Certified Safety Professional (CSP) - BCSP

Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) - ABIH

Certified Health Physicist (CHP) – ABHP (deals with effects of radiation on living
organism)
Industrial hygiene labs accredidated by - AIHA
List of National approved Labs - in OSHA

Level A and B PPE have same respiratory requirement. Level A has higher skin
protection (vapor resistant suit). Level B require liquid resistant suit

Overview of ANSI Z10

The five basic elements in the Z10 are: Management Leadership and Employee
Participation, • Planning, • Implementation and Operation, • Evaluation and
Corrective Action, and • Management Review.

ANSI Z490 – criteria for accepted practices in SHE training standard

Risk = Probability of EVENT and Consequence of EVENT

Boom of crane should be minimum 10ft away from power line upto 50,000 V.
Plus 4 inch per 10,000 V above 50,000 V

F = ma/gc gc=32.2 for fpi unit and 1 for SI unir

PE = mgh/gc
KE = ½ mV2/gc

H.W. Heinrich
• Accident Pyramid (300:29:1)
• Accident causes (88 :10 : 2)
• Domino Theory of Accident causation
• 3E – Engineering, Education, Enforcement,
Heinrich analyzed 75,000 accidents and found that 88% were caused by unsafe
acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% by unpreventable causes. This is Heinrich’s
88 :10 : 2 ratio.

He said that preventive actions should focus primarily on accidents and their causes
(unsafe acts and unsafe conditions). Less attention should be placed on effects, like
injuries and their immediate causes. To demonstrate this point, he developed the
300 :29 : 1 ratio from a study of accident cases. For every group of 330 accidents of
the same kind, 300 result in no injuries, 29 produce minor injuries, and 1 results in a
major, lost-time injury. Thus, there are many opportunities to implement preventive
actions before minor or serious injuries occur.

Hazberg - Hygiene-Motivation theory

McGregor – X-Y Theory

Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs

Peter Drucker – Management by Objective

Pareto (80:20 Rule)
He noted that significant items in a given group normally are a relatively small portion
of the total. For a group of similar incidents resulting in injuries and direct costs
(insurance claims), only a small percentage of the injuries account for most of the
total costs of the group, and most of the injuries account for merely a small portion of
the total injury cost.

Grose
• Multiple Factor Theory of accident causation
The four Ms: man, machine, media, and management. Man refers to people.
Machine refers to any kind of equipment or vehicle. Media includes such things as
environments, roadways, and weather. Management is the human context in which
the other three Ms exist and operate.

Frederick Taylor
The Principles of Scientific Management." In this, he proposed that by optimizing and
simplifying jobs, productivity would increase. He also advanced the idea that workers
and managers needed to cooperate with one another.

Objective:
• Maximize prosperity of employer - increased production
• Maximize prosperity of employee – increased efficiency

FOUR PRINCIPLES:
• Replacing the rule of thumb by Scientific methods.
• Selecting, training, teaching and develop the workman
• Division of work and responsibility
• Cooperation between Management and workers

Edward Demings
Total Quality Management
Statistical tools for decision making, data gathering tools.
MORT is accident investigation technique. Not a Accident causation model

Radiation Activity - Half Life formula

 ln(2) = 0.693

Important OSHA standards

PPE
Confined space entry
Control of Hazardous Energy 29 CFR 1910.147
(lockout/tagout), general industry
Permit to work
Fall protection 29 CFR 1926.501
Eye and Face protection - Construction 29 CFR 1926.102

