 58 a 59 d 60 a
and specific heat at constant volume for a diatomic
gas is more than that for a monatomic gas. 61 d 62 c 63 d 64 d 65 c
Reason : The molecules of a monatomic gas have more 66 b 67 a 68 d 69 d 70 c
degree of freedom than those of a diatomic gas. 71 c 72 c 73 d 74 b 75 c
8. Assertion : At room temperature, water does not sublimate
76 c 77 c 78 a 79 c 80 c
from water to steam.
81 b 82 a 83 c 84 b 85 c
Reason : The critical point of water is much above the room
temperature. 86 d 87 c 88 c 89 b 90 a
9. Assertion : Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure (C ) is
P
91 b 92 a 93 a 94 d 95 a
greater than its specific heat at constant volume 96 c 97 a 98 a 99 c 100 c
(C ).
V

Reason : At constant pressure, some heat is spent in Speed of Gas

expansion of the gas.
10. Assertion : The internal energy of a real gas is function of 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 a
both, temperature and volume.
6 a 7 d 8 d 9 a 10 a
Reason : Internal kinetic energy depends on temperature and 11 c 12 d 13 b 14 c 15 a
internal potential energy depends on volume.
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 627

16 a 17 a 18 d 19 c 20 a 21 a 22 c 23 b 24 a 25 c
21 d 22 c 23 c 24 a 25 d 26 c 27 c 28 c 29 d 30 d
26 a 27 b 28 d 29 a 30 b 31 d 32 b 33 a 34 a 35 d
31 c 32 b 33 d 34 c 35 a
36 c 37 c 38 d
36 b 37 a 38 c 39 d 40 a
41 d 42 a 43 c 44 b 45 b
Graphical Questions
46 c 47 c 48 b 49 b 50 a
51 b 52 b 53 b 54 d 55 a 1 d 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 c
56 a 57 c 58 b 59 d 60 a
6 c 7 a 8 b 9 a 10 c
61 c 62 b 63 b 64 d 65 a
11 b 12 c 13 c 14 a 15 b
66 b 67 b 68 a
16 b 17 a 18 a 19 b 20 c

Degree of Freedom and Specific Heat 21 a 22 c 23 b 24 b 25 a

1 a 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 c Assertion and Reason

6 d 7 c 8 b 9 d 10 d
1 a 2 b 3 e 4 d 5 b
11 c 12 a 13 b 14 d 15 a
6 e 7 d 8 a 9 a 10 a
16 a 17 a 18 a 19 b 20 a
11 b 12 a 13 b 14 a 15 d
21 c 22 b 23 c 24 d 25 b
26 d 27 d 28 a 29 b 30 d
31 a 32 c 33 a 34 c 35 a
36 d 37 a 38 a 39 b 40 c
41 b 42 b 43 b 44 d 45 b
46 c 47 c 48 d Gas Laws

Pressure and Energy 1. (c) Using Charle’s law

P1 T1
P2 T2
1 c 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 d
P1 T2 P(273  927)
6 d 7 d 8 a 9 a 10 b or P2 = 4P.
T1 (273  27)
11 d 12 c 13 c 14 a 15 d
16 d 17 b 18 b 19 c 20 a V1 T1
2. (b) Ÿ T2 2 u T1 2 u (273  0) 546 K
V2 T2
21 c 22 b 23 b 24 c 25 a
26 b 27 d 28 d 29 c 30 d Ÿ T2 273 u 2 546 K Ÿ 273qC Ÿ 273°C
31 a 32 a 33 c 34 c 35 d
36 c 37 a 38 b 39 ac 40 d
41 d 42 b 43 a 44 a 45 a
46 b 47 a 48 a 49 d 50 a
51 c 52 c 53 d 54 c 55 b
56 c 57 d 58 d 59 c 60 c
61 a 62 c 63 c 64 a

Critical Thinking Questions

1 d 2 d 3 a 4 b 5 a
6 acd 7 b 8 b 9 cd 10 b
11 b 12 bc 13 d 14 d 15 a
16 c 17 d 18 b 19 d 20 d
 Kinetic Theory of Gases 643

1. An ideal gas has an initial pressure of 3 pressure units and an initial (a) 127°C (b) 527°C
volume of 4 volume units. The table gives the final pressure and (c) – 73°C (d) – 173°C
volume of the gas (in those same units) in four, processes. Which 9. The volume of a gas at pressure 21 u 10 4 N / m 2 and temperature
processes start and end on the same isotherm
27°C is 83 litres. If R = 8.3 J/mol/K, then the quantity of gas in gm-
(a) A mole will be
(b) B A B C D (a) 15 (b) 42
(c) C
P 5 4 12 6 (c) 7 (d) 14
(d) D
10. The pressure and temperature of an ideal gas in a closed vessel are
2. Suppose ideal gas equationV follows7 6VP3 1= constant.
3 Initial 1
temperature and volume of the gas are T and V respectively. If gas 720 kPa and 40qC respectively. If th of the gas is released from
4
expand to 27V then its temperature will be come
the vessel and the temperature of the remaining gas is raised to
(a) T (b) 9T
353qC, the final pressure of the gas is [EAMCET (Med.) 2000]
(c) 27 T (d) T / 9
(a) 1440 kPa (b) 1080 kPa
3. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas is mixed with one mole of a (c) 720 kPa (d) 540 kPa
diatomic ideal gas. The molar specific heat of the mixture at
constant volume is 11. An air bubble doubles its radius on raising from the bottom of
water reservoir to be the surface of water in it. If the atmospheric
3
(a) 8 (b) R pressure is equal to 10 m of water, the height of water in the
2 reservoir is [EAMCET Med.1999]
(c) 2R (d) 2.5 R
(a) 10 m
4. When the temperature of a gas is raised from 27°C to 90°C, the
percentage increase in the r.m.s. velocity of the molecules will be (b) 20 m
(a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 70 m
(c) 20% (d) 17.5% (d) 80 m
5. A gas is enclosed in a closed pot. On keeping this pot in a train
12. If the r.m.s. velocity of a gas at a given temperature (Kelvin scale) is
moving with high speed, the temperature of the gas
300 m/sec. What will be the r.m.s. velocity of a gas having twice the
(a) Will increase molecular weight and half the temperature on Kelvin scale = [CPMT 19
(b) Will decrease
(a) 300 m/sec (b) 600 m/sec
(c) Will remain the same
(c) 75 m/sec (d) 150 m/sec
(d) Will change according to the nature of the gas
6. Two spherical vessel of equal volume, are connected by a n arrow CP
13. The ratio of two specific heats of CO is
tube. The apparatus contains an ideal gas at one atmosphere and CV
300K. Now if one vessel is immersed in a bath of constant
temperature 600K and the other in a bath of constant temperature (a) 1.33 (b) 1.40
300K. Then the common pressure will be (c) 1.29 (d) 1.66
(a) 1 atm 14. The energy of a gas/litre is 300 joules, then its pressure will be
4
(b) atm (a) 3 u 10 5 N / m 2 (b) 6 u 10 5 N / m 2
5
4 (c) 10 5 N / m 2 (d) 2 u 10 5 N / m 2
(c) atm A B
3 15. Pressure versus temperature graphs of an ideal gas are as shown in
3 figure. Choose the wrong statement
(d) atm
4 P P P
7. The r.m.s. velocity of a gas at a certain temperature is 2 times
than that of the oxygen molecules at that temperature. The gas can
be
(a) H2 (b) He
T T T
(c) CH 4 (d) SO 2 (a) Density(i)of gas is increasing in(ii)graph (i) (iii)
(b) Density of gas is decreasing in graph (ii)
8. At what temperature, the mean kinetic energy of O2 will be the
(c) Density of gas is constant in graph (iii)
same for H 2 molecules at – 73°C
(d) None of these
 644 Kinetic Theory of Gases

16. If pressure of CO 2 (real gas) in a container is given by gas is M. The rise in temperature of the gas when the vessel is
suddenly stopped is (J C P / C V )
RT a
P  then mass of the gas in container is
2V  b 4 b 2 Mv 2 Mv 2 (J  1)
(a) (b)
(a) 11 gm (b) 22 gm 2 R(J  1) 2R
(c) 33 gm (d) 44 gm Mv 2 Mv 2
(c) (d)
17. A cylinder of fixed capacity 44.8 litre. contains a monatomic gas at 2 R(J  1) 2 R(J  1)
standard temperature and pressure. The amount of heat required to 23. Air is filled at 60°C in a vessel of open mouth. The vessel is heated
cylinder by 10°C will be. to a temperature T so that 1/4th part of air escapes. Assuming the
(R= universal gas constant) volume of the vessel remaining constant, the value of T is
(a) 80°C (b) 444°C
(a) R (b) 10R (c) 333°C (d) 171°C
(c) 20R (d) 30R 24. A partition divides a container having insulated walls into two
compartments I and II. the same gas fills the two compartments.
18. A pressure cooker contains air at 1 atm and 30°C. If the safety value The ratio of the number of molecules in compartments I and II is
of the cooler blows when the inside pressure t 3 atm, then the (a) 1 : 6
maximum temperature of the air, inside the cooker can be (b) 6 : 1 P, V, T 2P, 2V, T
(a) 90°C (b) 636°C (c) 4 : 1
(d) 1 : 4 I II
(c) 909°C (d) 363°C
19. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas requires 210 J heat to raise the CP
25. Considering the gases to be ideal, the value of J for a
temperature by 10 K, when heated at constant temperature. If the CV
same gas is heated at constant volume to raise the temperature by gaseous mixture consisting of = 3 moles of carbon dioxide and 2
10 K then heat required is moles of oxygen will be (J O2 1.4, J CO 2 1.3)
[Pb. PET 2000]
[UPSEAT 2000; Pb. PET 2004]
(a) 238 J (b) 126 J (a) 1.37 (b) 1.34
(c) 210 J (d) 350 J (c) 1.55 (d) 1.63
20. From the following V-T diagram we can conclude 26. A jar has a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas in the ratio of 1 : 5.
V P2 The ratio of mean kinetic energies of hydrogen and oxygen
(a) P = P molecules is [CPMT 1977]
1 2

(a) 1 : 16 (b) 1 : 4
(b) P > P
1 2
P1
(c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 1
(c) P < P
27. Graph between volume and temperature for a gas is shown in
1 2

(d) None of these 1

T1 T2 T figure. If D volume coefficient of gas = per °C, then what is
273
21. A cylinder contains 10 kg of gas at pressure of 10 7 N / m 2 . The
the volume of gas at a temperature of 819°C
quantity of gas taken out of the cylinder, if final pressure is
V(litre)
2.5 u 10 6 N / m 2 , will be (Temperature of gas is constant) (a) 1 u 10 3 m 3 1
[EAMCET 1998; Pb. PMT 1999; 2003; DPMT 199, 2003] (b) 2 u 10 3 m 3 0.75
(a) 15.2 kg (b) 3.7 kg
(c) 3 u 10 3 m 3 0.5
(c) Zero (d) 7.5 kg 0.25
22. Certain amount of an ideal gas are contained in a closed vessel. The (d) 4 u 10 3 m 3 t°C
vessel is moving with a constant velocity v. The molecular mass of

(SET -13)

1. (c) For same isotherm ; T o constant 2/3 2/3

§V · T1 § V · T
Hence ¨¨ 1 ¸¸ Ÿ ¨ ¸ Ÿ T2 9T
1 © V2 ¹ T2 © 27 V ¹ T2
? P v Ÿ P1V1 P2 V2
V
3 5
k P1CV1  P 2 CV2 1u R 1u R
2. (b) VP3 = constant = k Ÿ P 3. (c) (CV )mix 2 2 2R
V1 / 3 P1  P 2 1 1
k PRT § 3 5 ·
Also PV PRT Ÿ .V PRT Ÿ V 2 / 3 ¨ (CV )mono R, (CV )di R¸
V1 / 3 k 2 2 ¹
©
 645

3 RT v T2 (273  90) Density U remains constant when P/T or volume remains

4. (a) vrms Ÿ 2 1 .1 constant.
M v1 T1 (273  30)
In graph (i) Pressure is increasing at constant temperature
hence volume is decreasing so density is increasing. Graphs (ii)
§ v2 ·
¨ ¸
¨ v  1 ¸ u 100 0 .1 u 100
% increase 10% and (iii) volume is increasing hence, density is decreasing. Note
© 1 ¹ that volume would had been constant in case the straight line
in graph (iii) had passed through origin.
5. (c) Temperature of the gas is concerned only with it's disordered
motion. It is no way concerned with it's ordered motion. 16. (b) Vander wall's gas equation for P mole of real gas
§ 2 ·
PRT P 2a
Motion of train (order of motion) ¨ P  P a ¸ V  Pb PRT Ÿ P  2
¨ V ¹2 ¸
V  P b V
©
Motion of molecule (Disordered motion)
on comparing the given equation with this standard equation
1 m
we get P . Hence P Ÿ mass of gas
6. (c) P P1  P 2 2 M
1
m Pm u 44 22 gm.
P(2 V ) P cv P cV 2P P c ª T2  T1 º 2
 Ÿ « »
R T1 R T1 R T2 R T1 R ¬ T1 T2 ¼ 17. (d) As we know 1 mol of any ideal gas at STP occupies a volume of
22.4 litres.
2 P T2 2 u 1 u 600 4
Pc atm 44.8
(T1  T2 ) (300  600) 3 Hence number of moles of gas P 2
22.4
Since the volume of cylinder is fixed,
1 v1 M2
7. (c) v rms v Ÿ Hence ('Q)V PZ 'T
M v2 M1
3 § 3 ·
1 M2 2u R u 10 30 R ¨ (C V )mono R¸
? Ÿ M2 16. Hence the gas is CH 4 . 2 © 2 ¹
2 32
18. (b) Since volume is constant,
8. (c) Mean kinetic energy of molecule depends upon temperature
P1 T1 1 (273  30)
only. For O2 it is same as that of H 2 at the same Hence Ÿ
P2 T2 3 T2
temperature of 73qC .
Ÿ T2 909 K 636qC
PV 21 u 10 4 u 83 u 10 3
9. (c) PV PRT Ÿ P 7 19. (b) ('Q)P PCP 'T and ('Q)V PCV 'T
RT 8 .3 u 300
10. (b) P1 720kpa, T1 40qC 273  40 313 K 3
R
('Q)V CV 2 3
P2 m 2 T2 3 626 Ÿ
P v mT Ÿ u = 1.5 ('Q)P CP 5 5
P1 m 1 T1 4 313 R
2
Ÿ P2 1.5 P1 1.5 u 720 1080kPa ª 3 5 º
(c) According to Boyle’s law (P1 V1 )bottom (P2 V2 )top «(CV )mono 2
R, (C P )mono R
2 »¼
11. ¬
4 3 4 3 3 3
(10  h) u Sr1 10 u Sr2 but r2 2r1 Ÿ ('Q)V u ('Q)P u 210 126 J
3 3 5 5
? (10  h)r13 10 u 8 r13 Ÿ 10  h 80 ? h = 70m 20. (b) In case of given graph, V and T are related as V = aT – b, where a
and b are constants.
3 RT T
12. (d) vrms Ÿ vrms v
M M From ideal gas equation, PV = PRT

v2 M 1 T2 1 1 v1 300 PRT PR
u u Ÿ v2 =150m/sec We find P
v1 M 2 T1 2 2 2 2 aT  b ab / T
13. (bc) Co is diatomic gas, for diatomic gas Since T > T , therefore P < P .
2 1 2 1

7 5 CP 7R / 2
CP R and CV R Ÿ J di 1 .4 21. (d) PV mrT Ÿ P v m [  V, r, T o constant]
2 2 CV 5R / 2
m1 P1 10 10 7
14. (d) Energy 300 J / litre 300 u 10 3 J / m 3 Ÿ Ÿ = Ÿ m = 2.5 kg.
m2 P2 m2 2 .5 u 10 6
2

2 2 u 300 u 10 3 5 2
P E 2 u 10 N / m Hence mass of the gas taken out of the cylinder
3 3
PM 10  2.5 7.5kg.
15. (c) U
RT
 646 Kinetic Theory of Gases ***

22. (b) If m is the total mass of the gas then its kinetic
1
energy mv 2
2
When the vessel is suddenly stopped then total kinetic energy
will increase the temperature of the gas. Hence
1 m R
mv 2 P Cv 'T Cv 'T [As Cv ]
2 M J 1
m R 1 Mv 2 (J  1)
Ÿ 'T mv 2 Ÿ 'T .
M J 1 2 2R
23. (d) For open mouth vessel, pressure is constant.
Volume is also given constant
§m· 1 T m2
Hence from PV PRT ¨ ¸ RT Ÿ T v Ÿ 1
©M¹ m T2 m1
1
 th part escapes, so remaining mass in the vessel
4
3 (273  60) 3 / 4 m 1
m2 m1 Ÿ
4 T m1
Ÿ T 444 K = 171°C
PV (2 P)(2 V ) PV n 1
24. (d) n Now, n' 4 4 n or .
kT kT kT n' 4
P 1J 1 P J 3 u 1 .3 2 u 1 .4
 2 2 
J 1  1 J 2  1 (1 .3  1) (1 .4  1)
25. (b) J mix 1 .33
P1 P2 3 2
 
J 1  1 J 2  1 (1 .3  1) (1 .4  1)
26. (d) In mixture gases will acquire thermal equilibrium (i.e., same
temperature) so their kinetic energies will also be same.
§ 1 ·
27. (b) Vt V0 (1  Dt) 0.5 ¨1  u 819 ¸ 2 litre= 2 u 10 3 m 3
© 273 ¹
 TThermodynamics 647

Chapter

14
Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a branch of science which deals with exchange of (2) Thermodynamic variables and equation of state : A thermodynamic
heat energy between bodies and conversion of the heat energy into system can be described by specifying its pressure, volume, temperature,
mechanical energy and vice-versa. internal energy and the number of moles. These parameters are called
thermodynamic variables. The relation between the thermodynamic
Some Definitions variables (P, V, T) of the system is called equation of state.
(1) Thermodynamic system For P moles of an ideal gas, equation of state is PV = PRT and for 1
mole of an it ideal gas is PV = RT
(i) It is a collection of an extremely large number of atoms or (3) Thermodynamic equilibrium : In steady state thermodynamic
molecules
variables are independent of time and the system is said to be in the state
(ii) It is confined with in certain boundaries. of thermodynamic equilibrium. For a system to be in thermodynamic
(iii) Anything outside the thermodynamic system to which energy or equilibrium, the following conditions must be fulfilled.
matter is exchanged is called its surroundings. (i) Mechanical equilibrium : There is no unbalanced force between the
system and its surroundings.
Surrounding (ii) Thermal equilibrium : There is a uniform temperature in all parts
of the system and is same as that of surrounding.
(iii) Chemical equilibrium : There is a uniform chemical composition
through out the system and the surrounding.
(4) Thermodynamic process : The process of change of state of a
Gas System system involves change of thermodynamic variables such as pressure P,
volume V and temperature T of the system. The process is known as
thermodynamic process. Some important processes are
(i) Isothermal process : Temperature remain constant
Fig. 14.1
(iv) Thermodynamic system may be of three types (ii) Adiabatic process : No transfer of heat
(a) Open system : It exchange both energy and matter with the
(iii) Isobaric process : Pressure remains constant
surrounding.
(b) Closed system : It exchange only energy (not matter) with the (iv) Isochoric (isovolumic process) : Volume remains constant
surroundings. (v) Cyclic and non-cyclic process : Incyclic process Initial and final states
(c) Isolated system : It exchange neither energy nor matter with the are same while in non-cyclic process these states are different.
surrounding. (vi) Reversible and irreversible process :
 648 Thermodynamics
(5) Indicator diagram : Whenever the state of a gas (P, V, T) is (iii) Change in internal energy does not depend on the path of the
changed, we say the gaseous system is undergone a thermodynamic process. process. So it is called a point function i.e. it depends only on the initial and
The graphical representation of the change in state of a gas by a final states of the system, i.e. 'U U f  Ui
thermodynamic process is called indicator diagram. Indicator diagram is
plotted generally in pressure and volume of gas. (3) Work ('W) : Suppose a gas is confined in a cylinder that has a
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics movable piston at one end. If P be the pressure of the gas in the cylinder,
then force exerted by the gas on the piston of the cylinder F = PA (A = Area
If systems A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system of cross-section of piston)
C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Piston
Insulating Conducting

System System System System

A B A B dx

System System F
C C Gas
Conducting Insulating
Fig. 14.4
(A) (BB) When the piston is pushed outward an infinitesimal distance dx, the
Fig. 14.3
(1) The zeroth law leads to the concept of temperature. All bodies in work done by the gas dW F.dx P( A dx ) P dV
thermal equilibrium must have a common property which has the same For a finite change in volume from V to V i f

value for all of them. This property is called the temperature.

