What is Python?

Python is a simple and easy-to-understand language that

feels like reading simple English. This Pseudo code nature of
Python makes it easy to learn and understandable for
beginners.

Features of Python:

 Easy to understand = Less development time

 Free and open source
 High-level language
 Portable – works on Windows/Linux/Mac
 + Fun to work with :)

Installation

Python can be easily installed from python.org

When you click on the download button, python can be

installed right after you complete the setup by executing the
file for your platform.

Tip: Just install it like a game ☻

Chapter 1: Modules, Comments & Pip

Let’s write our very first python program.

Create a file called hello.py and paste the below code into it

print(“Hello World”) # print is a function (more later)

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Execute this file (.py file) by typing python hello.py, and you
will see Hello World printed on the screen.

Modules
A module is a file containing code written by somebody else
(usually) which can be imported and used in our programs.

Pip

Pip is a package manager for python. You can use pip to

install a module on your system.

E.g., pip install flask (It will install flask module in your
system)

Types of modules

There are two types of modules in Python:

1. Built-in modules – Pre-installed in Python

2. External modules – Need to install using pip

Some examples of built-in modules are os, abc, etc.

Some examples of external modules are TensorFlow, flask,

etc.

Using Python as a Calculator

We can use python as a calculator by typing “python” + TO

DO on the terminal. [It opens REPL or read evaluation print
loop]

Comments

Comments are used to write something which the

programmer does not want to execute.

Comments can be used to mark the author's name, date,

etc.

Types of Comments:
There are two types of comments in python,

1. Single line comments – Written using # (pound/hash

symbol)
2. Multi-line comments – Written using ‘’’ Comment ‘’’ or “””
Comment “””.

Chapter 1 – Practice Set

1. Write a program to print Twinkle-Twinkle Little Star

poem in python.
2. Use REPL and print the table of 5 using it.
3. Install an external module and use it to perform an
operation of your interest.
4. Write a python program to print the contents of a
directory using os module. Search online for the
function which does that.
5. Label the program written in problem 4 with comments.

Chapter 2 – Variables and Data Types

A variable is a name given to a memory location in a

program. For example

a=30

b=”Harry”

c=71.22
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Variable – Container to store a value

Keywords – Reserved words in Python

Identifiers – class/function/variable name

Data Types:

Primarily there are the following data types in Python:

1. Integers
2. Floating point numbers
3. Strings
4. Booleans
5. None

Python is a fantastic language that automatically identifies

the type of data for us.

a = 71 #Identifies a as class<int>

b = 88.44 #Identifies b as class<float>

name = “Harry” #Identifies name as class<Str>

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Rules for defining a variable name: (Also applicable to other
identifiers)

 A variable name can contain alphabets, digits, and

underscore.
 A variable name can only start with an alphabet and
underscore.
 A variable can’t start with a digit.
 No white space is allowed to be used inside a variable
name.

Examples of few valid variable names,

Harry, harry, one8, _akki, aakash, harry_bro, etc.

Operators in Python

The following are some common operators in Python:

 1. Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /, etc.)
2. Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, etc.)
3. Comparison Operators (==, >=, <=, >, <, !=, etc.)
4. Logical Operators (and, or, not)

type() function and Typecasting

type function is used to find the data type of a given variable

in Python.

a = 31

type(a) #class<int>

b = “31”

type(b) #class<str>
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A number can be converted into a string and vice versa (if
possible)

There are many functions to convert one data type into

another.

Str(31) # ”31” Integer to string conversion

int(“32”) # 32 String to int conversion

float(32) #32.0 Integer to float conversion

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… and so on

Here “31” is a string literal, and 31 is a numeric literal.

input() function
This function allows the user to take input from the
keyboard as a string.

a = input(“Enter name”) #if a is “harry”, the user

entered harry
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Note: The output of the input function is always a string
even if the number is entered by the user.

Suppose if a user enters 34, then this 34 will automatically

convert to “34” string literal.