Top 10 most frequently cited OSHA standards violated in FY 2020

The following were the top 10 most frequently cited standards by Federal
OSHA in fiscal year 2020 (October 1, 2019, through September 30, 2020):
• Fall Protection, construction (29 CFR 1926.501) [related OSHA Safety
and Health Topics page]
• Hazard Communication Standard, general industry (29 CFR 1910.1200)
[related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page]
• Respiratory Protection, general industry (29 CFR 1910.134) [related
OSHA Safety and Health Topics page]
• Scaffolding, general requirements, construction (29 CFR 1926.451)
[related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page]
• Ladders, construction (29 CFR 1926.1053) [related OSHA Safety and
Health Topics page]
• Control of Hazardous Energy (lockout/tagout), general industry (29 CFR
1910.147) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page]
 • Powered Industrial Trucks, general industry (29 CFR 1910.178) [related
OSHA Safety and Health Topics page]
• Fall Protection–Training Requirements (29 CFR 1926.503) [related
OSHA Safety and Health Topics page]
• Eye and Face Protection (29 CFR 1926.102) [related OSHA Safety and
Health Topics page]
• Machinery and Machine Guarding, general requirements (29 CFR
1910.212) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page]

Direct Costs are just the tip of the iceberg.

Direct, or insured costs for accidents are usually considered those costs
covered by workers compensation insurance and other minor medical costs
for the accident.

Indirect costs
Indirect costs are all the "uninsured" additional costs associated with an
accident. What is important to realize is that indirect costs are usually much
greater than direct costs: From 2-10 times as expensive. Another important
point is that, unlike direct costs, indirect costs are uninsured...they come
right out of the corporate pocketbook. These are the costs that can drive a
company into the red.

The NSC lists examples of indirect or uninsured costs:

• Lost production time.

• Productive time lost by an injured employee.

• Productive time lost by employees and supervisors helping the

accident victim.

• Cleanup and startup of operations interrupted by an accident.

• Time to hire or train a worker to replace the injured worker until

they return to work.

• Property damage. Time and cost for repair or replacement of

damaged equipment, materials or other property.

• Cost of continuing all or part of the employee's wages, plus

compensation.

• Reduced morale among your employees, and perhaps lower

efficiency.

• Cost of completing paperwork generated by the accident.

 • OSHA penalties.

NEC Hazardous Classification

Pyrophoric materials are substances that ignite instantly upon exposure to oxygen. ...
Examples of such materials include metal hydrides, finely divided metal powders, nonmetal
hydride and alkyl compounds, white phosphorus, alloy of reactive materials and
organometallic compounds, including alkyllithiums.

A hypergolic mixture ignites upon contact of the components without any external
source of ignition (heat or flame). E.g. fuel mixed with oxidizers

The alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr) are the most reactive metals in the periodic
table - they all react vigorously or even explosively with cold water, resulting in the
displacement of hydrogen.
Calcium carbide reacts with water to Gives off explosive acetylene gas

How does type 1 error occur in statistics?

A type I error occurs during hypothesis testing when a null hypothesis is rejected,
even though it is accurate and should not be rejected. ... A type I error is "false
positive" leading to an incorrect rejection of the null hypothesis.

A type II error is also known as a false negative and occurs when a researcher fails to
reject a null hypothesis which is really false.

In statistics, a Type I error means rejecting the null hypothesis when it's actually true, while
a Type II error means failing to reject the null hypothesis when it's actually false.
Respirators for IDLH atmospheres.
The employer shall provide the following respirators for employee use in IDLH atmospheres
(OSHA considers any atmosphere with less than 19.5% O2 as IDLH):
 • A full facepiece pressure demand SCBA certified by NIOSH for a minimum service
life of thirty minutes, or
• A combination full facepiece pressure demand supplied-air respirator (SAR) with
auxiliary self-contained air supply.
• Respirators provided only for escape from IDLH atmospheres shall be NIOSH-
certified for escape from the atmosphere in which they will be used.
All oxygen-deficient atmospheres shall be considered IDLH. Exception: If the employer
demonstrates that, under all foreseeable conditions, the oxygen concentration can be
maintained within the ranges specified in Table II of this section (i.e., for the altitudes set out
in the table), then any atmosphere-supplying respirator may be used.