Vf
(2) The zeroth law came to light long after the first and seconds laws
of thermodynamics had been discovered and numbered. It is so named
Total amount of work done W ³ Vi
P dV P(Vf  Vi )

because it logically precedes the first and second laws of thermodynamics. (i) If we draw indicator diagram, the area bounded by PV-graph and
volume axis represents the work done
Heat, Internal Energy and Work in Thermodynamics
P
(1) Heat ('Q) : It is the energy that is transferred between a system P
and its environment because of the temperature difference between them. Work = Area = P(V – V ) 2 1

(i) Heat is a path dependent quantity e.g. Heat required to change the A
temperature of a given gas at a constant pressure is different from that
required to change the temperature of same gas through same amount at
constant volume. V1 V2 V
P
(ii) For gases when heat is absorbed and temperature changes Ÿ Fig. 14.5

'Q PC'T V2

At constant pressure ('Q)P PC P 'T

P Work ³ V1
PdV P(V2  V1 )

At constant volume ('Q)V PC V 'T

V1 dV V2 V
(2) Internal energy (U) : Internal energy of a system is the energy
Fiig. 14.6
possessed by the system due to molecular motion and molecular
P
configuration.
The energy due to molecular motion is called internal kinetic energy U K

and that due to molecular configuration is called internal potential energy U P Work = 0
i.e. Total internal energy U UK  UP
(i) For an ideal gas, as there is no molecular attraction U p 0
V
i.e. internal energy of an ideal gas is totally kinetic and is given by P Fig. 14.7
3 3 P2
U UK PRT and change in internal energy 'U PR 'T
2 2 Work = Area of the shown trapezium
(ii) In case of gases whatever be the process 1
P1 (P1  P2 ) (V2  V1 )
f R P R(Tf  Ti ) 2
'U P R 'T PC V 'T P 'T
2 (J  1) J 1 V1 V2 V
Fig. 14.8
PRT f  PRTi (Pf V f  Pi Vi ) (ii) From 'W P'V P(V f  Vi )
J 1 J 1 If system expands against some external force then V f ! Vi
Ÿ 'W = positive
 TThermodynamics 649

If system contracts because of external force then V f  Vi 'Q = 'U + 'W

Ÿ 'W = negative (3) It makes no distinction between work and heat as according to it
the internal energy (and hence temperature) of a system may be increased
P B P B Negative
Positive either by adding heat to it or doing work on it or both.
work work
(4) 'Q and 'W are the path functions but 'U is the point function.
A
A (5) In the above equation all three quantities 'Q, 'U and 'W must
V V be expressed either in Joule or in calorie.
(A) Expansion (B) Compression
(6) The first law introduces the concept of internal energy.
Fig. depends
(iii) Like heat, work done is also 14.9 upon initial and final state of
the system and path adopted for the process (7) Limitation : First law of thermodynamics does not indicate the
P direction of heat transfer. It does not tell anything about the conditions,
under which heat can be transformed into work and also it does not
A
1 indicate as to why the whole of heat energy cannot be converted into
P mechanical work continuously.
A 2 B
A1
V Table 14.1 : Useful sign convention in thermodynamics
(A) Less area
1 B Quantity Sign Condition
P
V 2
+ When heat is supplied to a system
A 'Q
– When heat is drawn from the system
A2
B + When work done by the gas (expansion)
V 'W
– When work done on the gas (compression)
A<AŸW<W 1 2 1
(B) More area
2

(iv) In cyclic process, work doneFig.is. 14.10

equal to the area of closed curve. It + With temperature rise, internal energy increases
'U
is positive if the cycle is clockwise and it is negative if the cycle is – With temperature fall, internal energy decreases
anticlockwise.
P
P2
C Isobaric Process
Work = Area of triangle ABC When a thermodynamic system undergoes a physical change in such a
1 way that its pressure remains constant, then the change is known as
u (V2  V1 ) u (P2  P1 ) isobaric process.
P1 A
B 2
(1) Equation of state : In this process V and T changes but P remains
V1 V2 V constant. Hence Charle’s law is obeyed in this process.
P Fig. 14.11
C V1 V2
P2 Hence if pressure remains constant V v T Ÿ
T1 T2
Work = Area of rectangle ABCD
(2) Indicator diagram : Graph 1 represent isobaric expansion, graph 2
= AB u AD
represent isobaric compression.
P1 A
B = (V – V ) (P – P )
2 1 2 1

P P
V1 V2 V
1 2
P Fig. 14.122
dP dP
P2 Slope = 0 Slope = 0
dV dV
S V V
Work = (P2  P1 ) (V2  V1 ) (A) Expansion
4 (B) Compression
P1 Fig. 14.144
(i) In isobaric expansion (Heating)
V1 V2 V
 increases so 'U is positive
Temperature o
Fig. 14.133
First Law of Thermodynamics (FLOT)  increases so 'W is positive
Volume o
(1) It is a statement of conservation of energy in thermodynamical
process.  flows into the system so 'Q is positive
Heat o

(2) According to it heat given to a system ('Q) is equal to the sum of (ii) In isobaric compression (Cooling)
increase in its internal energy ('U) and the work done ('W) by the system  decreases so 'U is negative
Temperature o
against the surroundings.
 650 Thermodynamics

 decreases so 'W is negative

Volume o (2) Indicator diagram : Graph 1 and 2 represent isometric increase in
pressure at volume V1 and isometric decrease in pressure at volume V2
 flows out from the system so 'Q is negative
Heat o
dP
respectively and slope of indicator diagram f
(3) Specific heat : Specific heat of gas during isobaric process dV
§f · (i) Isometric heating
CP ¨  1 ¸R P
©2 ¹
(a) Pressure o increases
'P 1
(4) Bulk modulus of elasticity : K 0 [As 'P = 0] (b) Temperature o increases
 'V
V (c) 'Q o positive
(5) Work done in isobaric process (d) 'U o positive V1 V
(A)
Vf Vf

³ ³
(ii) Isometric cooling P
'W P dV P dV P[V f  Vi ] [As P = constant]
Vi Vi
(a) Pressure o decreases
2
Ÿ 'W P(V f  Vi ) PR[T f  Ti ] PR 'T
(b) Temperature o decreases
(6) FLOT in isobaric process : From 'Q 'U  'W (c) 'Q o negative
V2 V
R (d) 'U o negative
 'U P C V 'T P 'T and 'W PR 'T (B)
(J  1) Fig. 14.177
(3) Specific heat : Specific heat of gas during isochoric process
R § J · f
Ÿ ('Q)P P 'T  PR 'T P ¨¨ ¸¸ R 'T P CP 'T CV R
(J  1) © J 1 ¹ 2
(7) Examples of isobaric process : All state changes occurs at constant 'P 'P
(4) Bulk modulus of elasticity : K f
temperature and pressure.  'V 0
Boiling of water V
Water Vapours
(5) Work done in isochoric process
(i) Water o vapours 'W P'V P[V f  Vi ] = 0 [As V = constant]
(ii) Temperature o constant (6) FLOT in isochoric process : From 'Q 'U  'W
Fig. 14.155
(iii) Volume o increases R Pf V f  Pi Vi
 'W = 0 Ÿ ('Q)V 'U P CV 'T P 'T
(iv) A part of heat supplied is used to change volume (expansion) J 1 J 1
against external pressure and remaining part is used to increase it's
potential energy (kinetic energy remains constant) Isothermal Process
(v) From FLOT 'Q = 'U + 'W Ÿ mL = 'U + P(V – V ) When a thermodynamic system undergoes a physical change in such a
way that its temperature remains constant, then the change is known as
f i

Freezing of water isothermal changes.

Water Ice
(i) Water o ice (1) Essential condition for isothermal process
(i) The walls of the container must be perfectly conducting to allow
(ii) Temperature o constant
free exchange of heat between the gas and its surrounding.
(iii) Volume o increases Fig. 14.16 (ii) The process of compression or expansion should be so slow so as
to provide time for the exchange of heat.
(iv) Heat is given by water it self. It is used to do work against
external atmospheric pressure and to decreases the internal potential Since these two conditions are not fully realised in practice, therefore,
energy. no process is perfectly isothermal.

(v) From FLOT 'Q = 'U + 'W Ÿ – mL = 'U + P(V – V ) (2) Equation of state : In this process, P and V change but T =
f i

constant i.e. change in temperature 'T = 0.

Isochoric or Isometric Process
Boyle’s law is obeyed i.e. PV= constant Ÿ P V = P V
When a thermodynamic process undergoes a physical change in such a 1 1 2 2

way that its volume remains constant, then the change is known as (3) Example of isothermal process : Melting of ice (at 0°C) and boiling
isochoric process. of water (at 100°C) are common example of this process.
(1) Equation of state : In this process P and T changes but V = (4) Indicator diagram : According to PV = constant, graph between P
constant. Hence Gay-Lussac’s law is obeyed in this process i.e. P v T Ÿ and V is a part of rectangular hyperbola. The graphs at different temperature
P1 P2 are parallel to each other are called isotherms.
constant P
T1 T2
T1<T2< T3
Two isotherms never intersect
T3
T2
T1
V
Fig. 14.188
 TThermodynamics 651

(ii) The system should be compressed or allowed to expand suddenly

so that there is no time for the exchange of heat between the system and its
surroundings.
Since, these two conditions are not fully realised in practice, so no
(i) Slope of isothermal curve : By differentiating PV = constant. We get process is perfectly adiabatic.
(2) Some examples of adiabatic process
P dV  V dP 0 P
(i) Sudden compression or expansion of a gas in a container with
Ÿ PdV  VdP perfectly non-conducting walls.
dP P (ii) Sudden bursting of the tube of bicycle tyre.
Ÿ Slope = tan T 
dV V (iii) Propagation of sound waves in air and other gases.
T V (iv) Expansion of steam in the cylinder of steam engine.
(ii) Area between the isotherm and volume axisFig.
represents
14.199 the work
done in isothermal process. (3) FLOT in adiabatic process : From 'Q 'U  'W

If volume increases 'W = + (Area under curve) and if volume For adiabatic process 'Q 0 Ÿ 'U  'W
decreases 'W = – (Area under curve) If 'W = positive then 'U = negative so temperature decreases i.e.
(5) Specific heat : Specific heat of gas during isothermal change is adiabatic expansion produce cooling.
Q Q If 'W = negative then 'U = positive so temperature increases i.e.
infinite. As C f [As 'T = 0]
m 'T m u0 adiabatic compression produce heating.

(6) Isothermal elasticity (ET) : For this process PV = constant. (4) Equation of state : In adiabatic change ideal gases do not obeys
Boyle's law but obeys Poisson's law. According to it
dP Stress
Ÿ P dV V dP Ÿ P ET CP
 dV / V Strain PVJ = constant; where J
CV
Ÿ ET P i.e. isothermal elasticity is equal to pressure (i) For temperature and volume
5 2
At N.T.P., ET = Atmospheric pressure = 1.01 u 10 N / m TVJ = constant Ÿ T1V1J 1
–1
T2 V2
J 1
or T v V 1J
(7) Work done in isothermal process
(ii) For temperature and pressure
Vf Vf PRT
W ³ Vi
P dV ³ Vi V
dV [As PV = PRT] TJ J 1 J
= const. Ÿ T1 P1
J
T2 P2
1 J
or T v P
J 1
J
or P v T J 1
J

P J 1
§ Vf · §V ·
W PRT loge ¨¨ ¸
¸ 2.303 PRT log10 ¨¨ f ¸
¸ Table 14.2 : Special cases of adiabatic process
© Vi ¹ © Vi ¹
1 J 1
§P · §P · Type of gas Pv Tv
VJ P v T J 1 V J 1
or W PRT loge ¨ i ¸ 2 .303 P RT log10 ¨ i ¸
¨ Pf ¸ ¨ Pf ¸
© ¹ © ¹ Monoatomic 1 1
Pv P v T5 / 2 T v
(8) FLOT in isothermal process : From 'Q 'U  'W J = 5/3 V5 / 3 V2/3
Diatomic 1 1
 'U 0 [As 'T = 0] Ÿ 'Q 'W Pv P v T7 / 2 T v
J = 7/5 V7 / 5 V2/5
i.e. heat supplied in an isothermal change is used to do work against Polyatomic 1 PvT
4 1
external surrounding. Pv T v
J = 4/3 V4 / 3 V1 / 3
or if the work is done on the system than equal amount of heat energy
will be liberated by the system. (5) Indicator diagram
Adiabatic Process (i) Curve obtained on PV graph are called adiabatic curve.
When a thermodynamic system undergoes a change in such a way that (ii) Slope of adiabatic curve : From PV J constant
no exchange of heat takes place between System and surroundings, the
process is known as adiabatic process. By differentiating, we get P

In this process P, V and T changes but 'Q = 0. dP V J  PJV J 1 dV 0

(1) Essential conditions for adiabatic process
dP PV J 1 §P·
(i) There should not be any exchange of heat between the system and J J ¨ ¸
dV VJ ©V¹ I
V
its surroundings. All walls of the container and the piston must be perfectly
Fig. 14.220
insulating.
 652 Thermodynamics

§P·
? Slope of adiabatic curve tan I J ¨ ¸ Stop cock
©V ¹
Gas
P Vacuum
(iii) But we also know that slope of isothermal curve tan T
V
(Slope)Adi
Hence (Slope) = J u (Slope) or !1
(Slope)Iso Insulated
Adi Iso

'W = 0 (Because walls are rigid)

Fig. 14.233
(6) Specific heat : Specific heat of a gas during adiabatic change is
'Q = 0 (Because walls are insulated)
Q 0
zero As C 0 [As Q = 0]
m 'T m 'T 'U = U – U = 0 (Because 'Q and 'W are zero. Thus the final and
f i

initial energies are equal in free expansion.

J
(7) Adiabatic elasticity (EI) : PV constant
Cyclic and Non-cyclic Process
Differentiating both sides d PV  PJV J 1 dV J
0
A cyclic process consists of a series of changes which return the
dP Stress
JP EI Ÿ EI JP system back to its initial state.
 dV / V Strain
In non-cyclic process the series of changes involved do not return the
i.e. adiabatic elasticity is J times that of pressure system back to its initial state.
EI CP (1) In case of cyclic process as U f Ui Ÿ 'U U f  Ui 0
Also isothermal elasticity ET P Ÿ J
ET CV
i.e. change in internal energy for cyclic process is zero and also
i.e. the ratio of two elasticity of gases is equal to the ratio of two 'U v 'T Ÿ 'T = 0 i.e. temperature of system remains constant.
specific heats.
(2) From FLOT 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'Q 'W
(8) Work done in adiabatic process
Vf Vf [PiVi  Pf Vf ] PR(Ti  Tf ) i.e. heat supplied is equal to the work done by the system.
K
W
³Vi
P dV
³ Vi VJ
dV Ÿ W
(J  1) (J  1) (3) For cyclic process P-V graph is a closed curve and area enclosed by the
J
closed path represents the work done.
(As PV = K, P V = PRT and P V = PRT ) f f f i i i
If the cycle is clockwise work done is positive and if the cycle is
(i) W v quantity of gas (either M or P) anticlockwise work done is negative.
(ii) W v temperature difference (T – T) i f P P
1 D
(iii) W v  J mono ! J di ! J tri Ÿ W < W < W A B A
J 1 mono dia tri

Positive work Negative work

(9) Comparison between isothermal and adiabatic indicator diagrams :
Always remember that adiabatic curves are more steeper than isothermal D C B C
curves V V
(i) Equal expansion : Graph 1 represent isothermal process and 2 (A) (B)
represent adiabatic process Fig. 14.24
P (4) Work done in non cyclic process depends upon the path chosen or
W >W isothermal adiabatic
the series of changes involved and can be calculated by the area covered
P >P between the curve and volume axis on PV diagram.
isothermal adiabatic
1
T >T P P
isothermal adiabatic
2 C B A
(Slope) < (Slope) Isothermal Adiabatic
V
Vi Vf D
B C
Fig. 14.21
(ii) Compression : Graph 1 represent adiabatic process and1 2 represent
isothermal process P A
W >W V V
Adiabatic Isothermal
WABC= + Shaded area WABCD= – Shaded area
P >P 1
Adiabatic Isothermal
(A) (B)
T >T
Adiabatic Isotherm al
2 Fig. 14.255
(Slope) < (Slope) Isothermal Adiabatic
V
Quasi Static Process
Vf Vi
When we perform a process on a given system, its state is, in general,
Fig. 14.222in which no
(10) Free expansion : Free expansion is adiabatic process changed. Suppose the initial state of the system is described by the values
work is performed on or by the system. Consider two vessels placed in a P1 , V1 , T1 and the final state by P2 , V2 , T2 . If the process is performed in
system which is enclosed with thermal insulation (asbestos-covered). One such a way that at any instant during the process, the system is very nearly
vessel contains a gas and the other is evacuated. When suddenly the in thermodynamic equilibrium, the process is called quasi-static. This means,
stopcock is opened, the gas rushes into the evacuated vessel and expands we can specify the parameters P, V, T uniquely at any instant during such a
freely. process.
 TThermodynamics 653

Actual processes are not quasi-static. To change the pressure of a gas, (iv) Produced by the passage of an electric current through a
we can move a piston inside the enclosure. The gas near the piston is acted resistance is irreversible.
upon by piston. The pressure of the gas may not be uniform everywhere (v) Heat transfer between bodies at different temperatures is also
while the piston is moving. However, we can move the piston very slowly to irreversible.
make the process as close to quasi-static as we wish. Thus, a quasi-static
process is an idealised process in which all changes take place infinitely (vi) Joule-Thomson effect is irreversible because on reversing the flow
slowly. of gas a similar cooling or heating effect is not observed.

Reversible and Irreversible Process Mixed Graphical Representation

(1) Reversible process : A reversible process is one which can be (1) PV-graphs
reversed in such a way that all changes occurring in the direct process are
P 4
exactly repeated in the opposite order and inverse sense and no change is 3 1 o Isobaric (P-constant)
2
left in any of the bodies taking part in the process or in the surroundings.
1
For example if heat is absorbed in the direct process, the same amount of 2 o Isothermal (Because P v )
heat should be given out in the reverse process, if work is done on the V
1
working substance in the direct process then the same amount of work
1
should be done by the working substance in the reverse process. The 3 o Adiabatic (Because P v )
conditions for reversibility are VJ
O V
(i) There must be complete absence of dissipative forces such as Fig. 14.26
6 4 o Isochoric (V-constant)
friction, viscosity, electric resistance etc.
(2) PT-graphs
(ii) The direct and reverse processes must take place infinitely slowly.
P 2 3
(iii) The temperature of the system must not differ appreciably from 4 1 o Isobaric (P-constant)
its surroundings.
1 2 o Isothermal (T-constant)
Some examples of reversible process are
J
(a) All isothermal and adiabatic changes are reversible if they are
3 o Adiabatic (Because P v T J 1 )
performed very slowly.
T
(b) When a certain amount of heat is absorbed by ice, it melts. If the O 4 o Isochoric (In isochoric P v T)
Fig. 14.277
same amount of heat is removed from it, the water formed in the direct
process will be converted into ice. (3) VT-graphs
(c) An extremely slow extension or contraction of a spring without V 3
setting up oscillations. 2 1 o Isochoric (V-constant)
4
(d) When a perfectly elastic ball falls from some height on a perfectly 1

elastic horizontal plane, the ball rises to the initial height. 1 2 o Adiabatic (Because V v T 1 J )
(e) If the resistance of a thermocouple is negligible there will be no
3 o Isothermal (T-constant)
heat produced due to Joule’s heating effect. In such a case heating or
cooling is reversible. At a junction where a cooling effect is produced due to T
O 4 o Isobaric (In isobaric V v T )
Peltier effect when current flows in one direction and equal heating effect is Fig. 14.288
produced when the current is reversed.
(f) Very slow evaporation or condensation. Heat Engine
It should be remembered that the conditions mentioned for a Heat engine is a device which converts heat into work continuously
reversible process can never be realised in practice. Hence, a reversible through a cyclic process.
process is only an ideal concept. In actual process, there is always loss of The essential parts of a heat engine are
heat due to friction, conduction, radiation etc. (1) Source : It is a reservoir of heat at high temperature and infinite
(2) Irreversible process : Any process which is not reversible exactly is an thermal capacity. Any amount of heat can be extracted from it.
irreversible process. All natural processes such as conduction, radiation, (2) Working substance : Steam, petrol etc.
radioactive decay etc. are irreversible. All practical processes such as free
(3) Sink : It is a reservoir of heat at low temperature and infinite
expansion, Joule-Thomson expansion, electrical heating of a wire are also
irreversible. Some examples of irreversible processes are given below thermal capacity. Any amount of heat can be given to the sink.

