Namma Kalvi 12th English Penguin Guide 218988

Namma Kalvi
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PENGUIN
ENGLISH
GUIDE & WORK BOOK
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S. No. LESSON PAGE NO.

1 Two gentlemen of Verona 1
2 A nice cup of tea 25
3 In celebration of beign alive 43
4 The summit 63
5 The chair 87
6 On the Rule of the Road 104

1 The castle 120
2 Our casuarinas tree 133
3 All the world’s a stage 149
4 Ulysses 162
5 A father to his son 179
6 Incident in the french camp 191

1 God sees the truth but waits 205
2 Life of pi 223
3 The hour of truth 240
4 The midnight visitor 262
5 All summer in a day 274
6 Remember Caesar 288
Q. No. TOPIC MARKS PAGE NO.

1-3 Synonyms 3 308
4-6 Antonyms 3 309
Singular and Plural 1 310
7-20
Idioms 1 313
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Prepositions 1 320
American English and British English 1 324
Expansion (or) Abbreviations & Acronyms 1 326
Question Tag 1 331
Sentence Pattern 1 335
Relative Pronoun 1 338
Prefix and Suffix 1 339
Syllabifications 1 343
Clipped Words 1 346
Phrasal Verb 1 348
Compound Words 1 354
Foreign Words 1 358
Blended Words 1 364
Definition of a Terms 1 367
21-26 Appreciation Questions 8 372
Report the Dialogue 2 372
Voice 2 381
Begin with starters/ Inversion Model 2 387
27-30
Simple, Compound and Complex 2 388
Conditional Clause 2 397
Relative Pronoun 2 399
31-33 ERC 6 400
34-36 Prose short Answers 6 400
Studying Non-verbal Presentations 3 400
Dialogue Writing 3 405
Describing a Process 3 409
37-40
Notice 3 412
Rearrange the following Jumbled proverbs correctly 3 418
Completion of the Proverbs 3 419
41 Prose Paragraph 5 421
42 Poem Paragraph 5 421
43 Supplementary Paragraph 5 421
44(a) Summary (or) Note Making 5 421
44(b) General Paragraph 5 425
45(a) Pesponse to Newspaper Advertisement 5 438
45(b) Letter Writing 5 441
46(a) Spot the Error 5 446
Tenses 1 450
Homophones 1 455
46(b)
Modal Auxillaries 1 460
Semi/Quasi/Marginal Modals 1 463
47 Hints Development 5 465
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Field Words 5 471

Unseen Comphrehension 5 473
Public Question Paper 2020 480
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PENGUIN 1 XII - ENGLISH
Archibald joseph Cronin (1896-1981)

(1896 1981) was a scottish novelist, dramatist and
physician. A doctor by training,
training Cronin was one of the most renowned
storytellers of the twentieth century. Many of his stories have emerged from his
medical career and are noted for their narrative skill, deep social conscience and
finely drawn characters. Cronin’s books were not only bestsellers. But some of
them (such as The Citadel and The keys of the t kingdom ) were made into
successful films and and were adapted for radio and television. His novella
Country Doctor was adapted for a long running BBC radio and TV series.
Nicola and Jacopo polish the

The narration of A.J. Cronin SYNOPSIS OF THE STORY
shoes of the narrator
Nicola and Jacopo with their

Lucia at the hospital Lucia in the bed
sister
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Nicola Jacop Lucia
Hard working Affected by TB of

brothers Spine
Did various jobs Author wondered at

and earned money their errands
Gave a new hope

for humanity
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“Two Gentlemen Of Verona” is the inspirational story of two brothers aged 12 and 13 - the younger one Jacopo’s
nature is childish and lively while the elder one, Nicola’s nature is serious and mature. The author met them in the town
of Verona. A.J.Cronin used the title “Two Gentlemen of Verona” in an ironic manner, as at a very young age they faced
the following hardships of life, Their mother died early in their life. Their father - a well-known singer became a victim
of the early war. Their village suffered due to German occupation. They got homeless as their home got destroyed, and
suffered starvation and the cold winter. The family struggled for life, They lived in the shelter made of debris. After the
war, they found her suffering from tuberculosis of spine. It was another shock to these poor kids. So they were the only
family of their sister, they had to work and arrange money for her medical treatment. Despite facing many problems in
their early life, the boys did not lose hope. The brothers’ positive approach and determination to get their sister cured had
helped the staff treat her well. Despite having a scarcity of jobs in town, they managed to give their sister the best they
could. On the contrary they lived a very poor life. To earn their living, they shined shoes, sold fruit, hawked newspapers,
and even worked as tourist guides. Going through so much in life, they never tried to take anyone’s sympathy, instead
they worked hard. These two young boys have every quality of being called gentlemen, their positivity and selflessness
inspired the narrator. The narrator felt that such a humble youth gives our society hope for a better tomorrow. In such
times of war, weapons and hatred, still, there is hope for humanity.
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PROSE ENGLISH ghlk; jkpo;