OSHA Max Ramp Angle – 20 degree (recommended/preferred angle 15 degree or

less)
OSHA Staircase angle – 30 to 50 degree (preferred angle 30-35 degree)
OSHA Max Fixed Ladder angle – 90 degree

Post accident DOT Testing by owner company of commercial vehicle

Alcohol test within 2 hrs or max 8hrs (company must document cause for delay if
more than 2 hrs)
Drug test no later than 32 hrs

Formula for mixtures (PEL/TLV or Density or LFL)

TLV mix or LFL mix or ρ mix =

BRAKING DISTANCE WITH FRICTION

V2 = Vo2 +[2 x (-a) x s x friction]

SERIES PARALLEL
RELIABILITY

PROBABILITY F1 + F2 + F3 F1 x F2 x F3
OF FAILURE
ANSI-Z 358.1 Emergency eye wash showers
Tepid water range of 60°-100°F
Accessible within 10 seconds (roughly 55 feet)
Activated in 1 second or less

Flow rates

Eye Wash Stations 0.4 GPM at 30 PSI for 15 minutes

Eye/Face Wash Stations 3 GPM at 30 PSI for 15 minutes
Showers 20 GPM for 15 minutes

OSHA PEL NIOSH IDLH TLV TLV-STEL TLV-C

CO 50 ppm 1200 ppm 50 ppm 400 ppm
CO2 5000 ppm 40,000 ppm
(0.5%)
H2S 20 ppm 5 ppm 10 ppm 100 ppm
Vinyl 1 5
Chlorid
e

OSHA – PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit)

NIOSH – REL (Recommended Exposure Limit)
ACGIH – TLV (Theshold Limit Value)
AIHA – WEEL (Workplace Exposure Evaluation Levels)

Volume of vapor generated from evaporation of liquid

Vv = 111 x specific gravity
vapor density

Vv is in cubic feet per gallon

Tagout devices. Tagout devices, including their means of attachment, shall be

substantial enough to prevent inadvertent or accidental removal. Tagout
device attachment means shall be of a non-reusable type, attachable by hand,
self-locking, and non-releasable with a minimum unlocking strength of no less
than 50 pounds and having the general design and basic characteristics of
being at least equivalent to a one-piece, all environment-tolerant nylon cable
tie.
How do you add noise levels?
To add two or more noise levels, if the difference between the highest and next highest
noise level is:
• 0–1 dB ---- add 3 dB to the higher level to give the total noise level
• 2–3 dB ---- add 2 dB to the higher level to give the total noise level
• 4–9 dB ---- add 1 dB to the higher level to give the total noise level
• 10 dB and over---- the noise level is unchanged (i.e. the higher level is the total level)
So, 35 dB plus 35 dB equals 38 dB.
To be identified as impaired there should be a 25dB thrfeshold shift at seletected
frequencies.
Compensation for hearing loss in 500-200Hz frequency range

If an employee is exposed to greater than 85 dBA on average for the eight hour workday,
that worker must be included in a hearing conservation program and be:
1) Provided with hearing protection
2) Trained and retrained annually
3) Given an audiogram within 6 months

The reference level for sound pressure of 2 x 10-5 pascal was chosen because it
approximates the threshold of human hearing at 1,000 Hz.

Total occupational Deaths – 5333

Preventable Deaths – 4572
The top leading causes of work-related injuries –
Transportation
slips, trips and falls
Workplace voilence
contact with objects and equipment
Exposure to harmful substances
Fires and Explosion

s third leading cause of work occupational fatalities in USA

STATISTICS

A chi-square test is a statistical test used to compare observed results with expected
results. The purpose of this test is to determine if a difference between observed data and
expected data is due to chance, or if it is due to a relationship between the variables you are
studying.

To determine of a particular probability distribution is appropriate distribution of the data we

are studying

• A chi-square goodness of fit test determines if sample data matches a population. For more
details on this type, see: Goodness of Fit Test.
• A chi-square test for independence compares two variables in a contingency table to see if they
are related. In a more general sense, it tests to see whether distributions of categorical
variables differ from each another.
Cathod is negative. Cathod attracts cations (cation have positive charge)
Anode is Positive. Anode attracts anions (anion have negative charge)
Cations are generated from the solution
Anodes gives electrons in the circuit

Distance between 2 cranes operating nearby - 30ft

Distance between crane/ mechanical equipment and overhead

power lines – 10 ft
Clearance distance must be increased by 4 inches for every 10
kilovolts over 50 kilovolts.