(i) When a steel ball is allowed to fall on an inelastic lead sheet, its
kinetic energy changes into heat energy by friction. The heat energy raises Source (T1)
the temperature of lead sheet. No reverse transformation of heat energy
occurs. Q1
Heat W = Q 1 – Q2
(ii) The sudden and fast stretching of a spring may produce vibrations Engine
in it. Now a part of the energy is dissipated. This is the case of irreversible Q2
process.
(iii) Sudden expansion or contraction and rapid evaporation or Sink (T2)
condensation are examples of irreversible processes. The working substance absorbs heat Q from the source, does an 1

amount of work W, returns theFig. 14.29

remaining amount of heat to the sink and
 654 Thermodynamics
comes back to its original state and there occurs no change in its internal Q1  Q 2 T1  T2 Q2 T2
energy. Ÿ or
Q2 T2 Q1  Q 2 T1  T2
By repeating the same cycle over and over again, work is continuously
T2
obtained. So coefficient of performance E
T1  T2
The performance of heat engine is expressed by means of “efficiency”
K which is defined as the ratio of useful work obtained from the engine to where T = temperature of surrounding, T = temperature of cold body.
1 2

the heat supplied to it. It is clear that E = 0 when T = 0

2

i.e. the coefficient of performance will be zero if the cold body is at the
Work done W
K temperature equal to absolute zero.
Heat input Q1
(2) Relation between coefficient of performance and efficiency of
For cyclic process 'U = 0 hence from FLOT 'Q = 'W refrigerator

Q1  Q 2 Q2 Q2 Q2 / Q1
So W Q1  Q2 Ÿ K 1 We know E ….. (i)
Q1 Q1 Q1  Q 2 1  Q2 / Q1

A perfect heat engine is one which converts all heat into work i.e. Q2 Q
But the efficiency K 1 or 2 1 K …..(ii)
W Q1 so that Q 2 0 and hence K 1 . Q1 Q1

But practically efficiency of an engine is always less than 1. 1 K

From (i) and (ii) we get, E
K
Refrigerator or Heat Pump
Second Law of Thermodynamics
A refrigerator or heat pump is basically a heat engine run in reverse
direction. First law of thermodynamics merely explains the equivalence of work
and heat. It does not explain why heat flows from bodies at higher
It essentially consists of three parts
temperatures to those at lower temperatures. It cannot tell us why the
(1) Source : At higher temperature T . 1 converse is possible. It cannot explain why the efficiency of a heat engine is
(2) Working substance : It is called refrigerant liquid ammonia and always less than unity. It is also unable to explain why cool water on stirring
freon works as a working substance. gets hotter whereas there is no such effect on stirring warm water in a
beaker. Second law of thermodynamics provides answers to these questions.
(3) Sink : At lower temperature T . 2
Statement of this law is as follows
Source
(T1) (1) Clausius statement : It is impossible for a self acting machine to
(Atmosphere)
transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter one without the aid of an
Q1
external agency.
Heat W = Q 1 – Q2
Engine From Clausius statement it is clear that heat cannot flow from a
body at low temperature to one at higher temperature unless work is done
Q2
by an external agency. This statement is in fair agreement with our
Sink
(Contents of refrigerator) (T2)
experiences in different branches of physics. For example, electrical current
cannot flow from a conductor at lower electrostatic potential to that at
Fig. 14.330 higher potential unless an external work is done. Similarly, a body at a lower
The working substance takes heat Q from a sink (contents of
gravitational potential level cannot move up to higher level without work
2

refrigerator) at lower temperature, has a net amount of work done W on it

by an external agent (usually compressor of refrigerator) and gives out a done by an external agency.
larger amount of heat Q to a hot body at temperature T (usually
1 1 (2) Kelvin’s statement : It is impossible for a body or system to
atmosphere). Thus, it transfers heat from a cold to a hot body at the perform continuous work by cooling it to a temperature lower than the
expense of mechanical energy supplied to it by an external agent. The cold
temperature of the coldest one of its surroundings. A Carnot engine cannot
body is thus cooled more and more.
work if the source and sink are at the same temperature because work done
The performance of a refrigerator is expressed by means of “coefficient by the engine will result into cooling the source and heating the
of performance” E which is defined as the ratio of the heat extracted from surroundings more and more.
the cold body to the work needed to transfer it to the hot body.
(3) Kelvin-Planck’s statement : It is impossible to design an engine
Heat extracted Q2 Q2 that extracts heat and fully utilises into work without producing any other
i.e. E
Work done W Q1  Q2 effect.
A perfect refrigerator is one which transfers heat from cold to hot From this statement it is clear that any amount of heat can never be
body without doing work converted completely into work. It is essential for an engine to return some
i.e. W = 0 so that Q1 Q 2 and hence E f amount of heat to the sink. An engine essentially requires a source as well
as sink. The efficiency of an engine is always less than unity because heat
Q1 T1 cannot be fully converted into work.
(1) Carnot refrigerator : For Carnot refrigerator
Q2 T2
Carnot Engine
 TThermodynamics 655

(1) Carnot designed a theoretical engine which is free from all the V4 V4
defects of a practical engine. This engine cannot be realised in actual W3 Q2  ³ V3
P dV  RT2 loge
V3
practice, however, this can be taken as a standard against which the
performance of an actual engine can be judged. V3
RT2 loge Area CDFH
V4
(iv) Fourth stroke (adiabatic compression) (curve DA) : Finally the
cylinder is again placed on non-conducting stand and the compression is
continued so that gas returns to its initial stage.
Ideal gas
V1 R R
W4  ³ V4
P dV 
J 1
(T2  T1 )
J 1
(T1  T2 ) Area ADFE

Source Insulating Sink (3) Efficiency of Carnot cycle : The efficiency of engine is defined as
T1 K stand T2 K the ratio of work done to the heat supplied i.e.
Work done W
K
It consists of the following parts Heat input Q1
Fig. 14.311
(i) A cylinder with perfectly non-conducting walls and a perfectly Net work done during the complete cycle
conducting base containing a perfect gas as working substance and fitted
with a non-conducting frictionless piston W W1  W2  (W3 )  (W4 ) W1  W3 Area ABCD
(ii) A source of infinite thermal capacity maintained at constant higher [As W2 W4 ]
temperature T 1.

(iii) A sink of infinite thermal capacity maintained at constant lower W W1  W3 Q1  Q 2 W3 Q2

? K 1 1
temperature T . 2
Q1 W1 Q1 W1 Q1
(iv) A perfectly non-conducting stand for the cylinder. RT2 loge (V3 / V4 )
or K 1
(2) Carnot cycle : As the engine works, the working substance of the RT1 loge (V2 / V1 )
engine undergoes a cycle known as Carnot cycle. The Carnot cycle consists
Since points B and C lie on same adiabatic curve
of the following four strokes
J 1
P T1 § V3 ·
? T1 V2J 1 T2 V3J 1 or ¨
¨V
¸
¸ …..(i)
Q1 T2
A(P1, V1) © 2 ¹
T1 Also point D and A lie on the same adiabatic curve
J 1
W = Q1 – Q2 T1 § V4 ·
? T1 V1J 1 T2 V4J 1 or ¨
¨V
¸
¸ …..(ii)
T2 © 1 ¹
(P4, V4)D V3 V4 V V2 §V · §V ·
T2 From (i) and (ii), or 3 Ÿ loge ¨¨ 3 ¸
¸ loge ¨¨ 2 ¸¸
C(P3, V3) V2 V1 V4 V1
Q2 © V4 ¹ © V1 ¹
V
E F G H T2
So efficiency of Carnot engine K 1
(i) First stroke (IsothermalFig.expansion)
14.32 (curve AB) : T1
The cylinder containing ideal gas as working substance allowed to (i) Efficiency of a heat engine depends only on temperatures of source and
expand slowly at this constant temperature T . 1
sink and is independent of all other factors.
Work done = Heat absorbed by the system (ii) All reversible heat engines working between same temperatures are
equally efficient and no heat engine can be more efficient than Carnot
V2 §V ·
W1 Q1 ³ V1
P dV RT1 loge ¨¨ 2
© V1
¸
¸
¹
Area ABGE engine (as it is ideal).
(iii) As on Kelvin scale, temperature can never be negative (as 0 K is
(ii) Second stroke (Adiabatic expansion) (curve BC) : defined as the lowest possible temperature) and T and T are finite, l 2

The cylinder is then placed on the non conducting stand and the gas is efficiency of a heat engine is always lesser than unity, i.e., whole of heat can
allowed to expand adiabatically till the temperature falls from T to T . 1 2
never be converted into work which is in accordance with second law.
V3 R (4) Carnot theorem : The efficiency of Carnot’s heat engine depends
W2 ³ V2
P dV =
(J  1)
[T1  T2 ] Area BCHG only on the temperature of source (T ) and temperature of sink (T ), i.e.,
1 2

T
(iii) Third stroke (Isothermal compression) (curve CD) : K 1 2 .
T1
The cylinder is placed on the sink and the gas is compressed at
constant temperature T . Carnot stated that no heat engine working between two given
2

temperatures of source and sink can be more efficient than a perfectly

Work done = Heat released by the system reversible engine (Carnot engine) working between the same two
 656 Thermodynamics
temperatures. Carnot's reversible engine working between two given
temperatures is considered to be the most efficient engine.
Table 14.3 : Difference Between Petrol Engine and Diesel Engine " When a thermos bottle is vigorously shaken :
Petrol engine Diesel engine Heat transferred to the coffee Ÿ 'Q = 0
Working substance is a mixture of Working substance in this engine is a [As thermos flask is insulated from the surrounding]
petrol vapour and air. mixture of diesel vapour and air.
Work is done on the coffee against viscous force
Efficiency is smaller (~47%). Efficiency is larger (~55%).
'W = (–)
It works with a spark plug. It works with an oil plug.
Internal energy of the coffee increases 'U = (+)
It is associated with the risk of No risk of explosion, because only air
explosion, because petrol vapour and is compressed. Hence compression and temperature of the coffee also increases 'T = (+)
air is compressed. So, low compression ratio is kept large.
ratio is kept.
" Work done without the volume limits
Vf
Petrol vapour and air is created with
spark plug.
Spray of diesel is obtained through
the jet.
W ³ Vi
P dV

From this equation it seems as if work done can be calculated only

Entropy
when P-V equation is known and limits Vi and V f are known to us.
Entropy is a measure of disorder of molecular motion of a system. But it is not so. We can calculate work done if we know the limits of
Greater is the disorder, greater is the entropy. temperature.
The change in entropy i.e. D
For P moles of an ideal gas if P with temperature limits T
Heat absorbed by system dQ T
0

dS or dS and 2T .
Absolutetemperatu re T 0

The relation is called the mathematical form of Second Law of PRT PRT 2 2 PRT
From PV = PRT Ÿ V Ÿ dV dT
Thermodynamics. P D D
(1) For solids and liquids Vf 2 T0 § D · § 2 PRT ·
(i) When heat given to a substance changes its state at constant ? W ³ Vi
P dV ³ T0
¨ ¸¨
© T ¹© D ¹
¸ dT 2 PRT0
dQ mL
temperature, then change in entropy dS r
T T " Work done with spring : If mass less piston is attached to a spring of
where positive sign refers to heat absorption and negative sign to heat force constant K and a mass m is placed over the piston. If the external
evolution. pressure is P0 and due to expansion of gas the piston moves up through
(ii) When heat given to a substance raises its temperature from T to 1
a distance x then
T , then change in entropy
2 Total work done by the gas
dQ T2 dT §T · W W1  W2  W3
dS ³ T ³ T1
mc
T
mc loge ¨¨ 2
© T1
¸
¸
¹ where W = Work done against
M
1

M x
§T · external pressure (P 0 )
Ÿ 'S 2 .303 mc log10 ¨¨ 2 ¸.
¸
© T1 ¹ W = Work done against spring
2

P
(2) For a perfect gas : Perfect gas equation for n moles is PV = nRT force (Kx )
dQ PCV dT  P dV W = Work done against gravitational force (mg)
'S ³ T ³ T
[As dQ = dU + dW] 3

1
? W P0 V  Kx 2  mgx
P RT 2
PCV dT  dV
Ÿ 'S ³ T
V
" The efficiency of an actual engine is much lesser than that of an
ideal engine. Actually the practical efficiency of a steam engine is about
T2 dT V2 dV
PCV ³ T1 T
 PR ³ V1 V
[As PV = P RT] (8-15)% while that of a petrol engine is 40%. The efficiency of a diesel
engine is maximum and is about (50-55)%.
§T · §V ·
? 'S PCV loge ¨¨ 2 ¸  PR loge ¨ 2
¸ ¨V
¸
¸
" When P and V bear the relation PV = constant, where x z 1 or J
x

© T1 ¹ © 1 ¹ the process is called a polytropic one. In this process the molar heat
§ T2 · §P · R R R
In terms of T and P, 'S PC P loge ¨¨ ¸  PR loge ¨ 2 ¸ capacity is, C CV  
¸ ¨P ¸ 1  x J 1 1  x
© T1 ¹ © 1 ¹
§P · §V · " Enthalpy : Four quantities called “thermodynamic potentials” are
and in terms of P and V 'S PCV loge ¨¨ 2 ¸¸  PC P loge ¨¨ 2 ¸¸
© P1 ¹ © V1 ¹ useful in the chemical thermodynamics of reactions and non-cyclic
processes. They are internal energy, the enthalpy, the Helmoltz free
energy and the Gibbs free energy. Enthalpy is defined by
 TThermodynamics 657

H = U + PV 5. The temperature of an ideal gas is kept constant as it expands. The

gas does external work. During this process, the internal energy of
where P and V are the pressure and volume, and U is internal energy, the gas [MP PMT 1990]
Enthalpy is somewhat parallel to the first law of thermodynamics for a
(a) Decreases
constant pressure system Q = 'U + P'V since in this case Q = 'H.
(b) Increases
" Confusion about FLOT (c) Remains constant
It is typical for chemistry texts to write the first law as
(d) Depends on the molecular motion
'U = 'Q + 'W 6. The first law of thermodynamics is concerned with the conservation
It is the same law, of course the thermodynamic expression of the of [MP PMT 1987; CBSE PMT 1990, 92;
conservation of energy principle. It is just that W is defined as the work AFMC 1997; CPMT 1999; BHU 1999;
done on the system instead of work done by the system. In the context DCE 2000; BCECE 2003]
of physics, the common scenario is one of adding heat to a volume of (a) Momentum (b) Energy
gas and using the expansion of that gas to do work, as in the pushing
down of a piston in an internal combustion engine. In the context of (c) Mass (d) Temperature
chemical reactions and process, it may be more common to deal with 7. A thermodynamic system goes from states (i) P1 , V to 2P1 , V (ii)
situations where work is done on the system rather than by it.
P, V to P, 2V. Then work done in the two cases is
" Possibilities [MP PMT 1990]
P
(a) Zero, Zero (b) Zero, PV1

a (c) PV1 , Zero (d) PV1 , P1V1

b 8. If the amount of heat given to a system be 35 joules and the amount

of work done by the system be 15 joules, then the change in the
V internal energy of the system is
If a o Isothermal then b o Must be adiabatic
[MP PMT 1989]
But If b o adiabatic then it is not compulsory that a must be
isothermal, it may be adiabatic also. (a) 50 joules (b) 20 joules
(c) 30 joules (d) 50 joules
9. A system is given 300 calories of heat and it does 600 joules of
work. How much does the internal energy of the system change in
this process
(J = 4.18 joules/cal) [MP PET 1991]
(a) 654 Joule (b) 156.5 Joule
First Law of Thermodynamics ('Q = 'U + 'W) (c) – 300 Joule (d) – 528.2 Joule
1. First law of thermnodynamics is given by [CPMT 1977, 91] 10. Work done on or by a gas, in general depends upon the
(a) Initial state only
(a) dQ dU  PdV (b) dQ dU u PdV
(b) Final state only
(c) dQ (dU  dV ) P (d) dQ PdU  dV
(c) Both initial and final states only
2. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends upon (d) Initial state, final state and the path
[RPMT 1997; MP PMT 1999; CPMT 2003]
11. If R = universal gas constant, the amount of heat needed to raise the
(a) Specific volume (b) Pressure temperature of 2 mole of an ideal monoatomic gas from 273K to
(c) Temperature (d) Density 373K when no work is done [MP PET 1990]
3. In changing the state of thermodynamics from A to B state, the heat (a) 100 R (b) 150 R
required is Q and the work done by the system is W. The change in (c) 300 R (d) 500 R
its internal energy is
[MP PMT 1986; AMU (Med.) 2001]
12. Find the change in internal energy of the system when a system
absorbs 2 kilocalorie of heat and at the same time does 500 joule of
(a) Q + W (b) Q – W work [EAMCET 1984]
Q W (a) 7900 J (b) 8200 J
(c) Q (d)
2 (c) 5600 J (d) 6400 J
4. Heat given to a system is 35 joules and work done by the system is
15 joules. The change in the internal energy of the system will be [MP PET/PMT 1988]
(a) – 50 J (b) 20 J
(c) 30 J (d) 50 J
 Thermodynamics 659
[MH CET 1999]
13. A system performs work 'W when an amount of heat is 'Q
added to the system, the corresponding change in the internal (a) Remains constant (b) Becomes zero
energy is 'U . A unique function of the initial and final states (c) Increases (d) Decreases
(irrespective of the mode of change) is 22. If 150 J of heat is added to a system and the work done by the
[CPMT 1981; J & KCET 2004]
system is 110 J, then change in internal energy will be
[AMU (Engg.) 1999; BHU 2000]
(a) 'Q (b) 'W
(a) 260 J (b) 150 J
(c) 'U and 'Q (d) 'U (c) 110 J (d) 40 J

14. A container of volume 1m 3 is divided into two equal compartments 23. If 'Q and 'W represent the heat supplied to the system and the
by a partition. One of these compartments contains an ideal gas at work done on the system respectively, then the first law of
300 K. The other compartment is vacuum. The whole system is thermodynamics can be written as [Roorkee 2000]
thermally isolated from its surroundings. The partition is removed (a) 'Q 'U  'W (b) 'Q 'U  'W
and the gas expands to occupy the whole volume of the container.
Its temperature now would be [Manipal MEE 1995] (c) 'Q 'W  'U (d) 'Q 'W  'U

(a) 300 K (b) 239 K where 'U is the internal energy

(c) 200 K (d) 100 K 24. For free expansion of the gas which of the following is true
[AMU (Med.) 2000]
15. 110 J of heat is added to a gaseous system, whose internal energy
change is 40 J, then the amount of external work done is [CBSE PMT 1993; DPMT (a) Q AFMC
1996, 03; 0 and ' Eint
W 1999; 0
JIPMER 2000; MH CET 2000; Pb. PMT 2003]
(b) Q 0, W ! 0 and 'Eint W
(a) 150 J (b) 70 J
(c) W 0, Q ! 0, and ' Eint Q
(c) 110 J (d) 40 J
(d) W ! 0, Q  0 and 'Eint 0
16. Which of the following is not thermodynamical function
[CBSE PMT 1993; CPMT 2001; DCE 1996; 2001]
25. Which of the following can not determine the state of a
thermodynamic system [AFMC 2001]
(a) Enthalpy (b) Work done
(a) Pressure and volume
(c) Gibb's energy (d) Internal energy (b) Volume and temperature
17. When the amount of work done is 333 cal and change in internal (c) Temperature and pressure
energy is 167 cal, then the heat supplied is
(d) Any one of pressure, volume or temperature
[AFMC 1998]
26. Which of the following is not a thermodynamics co-ordinate
(a) 166 cal (b) 333 cal [AIIMS 2001]
(c) 500 cal (d) 400 cal (a) P (b) T
18. First law thermodynamics states that [KCET 1999] (c) V (d) R
(a) System can do work 27. In a given process for an ideal gas, dW 0 and dQ  0. Then for
(b) System has temperature the gas [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2001]
(a) The temperature will decrease
(c) System has pressure
(b) The volume will increase
(d) Heat is a form of energy
(c) The pressure will remain constant
19. A thermo-dynamical system is changed from state (P1 , V1 ) to (d) The temperature will increase
(P2 , V2 ) by two different process. The quantity which will remain 28. The specific heat of hydrogen gas at constant pressure is
same will be [RPET 1999] CP 3.4 u 10 3 cal / kg o C and at constant volume is
(a) 'Q (b) ' W CV 3 o
2.4 u 10 cal / kg C. If one kilogram hydrogen gas is heated