Chapter 2 – Practice Set

1. Write a Python program to add two numbers.

2. Write a Python program to find the remainder when a
number is divided by Z(Integer).
3. Check the type of the variable assigned using the
input() function.
4. Use a comparison operator to find out whether a given
variable a is greater than b or not. (Take a=34 and b=80)
5. Write a Python program to find the average of two
numbers entered by the user.
6. Write a Python program to calculate the square of a
number entered by the user.

Chapter 3 – Strings

The string is a data type in Python.

A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes.

We can primarily write a string in three ways:

1. Single quoted strings : a = ‘harry’

2. Double quoted strings : b = “harry”
3. Triple quoted strings : c = ‘’’ harry ‘’’
String Slicing:

A string in Python can be sliced for getting a part of the

string.

Consider the following string:

The index in a string starts from 0 to (length-1) in Python. To

slice a string, we use the following syntax:

Negative Indices: Negative indices can also be used as

shown in the figure above. -1 corresponds to the (length-1)
index, -2 to (length-2).

Slicing with skip value

We can provide a skip value as a part of our slice like this:

word = “amazing”

word[1:6:2] # It will return ’mzn’

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Other advanced slicing techniques

word = ‘amazing’

word[:7] or word[0:7] #It will return ‘amazing’

word[0:] or word[0:7] #It will return ‘amazing’

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String Functions

Some of the most used functions to perform operations on or

manipulate strings are:

1. len() function : It returns the length of the string.

len(‘harry’) #Returns 5
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2. endswith(“rry”) : This function tells whether the

variable string ends with the string “rry” or not. If string
is “harry”, it returns for “rry” since harry ends with rry.
3. count(“c”) : It counts the total number of occurrences
of any character.
4. capitalize() : This function capitalizes the first
character of a given string.
5. find(word) : This function finds a word and returns the
index of first occurrence of that word in the string.
6. replace(oldword, newword) : This function replaces the
old word with the new word in the entire string.

Escape Sequence Characters:

Sequence of characters after backslash ‘\’ [Escape

Sequence Characters]
Escape Sequence Characters comprises of more than one
character but represents one character when used within
the string.

Examples: \n (new line), \t (tab), \’ (single quote), \\

(backslash), etc.

Chapter 3 – Practice Set

1. Write a Python program to display a user-entered name

followed by Good Afternoon using input() function.
2. Write a program to fill in a letter template given below
with name and date.

letter = ‘’’ Dear <|NAME|>,

You are selected!

<|DATE|>
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3. Write a program to detect double spaces in a string.

4. Replace the double spaces from problem 3 with single
spaces.
5. Write a program to format the following letter using
escape sequence characters.

letter = “Dear Harry, This Python course in nice. Thanks!!”

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Chapter 4 – Lists and Tuples

Python Lists are containers to store a set of values of any
data type.

friends = [‘Apple’, ‘Akash’, ‘Rohan’, 7, False]

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The list can contain different types of elements such as int,
float, string, Boolean, etc. Above list is a collection of
different types of elements.

List Indexing

A list can be index just like a string.

L1 = [7, 9, ‘harry’]

L1[0] – 7

L1[1] – 9

L1[70] – Error

L1[0:2] – [7,9] (This is known as List Slicing)

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List Methods

Consider the following list:

L1 = [1, 8, 7, 2, 21, 15]

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1. sort() – updates the list to [1,2,7,8,15,21]

2. reverse() – updates the list to [15,21,2,7,8,1]
3. append(8) – adds 8 at the end of the list
4. insert(3,8) – This will add 8 at 3 index
5. pop(2) – It will delete the element at index 2 and return
its value
6. remove(21) – It will remove 21 from the last

Tuples in Python:
A tuple is an immutable (can’t change or modified) data type
in Python.

a = () #It is an example of empty tuple

a = (1,) #Tuple with only one element needs a comma

a = (1, 7, 2) #Tuple with more than one element

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Once defined, tuple elements can’t be manipulated or
altered.

Tuple methods:

Consider the following tuple,

a = (1, 7, 2)
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1. count(1) – It will return the number of times 1 occurs in

a.
2. index(1) – It will return the index of the first occurrence
of 1 in a.