Distance between crane and any overhead obstruction – 3 inch

Crane and forklift specifications – ANSI standrads

Warranties are generally divided into two categories:

• Express Warranties

• Implied Warranties.

Express warranties are expressly made by the manufacturer or seller of a product. In most
cases, express warranties are set forth in writing, but do not necessarily need to be in order to be
deemed an express warranty.

Implied warranties are warranties that arise from either the sale itself or the circumstances of the
sale, and are created by legislation or the courts.

There are two main types of implied warranties:

• Implied warranties of merchantability

• Implied warranties of fitness.

The implied warranty of merchantability states a product will perform the purpose for which it was
designed to a reasonable degree. The implied warranty of fitness states a product will reasonably
perform a purpose specific to the intentions for which the product was purchased by the
consumer.
Proof test is a nondestructive tension test performed by the sling manufacturer or an
equivalent entity to verify construction and workmanship of a sling. Rated capacity or
working load limit is the maximum working load permitted

What is the Process Safety Management standard?

Congress mandated (by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990) that OSHA set
requirements for the management of highly hazardous substances to prevent
and mitigate hazards associated with catastrophic releases of flammable,
explosive, reactive, and toxic chemicals that may endanger workers. As a
result, OSHA developed the Process Safety Management (PSM) standard
(issued in 1992), which covers the manufacturing of explosives and processes
involving threshold quantities of flammable liquids and flammable gasses
(above 10,000 lbs), as well as 137 listed highly hazardous chemicals.

The PSM standard is applicable to:

• A process which involves a chemical at or above the specified

threshold quantities listed in appendix A to this section;

• A process which involves a Category 1 flammable gas (as defined in

1910.1200(c)) or a flammable liquid with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8
°C) on site in one location, in a quantity of 10,000 pounds (4535.9 kg) or
more except for:

• Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel

(e.g., propane used for comfort heating, gasoline for vehicle refueling),
if such fuels are not a part of a process containing another highly
hazardous chemical covered by this standard;
 • Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C) stored in
atmospheric tanks or transferred which are kept below their normal
boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration.

This section does not apply to:

• Retail facilities;

• Oil or gas well drilling or servicing operations; or,

• Normally unoccupied remote facilities.

The PSM standard (29 CFR 1910.119) requires employers to implement safety
programs that identify, evaluate, and control these hazards. Unlike some of
OSHA's standards, which prescribe precisely what employers must do to
comply, PSM is a “performance-based” standard-it outlines key features of
safety programs for controlling highly hazardous chemicals, and employers
have the flexibility to tailor their safety programs to the unique conditions at
their facilities. Specifically, the requirements of the standard, or process
safety elements, are:

• Employee Participation
• Process Safety Information (PSI)
• Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)
• Operating Procedures
• Training
• Contractors
• Pre-startup Safety Review (PSSR)
• Mechanical Integrity (MI)
• Hot Work Permit
• Management of Change (MOC)
• Incident Investigation
• Emergency Planning and Response
• Compliance Audits
• Trade Secrets
At least every five (5) years after the completion of the initial process hazard
analysis, the process hazard analysis shall be updated and revalidated by a
team meeting the requirements in paragraph (e)(4) of this section, to assure
that the process hazard analysis is consistent with the current process.
Refresher training shall be provided at least every three years, and more often
if necessary, to each employee involved in operating a process to assure that
the employee understands and adheres to the current operating procedures of
the process.
Incident investigation reports shall be retained for five years.
Employers shall certify that they have evaluated compliance with the
provisions of this section at least every three years to verify that the
procedures and practices developed under the standard are adequate and are
being followed.
The operating procedures shall be reviewed as often as necessary to assure
that they reflect current operating practice, including changes that result
from changes in process chemicals, technology, and equipment, and changes
to facilities. The employer shall certify annually that these operating
procedures are current and accurate.