(c) 'Q  'W (d) 'Q  'W from 10 o C to 20 o C at constant pressure, the external work
done on the gas to maintain it at constant pressure is [MP PMT
20. In thermodynamic process, 200 Joules of heat is given to a gas and
5 4
100 Joules of work is also done on it. The change in internal energy (a) 10 cal (b) 10 cal
of the gas is [AMU (Engg.) 1999]
(c) 10 3 cal (d) 5 u 10 3 cal
(a) 100 J (b) 300 J
29. Which of the following parameters does not characterize the
(c) 419 J (d) 24 J thermodynamic state of matter [CPMT 2001; AIEEE 2003]
21. A perfect gas contained in a cylinder is kept in vacuum. If the (a) Volume (b) Temperature
cylinder suddenly bursts, then the temperature of the gas
 660 Thermodynamics
(c) Pressure (d) Work energy when temperature of 2 moles of this gas is increased from
30. In a thermodynamic system working substance is ideal gas, its 340 K to 342 K [RPET 1997]
internal energy is in the form of [MP PMT 2003] (a) 27.80 cal (b) 19.84 cal
(a) Kinetic energy only (c) 13.90 cal (d) 9.92 cal
(b) Kinetic and potential energy 40. Temperature is a measurement of coldness or hotness of an object.
(c) Potential energy This definition is based on [RPET 2003]
(d) None of these (a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
31. Which of the following statements is correct for any thermodynamic (b) First law of thermodynamics
system [AIEEE 2004] (c) Second law of thermodynamics
(a) The internal energy changes in all processes (d) Newton's law of cooling
(b) Internal energy and entropy are state functions 41. When heat energy of 1500 Joules, is supplied to a gas at constant
(c) The change in entropy can never be zero pressure 2.1 u 10 5 N /m 2 , there was an increase in its volume
(d) The work done in an adiabatic process is always zero equal to 2.5 u 10 3 m 3 . The increase in internal energy of the gas
32. A system is provided with 200 cal of heat and the work done by the in Joules is [EAMCET (Engg.) 1999]
system on the surrounding is 40 J. Then its internal energy (a) 450 [Orissa PMT 2004] (b) 525
(a) Increases by 600 J (b) Decreases by 800 J (c) 975 (d) 2025
(c) Increases by 800 J (d) Decreases by 50 J 42. If heat given to a system is 6 kcal and work done is 6 kJ. Then
33. In a thermodynamic process, pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is change in internal energy is [BHU Med. 2000]
changed in such a manner that the gas molecules gives out 20 J of (a) 19.1 kJ (b) 12.5 kJ
heat and 10 J of work is done on the gas. If the initial internal energy
of the gas was 40 J, then the final internal energy will be kJ
(c) 25[DPMT 2004] (d) Zero
(a) 30 J (b) 20 J 43. In a thermodynamics process, pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is
changed in such a manner that the gas releases 20 J of heat and 8J
(c) 60 J (d) 40 J
of work is done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the gas
34. Heat is not being exchanged in a body. If its internal energy is was 30J. The final internal energy will be
increased, then [RPMT 2002]
(a) 18J (b) 9J
(a) Its temperature will increase
(c) 4.5J (d) 36J
(b) Its temperature will decrease
(c) Its temperature will remain constant 44. A monoatomic gas of n-moles is heated from temperature T to T 1 2

under two different conditions (i) at constant volume and (ii) at

(d) None of these constant pressure. The change in internal energy of the gas is
35. Out of the following which quantity does not depend on path [RPET
(a) More for2002]
(i)
(a) Temperature (b) Energy (b) More for (ii)
(c) Work (d) None of these (c) Same in both cases
36. First law of thermodynamics is a special case of (d) Independent of number of moles
[CPMT 1985; RPET 2000; DCE 2000;
CBSE PMT 2000; AIEEE 2002; AFMC 2002] 45. The state of a thermodynamic system is represented by
(a) Newton's law [MH CET 2004]
(b) Law of conservation of energy (a) Pressure only
(c) Charle's law (b) Volume only
(d) Law of heat exchange (c) Pressure, volume and temperature
37. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is heated at a constant (d) Number of moles
pressure of one atmosphere from 0 o C to 100 o C . Then the 46. A perfect gas goes from state A to another state B by absorbing
change in the internal energy is [Pb. PMT 2001] 8 u 10 5 J of heat and doing 6.5 u 10 5 J of external work. It is
now transferred between the same two states in another process in
(a) 6.56 joules (b) 8.32 u 10 2 joules
which it absorbs 10 5 J of heat. Then in the second process
(c) 12.48 u 10 2 joules (d) 20.80 joules
(a) Work done on the gas is 0.5 u 10 5 J
38. If the ratio of specific heat of a gas at constant pressure to that at
constant volume is J , the change in internal energy of a mass of (b) Work done by gas is 0.5 u 10 5 J
gas, when the volume changes from V to 2V constant pressure p, is [CBSE PMT 1998]
(c) Work done on gas is 10 5 J
(a) R /(J  1) (b) pV
(d) Work done by gas is 10 5 J
(c) pV /(J  1) (d) JpV /(J  1)
47. If a system undergoes contraction of volume then the work done by
39. If CV 4.96cal / mole K, then increase in internal the system will be [BHU 1999]
(a) Zero (b) Negligible
 Thermodynamics 661
(c) Negative (d) Positive 8. One mole of O2 gas having a volume equal to 22.4 litres at 0 o C
48. Which of the following is incorrect regarding the first law of and 1 atmospheric pressure in compressed isothermally so that its
thermodynamics [AIEEE 2005] volume reduces to 11.2 litres. The work done in this process is [MP PET
(a) It introduces the concept of the internal energy (a) 1672.5 J (b) 1728 J
(b) It introduces the concept of the entropy
(c) 1728 J (d) 1572.5 J
(c) It is not applicable to any cyclic process
9. If a gas is heated at constant pressure, its isothermal compressibility
(d) None of the above
(a) Remains constant
Isothermal Process (b) Increases linearly with temperature
(c) Decreases linearly with temperature
1. For an ideal gas, in an isothermal process [BHU 1998] (d) Decreases inversely with temperature
(a) Heat content remains constant 10. Work done per mol in an isothermal change is
(b) Heat content and temperature remain constant [RPMT 2004; BCECE 2005]

(c) Temperature remains constant V2 V1

(a) RT log10 (b) RT log10
(d) None of the above V1 V2

2. Can two isothermal curves cut each other V2 V1

(c) RT loge (d) RT loge
(a) Never V1 V2
(b) Yes 11. The isothermal Bulk modulus of an ideal gas at pressure P is
(c) They will cut when temperature is 0°C [CPMT 1974, 81; UPSEAT 1998; IIT 1998]
(d) Yes, when the pressure is critical pressure (a) P (b) J P
3. In an isothermal expansion [KCET 2000; AFMC 2001]
(c) P / 2 (d) P / J
(a) Internal energy of the gas increases 12. In isothermal expansion, the pressure is determined by
(b) Internal energy of the gas decreases [AFMC 1995]
(c) Internal energy remains unchanged (a) Temperature only
(d) Average kinetic energy of gas molecule decreases (b) Compressibility only
4. In an isothermal reversible expansion, if the volume of 96 gm of (c) Both temperature and compressibility
oxygen at 27°C is increased from 70 litres to 140 litres, then the (d) None of these
work done by the gas will be
13. The isothermal bulk modulus of a perfect gas at normal pressure is
(a) 300 R log10 2 (b) 81 R loge 2
(a) 1.013 u 10 5 N / m 2 (b) 1.013 u 10 6 N / m 2
(c) 900 R log10 2 (d) 2.3 u 900 R log10 2
(c) 1., 013 u 10 11 N / m 2 (d) 1.013 u 1011 N / m 2
5. A vessel containing 5 litres of a gas at 0.8 m pressure is connected
to an evacuated vessel of volume 3 litres. The resultant pressure 14. In an isothermal change, an ideal gas obeys
inside will be (assuming whole system to be isolated) [MP PMT 1993] [EAMCET 1994; CPMT 1999]
(a) 4/3 m (b) 0.5 m (a) Boyle's law (b) Charle's law
(c) 2.0 m (d) 3/4 m (c) Gaylussac law (d) None of the above
'P 15. In isothermic process, which statement is wrong
6. For an isothermal expansion of a perfect gas, the value of is [RPMT 1997]
P
equal [CPMT 1980] (a) Temperature is constant
'V 'V (b) Internal energy is constant
(a) J1/2 (b) 
V V (c) No exchange of energy
'V 'V (d) (a) and (b) are correct
(c) J (d)  J 2
V V 16. An ideal gas A and a real gas B have their volumes increased from V
PV to 2 V under isothermal conditions. The increase in internal energy
7. The gas law constant is true for [CBSE PMT 1993; JIPMER 2001, 02]
T
[MNR 1974; MP PMT 1984; BHU 1995, 98, 2000] (a) Will be same in both A and B
(a) Isothermal changes only (b) Will be zero in both the gases
(c) Of B will be more than that of A
(b) Adiabatic changes only
(d) Of A will be more than that of B
(c) Both isothermal and adiabatic changes
17. The specific heat of a gas in an isothermal process is
(d) Neither isothermal nor adiabatic changes
[AFMC 1998]
(a) Infinite (b) Zero
(c) Negative (d) Remains constant
 662 Thermodynamics
18. A thermally insulated container is divided into two parts by a screen. 27. 540 calories of heat convert 1 cubic centimeter of water at 100 o C
In one part the pressure and temperature are P and T for an ideal
gas filled. In the second part it is vacuum. If now a small hole is into 1671 cubic centimeter of steam at 100 o C at a pressure of one
created in the screen, then the temperature of the gas will atmosphere.
[RPET Then
1999] the work done against the atmospheric pressure
is nearly
(a) Decrease (b) Increase
(a) 540 cal (b) 40 cal
(c) Remain same (d) None of the above
(c) Zero cal (d) 500 cal
19. A container that suits the occurrence of an isothermal process
should be made of [Pb. PMT 2000] 28. One mole of an ideal gas expands at a constant temperature of 300
K from an initial volume of 10 litres to a final volume of 20 litres.
(a) Copper (b) Glass The work done in expanding the gas is
(c) Wood (d) Cloth (R = 8.31 J/mole-K) [MP PMT 1995; UPSEAT 2000]
20. In an isothermal process the volume of an ideal gas is halved. One (a) 750 joules (b) 1728 joules
can say that [MP PMT 2004]
(c) 1500 joules (d) 3456 joules
(a) Internal energy of the system decreases
29. A cylinder fitted with a piston contains 0.2 moles of air at
(b) Work done by the gas is positive temperature 27°C. The piston is pushed so slowly that the air within
(c) Work done by the gas is negative the cylinder remains in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings.
(d) Internal energy of the system increases Find the approximate work done by the system if the final volume is
twice the initial volume
21. A thermodynamic process in which temperature T of the system
[BHU (Med.) 2000]
remains constant though other variable P and V may change, is
called [Pb. PMT 2004] (a) 543 J (b) 345 J
(a) Isochoric process (b) Isothermal process (c) 453 J (d) 600 J
(c) Isobaric process (d) None of these 30. The volume of an ideal gas is 1 litre and its pressure is equal to
72cm of mercury column. The volume of gas is made 900 cm by 3

22. If an ideal gas is compressed isothermally then [RPMT 2003] compressing it isothermally. The stress of the gas will be
(a) No work is done against gas (a) 8 cm (mercury) (b) 7 cm (mercury)
(b) Heat is relased by the gas (c) 6 cm (mercury) (d) 4 cm (mercury)
(c) The internal energy of gas will increase 31. During an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas
[UPSEAT 2005]
(d) Pressure does not change
(a) Its internal energy decreases
23. When an ideal gas in a cylinder was compressed isothermally by a (b) Its internal energy does not change
piston, the work done on the gas was found to be
(c) The work done by the gas is equal to the quantity of heat
1.5 u 10 4 joules . During this process about absorbed by it
[MP PMT 1987] (d) Both (b) and (c) are correct
3
(a) 3.6 u 10 cal of heat flowed out from the gas
Adiabatic Process
(b) 3.6 u 10 3 cal of heat flowed into the gas 1. If a cylinder containing a gas at high pressure explodes, the gas
(c) 1.5 u 10 4 cal of heat flowed into the gas undergoes [MP PET/PMT 1988]

(d) 1.5 u 10 4 cal of heat flowed out from the gas (a) Reversible adiabatic change and fall of temperature
24. When heat is given to a gas in an isothermal change, the result will (b) Reversible adiabatic change and rise of temperature
be [MP PET 1995; RPMT 1997] (c) Irreversible adiabatic change and fall of temperature
(a) External work done (d) Irreversible adiabatic change and rise of temperature
(b) Rise in temperature 2. The work done in an adiabatic change in a gas depends only on [CPMT 1971; MPP PMT 200
(c) Increase in internal energy (a) Change is pressure (b) Change is volume
(d) External work done and also rise in temp. (c) Change in temperature (d) None of the above
25. When 1 gm of water at 0 o C and 1 u 10 5 N / m 2 pressure is 3. In adiabatic expansion [DPMT 1999]

converted into ice of volume 1.091 cm 2 , the external work done (a) 'U 0 (b) 'U negative
will be (c) 'U positive (d) 'W zero
(a) 0.0091 joule (b) 0.0182 joule 4. The pressure in the tyre of a car is four times the atmospheric
pressure at 300 K. If this tyre suddenly bursts, its new temperature
(c) – 0.0091 joule (d) – 0.0182 joule will be (J 1.4 )
26. The latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2240 J/gm. If the work
[RPMT 1996; MP PMT 1990]
done in the process of expansion of 1 g is 168 J, then increase in
internal energy is [Pb. PET 1998; CPMT 2000] 0 .4 / 1 .4
§1·
(a) 300 (4 )1.4 / 0.4 (b) 300 ¨ ¸
(a) 2408 J (b) 2240 J ©4¹
(c) 2072 J (d) 1904 J
(c) 300 (2)0.4 / 1.4 (d) 300 (4 )0.4 / 1.4
 Thermodynamics 663
5. A gas at NTP is suddenly compressed to one-fourth of its original 1
3 (d) Adiabatic curve slope = u isothermal curve slope
volume. If J is supposed to be , then the final pressure is [BHU 1995] 2
2 12. Pressure-temperature relationship for an ideal gas undergoing
3 adiabatic change is (J C p / Cv )
(a) 4 atmosphere (b) atmosphere
2
[CPMT 1992; MP PMT 1986, 87, 94, 97; Pb. PET 1998;
1
(c) 8 atmosphere (d) atmosphere DCE 2001; MP PET 2001; UPSEAT 1999, 2001; AFMC 2002]
4
J
1 (a) PT constant (b) PT 1J constant
6. A monoatomic gas (J 5 / 3) is suddenly compressed to of its
8 J 1 J 1 J J
(c) P T constant (d) P T constant
original volume adiabatically, then the pressure of the gas will
change to [CPMT 1976, 83; MP PMT 1994;
13. The amount of work done in an adiabatic expansion from
DPMT 1996; Roorkee 2000; KCET 2000; Pb. PMT 1999, 2001]
temperature T to T1 is [MP PMT 1989]

24 R
(a) (a) R(T  T1 ) (b) (T  T1 )
5 J 1
(b) 8 (c) RT (d) R(T  T1 )(J  1)
40
(c) 14. During the adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas, the internal
3 energy of the gas is found to decrease by 2 joules, the work done
(d) 32 times its initial pressure during the process on the gas will be equal to
7. The pressure and density of a diatomic gas (J 7 / 5) change [CPMT 1988]
d' P' (a) 1 J (b) 1 J
adiabatically from (P, d) to (P', d'). If 32 , then should be[CPMT 1982; EAMCET 2001]
d P
(a) 1/128 (b) 32 (c) 2 J (d) – 2J
(c) 128 (d) None of the above 15. The adiabatic elasticity of hydrogen gas (J 1.4 ) at NTP is
o 8 [MP PMT 1990]
8. An ideal gas at 27 C is compressed adiabatically to of its
27 5 2 8
(a) 1 u 10 N / m (b) 1 u 10 N / m 
5
original volume. If J , then the rise in temperature is[CPMT 1984; CBSE PMT 1999; DPMT 2000;
3 (c) 1.4 N / m 2 (d) 1.4 u 10 5 N / m 2
BHU 2001; Pb. PET 2001; UPSEAT 2002, 03; KCET 2003;]
16. If J denotes the ratio of two specific heats of a gas, the ratio of
(a) 450 K (b) 375 K slopes of adiabatic and isothermal PV curves at their point of
(c) 225 K (d) 405 K intersection is
9. Two identical samples of a gas are allowed to expand (i) isothermally [NCERT 1990; MH CET 1999; MP PMT 2000]
(ii) adiabatically. Work done is [MNR 1998] (a) 1 / J (b) J
(a) More in the isothermal process (c) J 1 (d) J  1
(b) More in the adiabatic process
17. Air in a cylinder is suddenly compressed by a piston, which is then
(c) Neither of them maintained at the same position. With the passage of time [NCERT 1971; DPMT 19995; JIPM
(d) Equal in both processes KCET 2000; AIIMS 2000; MH CET 2001]

10. Which is the correct statement [MP PMT 1993] (a) The pressure decreases
(b) The pressure increases
(a) For an isothermal change PV = constant
(c) The pressure remains the same
(b) In an isothermal process the change in internal energy must be
equal to the work done (d) The pressure may increase or decrease depending upon the
J
nature of the gas
P2 § V2 ·
(c) For an adiabatic change ¨ ¸ , where J is the ratio of 18. When a gas expands adiabatically [CPMT 1990]
P1 ¨V ¸
© 1 ¹ (a) No energy is required for expansion
specific heats
(b) Energy is required and it comes from the wall of the container
(d) In an adiabatic process work done must be equal to the heat of the gas
entering the system (c) Internal energy of the gas is used in doing work
11. The slopes of isothermal and adiabatic curves are related as (d) Law of conservation of energy does not hold
[CPMT 1971; BHU 1996; MH CET 1999;
19. One gm mol of a diatomic gas (J 1.4 ) is compressed
UPSEAT 2000; RPET 2003]
adiabatically so that its temperature rises from 27 o C to 127 o C .
(a) Isothermal curve slope = adiabatic curve slope The work done will be
(b) Isothermal curve slope = J u adiabatic curve slope (a) 2077.5 joules (b) 207.5 joules
(c) Adiabatic curve slope = J u isothermal curve slope (c) 207.5 ergs (d) None of the above
 664 Thermodynamics
20. Compressed air in the tube of a wheel of a cycle at normal (c) R(T1  T2 ) (d) Zero
temperature suddenly starts coming out from a puncture. The air
inside [NCERT 1970] 29. Helium at 27 o C has a volume of 8 litres. It is suddenly
(a) Starts becoming hotter compressed to a volume of 1 litre. The temperature of the gas will be
(b) Remains at the same temperature [J 5 / 3]
(c) Starts becoming cooler [CBSE PMT 1993; MP PMT 1999; Pb. PMT 2002]
(d) May become hotter or cooler depending upon the amount of
water vapour present (a) 108 o C (b) 9327o C
21. The adiabatic Bulk modulus of a perfect gas at pressure is given by[CPMT 1982; MH(c)
CET 2001] o
1200 C (d) 927 o C
(a) P (b) 2P
30. A cycle tyre bursts suddenly. This represents an
(c) P/2 (d) JP [SCRA 1994]
22. An adiabatic process occurs at constant (a) Isothermal process (b) Isobaric process
[MNR 1985; AFMC 1996; AIIMS 1999;
UPSEAT 1999, 2000; Pb. PET 2004] (c) Isochoric process (d) Adiabatic process
(a) Temperature 31. One mole of helium is adiabatically expanded from its initial state
(b) Pressure (Pi , Vi , Ti ) to its final state (Pf , Vf , Tf ) . The decrease in the
(c) Heat internal energy associated with this expansion is equal to
(d) Temperature and pressure [SCRA 1994; BHU 2002]
§ 4· 1 (a) CV (Ti  Tf ) (b) CP (Ti  Tf )
23. A polyatomic gas ¨ J ¸ is compressed to of its volume
© 3¹ 8
adiabatically. If its initial pressure is Po , its new pressure will be[MP PET 1994; BHU(c)1995]1 (C  C )(Ti  T ) (d) (CP  CV )(Ti  Tf )
P V f
2
(a) 8 Po (b) 16P0
32. At N.T.P. one mole of diatomic gas is compressed adiabatically to
(c) 6 Po (d) 2 Po
half of its volume J 1.41 . The work done on gas will be
§ Cp ·
24. For adiabatic processes ¨¨ J ¸ (a) 1280 J (b) 1610 J
© Cv ¸¹
(c) 1815 J (d) 2025 J
[KCET 1999; MP PET 1995; CPMT 2003]
J 33. For adiabatic process, wrong statement is [RPMT 1997]
(a) P V = constant (b) T J V = constant
(c) TV J 1 =constant (d) TV J = constant (a) dQ 0 (b) dU dW
25. An ideal gas is expanded adiabatically at an initial temperature of (c) Q = constant (d) Entropy is not constant
300 K so that its volume is doubled. The final temperature of the
34. A diatomic gas initially at 18°C is compressed adiabatically to one-
hydrogen gas is (J 1.40) eighth of its original volume. The temperature after compression will
[MP PMT 1995; DPMT 1999] be
(a) 227.36 K (b) 500.30 K [Pb. PET 1995; CBSE PMT 1996; CPMT 1999]

(a) 10 o C (b) 887 o C

(c) 454.76 K (d)  47 o C
26. A given system undergoes a change in which the work done by the (c) 668 K (d) 144 o C
system equals the decrease in its internal energy. The system must 35. A gas is being compressed adiabatically. The specific heat of the gas
have undergone an during compression is [SCRA 1996]
[Haryana CEE 1996; UPSEAT 2003] (a) Zero (b) Infinite
(c) Finite but non-zero (d) Undefined
(a) Isothermal change (b) Adiabatic change
36. The process in which no heat enters or leaves the system is termed
(c) Isobaric change (d) Isochoric change as [Pb. PET 1996; BHU 1998; BCECE 2003]
27. During the adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas, the internal (a) Isochoric (b) Isobaric
energy was found to have decreased by 100 J. The work done by the (c) Isothermal (d) Adiabatic
gas in this process is [MP PET 1996, 97]
37. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at 27 o C occupies a
(a) Zero (b) –100 J
volume of V. If the gas is expanded adiabatically to the volume 2V ,
(c) 200 J (d) 100 J then the work done by the gas will be
28. In an adiabatic expansion of a gas initial and final temperatures [J 5 / 3, R 8.31 J / mol K] [RPET 1999]
are T1 and T2 respectively, then the change in internal energy of
(a) 2767.23 J (b) 2767.23 J
the gas is [MP PET 1997]
(c) 2500 J (d) 2500 J
R R
(a) (T2  T1 ) (b) (T1  T2 )
J 1 J 1
 Thermodynamics 665