Chapter 4 – Practice Set

1. Write a program to store seven fruits in a list entered by

the user.
2. Write a program to accept the marks of 6 students and
display them in a sorted manner.
3. Check that a tuple cannot be changed in Python.
4. Write a program to sum a list with 4 numbers.
5. Write a program to count the number of zeros in the
following tuple:

a = (7, 0, 8, 0, 0, 9)
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Chapter 5 – Dictionary and Sets

Dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs.

Syntax:

''' a = {“key”: “value”,

“harry”: “code”,
“marks” : “100”,
“list”: [1,2,9]}
a[“key”] # Prints value
a[“list”] # Prints [1,2,9] '''
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Properties of Python Dictionaries

1. It is unordered
2. It is mutable
3. It is indexed
4. It cannot contain duplicate keys

Dictionary Methods

Consider the following dictionary,

a = {“name”: “Harry”,
“from”: “India”,
“marks”: [92,98,96]}
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1. items() : returns a list of (key,value) tuple.

2. keys() : returns a list containing dictionary’s keys.
3. update({“friend”: “Sam”}) : updates the dictionary with
supplied key-value pairs.
 4. get(“name”) : returns the value of the specified keys
(and value is returned e.g., “Harry” is returned here)

More methods are available on docs.python.org

Sets in Python

Set is a collection of non-repetitive elements.

S= Set() # No repetition allowed!

S.add(1)

S.add(2)

# or Set = {1,2}
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If you are a programming beginner without much knowledge
of mathematical operations on sets, you can simply look at
sets in python as data types containing unique values.

Properties of Sets

1. Sets are unordered # Elements order doesn’t matter

2. Sets are unindexed # Cannot access elements by index
3. There is no way to change items in sets
4. Sets cannot contain duplicate values

Operations on Sets

Consider the following set:

S = {1,8,2,3}
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1. Len(s) : Returns 4, the length of the set

2. remove(8) : Updates the set S and removes 8 from S
 3. pop() : Removes an arbitrary element from the set and
returns the element removed.
4. clear() : Empties the set S
5. union({8, 11}) : Returns a new set with all items from
both sets. #{1,8,2,3,11}
6. intersection({8, 11}) : Returns a set which contains only
items in both sets. #{8}

Chapter 5 – Practice Set

1. Write a program to create a dictionary of Hindi words

with values as their English translation. Provide the
user with an option to look it up!
2. Write a program to input eight numbers from the user
and display all the unique numbers (once).
3. Can we have a set with 18(int) and “18”(str) as a value
in it?
4. What will be the length of the following set S:

S = Set()

S.add(20)
S.add(20.0)

S.add(“20”)
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What will be the length of S after the above operations?

5. S = {}, what is the type of S?

6. Create an empty dictionary. Allow 4 friends to enter
their favorite language as values and use keys as their
names. Assume that the names are unique.
7. If the names of 2 friends are the same; what will happen
to the program in Program 6?
8. If the languages of two friends are the same; what will
happen to the program in Program 6?
9. Can you change the values inside a list which is
contained in set S

S = {8, 7, 12, “Harry”, [1, 2]}

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Chapter 6 – Conditional Expressions

Sometimes we want to play pubg on our phone if the day is

Sunday.

Sometimes we order Ice-cream online if the day is sunny.

Sometimes we go hiking if our parents allow.

All these are decisions that depend on the condition being

met.

In python programming too, we must be able to execute

instructions on a condition(s) being met. This is what
conditions are for!
If else and elif in Python

If else and elif statements are a multiway decision taken by

our program due to certain conditions in our code.

Syntax:

'''
if (condition1): // if condition 1 is true
print(“yes”)
elif (condition2): // if condition 2 is true
print(“No”)
else: // otherwise
print(“May be”)
'''
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Code example:

a = 22
if (a>9):
print(“Greater”)
else:
print(“lesser”)
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Quick Quiz: Write a program to print yes when the age
entered by the user is greater than or equal to 18.