Nephrotoxin - Kidney
Hematoxin - Bllod
Hepatotoxin - Liver
Lachrimator - Eyes

There are three basic categories for fire alarm panel signals: trouble,
supervisory, and alarm.

Alarm – An alarm condition means there is an immediate threat to life, property, or mission.
An example of this would be a smoke detector sending a signal to the fire alarm control unit
that there is a presence of smoke, which would initiate notification to the occupants to
evacuate. Activation of smoke detectors, manual pull stations, waterflow switches, and other fire
extinguishing systems are all initiating devices that send fire alarm signals
Trouble - A trouble condition means there is an issue or fault with the fire alarm system. An
example would be a break in an initiating device circuit. This would show up as a trouble
signal on the control unit. E.g. battery, power, ground fault, etc.
Supervisory – A supervisory condition means there is an issue with a system, process, or
equipment that is monitored by the fire alarm control unit (see supervision section). An
example of this would be a sprinkler system valve being closed, this would show up as a
supervisory signal on the control unit. E.g. Sprinker valve, duct detector,
Coefficient of determination r2 = Explained variations
Total Variations

Coefficient of Correlation r = Explained variations

Total Variations

Occupational Diseases and causes

Melanoma, skin cancer - sunlight

Benzene - blood cancer
Lead - diposited in bones, causes reduced red bllod cells
FIRE DOORS
Class A - Fire walls, walls between biuldings (3 hr fire resistive rating)
Class B - Stairwell and elevators , verital zone (1-1.5 hr fire resistive rating)
Class C - Walls between rooms or opening to corridor (3/4 hr rating)

Standpipes have three major classifications:

Class I - 2.5-inch fire hose connection for fire department use. These connections must match the hose thread utilized by the fire department and are typically
found in stairwells of buildings.
Class II - 1.5-inch fire hose connection and are typically found in cabinets. These are intended for trained occupant use and are spaced according to the hose
length. The hose length and connection spacing is intended for all spaces of the building.
Class III - have both connections of Class I and II. Many times these connections will include a 2.5-inch reducer to a 1.5-inch connection.

Radiation Reading
Alpha - Geiger-Mueller with very thin windows
Weekly X-ray - Film badge and Thermoluminescence Detector
The pocket dosimeter is a direct reading instrument shaped like a pen. It is the instrument of choice
when an individual finds it necessary to determine the radiation dose at any time he or she is
working.
Beta, X-ray and Gamma - Geiger-Mueller

RADIATION TERMINOLOGY
Curie, Bacqurel, Roentgen, RAD, REM, sV
ACGIH Recommended radiation Dose
Effective Dose (a) in any single year, 50 mSv (5 Rem),
averaged over 5 years, 20 mSv per year (100mSv total in 5 yrs)

BEI measures occupational and non-ocupational chemical exposures. it does not measure Biohazard

Arsine - smells like garlic, causes breakdown of red blood cells

Diethyl amine- smells like ammonia
Triethylamione - smells like ammonia at high conc. smells like dead fish at lower conc.

Phenol is the classic metabolic product of benzene. Total urinary phenols is the method of choice for benzene exposure biological monitoring.

Reynauds sysdome (de to vibration) is not a NOT a cumulative trauma disorder

ACGIH recommended Heart rate = 180 - Age

Criteria Pollutant:
Carbon Monoxide
SOx
NOx
Particulate matter
Ground Level Ozone
Lead

Direct cost of accident - medical treatment, compensation, repair of damaged equipment, payment for lost time
Indirect Cost - Time Lost, Loss of Production, training cost for replacement worker

Pitot tube - used for 60-800fpm

LOTO tag strength - 50 lb

TYPE OR LEVEL OF LEARNING EVALUATION

Reaction - measures participant satisfaction with the training.
Learning - measure the extent to which learning has occurred.
Behavior - measures whether the skills and knowledge learned are being implemented.
Results - measures the business impact of the implemented skills and knowledge.