38. At 27 o C a gas is suddenly compressed such that its pressure (c) (T  4 ) K (d) (T  4 ) K
1 47. A gas is suddenly compressed to 1/4 th of its original volume at
becomes th of original pressure. Temperature of the gas will be
8 normal temperature. The increase in its temperature is (J 1.5)
(J 5 / 3) [BHU 2000] (a) 273 K (b) 573 K
o (c) 373 K (d) 473 K
(a) 420K (b) 327 C
48. A gas ( J 1.3) is enclosed in an insulated vessel fitted with
(c) 300 K (d)  142 o C
insulating piston at a pressure of 10 5 N / m 2 . On suddenly
39. 'U  'W 0 is valid for [RPMT 2000]
pressing the piston the volume is reduced to half the initial volume.
(a) Adiabatic process (b) Isothermal process The final pressure of the gas is [RPET 2002]
(c) Isobaric process (d) Isochoric process
(a) 2 0.7 u 10 5 (b) 2 1.3 u 10 5
40. An ideal gas at a pressures of 1 atmosphere and temperature of
27 o C is compressed adiabatically until its pressure becomes 8
(c) 2 1.4 u 10 5 (d) None of these
49. The internal energy of the gas increases In
times the initial pressure, then the final temperature is (J = 3/2) [EAMCET (Engg.)2000]
[MP PMT 1989; RPMT 2001]
(a) 627 o C (b) 527 o C (a) Adiabatic expansion (b) Adiabatic compression
(c) 427 o C (d) 327 o C (c) Isothermal expansion (d) Isothermal compression
50. We consider a thermodynamic system. If 'U represents the increase
41. Air is filled in a motor tube at 27 o C and at a pressure of 8 in its internal energy and W the work done by the system, which of
atmospheres. The tube suddenly bursts, then temperature of air is the following statements is true
[Given J of air 1.5] [MP PMT 2002] [CBSE PMT 1998]
(a) 27.5 o C (b) 75 o K (a) 'U W in an adiabatic process
o (b) 'U W in an isothermal process
(c) 150 K (d) 150 C
(c) 'U W in an isothermal process
1
42. If J 2.5 and volume is equal to times to the initial volume (d) 'U W in an adiabatic process
8
51. A gas is suddenly compressed to one fourth of its original volume.
then pressure P' is equal to (Initial pressure = P)
What will be its final pressure, if its initial pressure is P
[RPET 2003]
[Pb. PET 2002]
(a) P' P (b) P' 2P
(a) Lesss than P (b) More than P
(c) P' P u (2)15 / 2 (d) P' 7 P (c) P (d) Either (a) or (c)
43. In an adiabatic process, the state of a gas is changed from 1
P1 , V1 , T1 , to P2 , V2 , T2 . Which of the following relation is 52. A gas for which J 1.5 is suddenly compressed to th of the
4
correct [Orissa JEE 2003] initial volume. Then the ratio of the final to the initial pressure is [EAMCET 20001]
J 1 J 1 J 1 J 1 (a) 1 : 16 (b) 1 : 8
(a) T1 V1 T2 V2 (b) P1 V1 P2 V2
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 8 : 1
J J
(c) T1 P1 T2 P2 (d) T1 V1 J T2 V2
J
53. One mole of an ideal gas with J 1.4 , is adiabatically compressed
44. During an adiabatic process, the pressure of a gas is found to be so that its temperature rises from 27°C to 35°C. The change in the
proportional to the cube of its absolute temperature. The ratio internal energy of the gas is (R 8.3 J /mol.K) [EAMCET 2001]
C p / Cv for the gas is [AIEEE 2003]
(a) –166 J (b) 166 J
3 4 (c) –168 J (d) 168 J
(a) (b)
2 3
1
54. The volume of a gas is reduced adiabatically to of its volume at
5 4
(c) 2 (d)
3 27°C, if the value of J 1.4, then the new temperature will be
45. In adiabatic expansion of a gas
(a) 350 u 4 0.4 K (b) 300 u 4 0.4 K
[BCECE 2001; MP PET 2003]
(a) Its pressure increases (c) 150 u 4 0.4 K (d) None of these
(b) Its temperature falls 55. During an adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas, the change in
(c) Its density increases internal energy was found –50J. The work done during the process
is [Pb. PET 1996]
(d) Its thermal energy increases
46. One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature of T K does 6 R (a) Zero (b) 100J
joules of work adiabatically. If the ratio of specific heats of this gas (c) – 50J (d) 50J
at constant pressure and at constant volume is 5/3, the final
temperature of gas will be 56. Adiabatic modulus of elasticity of a gas is 2.1 u 10 5 N / m 2 . What
[CBSE PMT 2004] § Cp ·
will be its isothermal modulus of elasticity ¨¨ 1 . 4 ¸¸
(a) (T  2.4 ) K (b) (T  2.4 ) K © Cv ¹
 666 Thermodynamics
[UPSEAT 1999] (a) Zero (b) P(V2  V1 )
(a) 1.8 u 10 5 N / m 2 (b) 1.5 u 10 5 N / m 2 (c) L  P(V2  V1 ) (d) L
(c) 1.4 u 10 5 N / m 2 (d) 1.2 u 10 5 N / m 2
8. A gas expands 0.25m 3 at constant pressure 10 3 N / m 2 , the
'P
57. For an adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas, the value of is work done is
P [CPMT 1997; UPSEAT 1999; JIPMER 2001, 02]
equal to [CPMT 1983; MP PMT 1990]
(a) 2.5 ergs (b) 250 J
'V 'V
(a)  J (b)  (c) 250 W (d) 250 N
V V
'V 'V 9. Two kg of water is converted into steam by boiling at atmospheric
(c)  J (d)  J 2 pressure. The volume changes from 2 u 10 3 m 3 to 3.34 m 3 .
V V
The work done by the system is about [Roorkee
Isobaric and Isochoric Processes (a) – 340 kJ (b) – 170 kJ
(c) 170 kJ (d) 340 kJ
1. A gas expands under constant pressure P from volume V1 to V2 .
The work done by the gas is 10. An ideal gas has volume V0 at 27 o C. It is heated at constant
[CBSE PMT 1990; RPMT 2003] pressure so that its volume becomes 2 V0 . The final temperature is
(a) P(V2  V1 ) (b) P(V1  V2 ) [BCECE 2003]
o
V1 V2 (a) 54 C (b) 32.6 o C
(c) P(V1J  V2J ) (d) P
V2  V1 (c) 327 qC (d) 150 K
2. When heat in given to a gas in an isobaric process, then
[DPMT 2001]
11. If 300 ml of a gas at 27 C is cooled to 7 o C at constant
o

pressure, then its final volume will be

(a) The work is done by the gas
[Pb. PET 1999; BHU 2003; CPMT 2004]
(b) Internal energy of the gas increases
(a) 540 ml (b) 350 ml
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) 280 ml (d) 135 ml
(d) None from (a) and (b)
12. Which of the following is correct in terms of increasing work done
3. One mole of a perfect gas in a cylinder fitted with a piston has a for the same initial and final state [RPMT 1996]
pressure P, volume V and temperature T. If the temperature is
increased by 1 K keeping pressure constant, the increase in volume (a) Adiabatic < Isothermal < Isobaric
is (b) Isobaric < Adiabatic < Isothermal
2V V (c) Adiabatic < Isobaric < Isothermal
(a) (b)
273 91 (d) None of these
V 13. A sample of gas expands from volume V1 to V2 . The amount of work
(c) (d) V
273 done by the gas is greatest when the expansion is
4. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 50 N / m 2 from a [CBSE PMT 1997; AIIMS 1998; JIPMER 2000]

volume of 10m 3 to a volume of 4m 3 . Energy of 100 J then added (a) Isothermal (b) Isobaric
to the gas by heating. Its internal energy is (c) Adiabatic (d) Equal in all cases
[MNR 1994] 14. Which of the following is a slow process [J & K CET 2000]
(a) Increased by 400 J (b) Increased by 200 J (a) Isothermal (b) Adiabatic
(c) Increased by 100 J (d) Decreased by 200 J (c) Isobaric (d) None of these
5. Work done by air when it expands from 50 litres to 150 litres at a 15. How much work to be done in decreasing the volume of and ideal
constant pressure of 2 atmosphere is
gas by an amount of 2.4 u 10 4 m 3 at normal temperature and
(a) 2 u 10 4 joules (b) 2 u 100 joules constant normal pressure of 1 u 10 5 N / m 2
(c) 2 u 10 5 u 100 joules (d) 2 u 10 5 u 100 joules [UPSEAT 1999]
(a) 28 joule (b) 27 joule
6. Work done by 0.1 mole of a gas at 27 o C to double its volume at
constant pressure is (R = 2 cal mol C )
–1 o –1 (c) 25 joule (d) 24 joule
[EAMCET 1994] 16. A Container having 1 mole of a gas at a temperature 27° C has a
movable piston which maintains at constant pressure in container of
(a) 54 cal (b) 600 cal 1 atm. The gas is compressed until temperature becomes 127° C. The
(c) 60 cal (d) 546 cal work done is (C for gas is 7.03 cal/mol K)
p
–

7. Unit mass of a liquid with volume V1 is completely changed into a (a) 703 J (b) 814 J
gas of volume V2 at a constant external pressure P and (c) 121 J (d) 2035 J
temperature T. If the latent heat of evaporation for the given mass is 17. In a reversible isochoric change [NCERT 1990]
L, then the increase in the internal energy of the system is [Roorkee 1999]
 Thermodynamics 667

(a) 'W 0 (b) 'Q 0 4. In a cyclic process, the internal energy of the gas

(c) 'T 0 (d) 'U 0 (a) Increases (b) Decreases

18. Entropy of a thermodynamic system does not change when this (c) Remains constant (d) Becomes zero
system is used for [AIIMS 1995] 5. Irreversible process is
(a) Conduction of heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir (a) Adiabatic process
(b) Conversion of heat into work isobarically
(b) Joule-Thomson expansion
(c) Conversion of heat into internal energy isochorically
(d) Conversion of work into heat isochorically (c) Ideal isothermal process
19. The work done in which of the following processes is zero (d) None of the above
[UPSEAT 2003] 6. For a reversible process, necessary condition is
(a) Isothermal process (b) Adiabatic process (a) In the whole cycle of the system, the loss of any type of heat
(c) Isochoric process (d) None of these energy should be zero
20. In which thermodynamic process, volume remains same (b) That the process should be too fast
[Orissa PMT 2004] (c) That the process should be slow so that the working substance
should remain in thermal and mechanical equilibrium with the
(a) Isobaric (b) Isothermal surroundings
(c) Adiabatic (d) Isochoric (d) The loss of energy should be zero and it should be quasistatic
21. In an isochoric process if T1 27 o C and T2 127 o C, then 7. In a cyclic process, work done by the system is [BHU 2002]
P1 / P2 will be equal to [RPMT 2003] (a) Zero
(a) 9 / 59 (b) 2 / 3 (b) Equal to heat given to the system
(c) 3 / 4 (d) None of these (c) More than the heat given to system
22. Which is incorrect [DCE 2001] (d) Independent of heat given to the system
8. An ideal gas heat engine operates in a Carnot's cycle between
(a) In an isobaric process, 'p 0
227 o C and 127 o C . It absorbs 6 × 10 J at high temperature. The
4

(b) In an isochoric process, 'W 0 amount of heat converted into work is ....
(c) In an isothermal process, 'T 0 [KCET 2004]
(d) In an isothermal process, 'Q 0 4 4
(a) 4.8 u 10 J (b) 3.5 u 10 J
23. Which relation is correct for isometric process
[RPMT 2001; BCECE 2003] (c) 1.6 u 10 4 J (d) 1.2 u 10 4 J

(a) 'Q 'U (b) 'W 'U 9. An ideal heat engine exhausting heat at 77 o C is to have a 30%
efficiency. It must take heat at [BCECE 2004]
(c) 'Q 'W (d) None of these
(a) 127 o C (b) 227 o C
Heat Engine, Refrigerator and (c) 327 o C (d) 673 o C
Second Law of Thermodynamics
10. Efficiency of Carnot engine is 100% if [Pb. PET 2000]
1. A Carnot engine working between 300 K and 600K has work (a) T2 273 K (b) T2 0 K
output of 800 J per cycle. What is amount of heat energy supplied
(c) T1 273 K (d) T1 0 K
to the engine from source per cycle
[DPMT 1999; Pb. PMT 2002, 05; Kerala PMT 2004] 11. A Carnot's engine used first an ideal monoatomic gas then an ideal
(a) 1800 J/cycle (b) 1000 J/cycle diatomic gas. If the source and sink temperature are 411 o C and
(c) 2000 J/cycle (d) 1600 J/cycle 69 o C respectively and the engine extracts 1000 J of heat in each
cycle, then area enclosed by the PV diagram is
2. The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator working
between 30 o C and 0 o C is [UPSEAT 2002] (a) 100 J (b) 300 J
(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 500 J (d) 700 J
(c) 9 (d) 0 12. A Carnot engine absorbs an amount Q of heat from a reservoir at
an abosolute temperature T and rejects heat to a sink at a
3. If the door of a refrigerator is kept open, then which of the
following is true [DPMT 2001; BHU 2001;
temperature of T/3. The amount of heat rejected is
JIPMER 2002; AIEEE 2002; CPMT 2003] [UPSEAT 2004]

(a) Room is cooled (a) Q / 4 (b) Q / 3

(b) Room is heated (c) Q / 2 (d) 2Q / 3

(c) Room is either cooled or heated 13. The temperature of sink of Carnot engine is 27 o C . Efficiency of
(d) Room is neither cooled nor heated engine is 25%. Then temperature of source is
 668 Thermodynamics
[DCE 2002; CPMT 2002] (c) Reach absolute zero temperature
(a) o
227 C (b) 327 C o (d) Eliminate friction
24. “Heat cannot by itself flow from a body at lower temperature to a
o
(c) 127 C (d) 27 o C body at higher temperature” is a statement or consequence of [AIEEE 2003, EAM
MCET (Me
14. The temperature of reservoir of Carnot's engine operating with an (a) Second law of thermodynamics
efficiency of 70% is 1000K. The temperature of its sink is (b) Conservation
[DCE 2003] of momentum
(a) 300 K (b) 400 K (c) Conservation of mass
(d) First law of thermodynamics
(c) 500 K (d) 700 K
25. A Carnot engine takes 3 u 10 6 cal . of heat from a reservoir at
15. In a Carnot engine, when T2 0 o C and T1 200 o C, its
627°C, and gives it to a sink at 27° C. The work done by the engine
efficiency is K 1 and when T1 0 o C and T2 200 o C , Its is [AIEEE 2003]
efficiency is K 2 , then what is K1 / K 2 [DCE 2004] (a) 4.2 u 10 6 J (b) 8.4 u 10 6 J
6
(a) 0.577 (b) 0.733 (c) 16.8 u 10 J (d) Zero
(c) 0.638 (d) Can not be calculated 26. The first operation involved in a Carnot cycle is
16. The efficiency of Carnot's engine operating between reservoirs, [AFMC 1998]
maintained at temperatures 27 o C and  123 o C, is (a) 2002,
[DPMT Isothermal
03; BVP expansion
2004] (b) Adiabatic expansion
(a) 50% (b) 24% (c) Isothermal compression (d) Adiabatic compression
(c) 0.75% (d) 0.4% 27. For which combination of working temperatures the efficiency of
Carnot’s engine is highest [KCET 2000]
17. A Carnot engine operates between 227 o C and 27 o C. Efficiency (a) 80 K, 60 K (b) 100 K, 80 K
of the engine will be [DCE 1999; BHU 2004] (c) 60 K, 40 K (d) 40 K, 20 K
1 2 28. The efficiency of Carnot engine when source temperature is T and
(a) (b) 1

3 5 sink temperature is T will be

2
[DCE 2000]

3 3 T1  T2 T2  T1
(c) (d) (a) (b)
4 5 T1 T2
18. A measure of the degree of disorder of a system is known as
T1  T2 T1
[Pb. PET 1997; MH CET 1999] (c) (d)
T2 T2
(a) Isobaric (b) Isotropy
(c) Enthalpy (d) Entropy 29. An ideal heat engine working between temperature T and T has an
1 2

19. A carnot engine has the same efficiency between 800 K to 500 K efficiency K, the new efficiency if both the source and sink
and x K to 600 K. The value of x is temperature are doubled, will be [DPMT 2000]
[Pb. PMT 1996; CPMT 1996] K
(a) (b) K
(a) 1000 K (b) 960 K 2
(c) 846 K (d) 754 K (c) 2K (d) 3K
20. A scientist says that the efficiency of his heat engine which operates 30. An ideal refrigerator has a freezer at a temperature of 13qC. The
at source temperature 127°C and sink temperature 27°C is 26%, coefficient of performance of the engine is 5. The temperature of the
then [CBSE PMT 2001] air (to which heat is rejected) will be
(a) It is impossible [BHU 2000; CPMT 2002]
(b) It is possible but less probable (a) 325°C (b) 325K
(c) 39°C (d) 320°C
(c) It is quite probable
31. In a mechanical refrigerator, the low temperature coils are at a
(d) Data are incomplete temperature of – 23°C and the compressed gas in the condenser has
21. A Carnot’s engine is made to work between 200°C and 0°C first and a temperature of 27°C. The theoretical coefficient of performance is
then between 0°C and –200°C. The ratio of efficiencies of the engine [UPSEAT 2001]
in the two cases is [KCET 2002] (a) 5 (b) 8
(a) 1.73 : 1 (b) 1 : 1.73 (c) 6 (d) 6.5
32. An engine is supposed to operate between two reservoirs at
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 temperature 727°C and 227°C. The maximum possible efficiency of
22. Efficiency of a Carnot engine is 50% when temperature of outlet is such an engine is [UPSEAT 2005]
500 K. In order to increase efficiency up to 60% keeping (a) 1/2 (b) 1/4
temperature of intake the same what is temperature of outlet [CBSE PMT 2002] (c) 3/4 (d) 1
(a) 200 K (b) 400 K 33. An ideal gas heat engine operates in Carnot cycle between 227° C
(c) 600 K (d) 800 K and 127°C. It absorbs 6 u 10 4 cals of heat at higher temperature.
23. Even Carnot engine cannot give 100% efficiency because we cannot[AIEEE 2002] Amount of heat converted to work is
(a) Prevent radiation [CBSE PMT 2005]
(b) Find ideal sources (a) 2.4 u 10 4 cal (b) 6 u 10 4 cal
 Thermodynamics 669

(c) 1.2 u 10 4 cal (d) 4.8 u 10 4 cal L2 § L2 ·

2/3

34. Which of the following processes is reversible (c) (d) ¨¨ ¸¸

[CBSE PMT 2005]
L1 © L1 ¹
(a) Transfer of heat by radiation 6. A closed hollow insulated cylinder is filled with gas at 0 o C and
(b) Electrical heating of a nichrome wire also contains an insulated piston of negligible weight and negligible
(c) Transfer of heat by conduction thickness at the middle point. The gas on one side of the piston is
(d) Isothermal compression
heated to 100 o C. If the piston moves 5 cm , the length of the
hollow cylinder is [EAMCET 2001]
(a) 13.65 cm (b) 27.3 cm
(c) 38.6 cm (d) 64.6 cm
7. A mono atomic gas is supplied the heat Q very slowly keeping the
pressure constant. The work done by the gas will be
1. When an ideal diatomic gas is heated at constant pressure, the
fraction of the heat energy supplied which increases the internal 2 3
(a) Q (b) Q
energy of the gas, is 3 5
[IIT 1990; UPSEAT 1998; RPET 2000]
2 1
(c) Q (d) Q
2 3 5 5
(a) (b)
5 5 8. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles argon at
3 5 temperature T. Neglecting all vibrational modes, the total internal
(c) (d) energy of the system is
7 7
[IIT 1999; UPSEAT 2003]
2. 1cm 3 of water at its boiling point absorbs 540 calories of heat to
(a) 4 RT (b) 15 RT
become steam with a volume of 1671cm 3 .If the atmospheric
(c) 9 RT (d) 11 RT
pressure = 1.013 x10 5 N / m 2 and the mechanical equivalent of
heat = 4.19 J / calorie, the energy spent in this process in 9. An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume V1 to V2 and
overcoming intermolecular forces is then compressed to original volume V1 adiabatically. Initial pressure
[MP PET 1999, 2001; Orissa JEE 2002] is P1 and final pressure is P3 . The total work done is W. Then [IIT-JEE (S
(a) 540 cal (b) 40 cal
(a) P3 ! P1 , W ! 0 (b) P3  P1 , W  0
(c) 500 cal (d) Zero
3. During the melting of a slab of ice at 273 K at atmospheric pressure (c) P3[IIT! 1998]
P1 , W  0 (d) P3 P1 , W 0
(a) Positive work is done by ice-water system on the atmosphere
10. Work done by a system under isothermal change from a volume V1
(b) Positive work is done on the ice-water system by the
atmosphere to V2 for a gas which obeys Vander Waal's equation
(c) The internal energy of the ice-water system increases
§ Dn 2 ·
(d) The internal energy of the ice-water system decreases (V  En) ¨¨ P  ¸
¸ nRT
4. Two identical containers A and B with frictionless pistons contain © V ¹
the same ideal gas at the same temperature and the same volume V.
The mass of the gas in A is m A and that in B is m B . The gas in § V  nE · § V  V2 ·
(a) nRT loge ¨¨ 2 ¸  D n2 ¨ 1
¸ ¨ VV
¸
¸
each cylinder is now allowed to expand isothermally to the same © V1  nE ¹ © 1 2 ¹
final volume 2V. The changes in the pressure in A and B are found
to be 'P and 1.5 'P respectively. Then [IIT 1998] § V  DE · § V  V2 ·
(b) nRT log10 ¨¨ 2 ¸  D n2 ¨ 1
¸ ¨ VV ¸
¸
(a) 4m A 9m B (b) 2m A 3m B V
© 1  DE ¹ © 1 2 ¹
(c) 3m A 2m B (d) 9m A 3m B
§ V  nD · § V  V2 ·
(c) nRT loge ¨¨ 2 ¸  E n2 ¨ 1
¸ ¨ VV ¸
¸
5. A monoatomic ideal gas, initially at temperature T1 , is enclosed in © V1  n D ¹ © 1 2 ¹
a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston. The gas is allowed to
expand adiabatically to a temperature. T 2 by releasing the piston § V  nE · § VV ·
(d) nRT loge ¨¨ 1 ¸  D n2 ¨ 1 2
¸ ¨V V
¸
¸
suddenly. If L1 and L 2 are the lengths of the gas column before © V2  n E ¹ © 1 2 ¹
and after expansion respectively, then T1 / T2 is given by 11. A cylindrical tube of uniform cross-sectional area A is fitted with
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 2000] two air tight frictionless pistons. The pistons are connected to each
2/3 other by a metallic wire. Initially the pressure of the gas is P and
§ L1 · L1
0