Here is a story about love, devotion, sacrifice, ,e;jf; fij> md;G> gf;jp> jpahfk;> Neh;ik kw;Wk;
sincerity and maturity displayed by two little boys in Kjph;r;rp Mfpa nray;fs; mth;fs; rNfhjup thof;ifia
their actions to save the life of their sister who vg;gb fhg;ghw;wpaJ vd;gJ gw;wpa fij. rNfhjup
suffers from tuberculosis of the spine. Read the story KJnfYk;G fhrNehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhh;.
to find out how their actions give a new hope for ,f;fijia thrpj;J ,r;rpWth;fspd; nray;fs; vt;thW
khDlj;jpw;F ek;gpf;ifia Cl;LfpwJ vd;W
humanity.
fz;lwpAq;fs;.
As we drove through the foothills of the Alps two My;g;]; kiyapd; mbthuj;jpy; topahf kfpoe;J
small boys stopped us on the outskirts of Verona. thfdj;jpy; nry;Yk; NghJ ,uz;L rpWth;fs;
They were selling wild strawberries. “Don’t buy,” ntNuhdhtpd; Gwefhpy; epWj;jpdhh;fs;mth;fs; fhl;L
warned Luigi, our cautions driver. “You will get (nrq;nfhbKe;jphp) ];lhnghp tpw;Wf;nfhz;be;jhh;fs;.
fruit much better in Verona. Besides, these boys….” mtw;iw thq;fhjPh;fs; vd;W Yhfp vd;w vq;fs;
vr;rhpf;ifahd Xl;Leh; vr;rhpj;jhh;. ePq;fs;
ntNuhdhtpy; ,ijtpl ey;y goq;fis ngwyhk; mJTk;
jtpu ,e;j rpWth;fs;…….
He shrugged his shoulders to convey his disapproval Xl;Leh; jdJ Njhs;gl;ilia cah;j;jp rpWth;fspd;
of their shabby appearance. mtyl;rdkhd Njhw;wj;jpd; kWg;ig njhptpj;jhh;.
One boy had on a worn jersey and cut-off khaki xU rpWtd; Ml;Lf;fk;gsp gpd;dyhilia
pants; the other a shortened army tunic gathered in mzpe;jpUe;jhd;. kQ;rs; fye;j kuf;fyhpy; fpope;j
loose folds about his skinny frame. Yet, gazing at fhy;rl;il mzpe;jpUe;jhd;. kw;nwhUtd; ifapy;yhj
the two little figures, with their brown skins, tangled ,uhZt tPuh;fspd; cilia rpwpjhf;fp kbj;Jj; ijj;J
hair and dark earnest eyes, we felt ourselves xy;ypahd jdJ cliy rl;lj;jpw;Fs; kiwj;jpUe;jhd;.
,Ue;jhYk; me;j ,U rpwpa cUtq;fs; ghh;ggjw;F
strangely attracted. My companion spoke to the
khepwj; NjhYlYk; rpf;fyhd KbAlDk;> fUikahd
boys, discovered that they were brothers. Nicola, the
Neh;ikahd fz;fSlDk; vq;fis tpNehjkhf <h;g;gij
elder, was 13; Jacopo, who barely came up to the
czh;eN ; jhk;. vq;fSld; te;jth; rpWth;fsplk; Ngrpdhh;.
door handle of the car, was nearly 12. We bought
mth;fs; ,UtUk; rNfhjuh;fs; vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
their biggest basket, and then set off toward town. %j;jtd; epf;NfhyhTf;F gjpd;%d;W taJ N[f;fg;
gd;dpnuz;L tajpUf;Fk;. fhh; fjtpd; ifg;gpb mUfpy;
te;jhd;. mth;fsplkpUe;J kpfg;nghpa cilia ngw;Wf;
nfhz;L mq;fpUe;J efuj;jpw;Ff; fpsk;gpNdhk;.
Next morning, coming out of our hotel, we saw our mLj;jehs; fhiyapy;> tpLjpmiwapypUe;J ntspapy;
friends bent over shoe shine boxes beside the tUk;NghJ vdJ ez;gh;fs; ghh;jj
; hh;fs;
fountain in the public square, doing a brisk business. nghJr;rJf;fj;jpy; eP&w;wpd; mUfpy; fhyzpfSf;Fg;
G+r;R NghLk; njhopypy; Kk;Kukhf ,Ue;jhh;fs;.
We watched for a few moments; then as trade ehq;fs; rpyepkplq;fs; ftdpj;Njhk; gpd;dh; tpahghuk;
slackened we went over. They greeted us with FiwaNt ehq;fs; mUfpy; nrd;Nwhk;. mth;fs; vq;fis
friendly faces. el;Gzh;NthL tzq;fpdh;.
“I thought you picked fruit for a living,” I said. ehd; epidj;Njd; ePq;fs; caph;tho goq;fis tpw;fPwh;fs;
vd;W!
“We do many things, sir,” Nicola answered Iah> ehq;fs; epiwa njhopy; nra;fpNwhk; vd;whd;
seriously. He glanced at us hopefully. “Often we epf;Nfhyh jPtpukhf. mtd; vq;fis ek;gpf;ifNahL
show visitors through the town…to Juliet’s ghh;j;jhd;. ehq;fs; mbf;fb efuj;jpw;F tUgth;fSf;F
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tomb…and other places of interest.” [Pypal; fy;yiw vd;Nwd; kw;Wk; Mh;tkhd gFjpfis
Rw;wpf;fhl;LNthk; vd;whd;.
“All right,” I smiled. “You take us along.” vy;yhk; rhp vd;W rphpj;Njd;. vq;fisAk; mioj;Jr;nry;.