Relational Operators

Relational operators are used to evaluate conditions inside

if statements. Some examples of relational operators are:

= = -> equals

>= -> greater than/equal to

<=, etc.
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Logical Operators

In python, logical operators operate on conditional

statements. Example:

and -> true if both operands are true else false

or -> true if at least one operand is true else false

not -> inverts true to false and false to true

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elif clause

elif in python means [else if]. If statement can be chained

together with a lot of these elif statements followed by an
else statement.

'''
if (condition1):
#code
elif (condition 2):
#code
elif (condition 2):
#code
….
else:
#code '''
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 The above ladder will stop once a condition in an if or

elif is met.
Important Notes:

 There can be any number of elif statements.

 Last else is executed only if all the conditions inside
elifs fail.

Chapter 6 – Practice Set

1. Write a program to find the greatest of four numbers

entered by the user.
2. Write a program to find out whether a student is pass or
fail if it requires a total of 40% and at least 33% in each
subject to pass. Assume 3 subjects and take marks as
an input from the user.
3. A spam comment is defined as a text containing the
following keywords:

“make a lot of money”, “buy now”, “subscribe this”, “click

this”. Write a program to detect these spams.

4. Write a program to find whether a given username

contains less than 10 characters or not.
5. Write a program that finds out whether a given name is
present in a list or not.
6. Write a program to calculate the grade of a student
from his marks from the following scheme:

90- E
100 x
80-90 A
70-80 B
60-70 C
50-60 D
<50 F

7. Write a program to find out whether a given post is

talking about “Harry” or not.
Chapter 7 – Loops in Python

Sometimes we want to repeat a set of statements in our

program. For instance: Print 1 to 1000

Loops make it easy for a programmer to tell the computer,

which set of instructions to repeat, and how!

Types of loops in Python

Primarily there are two types of loops in Python

1. While loop
2. For loop

We will look into this one by one!

While loop

The syntax of a while loop looks like this:

''' while condition:

#Body of the loop '''
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 The block keeps executing until the condition is

true/false

In while loops, the condition is checked first. If it evaluates

to true, the body of the loop is executed, otherwise not!

If the loop is entered, the process of condition check and

execution is continued until the condition becomes false.

Quick Quiz: Write a program to print 1 to 50 using a while

loop.

An Example:
i = 0
while i<5:
print(“Harry”)
i = i+1
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(Above program will print Harry 5 times)

Note: if the condition never becomes false, the loop keeps

getting executed.

Quick Quiz: Write a program to print the content of a list

using while loops.

For loop

A for loop is used to iterate through a sequence like a list,

tuple, or string (iterables)

The syntax of a for loop looks like this:

l = [1, 7, 8]
for item in l:
print(item)
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(Above program will print 1, 7, and 8)

Range function in Python

The range function in python is used to generate a sequence

of numbers.

We can also specify the start, stop, and step-size as follows:

range(start, stop, step_size)

 step size is usually not used with range()

An example demonstrating range() function

for i in range(0, 7): #range(7) can also be used
print(i) #prints 0 to 6
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For loop with else

An optional else can be used with a for loop if the code is to

be executed when the loop exhausts.

Example:

l = [1, 7, 8]
for item in l:
print(item)
else:
print(“Done”) #This is printed when the loop exhausts!
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Output:

Done
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The break statement

‘break’ is used to come out of the loop when encountered. It

instructs the program to – Exit the loop now.

Example:

for i in range(0, 80):

print(i) #This will print 0, 1, 2 and 3
 if i == 3:
break
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The continue statement

‘continue’ is used to stop the current iteration of the loop

and continue with the next one. It instructs the program to
“skip this iteration.”

Example:

for i in range(4):
print(“printing”)
if i == 2: #if i is 2, the iteration is skipped
continue
print(i)
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pass statement

pass is a null statement in python. It instructs to “Do

nothing.”

Example:

l = [1, 7, 8]
for item in l:
pass #without pass, the program will throw an error
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Chapter 7 – Practice Set

1. Write a program to print the multiplication table of a

given number using for loop.
2. Write a program to greet all the person names stored in
a list l1 and which starts with S.
l1 = [“Harry”, “Sohan”, “Sachin”, “Rahul”]
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3. Attempt problem 1 using a while loop.