(a) ¨¨ ¸¸ (b) temperature is T , atmospheric pressure is also P . Now the

0 0

© L2 ¹ L2 temperature of the gas is increased to 2T , the tension in the wire

0

will be

wire
 670 Thermodynamics
(c) 60 % (d) 20 %
19. Which one of the following gases possesses the largest internal
energy [SCRA 1998]

(a) 2 moles of helium occupying 1m 3 at 300 K

(a) 2 P0 A (b) P0 A
(b) 56 kg of nitrogen at 107 Nm 2 and 300 K
P0 A
(c) (d) 4 P0 A (c) 8 grams of oxygen at 8 atm and 300 K
2
12. The molar heat capacity in a process of a diatomic gas if it does a (d) 6 u 10 26 molecules of argon occupying 40m 3 at 900 K
Q 20. Two samples A and B of a gas initially at the same pressure and
work of when a heat of Q is supplied to it is temperature are compressed from volume V to V/2 (A isothermally
4
and adiabatically). The final pressure of A is
2 5 [MP PET 1996, 99; MP PMT 1997, 99]
(a) R (b) R
5 2 (a) Greater than the final pressure of B
10 6 (b) Equal to the final pressure of B
(c) R (d) R
3 7 (c) Less than the final pressure of B
13. An insulator container contains 4 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at (d) Twice the final pressure of B
temperature T. Heat Q is supplied to this gas, due to which 2 moles 21. Initial pressure and volume of a gas are P and V respectively. First it
of the gas are dissociated into atoms but temperature of the gas is expanded isothermally to volume 4V and then compressed
remains constant. Then adiabatically to volume V. The final pressure of gas will be [CBSE PMT 1999]
(a) Q 2 RT (b) Q RT (a) 1P (b) 2P
(c) 4P (d) 8P
(c) Q 3 RT (d) Q 4 RT
22. A thermally insulated rigid container contains an ideal gas heated by
14. The volume of air increases by 5% in its adiabatic expansion. The a filament of resistance 100 : through a current of 1A for 5 min
percentage decrease in its pressure will be then change in internal energy is
(a) 5% (b) 6% [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2005]
(c) 7% (d) 8% (a) 0 kJ (b) 10 kJ
(c) 20 kJ (d) 30 kJ
15. The temperature of a hypothetical gas increases to 2 times when
compressed adiabatically to half the volume. Its equation can be 23. A reversible engine converts one-sixth of the heat input into work.
written as When the temperature of the sink is reduced by 62°C, the efficiency
of the engine is doubled. The temperatures of the source and sink
(a) PV 3 / 2 = constant (b) PV 5 / 2 = constant are [CBSE PMT 2000]

(c) PV 7 / 3 = constant (d) PV 4 / 3 = constant (a) 80°C, 37°C (b) 95°C, 28°C

16. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in succession. The first (c) 90°C, 37°C (d) 99°C, 37°C
one, A receives heat from a source at T1 800 K and rejects to 24. An engineer claims to have made an engine delivering 10 kW power
with fuel consumption of 1 g/sec. The calorific value of the fuel is 2
sink at T2 K . The second engine B receives heat rejected by the first kcal/g. Is the claim of the engineer
engine and rejects to another sink at T3 300 K. If the work [J & K CET 2000]
outputs of two engines are equal, then the value of T2 is (a) Valid
(a) 100K (b) 300K (b) Invalid
(c) 550K (d) 700K (c) Depends on engine design
17. When an ideal monoatomic gas is heated at constant pressure, (d) Depends of the load
fraction of heat energy supplied which increases the internal energy
of gas, is [AIIMS 1995]
25. Find the change in the entropy in the following process 100 gm of
ice at 0°C melts when dropped in a bucket of water at 50° C
2 3 (Assume temperature of water does not change) [BHU (Med.) 2000]
(a) (b)
5 5 (a) – 4.5 cal/K (b) + 4.5 cal/K
3 3 (c) +5.4 cal/K (d) – 5.4 cal/K
(c) (d)
7 4 26. An ideal gas expands in such a manner that its pressure and volume
18. When an ideal gas (J 5 / 3 ) is heated under constant pressure, can be related by equation PV 2 constant. During this process,
then what percentage of given heat energy will be utilised in doing the gas is [UPSEAT 2002]
external work [RPET 1999] (a) Heated
(a) 40 % (b) 30 % (b) Cooled
 Thermodynamics 671
(c) Neither heated nor cooled (d) Relation between 'U I and 'U II can not be determined
(d) First heated and then cooled 2. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle PQRSP process.
27. A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is at 7°C has an The net work done by the system is
efficiency of 50%. It is desired to increase the efficiency to 70%. By [Orissa JEE 2002]
how many degrees should the temperature of the high temperature (a) 20 J P
reservoir be increased S R
(b) – 20 J 200 Kpa
[UPSEAT 2005]
(c) 400 J
(a) 840 K (b) 280 K 100 Kpa Q
(d) – 374 J P
(c) 560 K (d) 380 K
V
100 cc 300 cc
28. P-V diagram of a diatomic gas is a straight line passing through
origin. The molar heat capacity of the gas in the process will be
(a) 4 R (b) 2.5 R
4R
(c) 3 R (d)
3
29. Following figure shows on adiabatic cylindrical container of volume
V0 divided by an adiabatic smooth piston (area of cross-section =
A) in two equal parts. An ideal gas (CP / CV J ) is at pressure P 1

and temperature T in left part and gas at pressure P and

1 2

temperature T in right part. The piston is slowly displaced and

2

released at a position where it can stay in equilibrium. The final

pressure of the two parts will be (Suppose x = displacement of the
piston)

PT
1 1
PT
2 2

(a) P2 (b) P1
J J
§V · §V ·
P1 ¨ 0 ¸ P2 ¨ 0 ¸
(c) © 2 ¹ (d) © 2 ¹
J J
§ V0 · § V0 ·
¨  Ax ¸ ¨  Ax ¸
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
30. Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain equal amounts of
an ideal diatomic gas at 300 K. The piston of A is free to move while
that of B is held fixed. The same amount of heat is given to the gas
in each cylinder. If the rise in temperature of the gas in A is 30 K,
then the rise in temperature of the gas in B is [IIT 1998]
(a) 30 K (b) 18 K
(c) 50 K (d) 42 K

1. A system goes from A to B via two processes I and II as shown in

figure. If 'U1 and 'U2 are the changes in internal energies in
the processes I and II respectively, then
P [AIEEE 2005]

(a) 'UII ! 'UI II

(b) 'UII  'UI A B

I
(c) 'UI 'UII
V
 Thermodynemics 673

3. An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the above P-V 8. P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic process are shown in the
figure. Plots 1 and 2 should correspond respectively to
diagram. The work done during a cycle is [KCET 2001]
P [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2001]
B
(a) 2PV (3P, 3V)
(a) He and O 2 P
(b) PV
(b) O 2 and He
(c) 1/2PV A C 1
(c) He and Ar
(P,V) (P, 3V)
(d) Zero (d) O 2 and N 2 2
V
E D V
4. The P-V diagram shows seven curved paths (connected by vertical 9. Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the adjoining figure for a
paths) that can be followed by a gas. Which two of them should be given amount of gas. The curves which represent adiabatic and
parts of a closed cycle if the net work done by the gas is to be at its isothermal changes are
maximum value [CPMT 1986; UPSEAT 1999]
P a [AMU (Engg.) 2000] (a) C and D respectively P
b B C
(a) ac (b) D and C respectively
c
d
(b) cg (c) A and B respectively
e D
f A
(c) af (d) B and A respectively
g
V
(d) cd V 10. In pressure-volume diagram given below, the isochoric, isothermal,
5. An ideal gas of mass m in a state A goes to another state B via three and isobaric parts respectively, are
different processes as shown in figure. If Q1 , Q2 and Q 3 denote [Manipal MEE 1995]
P A B
the heat absorbed by the gas along the three paths, then (a) BA, AD[MP PET 1992]
, DC
P A
(a) Q1  Q2  Q3 (b) DC, CB, BA C
(c) AB, BC, CD
(b) Q1  Q2 Q3 3
2 (d) CD, DA, AB D
V
(c) Q1 Q2 ! Q3 1
11. The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic
B transformation is shown in figure. The work done on the system in
(d) Q1 ! Q2 ! Q3
V going from A o B o C is 50 J and 20 cal heat is given to the
6. Which of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of P between A and CC is
system. The change in internal energy
E (dV / dP ) / V with P for an ideal gas at constant (a) 34 J
temperature [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2002] (b) 70 J
(a) (b) (c) 84 J
E E
A B
(d) 134 J
V
12. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle A o B o C o A, as shown
in the figure. If the net heat supplied to the gas in the cycle is 5 J,
P P the work done by the gas in the process
3
C o A is [IIT-JEE (
V (m )
(c) E (d)E (a) – 5 J C
2 B
(b) – 10 J
(c) – 15 J 1
A
P P
7. A thermodynamic process is shown in the figure. The pressures and (d) – 20 J
10 P(N/m2)
volumes corresponding to some points in the figure are :
13. In the following indicator diagram, the net amount of work done
PA 3 u 10 4 Pa, PB 8 u 10 4 Pa and
will be
VA 2 u 10 3 m 3 , VD 5 u 10 3 m 3 P
(a) Positive
In process AB, 600 J of heat is added to the system and in process
BC, 200 J of heat is added to the system. The change in internal (b) Negative 1 2
energy of the system in process AC would be [CBSE PMT 1992]
B (c) Zero
(a) 560 J P C
(b) 800 J (d) Infinity V

(c) 600 J 14. A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is shown in figure in the
V-T, diagram. The work done in AB, BC and CA respectively
(d) 640 J
A D
O V
 674 Thermodynamics
[UPSEAT 1998; RPET 2000; Kerala PMT 2002]
§V ·
(a) 0, RT2 ln¨¨ 1 ¸ , R (T1  T2 )
¸ (a) PV
© V2 ¹ P (2P, V) (2P, 2V)
V (b) 2PV
C
V1 V2
(b) R(T1  T2 ), 0, RT1 ln (c) PV/2
V2
(P, V) (P, 2V)
(d) 3PV
§V ·
(c) 0, RT2 ln¨¨ 2 ¸ , R (T1  T2 )
¸ V1 A
B 19. V
A cyclic process ABCA is shown in the V-T diagram. Process on the
© V1 ¹ P-V diagram is
O T
T1 T2
§V · V
(d) 0, RT2 ln¨¨ 2 ¸ , R (T2  T1 )
¸
© V1 ¹
C B
15. A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the figure P-V diagram. Which of
the following curves represent the same process
A T
P P C
A B (a) (b) P
B

C A
B A C
V V
D P
V (c) (d) P
A A
B
(a) P A B (b) P A B
C B
C
C C V V
20. In the figure given two processes A and B are shown by which a
D D
thermo-dynamical system goes from initial to final state F. If 'Q A
T T
(c) P B
(d) P and 'QB are respectively the heats supplied to the systems then

A A B (a) 'Q A 'QB P

A
C (b) 'Q A t 'QB
D D C
i f
16. T of a gas represented by a Pressure-Volume
Carnot cycle (reversible) T (c) 'Q A  'QB
curve is shown in the diagram B
(d) 'Q A ! 'QB
Consider the following statements
21. In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the Vgas
I. Area ABCD = Work done on the gas in one cycle is P [MP PMT 1999]
II. Area ABCD = Net heat absorbed 7P 1
(a) 28 P1V1
III. Change in the internal energy in cycle = 0
(b) 14 P1V1
Which of these are correct [AMU (Med.) 2001]
(c) 18 P1V1
(a) I only P
A P1
(b) II only (d) 9 P1V1 V
B V1 4V1
22. An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V
(c) II and III
D diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to
(d) I, II and III C
V (a) 12 P1V1 P
17. The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is B
(b) 6 P1V1 3P 1
given in the figure. Its efficiency is

T [AIEEE 2005] (c) 3 P1V1

(a) 1 / 3 (d) 2 P1V1 P1 A C
2T0 23. Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through
(b) 2/3 V1 3V1a cyclic process
shown in figure is [AIIMS 1995; BHU 2002]
(c) 1 / 2 T0 (a) 10 S J 7 V (litre)
(d) 1 / 4 S 30
S0 2 S0 (b) 10 S J 4

18. Work done in the given P-V diagram in the cyclic process is
10

10 30 P (kPa)
 Thermodynemics 675

(c) 10 S J 2 (a) AB and BC

(b) AB and CD
(d) 10 3 SJ
(c) BC and DA
24. A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to B along ACB and
(d) BC and CD
is brought back to A along BDA as shown in the PV diagram. The
net work done during the complete cycle is given by the area 29. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown
[CBSE PMT 1992]
P in following P-V diagram. The work done during the cycle is [IIT 1983; CPMT 19990; AMU
(a) P ACBP P B P
1 2 1

P2 (3P, V) (3P, 3V)

(b) ACBB'A'A C
(a) PV
(c) ACBDA D
(b) 2 PV
P1 A
(d) ADBB'A'A (c) 4 PV
25. A c volume with
In the diagrams (i) to (iv) of variation of B c changing
V (P, V) (P, 3V)
(d) Zero O V
pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the path ABCD. The change
in internal energy of the gas will be 30. A system changes from the state (P1 , V1 ) to (P2 V2 ) as shown in
[CPMT 1986, 88] the figure. What is the work done by the system
V D V
C D C P(N/m2) [CPMT 1981]
5
(a) 7.5 u 10 joule 5 u 10 5 (P2, V2)

5
A A B (b) 7.5 u 10 erg
B 1 u 105
(P1, V1)
(i)
(c) 12 u 10 5 joule
P (ii) P
D C D
V V (d) 6 u 10 5 joule
C 1 2 3 4 5 V ( m3 )
31. Carbon monoxide is carried around a closed cycle abc in which bc is
an isothermal process as shown in the figure. The gas absorbs 7000
A J of heat as its temperature increases from 300 K to 1000 K in going
A B B from a to b. The quantity of heat rejected by the gas during the
process ca is
P (i) to (iv) (iv) P P
(a) Positive
(iii) in all cases [SCRA 1994]
P2 b
(b) Positive in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) case (a) 4200 J
(c) Negative in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) case (b) 5000 J
(d) Zero in all four cases a c
(c) 9000 J P1
26. A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as
shown. The heat absorbed by the system is (d) 9800 J V
V1 V2
32. A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as
(a) S u 10 3 J V(in cc)
shown in the figure. The work done during the cycle is [BHU 199
40
S P B
(b) J 30
2 (a) Zero (4P, 3V)
20 (b) 3 PV
(c) 4S u 10 J 2

0 (c) 6 PV
(d) S J 0 50 100 150 200 P(in kPa) A C
(d) 9PV (P , V ) ( P , 3V )
27. A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown V
in figure. The work done byP the system is 33. When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path iaf,
C B
3P 0 Q 50 J and W 20J . Along path ibf, Q 35 J . If
(a) P0 V0
W 13 J for the curved return path f i, Q for this path is
(b) 2 P0 V0 2P0 O [AMU (Med.) 2000]
P
P0 V0 a
(c) P0 (a) 33 J f
2 A D
V (b) 23 J
(d) Zero V0 2V0
(c) – 7 J i b
28. The P-V graph of an ideal gas cycle is shown here as below. The
(d) – 43 J
adiabatic process is described by V
34. For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as
[CPMT 1985; UPSEAT 2003]
shown in the P-V diagram, Which of following is correct
P A
P
B

D
C
V
 676 Thermodynamics

(a) 'Eint 0, Q  O (a) (b)

P
(b) 'Eint 0, Q ! 0
(c) ' Eint ! 0, Q  0
(d) ' Eint  0, Q ! 0 V
(c) P (d) P
35. An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the above P-V
diagram. The work done during a cycle is
[UPSEAT 2001]
(a) Zero P C
(2P, 3V) V V
1 41. In the following figure, four curves A, B, C and D are shown. The
(b) PV curves are [DCE 2003]
2
(c) 2 PV A B P P
(P , V ) ( P , 3V )
(d) PV O V A
36. An ideal gas is taken from point A to the point B, as shown in the B
P-V diagram, keeping the temperature constant. The work done in C
the process is [UPSEAT 2005] D
(a) (PA  PB )(VB  VA ) P V V
(a) Isothermal for A and D while adiabatic for B and C
1 A
(b) (PB  PA )(VB  VA ) PA (b) Adiabatic for A and C while isothermal for B and D
2
(c) Isothermal for A and B while adiabatic for C and D
1
(c) (PB  PA )(VB  VA )
2 PB B (d) Isothermal for A and C while adiabatic for B and D

1 O V 42. P-V diagram of a cyclic process ABCA is as shown in figure. Choose

(d) (PB  PA )(VB  VA ) VA VB
the correct statement
2
37. The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic (a) 'Q A o B = negative P A
transformation is shown in figure. The work done by the system in
going from A o B o C is 30J and 40J heat is given to the system. (b) 'UB oC = positive
The change in internal energy between A and C is [BCECE 2005]
P (c) 'WCAB = negative B
(a) 10 J C
C
(d) All of these V
(b) 70 J
43. A sample of an ideal gas is taken through a cycle a shown in figure.
(c) 84 J
It absorbs 50J of energy during the process AB, no heat during BC,
A B
(d) 134 J rejects 70J during CA. 40J of work is done on the gas during BC.
V
Internal energy of gas at A is 1500J, the internal energy at C would
38. Consider a process shown in the figure. During this process the
be
work done by the system
P
(a) Continuously increases (a) 1590 J P B
B
(b) Continuously decreases A (b) 1620 J
(c) First increases, then decreases (c) 1540 J
(d) First decreases, then increases V C A
(d) 1570 J
39. Six moles of an ideal gas perfomrs a cycle shown in figure. If the V
temperature are T = 600 K, T = 800 K, T = 2200 K and T = 1200 K,
A B C D
44. In the following P-V diagram two adiabatics cut two isothermals at
the work done per cycle is V
temperatures T and T (fig.). The value of a will be
Vd
1 2

[BCECE 2005]
P B
(a) 20 kJ C
(b) 30 kJ A P
D
(c) 40 kJ
a b T1
(d) 60 kJ
T d c
40. Which of the accompanying PV, diagrams best represents an
T2
isothermal process [MP PET 2005]