As we made the rounds, my interest was again ehq;fs; Rw;wpNdhk;; kWgbAk; vdJ Mh;tk;
provoked by their remarkable demeanour. They fpsh;e;njOe;jJ mth;fspd; Fwpg;gpLk;gbahd
were childish enough, and in many ways quite Njhw;wj;jhYk;> elj;ijahYk; mth;fs; rpWth;fshf
artless. Jacopo was lively as a squirrel. Nicola’s ,Ue;j NghjpYk; epiwa topfspy;
smile was steady and engaging. Yet in both these vspikahdth;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdh;. N[f;fg; mzpiyg;
boyish faces there was a seriousness which was far Nghy; capNuhl;lkhf ,Ue;jhd;. epf;Nfhy]; Gd;dif
epiyahfTk;> <Lghl;LlDk; ,Ue;jJ. ,Ue;j NghjpYk;
beyond their years. In the week which followed we
,uz;L rpWth; Kfj;jpYk; tajpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l xU
saw them frequently, for they proved extremely
Nrhfk; njhpe;jJ. mLj;j thuk; KOtJk; ehq;fs;
useful to us. If we wanted a pack of American
mbf;fb mth;fisg; ghh;jN ; jhk; mth;fs; vq;fSf;F
cigarettes, or seats for the opera or the name of good
kpfTk; gaDs;sth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. vq;fSf;F xU
restaurant, Nicola and Jacopo could be relied upon ngl;b mnkhpf;f ntz;Foy; CJgj;jp Njitg;gl;lhYk;>
to satisfy our needs. What struck one most was their my;yJ Xg;guhtpy; ,lk; Njitg;gl;lhYk; xU ey;y
willingness to work. During these summer days, cztfj;jpd; ngah; Njitg;gl;lhYk; epf;NfhyhTk;
under the hot sun, they shined shoes, sold fruit, N[f;fg;Gk; vq;fs; Njitfis cldbahf jPh;jJ ;
hawked newspapers, conducted tourists round the itj;jdh;. vd;id kpfTk; jhf;fpaJ vd;dntd;why;
town, and ran errands. ve;j Ntiy nra;tjpYk; mth;fspd; Mh;tk; jhd;.
Nfhil fhyj;jpYk; R+hpadpd; fjph;tPr;rpd; mbapYk;
mth;fs; fhyzpfis gpufhrpf;fr; nra;jdh;. goq;fis
tpw;wdh;; nra;jpj;jhs; gUe;J Nghy; gwe;J nrd;W
Nghl;ldh; efiu Rw;wpf;fhl;l Rw;Wyh Vw;ghL nra;jdh;.
Xb Fw;Nwty;fs; nra;jdh;.
One night, we came upon them in the windy and xUehs; ,uT Ms; mutkw;w gyj;j fhw;Wld; me;j
deserted square, resting on the stone pavement rJf;fj;jpw;F ehq;fs; te;J tpsf;F ntspr;rj;jpd;
beneath the lights. Nicola sat upright, tired. A bundle mbapy; ,Ue;j eilghijapy; Xa;tpw;fhf mkh;e;Njhk;.
of unsold newspapers lay at his feet. Jacopo, his epf;Nfhyh mq;Nf Nrhfkhf mkh;e;jpUe;jhd; xU fl;L
head resting upon his brother’s shoulder was asleep. tpw;fg;glhj nra;jpj;jhs;fs; mtd; fhybapy; fple;jJ.
It was nearly midnight. N[f;fg; jd; jiyia mz;zdpd; Njhspy; rha;j;J
J}q;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mg;NghJ Vwf;Fiwa eL ,uT
,Uf;Fk;.
“Why are you out so late, Nicola?” Vd; ,t;tsT NeukhfpAk; ntspapy; ,Uf;fpwha;
epf;Nfhyh?
“Waiting for the last bus from Padua. We shall sell (,lk;) gLthtpypUe;J tUk; filrpg; NgUe;jpw;fhf
all our papers when it comes in.” “Must you work so fhj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. me;jg; NgUe;J tUtjw;Fs; midj;J
hard? You both look rather tired.” nra;jpj;jhs;fisAk; tpw;W tpLNthk;. ePq;fs; fl;lhak;
mjpf Ntiy nra;jpUf;fpwPh;fs; ePq;fs; ,UtUk; ghh;f;f
mrjpahf cs;shP ;fs;.
“We are not complaining, sir.” ehq;fs; Gfhh; njhptpf;ftpy;iy Iah. Mdhy; mLj;j
But next morning, when I went over to the fountain ehs; fhiyapy; ehq;fs; ePUw;W mUfpy; nrd;W
to have my shoes shined, I said, “Nicola, the way fhyzpfSf;F gsgsg;Ngw;w nrd;w NghJ ehd; vd;d
you and Jacopo work, you must earn quite a bit. You nrhd;Ndd; vd;why; epf;Nfhyh ePAk; N[f;fg;Gk; Ntiy
spend nothing on clothes. You eat little enough --- nra;Ak; tpjk; ghh;j;jhy; ePq;fs; fl;lhak; epiwa
when I see you have a meal it’s usually black bread rk;ghjpg;gPu;fs; vd;Wk; cilfSf;fhf nryT
nra;tjpy;iy vd;Wk; nfhQ;rkhf rhg;gpLfpwPhf
; s; vd;Wk;
and figs. Tell me, what do you do with your
ehd; $wpaij epidt gLj;JfpNwd;. ehd; ghh;jj NghJ
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money?” ePq;fs; ntWk; fUg;G nuhl;bAk; mj;jpg;goKk; kl;LNk