4. Write a program to find whether a given number is
prime or not.
5. Write a program to find the sum of first n natural
numbers using a while loop.
6. Write a program to calculate the factorial of a given
number using for loop.
7. Write a program to print the following star pattern.

***

***** for n=3

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8. Write a program to print the following star pattern:

**

*** for n = 3
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9. Write a program to print the following star pattern:

* * *
* * #For n=3
* * *
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 10. Write a program to print the multiplication table of n
using for loop in reversed order.

Chapter 8 – Functions and Recursions

A function is a group of statements performing a specific

task.

When a program gets bigger in size and its complexity

grows, it gets difficult for a programmer to keep track of
which piece of code is doing what!

A function can be reused by the programmer in a given

program any number of times.

Example and Syntax of a function

The syntax of a function looks as follows:

def func1():
print(“Hello”)
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This function can be called any number of times, anywhere
in the program.

Function call

Whenever we want to call a function, we put the name of the

function followed by parenthesis as follows:

func1() #This is called function call

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Function definition

The part containing the exact set of instructions that are

executed during the function call.
Quick Quiz: Write a program to greet a user with “Good day”
using functions.

Types of functions in Python

There are two types of functions in Python:

1. Built-in functions #Already present in Python

2. User-defined functions #Defined by the user

Examples of built-in function includes len(), print(), range(),

etc.

The func1() function we defined is an example of a user-

defined function.

Functions with arguments

A function can accept some values it can work with. We can

put these values in the parenthesis. A function can also
return values as shown below:

def greet(name):
gr = “Hello” + name
return gr
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a = greet(“Harry”) #“Harry” is passed to greet in name

# a will now contain “Hello Harry”

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Default Parameter Value

We can have a value as the default argument in a function.

If we specify name = “stranger” in the line containing def,

this value is used when no argument is passed.
For Example:

def greet(name=’stranger’):
#function body
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greet() #Name will be ‘stranger’ in function
body(default)

greet(“Harry”) #Name will be “Harry” in function body(passed)

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Recursion

Recursion is a function which calls itself.

It is used to directly use a mathematical formula as a

function. For example:

factorial(n) = n * factorial(n-1)
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This function can be defined as follows:

def factorial(n):
if i == 0 or i == 1 : #Base condition which doesn’t call the
function any further
return i
else:
return n*factorial(n-1) #Function calling itself
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This works as follows:
The programmer needs to be extremely careful while
working with recursion to ensure that the function doesn’t
infinitely keep calling itself.

Recursion is sometimes the most direct way to code an

algorithm.

Chapter 8 – Practice Set

1. Write a program using the function to find the greatest

of three numbers.
2. Write a python program using the function to convert
Celsius to Fahrenheit.
3. How do you prevent a python print() function to print a
new line at the end?
4. Write a recursive function to calculate the sum of first n
natural numbers.
5. Write a python function to print the first n lines of the
following pattern.

***
** #For n = 3

*
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6. Write a python function that converts inches to cms.

7. Write a python function to remove a given word from a
list and strip it at the same time.
8. Write a python function to print the multiplication table
of a given number.

Project 1: Snake, Water, Gun Game

We all have played snake, water gun game in our childhood.

If you haven’t, google the rules of this game and write a
Python program capable of playing this game with the user.

Chapter 9 – File I/O

The random access memory is volatile, and all its contents

are lost once a program terminates.

In order to persist the data forever, we use files.

A file is data stored in a storage device. A python program

can talk to the file by reading content from it and writing
content to it.
Types of Files

There are 2 types of files:

1. Text files (.txt, .c, etc)

2. Binary files (.jpg, .dat, etc)

Python has a lot of functions for reading, updating, and

deleting files.