P
Va Vd Vb Vc V

V
 Thermodynemics 677

Vb Vc Reason : When a system changes from one thermal

(a) (b) equilibrium to another, some heat is absorbed by it.
Vc Vb
12. Assertion : A room can be cooled by opening the door of a
Vd refrigerator in a closed room.
(c) (d) Vb Vc
Va Reason : Heat flows from lower temperature (refrigerator) to
higher temperature (room).
13. Assertion : It is not possible for a system, unaided by an
external agency to transfer heat from a body at
lower temperature to another body at higher
temperature.
Reason : According to Clausius statement, “ No process is
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of
possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat
the options given below:
from a cooled object to a hotter object.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion. 14. Assertion : If an electric fan be switched on in a closed room,
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct the air of the room will be cooled.
explanation of the assertion. Reason : Fan air decrease the temperature of the room.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false. 15. Assertion : The internal energy of an isothermal process does
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true. not change.
1. Assertion : Reversible systems are difficult to find in real world. Reason : The internal energy of a system depends only on
Reason : Most processes are dissipative in nature pressure of the system.
[AIIMS 2005]
16. Assertion : In an adiabatic process, change in internal energy of
2. Assertion : Air quickly leaking out of a balloon becomes coolers a gas is equal to work done on or by the gas in the
Reason : The leaking air undergoes adiabatic expansion.[AIIMS 2005] process.
3. Assertion : Thermodynamic process in nature are irreversible.
Reason : Dissipative effects can not be eliminated. Reason : Temperature of gas remains constant in a adiabatic
[AIIMS 2004] process.
4. Assertion : When a bottle of cold carbonated drink is opened, a 17. Assertion : An adiabatic process is an isoentropic process.
slight fog forms around the opening.
Reason : Change in entropy is zero in case of adiabatic
Reason : Adiabatic expansion of the gas causes lowering of
temperature and condensation of water vapours.[AIIMS 2003] process.
5. Assertion : The isothermal curves intersect each other at a 18. Assertion : Work done by a gas in isothermal expansion is
certain point. more than the work done by the gas in the same
Reason : The isothermal change takes place slowly, so the expansion, adiabatically.
isothermal curves have very little slope. Reason : Temperature remains constant in isothermal
[AIIMS 2001] expansion and not in adiabatic expansion.
6. Assertion : In adiabatic compression, the internal energy and
temperature of the system get decreased. 19. Assertion : First law of thermodynamics is a restatement of the
Reason : The adiabatic compression is a slow process principle of conservation
[AIIMS 2001] Reason : Energy is fundamental quantity.
7. Assertion : In isothermal process whole of the heat energy 20. Assertion : Zeroth law of thermodynamic explain the concept
supplied to the body is converted into internal of energy.
energy.
Reason : According to the first law of thermodynamics Reason : Energy is dependent on temperature.
'Q 'U  p'V . [AIIMS 1997] 21. Assertion : Efficiency of a Carnot engine increase on reducing
8. Assertion : We can not change the temperature of a body the temperature of sink.
without giving (or taking) heat to (or from) it. Reason : The efficiency of a Carnot engine is defined as ratio
Reason : According to principle of conservation of energy, of net mechanical work done per cycle by the gas to
total energy of a system should remains conserved. the amount of heat energy absorbed per cycle from
9. Assertion : The specific heat of a gas is an adiabatic process is the source.
zero and in an isothermal process is infinite. 22. Assertion : The entropy of the solids is the highest
Reason : Specific heat of a gas in directly proportional to Reason : Atoms of the solids are arranged in orderly manner.
change of heat in system and inversely proportional
to change in temperature.
10. Assertion : Work and heat are two equivalent form of energy.
Reason : Work is the transfer of mechanical energy
irrespective of temperature difference, whereas heat
is the transfer of thermal energy because of
temperature difference only.
First Law of Thermodynamics ('Q = 'U + 'W)
11. Assertion : The heat supplied to a system is always equal to the
increase in its internal energy. 1 a 2 c 3 b 4 b 5 c
 678 Thermodynamics

6 b 7 b 8 d 9 a 10 d 21 b 22 b 23 c 24 a 25 b
11 c 12 a 13 d 14 a 15 b 26 a 27 d 28 a 29 b 30 c
16 b 17 c 18 d 19 d 20 b 31 a 32 a 33 c 34 d
21 a 22 d 23 b 24 a 25 d
26 d 27 a 28 b 29 d 30 a Critical Thinking Questions
31 b 32 c 33 c 34 a 35 a
36 b 37 c 38 c 39 b 40 a 1 d 2 c 3 bc 4 c 5 d
41 c 42 a 43 a 44 c 45 c 6 d 7 c 8 d 9 c 10 a
46 a 47 c 48 b
11 b 12 c 13 b 14 c 15 a

Isothermal Process 16 c 17 b 18 a 19 b 20 c
21 b 22 d 23 d 24 b 25 b
1 c 2 a 3 c 4 d 5 b
26 b 27 d 28 c 29 c 30 d
6 b 7 c 8 d 9 a 10 c
11 a 12 b 13 a 14 a 15 c
16 c 17 a 18 c 19 a 20 c
Graphical Questions
21 b 22 b 23 a 24 a 25 a
1 c 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 a
26 c 27 b 28 b 29 b 30 a
6 a 7 a 8 b 9 c 10 d
31 d
11 d 12 a 13 b 14 c 15 a
Adiabatic Process 16 c 17 a 18 a 19 c 20 d
21 d 22 d 23 c 24 c 25 d
1 c 2 c 3 b 4 d 5 c
26 b 27 d 28 c 29 c 30 c
6 d 7 c 8 b 9 a 10 a
31 d 32 b 33 d 34 a 35 d
11 c 12 d 13 b 14 d 15 d
36 d 37 a 38 a 39 c 40 b
16 b 17 a 18 c 19 a 20 c
41 d 42 d 43 a 44 a
21 d 22 c 23 b 24 c 25 a
26 b 27 d 28 a 29 d 30 d Assertion & Reason
31 a 32 c 33 d 34 c 35 a
36 d 37 b 38 d 39 a 40 d 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 e
6 d 7 e 8 d 9 a 10 a
41 c 42 c 43 a 44 a 45 b
11 d 12 d 13 a 14 d 15 c
46 d 47 a 48 b 49 b 50 a
16 c 17 a 18 b 19 c 20 e
51 b 52 d 53 b 54 b 55 d
21 b 22 a
56 b 57 c

Isobaric and Isochoric Processes

1 a 2 c 3 c 4 a 5 a
6 c 7 c 8 b 9 d 10 c
11 c 12 a 13 b 14 a 15 d
First Law of Thermodynamics ('Q = 'U + 'W)
16 b 17 a 18 d 19 c 20 d
21 d 22 d 23 a 1. (a) 'Q 'U  'W and 'W P'V
2. (c)
Heat Engine, Refrigerator and 3. (b) 'Q 'U  'W
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Ÿ 'U 'Q  'W Q  W (using proper sign)

1 d 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 b 4. (b) 'U 'Q  W 35  15 20 J

6 d 7 b 8 d 9 b 10 b 5. (c) Internal energy depends only on the temperature of the gas.
11 c 12 b 13 c 14 a 15 a 6. (b)
16 a 17 b 18 d 19 b 20 a
 Thermodynemics 679

7. (b) (i) Case o Volume = constant Ÿ

³ PdV 0

2 V1 2 V1
(ii) Case o P = constant Ÿ ³ V1
PdV P ³ V1
dV PV1

8. (d) 'Q 'W  'U Ÿ 35 15  'U Ÿ 'U 50 J

9. (a) J'Q 'U  'W, 'U J'Q  'W

'U 4.18 u 300  600 654 Joule

2
10. (d) Work done ³ 1
PdV , which is state dependent as well as
path dependent.
f
11. (c) 'Q 'U  'W  'W 0 Ÿ 'Q 'U PR 'T
2
3
u 2 R(373  273) = 300R.
2
12. (a) 'Q 2k cal 2 u 10 3 u 4.2 J 8400 J and 'W 500J.

Hence from 'Q 'U  'W, 'W 'Q  'U = 8400 –

500 = 7900 J
13. (d) Change in internal energy ('U) depends upon initial an find
state of the function while 'Q and 'W are path dependent
also.
14. (a) This is the case of free expansion and in this case 'W 0,
'U 0 so temperature remains same i.e. 300 K.
15. (b) 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'W 'Q  'U 100  40 70 J
16. (b) Work done is not a thermodynamical function.
17. (c) 'Q 'U  'W 167  333 500 cal
18. (d) Heat always refers to energy in transit from one body to
another because of temperature difference.
19. (d) Change in internal energy does not depend upon path so
'U 'Q  'W remain constant.
 680 Thermodynamics

20. (b) 'Q 'U  'W ; 'Q 200 J and 'W 100 J 12.48 u 10 2 J
Ÿ 'U 'Q  'W 200  (100) 300 J § R ·
38. (c) 'U PCV 'T n ¨¨ ¸¸'T
21. (a) During free expansion of a perfect gas no, work is done and © J 1 ¹
also no heat is supplied from outside. Therefore, no change in
internal energy. Hence, temperature remain constant. P'V P(2 V  V ) PV
Ÿ 'U
22. (d) 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'U 'Q  'W 150  110 40 J (J  1) J 1 (J  1)

23. (b) From FLOT 'Q 'U  'W

39. (b) 'U PCV 'T 2 u 4.96 u (342  340) 19.84 cal
40. (a)
 Heat supplied to the system so 'Q o Positive
41. (c) According to FLOT
and work is done on the system so 'W o Negative
'Q 'U  P('V ) Ÿ 'U 'Q  P('V )
Hence +'Q = 'U – 'W
24. (a) 1500  (2.1 u 10 5 )(2.5 u 10 3 ) =975 Joule
25. (d) State of a thermodynamic state cannot determine by a single 42. (a) 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'U 'Q  'W
variable (P or V or T)
26. (d) R is the universal gas constant. 6 u 4.18  6 19.08kJ | 19.1 kJ

27. (a) From FLOT 43. (a) Given 'Q 20J , 'W 8 J and U i 30 J
Ÿ dU dQ  dW Ÿ dU dQ( 0) ( dW 0) 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'U ('Q  'W )
Ÿ dU  0 So temperature will decrease. Ÿ (U f  Ui ) = (U f  30) 20  (8) Ÿ U f 18 J
28. (b) From FLOT 'Q = 'U + 'W 44. (c) Change in internal energy 'U P CV 'T
Work done at constant pressure ('W )P ('Q)P  'U it doesn’t depend upon type of process. Actually it is a state
function
('Q)P  ('Q)V (As we know ('Q)V 'U )
45. (c)
Also ('Q)P mc P 'T and ('Q)V mc V 'T 46. (a) In first process using 'Q 'U  'W
Ÿ ('W )P m(c P  c V )'T Ÿ 8 u 10 5
'U  6.5 u 10 5 Ÿ 'U 1.5 u 10 J
Since final and initial states are same in both process
Ÿ ('W )P 1 u (3.4 u 10 3  2.4 u 10 3 ) u 10 10 4 cal
So 'U will be same in both process
29. (d)
For second process using 'Q 'U  'W
30. (a) Ideal gas possess only kinetic energy.
31. (b) The internal energy and entropy depend only on the initial and Ÿ 10 5 1.5 u 10 5  'W Ÿ 'W 0.5 u 10 5 J
final states of the system and not on the path followed to
attain that state. 47. (c) 'W P'V ; here 'V is negative so 'W will be negative
48. (b) Entropy is related to second law of thermodynamics.
32. (c) 'Q 'U  'W
 'Q 200cal 200 u 4.2 840 J and 'W 40 J Isothermal Process
Ÿ 'U 'Q  'W 840  40 800 J
1. (c) In isothermal process temperature remains constant.
33. (c) 'Q 'U  'W (U f  Ui )  'W
2. (a) If isothermal curves cut each other then at equilibrium two
temperature will be there which is impossible.
Ÿ 30 (U f  40)  10 Ÿ U f 60 J
3. (c) In isothermal expansion temperature remains constant, hence
34. (a) With rise in temperature, internal energy also increases. no change in internal energy.
35. (a) V2
36. (b) Heat supplied to a gas raise its internal energy and does some 4. (d) W PRT loge
V1
work against expansion, so it is a special case of law of
conservation of energy. §m· V m V
¨ ¸ RT loge 2 2.3 u RT log10 2
37. (c) Change in internal energy is always equal to the heat supplied ©M¹ V1 M V1
at constant volume.
96 140
i.e. 'U ('Q)V PCV 'T . 2.3 u R (273  27) log10 2.3 u 900 R log10 2
32 70
3
For monoatomic gas CV R 5. (b) 0.8 u 5 P u (3  5) Ÿ P 0.5 m
2
6. (b) Differentiate PV constant w.r.t V
§3 · 3
Ÿ 'U P¨ R ¸'T 1u u 8 .31 u (100  0) 'P 'V
©2 ¹ 2 Ÿ P'V  V'P 0Ÿ 
P V
 Thermodynamics 681
7. (c) Atmospheric pressure P 1.01 u 10 6 dyne / cm 2
V § 22.4 ·
8. (d) W PRT loge 2 1 u 8.31 u (273  0) loge ¨ ¸ Work done against atmospheric pressure
V1 © 11.2 ¹
1 .01 u 10 6 u 1670
 8.31 u 273 u loge 2 1572.5 J [  loge 2 0.693 ] W P'V | 40 cal
4 .2 u 10 7
9. (a) ET P , if P constant, ET constant V 20
28. (b) Wiso PRT loge 2 1 u 8.31 u 300 loge 1728 J
RT V1 10
10. (c) For isothermal process PV RT Ÿ P
V § V2 ·
V2 RT V 29. (b) W PRT loge ¨¨ ¸
¸ 0.2 u 8.3 u loge 2 u (27  273)
?W PdV ³ V1 V
dV RT loge 2
V1
© V1 ¹
0.2 u 8.3 u 300 u 0.693 345 J
11. (a) ET P 30. (a) For isothermal process P1 V1 P2 V2
1 P1 V1 72 u 1000
12. (b) For such a case, pressure Ÿ P2 =80 cm
Compressib ility V2 900
13. (a) ET P 1.013 u 10 5 N / m 2 Stress 'P P2  P1 80  72 8 cm
14. (a) In isothermal process, compressibility ET = U. 31. (d) During isothermal change T = constant Ÿ 'U = 0
15. (c) In isothermal process, exchange of energy takes place between also from FLOT, 'Q = 'W.
system and surrounding to maintain the system temperature
constant. Adiabatic Process
16. (c) No change in the internal energy of ideal gas but for real gas
internal energy increases because work is done against 1. (c) Gas cylinder suddenly explodes is an irreversible adiabatic
intermolecular forces. change and work done against expansion reduces the
temperature.
17. (a) In isothermal process temperature remains constant. i.e.,
PR(T1  T2 )
Q 2. (c) Work done in adiabatic change
'T 0 . Hence according to C Ÿ Ciso f J 1
m 'T
18. (c) This is the case of free expansion of gas. In free expansion 3. (b) In case of adiabatic expansion 'W = positive and 'Q 0
'U 0 Ÿ Temp. remains same. from FLOT 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'U 'W i.e.,
19. (a) An isothermal process takes place at constant temperature, 'U will be negative.
must be carried out in a vessel with conducting wall so that TJ
heat generated should go out at once. 4. (d) For adiabatic process constant
P J 1
20. (c) For isothermal process
1 J (1 1 .4 )
0.4
dU 0 and work done dW P(V2  V1 ) T § P1 · J T2 §4· 1.4 
Ÿ 2 ¨ ¸ Ÿ ¨ ¸ Ÿ T2 300(4 ) 1 .4
T1 ¨P ¸ 300
V1 V PV © 2 ¹ ©1¹
 V2 ? dW  J 3/2
2 2 2 P2 § V1 · P § V1 ·
5. (c) PVJ constant Ÿ ¨ ¸ Ÿ 2
¨V ¸
¨ ¸
¨V /4¸ 8
21. (b) In isothermal process, temperature remains constant. P1 © 2¹ 1 © 1 ¹
22. (b) In isothermal process, heat is released by the gas to maintain Ÿ P2 8 atm .
the constant temperature.
J
23. (a) In isothermal compression, there is always an increase of heat. P2 § V1 ·
which must flow out the gas. 6. (d) PV J =constant Ÿ ¨
¨V
¸ Ÿ P2
¸ (8 )5 / 3 P1 32 P1
P1 © 2 ¹
'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'Q 'W ( 'U 0)
m
4
7. (c) Volume of the gas V and using PV J = constant
1.5 u 10 d
Ÿ 'Q 1.5 u 10 4 J cal 3 .6 u 10 3 cal
4.18 J J
P' §V· § d' ·
We get ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ (32)7 / 5 128
24. (a) In isothermal change, temperature remains constant, Hence 'U P © V' ¹ ©d¹
= 0.
J 1 5 2
1
Also from 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'Q 'W T2 § V1 · § 27 · 3 § 27 · 3
8. (b) ¨ ¸ Ÿ T2 300 ¨ ¸ 300 ¨ ¸
T1 ¨V ¸ © 8 ¹ © 8 ¹
25. (a) It is an isothermal process. Hence work done P(V2  V1 ) © 2¹
2
­
°§ 27 · ½
1/3
° §3·
2
1 u 10 5 u (1.091  1) u 10 6 0.0091 J 300 ®¨ ¸ ¾ 800 ¨ ¸ 675 K
°̄© 8 ¹ ° ©2¹
26. (c) 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'U 'Q  'W 2240  168 2072 J . ¿
Ÿ 'T 675  300 375 K
27. (b) Amount of heat given 540 calories
9. (a) In thermodynamic processes.
Change in volume 'V 1670 c.c
Work done = Area covered by PV diagram with V-axis
 682 Thermodynamics
From graph it is clear that (Area)iso ! (Area)adi T2 § V1 ·
J
§V ·
J
25. (a) TV J 1 constant Ÿ ¨
¨V
¸ Ÿ T2
¸ T1 ¨¨ 1 ¸
¸
Ÿ Wiso ! Wadi P T1 © 2 ¹ © V2 ¹
0.4
Isothermal §1·
Ÿ T2 300¨ ¸ 227.36 K
Adiabatic ©2¹
V 26. (b) In adiabatic change Q = constant Ÿ 'Q = 0
10. (a) Since PV RT and T constant; ? PV constant. So 'W = – 'U ( 'Q = 'U + 'W)
11. (c) For Isothermal process PV constant 27. (d) For adiabatic process from FLOT
§ dP · P
Ÿ¨ ¸ Slope of Isothermal curve 'W 'U ( 'Q 0)
© dV ¹ V
Ÿ 'W (100) 100 J
For adiabatic PV J constant
dP JP R(T1  T2 ) R(T2  T1 )
Ÿ Slop of adiabatic curve slope 28. (a) 'U 'W 
dV V (J  1) J 1
§ dP · § dP · J 1
Clearly, ¨ ¸ J¨ ¸ §V ·
© dV ¹ adiabatic © dV ¹ Isothermal 29. (d) TV J 1 constant Ÿ T2 T1 ¨¨ 1 ¸
¸ 927 o C
J © V2 ¹
§ RT ·
12. (d) PVJ constant Ÿ P ¨ ¸ constant 30. (d) The process is very fast, so the gas fails to gain or lose heat.
© P ¹
Hence this process in adiabatic
Ÿ P1J T J constant.
31. (a) 'U PCV 'T 1 u CV (Tf  Ti )  CV (Ti  Tf )
R R
13. (b) Wadi (Ti  Tf ) (T  T1 )
J 1 J 1 Ÿ |'U| = C (T – T )
V i f

14. (d) dQ 0 2  dW Ÿ dW 2J J 1
§V ·
32. (c) T2 T1 ¨¨ 1 ¸ 273(2)0.41 273 u 1.328 363 K
Ÿ Work done by the gas 2J ¸
© V2 ¹
Ÿ Work done on the gas 2 J
R(T1  T2 ) 8 .31(273  363)
W  1824
15. (d) EI JP 1.4 u (1 u 10 5 ) 1.4 u 10 5 N / m 2 J 1 1 .41  1
16. (b) Slope of adiabatic curve = J u (Slope of isothermal curve) Ÿ |W| | 1815 J
17. (a) Due to compression the temperature of the system increases to
a very high value. This causes the flow of heat from system to 33. (d)
the surroundings, thus decreasing the temperature. This
decrease in temperature results in decrease in pressure. 34. (c) TV J 1 constant
J 1 0 .4
18. (c) 'Q 'U  'W 0 Ÿ 'W 'U §V · § V ·
Ÿ T2 T1 ¨¨ 1 ¸
¸ (273  18) ¨ ¸ 668 K
if 'W is positive i.e., gas does work then 'U should be © V2 ¹ ©V /8 ¹
negative meaning internal energy is used in doing work.
35. (a) 'Q mc'T . Here 'Q 0 , hence c 0
R
19. (a) W (T1  T2 ) 36. (d) In adiabatic process, no transfer of heat takes place between
J 1
system and surrounding.
8.31 u {( 273  27)  (273  127)}
2077.5 joules PR(T1  T2 ) PRT1 ª T2 º
1 .4  1 37. (b) W «1  »
(J  1) (J  1) ¬ T1 ¼
20. (c) Pressure is reduced, so the temperature falls.
J 1 º
21. (d) Adiabatic Bulk modulus EI JP PRT1 ª« § V1 · »
1¨ ¸
(J  1) « ¨© V2 ¸¹ »
22. (c) In adiabatic process, no heat transfers between system and ¬ ¼
surrounding. ª 1 º
5
2 u 8 .31 u 300 «1  §¨ 1 ·¸ 3 »
J J 2767.23 J
P2 § V1 · §V · §5 · « ©2¹ »
23. (b) ¨ ¸ Ÿ P2 P1 ¨¨ 1 ¸ P0 (8 )4 / 3 16 P0 . ¨  1¸ «¬ »¼
P1 ¨V ¸ ¸
© 2 ¹ © V2 ¹ ©3 ¹
J 1
24. (c) In adiabatic process PVJ constant 38. (d) T J P1J constant Ÿ T v P J

J 1
§ RT · J 5 / 3 1
Ÿ ¨ ¸.V constant Ÿ TV J 1 = constant T2 § P2 · J §1· 5/3
© V ¹ Ÿ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
T1 ¨P ¸ ©8¹
© 1 ¹
 Thermodynamics 683

§1·
0.4
54. (b) For adiabatic change TV J 1 = constant
T2 300 u ¨ ¸ 131K 142qC J 1 J 1
©8¹ T2 § V1 · § V1 ·
Ÿ ¨ ¸ Ÿ T2 ¨ ¸ u T1
39. (a) In adiabatic process 'Q = 0 Ÿ 'U  'W 0 T1 ¨V ¸ ¨V ¸
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
('Q 'U  'W ) 1 .4 1
§ V ·
J 1 Ÿ T2 ¨ ¸ u 300 300 u (4 )0.4 K
§ P2 · J
3 / 2 1 ©V /4 ¹
T2
40. (d) Using relation ¨ ¸ (8 ) 3/2
2. (d) For adiabatic forces 'W 'U ( 'Q 0)
T1 ¨P ¸ 55.
© 1¹
Ÿ 'W (50) 50 J
Ÿ T2 2T1 Ÿ T2 2 (273  27) 600 K 327qC
Adiabatic elasticicity (EI ) EI
J 1 1 .5 1 1 56. (b) J Ÿ ET
§ P2 · J Isothermal elasticicity (ET ) J
T2
¨ ¸
T2 §1 · 1 .5 §1 ·3 1
41. (c) ¨P ¸ Ÿ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 5
T1 © 1¹ T1 ©8¹ ©8¹ 2 2 .1 u 10
Ÿ ET 1.5 u 10 5 N / m 2
T1 300 1.4
Ÿ T2 150 K . 57. (c) PVJ constant : Differentiating both sides
2 2
J dP dV
P2 § V1 · P' PJV J 1 dV  V J dP 0 Ÿ J
42. (c) ¨ ¸ Ÿ (8 )5 / 2 Ÿ P ' P u (2)15 / 2 P V
P1 ¨V ¸ P
© 2 ¹
43. (a) Isobaric and Isochoric Processes
44. (a) Given P v T 3 , but we know for an adiabatic process, the
pressure P v T J / J 1 1. (a) Work done P'V P(V2  V1 )
J 3 C 3 2. (c) When heat is supplied at constant pressure, a part of it goes in
So 3 ŸJ Ÿ P
J 1 2 CV 2 the expansion of gas and remaining part is used to increase the
temperature of the gas which in turn increases the internal
45. (b) energy.
R(Ti  Tf ) R(T  Tf ) V T2 274
46. (d) W Ÿ 6R Ÿ Tf (T  4 )K. 3. (c) For isobaric process 2 Ÿ V2 V u
J 1 §5 · V1 T1 273
¨  1¸
©3 ¹ 274 V V
Increase V
47. (a)  TV J 1 constantŸ T1V1J 1 T2 V2J 1 273 273
J 1 4. (a) From FLOT 'Q 'U  'W 'U  P'V
§V ·
Ÿ T2 T1 ¨¨ 1 ¸¸ T1 (4 )1.5 1 2T1 Ÿ 100 'U  50 u (4  10) Ÿ 'U 400 J
© V2 ¹
5 3
5. (a) W P u 'V 2 u 10 (150  50) u 10 2 u 10 4 J
? change in temperature
6. (c) W P'V nR'T 0.1 u 2 u 300 60 cal
T2  T1 2T1  T1 T1 273 K
7. (c) 'Q 'V  P'V Ÿ mL = 'U + P(V – V )
48. (b)  PVJ k (constant) Ÿ P1V1J P2 V2J 2 1

Ÿ 'U = L – P (V – V ) ( m = 1)
J
2 1

§V · V1 (b) 'W P'V 10 3 u 0.25 250 J

Ÿ P2 P1 ¨¨ 1 ¸¸ 10 5 u (2)1.3 ( V2 ) 8.
© V2 ¹ 2
9. (d) W P'V 1.01 u 10 (3.34  2 u 10 3 )
5

49. (b) In adiabatic process 'U = – 'W. In compression 'W is

negative, so 'U is positive i.e. internal energy increases. 337 u 10 3 J | 340 KJ
50. (a) According to the first law of thermodynamics T2 V2
'Q 'U  'W 10. (c) 2 Ÿ T2 2 u T1 2 u 300 600 K 327 o C
T1 V1
In adiabatic process 'Q 0 , hence 'U 'W
J J
11. (c) V v T at constant pressure
J P § V1 · § V1 · J
51. (b)) PV constant Ÿ 2 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 4 V1 T1 V1T2 300 u 280
P1 ¨V ¸ ¨V /4¸ Ÿ Ÿ V2 280 ml.
© 2 ¹ © 1 ¹ V2 T2 T1 300
Ÿ P2 4J P
12. (a) In thermodynamic process, work done is equal to the area
As J is always greater than one so 4 J ! 4 Ÿ P2 ! 4 P covered by the PV curve with volume axis.
J 3/2 Hence, according to graph shown
ª V1 º P2 ª4 º 8
52. (d) P1V1J P2 V2J Ÿ « » «1 » Wadiabatic  Wisothermal  Wisobaric
V
¬ 2¼ P1 ¬ ¼ 1
53. (b) Change in internal energy of the gas P
R 8 .3 Isobaric
'U  'W >T2  T1 @ [308  300] 166 J
J 1 (1 .4  1) Isothermal
Adiabatic

V1 V2 V
 684 Thermodynamics

T2 (273  69)
11. (c) K 1 1 0.5
T1 (273  411)
Ÿ Work done K u Q 0.5 u 1000 500 J
13. (b) (Similar to previous question)
T2 W Q1  Q2
14. (a) 12. (b) K 1
T1 Q1 Q1
15. (d) W P'V 2.4 u 10 4 u 1 u 10 5 =24J
where Q1 heat absorbed, Q2 heat rejected
16. (b) At constant pressure
T /3 W 2 W Q1  Q2
W P'V PR'T 1 u 8.31 u 100 831 | 814 J Ÿ 1 Ÿ
T Q1 3 Q1 Q1
17. (a) 'V 0 Ÿ P'V 0 Ÿ 'W 0
2 Q2 Q 1 Q1 Q
18. (d) Entropy of a reversible process does not change. Ÿ 1 Ÿ 2 Ÿ Q2
3 Q1 Q1 3 3 3
19. (c) W P'V 0 (As 'V 0) T2 25 300 1 300
13. (c) K 1 Ÿ 1 Ÿ 1
20. (d) T1 100 T1 4 T1
P1 T1 P 300 3 T1 400 K 127qC
21. (d) At constant volume P v T Ÿ Ÿ 1
P2 T2 P2 400 4
T2 70 T2
14. (a) K 1 Ÿ 1 Ÿ T2 300 K
22. (d) In isothermal process 'Q z 0. T1 100 1000
23. (a) For isochoric process 'V 0 Ÿ 'W = 0 T2 T1  T2 (473  273) 200
15. (a) K 1 Ÿ K1
From FLOT 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'Q 'U T1 T1 473 473
273  73 200
and K2
Heat Engine, Refrigerator and 273 273
Second Law of Thermodynamics K1 273
So required ratio 0 .577
K2 473
T1  T2 W § T1 ·
1. (d) K  Ÿ Q ¨ ¸W T2 (273  123) 150 1
T1 Q ¨T T ¸
© 1 2 ¹ 16. (a) K 1 1 1 50%
T1 (273  27) 300 2
600
u 800 =1600 J T2 300 2
(600  300) 17. (b) K 1 1
T1 500 5
2. (c) Coefficient of performance
18. (d)
T2 273 273 500
3
K 9 19. (b) In first case, (K1 ) 1 
T1  T2 303  273 30 800
8
3. (b) In a refrigerator, the heat dissipated in the atmosphere is more 600
than that taken from the cooling chamber, therefore the room and in second case, (K 2 ) 1 
x
is heated if the door of a refrigerator is kept open.
3 600
4. (c) Internal energy is a state function. Since K1 K2 , therefore 1
8 x
5. (b)
600 5 3 600 u 8
or 1 or x 960 K
dQ
6. (d) For a reversible process ³ T
0 x
T
8 8
300 1
5

20. (a) Kmax 1  2 1  25%

7. (b) For cyclic forces 'U 0 So, 'Q 'W T1 400 4
So 26% efficiency is impossible
T2 400 1 W 1 W
8. (d) K 1 1 K Ÿ T (273  0) 200
T1 500 5 Q 5 Q 21. (b) In first case K1 1  2 1 
T1 (273  200) 473
Q 6
Ÿ W u 10 4 1.2 u 10 4 J (273  200) 200
5 5 In second case K2 1
(273  0) 273
T2 30 350 K1 1
9. (b) K 1 Ÿ 1 Ÿ 1 : 1 .73
T1 100 T1 K2 § 473 ·
¨ ¸
350 50 70 7 © 273 ¹
Ÿ 1 Ÿ T1 500 K 227qC
T1 100 100 10 T 1 500 500 1
22. (b) K 1 2 Ÿ 1 Ÿ …..(i)
T1 2 T1 T1 2
T
10. (b) K 1  2 for 100% efficiency K = 1 which gives T = 0 K. 60 T2 ' T ' 2
T1 1 Ÿ 2
2

…..(ii)
100 T1 T1 5
 Thermodynamics 685

500 5 3. (b,c) There is a decrease in volume during melting on an ice slab at

Dividing equation (i) by (ii), Ÿ T2 ' 400 K 273K. Therefore, negative work is done by ice-water system on
T2 ' 4 the atmosphere or positive work is done on the ice-water
23. (c) system by the atmosphere. Hence option (b) is correct.
24. (a) Secondly heat is absorbed during melting (i.e. 'Q is positive)
T2 W § T · ­ (273  27) ½ and as we have seen, work done by ice-water system is negative
25. (b) K 1  ŸW ¨1  1 ¸ Q ®1  ¾ ( 'W
T1 Q ¨ T ¸ (273  627) ¿ is negative). Therefore, from first law of
© 2 ¹ ¯
thermodynamics 'U 'Q  'W.
§ 300 ·
ŸW ¨1  ¸ u 3 u 10 6 2 u 10 6 u 4.2 J 8.4 u 10 6 J Change in internal energy of ice-water system, 'U will be
© 900 ¹
positive or internal energy will increase.
26. (a)
4. (c) Process is isothermal. There fore, T = constant,
T2 T
27. (d) K 1 ; for K to be max. ratio 2 should be min. § 1·
T1 T1 ¨ P v ¸ volume is increasing, therefore pressure will
© V¹
28. (a)
decreases.
T1  T2 In chamber A :
29. (b) In first case K1
T1 P A RT P A RT P A RT
'P Pi  Pf  …..(i)
2T1  2T2 T1  T2 V 2V 2V
In second case K 2 K
2T1 T1 In chamber B :
30. (c) Coefficient of performance P B RT P B RT P B RT
1.5 'P Pi  Pf  …..(ii)
T2 (273  13) 260 V 2V 2V
K Ÿ5 P 1 2
T1  T2 T1  (273  13) T1  260 from equations (i) and (ii) A
P B 1.5 3
Ÿ 5 T1  1300 260 Ÿ 5 T1 1560
mA / M 2
Ÿ T1 312K o 39qC Ÿ Ÿ 3m A 2m B .
mB / M 3
T2
31. (a) Coefficient of performance K J 1
5
1
2
T1  T2 J 1 J 1 § V2 ·
T1 § L2 A · 3 § L2 · 3
5. (d) T1V1 T2 V2 Ÿ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(273  23) 250 250 ¨V ¸
T2 ¨L A¸ ¨L ¸
5 © 1¹ © 1 ¹ © 1¹
(273  27)  (273  23) 300  250 20 V
T1  T2 6. (d) Using Boyle’s law, we have constant
(273  727)  (273  227) 1000  500 1 T
32. (a) K
T1 273  727 1000 2 l l
5 5
T1  T2 W Q(T1  T2 ) Ÿ 2 2
33. (c) K Ÿ W
T1 Q T1 373 273
As the piston moves 5 cm, the length of one side will be
6 u 10 4 >(227  273)  (273  127)@
§l · §l ·
(227  273) ¨  5 ¸ and other side ¨  5 ¸ . On solving this equation,
©2 ¹ ©2 ¹
6 u 10 4 u 100 we get l = 64.6 cm.
1.2 u 10 4 cal
500
34. (d) Slow isothermal expansion or compression of an ideal gas is
reversible process, while the other given process are irreversible
in nature.

Critical Thinking Questions

1. (d) Fraction of supplied energy which in creases the internal
energy is given by
'U ('Q)V PC V 'T 1
f
('Q)P ('Q)P PC P 'T J
7 5
For diatomic gas J Ÿ f
5 7
2. (c) 'Q 'U  'W
P(V2 / V1 )
? 'U 'Q  'W 540 
J
1.013 u 10 5 u [(1671  1) u 10 6 ]
540 
4 .2
540  39.7 500 calories
 686 Thermodynamics

ª ('Q)V º § 3 5 · § 5 ·
7. (c) 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ 'W ('Q)P  'U ('Q)P «1  » ¨ 4 u RT  2 u RT ¸  ¨ 4 u RT ¸ = RT
© 2 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
¬ ('Q)P ¼
Note : (a) 2 moles of diatomic gas becomes 4 moles of a
ª C º ª 3º 2 monoatomic gas when gas dissociated into atoms.
('Q)P «1  V » Q «1  5 » Q
¬ CP ¼ ¬ ¼ 5 (b) Internal energy of P moles of an ideal gas of degrees of
f
5 freedom F is given by U PRT
 ('Q)P Q and Jfor monatomic gas 2
3
F = 3 for a monoatomic gas and 5 for diatomic gas.
8. (d) Oxygen is diatomic gas, hence its energy of two moles
5 14. (c) PVJ K or PJ V J 1dV  dP. V J 0
2 u RT 5 RT
2 dP dV dP § dV ·
or J or u 100 J ¨ u 100 ¸
Argon is a monoatomic gas, hence its internal energy of 4 P V P © V ¹
3 1.4 u 5 7%
moles 4 u RT 6 RT
2 15. (a) TV J 1 = constant
Total Internal energy (6  5)RT 11RT § V2 ·
J 1 J 1
¨ ¸ or §¨ ·¸
T1 1 1
? ¨V ¸
9. (c) From graph it is clear that P3 ! P1 . T2 ©2¹ 2
© 1¹
Since area under adiabatic process (BCED) is greater than that 1 3
of isothermal process (ABDE). Therefore net work done ? J 1 or J ? PV 3 / 2 = constant
2 2
W Wi  (WA )  WA ! Wi Ÿ W  0 T1  T2 WA T2  T3 WB
16. (c) K A Ÿ KB
C T1 Q1 T2 Q2
P3
Q1 T1 T2  T3 T1
P1 ? u ? WA WB
A Q2 T2 T1  T2 T2
P2 B T1  T3 800  300
? T2 550 K
2 2
E(V1) D(V2) V 17. (b) For monoatomic gas
10. (a) According to given Vander Waal’s equation
CP 5
J we know 'Q nC P 'T
nRT Dn 2 CV 3
P  2
V  nE V 'U C V 3
and 'U nCV 'T Ÿ
V2 V2 dV V2 dV 'Q C P 5
Work done, W ³
V1
PdV nRT ³ V1 V  nE
 Dn 2 ³
V1 V2 i.e. fraction of heat energy to increase the internal energy be
3/5.
V
ª1 º 2
nRT >loge (V  n E )@ VV12  Dn 2 « » 18. (a) 'Q 'U  'W Ÿ
'W
1
'U
1
nC V dT
¬ V ¼ V1 'Q 'Q nC P dT

V2  nE § V  V2 · 'W CV 3 2
nRT loge  Dn 2 ¨¨ 1 ¸ Ÿ 1 1 0.4
V1  n E ¸ 'Q CP 5 5
© V1 V2 ¹
m N
11. (b) Volume of the gas is constant V = constant ? P v T 19. (b) 'U PCV 'T CV 'T CV 'T
M NA
i.e., pressure will be doubled if temperature is doubled
? P 2P0 56 u 10 3 5
F
Ÿ ('U)N u R u 300
14 2
Now let F be the tension in the wire. Then
equilibrium of any one piston gives PA P 0A 6 u 10 26 3
and ('U)A u R u 900 Ÿ ('U)N ! ('U)A
F (P  P0 )A (2 P0  P0 )A P0 A 6 u 10 23 2
20. (c) A is compressed isothermally, hence
§5 · 2(dU) V
12. (c) dU C V dT ¨ R ¸dT or dT V P2 Ÿ P2 2 P1
P1…..(i)
©2 ¹ 5R 2
From first law of thermodynamics and B is compressed adiabatically, hence
J
Q 3Q §V·
dU dQ  dW Q . Now molar heat capacity P1V J P2 ¨ ¸ Ÿ P2 (2)J P1
4 4 ©2¹
dQ Q 5 RQ 10 Since J ! 1 , hence P2 ' ! P2 or P2  P2c
C R.
dT 2(dU) § 3Q · 3
2¨ ¸ 21. (b) In isothermal process P1 V1 P2 V2
5R © 4 ¹
P
13. (b) Q 'U U f  Ui = [internal energy of 4 moles of a or PV P2 u 4 V ? P2
4
monoatomic gas + internal energy of 2 moles of a diatomic gas] In adiabatic process
– [internal energy of 4 moles of a diatomic gas]
 Thermodynamics 687

J P
J V0 V0
P2 V2 P3 V3 Ÿ u (4 V )1.5 P2 V 1.5 Ÿ P3 2 P VL  Ax and VR  Ax
4 2 2
22. (d) Volume of the ideal gas is constant so W P'V 0 using As it is given that the container walls and the piston are
adiabatic in left side and the gas undergoes adiabatic expansion
FLOT 'Q 'U Ÿ 'U i2 Rt 1 2 u 100 u 5 u 60
and on the right side the gas undergoes adiabatic compressive.
30 u 10 3 30 KJ Thus we have for initial and final state of gas on left side
J J
§ T · W 1 §V · §V ·
23. (d) Initially K ¨1  2 ¸ ...(i) P1 ¨ 0 ¸ Pf ¨ 0  Ax ¸ .....(i)
¨ T1 ¸¹ Q 6
© © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
§ T '· § (T  62) · T2 62 Similarly for gas in right side, we have
Finally K' ¨¨1  2 ¸¸ ¨1  2
¨
¸
¸ 1  J J
© T1 ¹ © T1 ¹ T1 T1 §V · §V ·
P2 ¨ 0 ¸ Pf ¨ 0  Ax ¸ .....(ii)
62 © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
K ....(ii)
T1 From eq. (i) and (ii)
J
It is given that K' 2K. Hence solving equation (i) and (ii) § V0 ·
Ÿ T1 372 K 99qC and T2 310 K 37qC P1
¨
© 2
 Ax ¸
¹ Ÿ Ax >
V0 P11 / J  P21 / J @
1 g 2kcal P2 § V0
¨
·
 Ax ¸
J
>
2 P11 / J  P21 / J @
24. (b) Input energy u 2kcal / sec .
sec g © 2 ¹
10 J
Output energy 10 KW 10 K J / S kcal / sec . §V ·
4.2 P1 ¨ 0 ¸
Now from equation (i) Pf © 2 ¹
output energy 10 J
ŸK ! 1, it is impossible. ª 0
V º
input energy 4 .2 u 2 «2  Ax »
¬ ¼
25. (b) Gain of entropy of ice
30. (d) In both cylinders A and B the gases are diatomic (J = 1.4).
'Q mL 80 u 100 8 u 10 3 Piston A is free to move i.e. it is isobaric process. Piston B is
S1 cal / K
T T (0  273) 273 fixed i.e. it is isochoric process. If same amount of heat 'Q is
'Q mL given to both then
Loss of entropy of water S2  
T T ('Q)isobaric ('Q)isochoric Ÿ P C p ('T )A P Cv ('T )B
3
80 u 100 8 u 10 Cp
cal / K Ÿ ('T )B ('T )A J ('T )A 1.4 u 30 42 K.
(273  50) 323 Cv
Total change of entropy
8 u 10 3 8 u 10 3 Graphical Questions
S1  S 2  4.5 cal / K
273 323
26. (b) PV 2 constant represents adiabatic equation. So during the 1. (c) As internal energy is a point function therefore change in
expansion of ideal gas internal energy of gas decreases and internal energy does not depends upon the path followed i.e.
temperature falls. 'UI 'UII
T1  T2 T1  (273  7) 2. (b) Work done by the system = Area of shaded portion on P-V
27. (d) Initially K Ÿ 0.5
T1 T1 diagram
1 T1  280 (300  100)10 6 u (200  10) u 10 3 20 J
Ÿ Ÿ T1 560 K
2 T1 3. (a) Work done = Area enclosed by triangle
T1 '  T2 T1 '  (273  7) 1 1
Finally K1 ' Ÿ 0.7 Ÿ T1 ' 933 K ABC AC u BC u (3 V  V ) u (3 P  P) 2 PV
Tc1 Tc 1
2 2
4. (c) Area enclosed between a and f is maximum. So work done in
? increase in temperature 933  560 373 K | 380 K closed cycles follows a and f is maximum.
28. (c) P-V diagram of the gas is a straight line passing through origin.
5. (a) Initial and final states are same in all the process.
Hence P v V or PV 1 constant
Hence ' U = 0; in each case.
Molar heat capacity in the process PV x constant is
By FLOT; 'Q = 'W = Area enclosed by curve with volume axis.
R R
C  ; Here J 1.4 (For diatomic gas)  (Area) < (Area) < (Area) Ÿ Q < Q < Q .
J 1 1  x 1 2 1 1 2 3

6. (a) For an isothermal process PV = constant

R R
Ÿ C  Ÿ C 3R 1 § dV · 1
1.4  1 1  1 Ÿ PdV  VdP 0 Ÿ  ¨ ¸
29. (c) As finally the piston is in equilibrium, both the gases must be V © dP ¹ P
at same pressure Pf . It is given that displacement of piston be 1
So, E ? graph will be rectangular hyperbola.
in final state x and if A is the area of cross-section of the P
piston. Hence the final volumes of the left and right part finally
can be given by figure as 7. (a) By adjoining graph W AB 0 and

PT 1 1
PT
2 2