Opening a file

Python has an open() function for opening files. It takes 2

parameters: filename and mode.

open(“this.txt”, “r”)
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Here, “this” is the file name and “r” is the mode of opening
(read mode)

Reading a file in Python

f = open(“this.txt”, “r”) #Opens the file in r mode

text = f.read() #Read its content

print(text) #Print its contents

f.close() #Close the fie

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We can also specify the number of characters in read()
function:

f.read(2) #Reads first 2 characters

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Other methods to read the file

We can also use f.readline() function to read one full line at a

time.

f.readline() #Reads one line from the file

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Modes of opening a file

r – open for reading

w – open for writing

a – open for appending

+ -> open for updating

‘rb’ will open for read in binary mode

‘rt’ will open for read in text mode

Writing Files in Python

In order to write to a file, we first open it in write or append

mode, after which, we use the python’s f.write() method to
write to the file!
f = open(“this.txt”, “w”)

f.write(“This is nice”) #Can be called multiple times

f.close()
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With statement

The best way to open and close the file automatically is the
“with” statement.

with open(“this.txt”) as f:

f.read()
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#There is no need to write f.close() as it is done
automatically

Chapter 9 – Practice Set

1. Write a program to read the text from a given file,

“poems.txt” and find out whether it contains the word
‘twinkle’.
2. The game() function in a program lets a user play a
game and returns the score as an integer. You need to
read a file “Hiscore.txt” which is either blank or
contains the previous Hi-score. You need to write a
program to update the Hi-score whenever game()
breaks the Hi-Score.
3. Write a program to generate multiplication tables from
2 to 20 and write it to the different files. Place these
files in a folder for a 13- year old boy.
4. A file contains the word “Donkey” multiple times. You
need to write a program which replaces this word with
###### by updating the same file.
 5. Repeat program 4 for a list of such words to be
censored.
6. Write a program to mine a log file and find out whether
it contains ‘python’.
7. Write a program to find out the line number where
python is present from question 6.
8. Write a program to make a copy of a text file “this.txt.”
9. Write a program to find out whether a file is identical
and matches the content of another file.
10. Write a program to wipe out the contents of a file
using python.
11. Write a python program to rename a file to
“renamed_by_python.txt.”

Chapter 10 – Object-Oriented Programming

Solving a problem by creating objects is one of the most

popular approaches in programming. This is called object-
oriented programming.

This concept focuses on using reusable code. (Implements

DRY principle)

Class

A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

The syntax of a class looks like this:

Class Employee: [classname is written in PascalCase]

#methods & variables
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Object

An object is an instantiation of a class. When class is

defined, a template(info) is defined. Memory is allocated
only after object instantiation.

Objects of a given class can invoke the methods available to

it without revealing the implementation details to the
user. #Abstraction & Encapsulation!

Modelling a problem in OOPs

We identify the following in our problem

Noun -> Class -> Employee

Adjective -> Attributes -> name,age,salary

Verbs -> Methods -> getSalary(), increment()

Class Attributes

An attribute that belongs to the class rather than a

particular object.

Example:

Class Employee:
company = “Google” #Specific to each class
harry = Employee() #Object instantiation
harry.company
Employee.company = “YouTube” #changing class attribute
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Instance Attributes

An attribute that belongs to the Instance (object)

Assuming the class from the previous example:

harry.name = “Harry”
harry.salary = “30K” #Adding instance attributes
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Note: Instance attributes take preference over class
attributes during assignment and retrieval.

harry.attribute1 :

1. Is attribute1 present in the object?

2. Is attribute1 present in class?

‘self’ parameter

self refers to the instance of the class.

It is automatically passed with a function call from an

object.

harry.getSalary()
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here, self is harry, and the above line of code is equivalent
to Employee.getSalary(harry)

This function getsalary is defined as:

class Employee:
company = “Google”
def getSalary(self):
print(“Salary is not there”)
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Static method

Sometimes we need a function that doesn’t use the self-

parameter. We can define a static method like this:

@staticmethod #decorator to mark greet as a static method

def greet():
print(“Hello user”)
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__init__() constructor

__init__() is a special method which runs as soon as the

object is created.

__init__() method is also known as constructor.

It takes self-argument and can also take further arguments.

For Example:

class Employee:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
def getSalary(self):
#Some code…
harry = Employee(“Harry”) #Object can be instantiated using
constructor like this!
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Chapter 10 – Practice Set

1. Create a class programmer for storing information of a

few programmers working at Microsoft.
2. Write a class calculator capable of finding square, cube,
and the square root of a number.
 3. Create a class with a class attribute a; create an object
from it and set a directly using object.a=0 Does this
change the class attribute?
4. Add a static method in problem 2 to greet the user with
hello.
5. Write a class Train which has methods to book a ticket,
get status(no of seats), and get fare information of
trains running under Indian Railways.
6. Can you change the self parameter inside a class to
something else (say ‘harry’)? Try changing self to ‘slf’ or
‘harry’ and see the effects.

Chapter 11 – Inheritance & more on OOPs

Inheritance is a way of creating a new class from an

existing class.

Syntax:

class Emoloyee: #Base Class

#Code
class Programmer(Employee): #Derived or child class
#Code
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We can use the methods and attributes of Employee in
Programmer object.

Also, we can overwrite or add new attributes and methods in

the Programmer class.

Type of Inheritance

1. Single inheritance
2. Multiple inheritance
3. Multilevel inheritance
Single Inheritance

Single inheritance occurs when a child class inherits only a

single parent class.

Base -> Derived

Multiple Inheritance

Multiple inheritances occurs when the child class inherits

from more than one parent class.

Multilevel Inheritance

When a child class becomes a parent for another child class.

Super() method

Super method is used to access the methods of a superclass

in the derived class.

super().__init__() #Calls constructor of the base class

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Class methods

A class method is a method which is bound to the class and

not the object of the class.

@classmethod decorator is used to create a class method.

Syntax to create a class method:

@classmethod
def (cls, p1, p2):
#code
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@property decorators

Consider the following class

class Employee:
@property
def name(self):
return self.ename
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if e = Employee() is an object of class employee, we can
print (e.name) top print the ename/call name() function.

@.getters and @.setters

The method name with @property decorator is called getter

method.
We can define a function + @name.setter decorator like
below:

@name.setter
def name(self, value):
self.ename = value
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Operator overloading in Python

Operators in python can be overloaded using dunder

methods.

These methods are called when a given operator is used on

the objects.

Operators in python can be overloaded using the following

methods:

p1 + p2 -> p1.__add__(p2)

p1 – p2 -> p1.__sub__(p2)

p1 * p2 -> p1.__mul__(p2)

p1 / p2 -> p1.__truediv__(p2)

p1 // p2 -> p1.__floordiv__(p2)
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Other dunder/magic methods in Python

__str__() -> used to set what gets displayed upon calling str(obj)

__len__() -> used to set what gets displayed upon calling .__len__()
or len(obj)
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Chapter 11 – Practice Set

1. Create a class C-2d vector and use it to create another

class representing a 3-d vector.
2. Create a class of pets from a class Animals and further
create class Dog from Pets. Add a method bark to class
Dog.
3. Create a class Employee and add salary and increment
properties to it.

Write a method SalaryAfterIncrement method with a

@property decorator with a setter which changes the value
of increment based on the salary.

4. Write a class complex to represent complex numbers,

along with overloaded operators + and * which adds and
multiplies them.
5. Write a class vector representing a vector of n
dimension. Overload the + and * operator which
calculates the sum and the dot product of them.
6. Write __str__() method to print the vector as follows:

7i + 8j + 10k
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Assume vector of dimension 3 for this problem.

7. Override the __len__() method on vector of problem 5 to

display the dimension of the vector.

Project 2: Snake, Water, Gun Game

We are going to write a program that generates a random

number and asks the user to guess it.

If the player’s guess is higher than the actual number, the

program displays “Lower number please”. Similarly, if the
user’s guess is too low, the program prints “higher number
please”.

When the user guesses the correct number, the program

displays the number of guesses the player used to arrive at
the number.

Hint: Use the random module

Download all the Notes here