tof;fkhf rhg;gpLfpwPhf
; s; vd;dplk; nrhy; gzj;ij
itj;J vd;d nra;fpwPh;fs;
He colored deeply under his sunburn, and then grew mtd; Ntdpw;fl;bf;F mbapy; mjpfhkhf rhak;
pale. He looked to the ground g+rpapUe;jhd;. mJ ntspwpg;NghapUe;jJ. mtd; jiy
Fdpe;J ghh;jj; hd;.
“You must be saving up to emigrate to America, “I ePq;fs; mnkhpf;fhtpy; FbNaWk; mstpw;Ff; fl;lhak;
suggested. He looked at me sideways, spoke with an Nrkpj;jpUg;gPh;fs; vd epidf;fpNwd;. mtd; vd;id
effort. gf;fthl;by; ghh;j;J gpuaj;jdg;gl;L Ngrpdhd;.
“We should greatly like to go to the States. But here, ehq;fSk; mnkhpf;fh nry;y mjpfkhf Mirg;gl;Nlhk;.
at present, we have other plans.” Mdhy; jw;NghJ vq;fSf;F ,q;Nf NtW rpy jpl;lq;fs;
cs;sd.
“What plans?” vd;d jpl;lk;?
He smiled uncomfortably. “Just plans, sir,” he mtd; mnrsupfupakhf rphpj;jhd; ntWk; jpl;lk; kl;Lk;
answered in a low voice. jhd; Iah vd kpfj; jho;ej
; Fuypy; gjpyspj;jhd;.
“Well,” I said, “we’re leaving on Monday. Is there “ ed;W” vd;W nrhd;Ndd; ehq;fs; jpq;fl;fpoik
anything I can do for you before we go?” Nicola fpsk;GfpNwhk;. ehq;fs; Nghtjw;F Kd; cq;fSf;F
shook his head, but suddenly Jacopo said, “Sir,” he VjhtJ nra;a KbAkh? epf;Nfhyh jiyia Ml;bdhd;.
burst out, “every Sunday we make a visit to the Mdhy; clNd N[f;fg; nrhd;dhd; ‘Iah”! eh
country, to Poleta, 30 kilometres from here. Usually jOjOf;fg;Ngrpdhd; mtd;. ehq;fs; QhapW NjhWk;
we hire bicycles. Nghy;l;lh (,lk;) fpuhkj;jpw;F nrd;W tUNthk; mJ
,q;fpUe;J Kg;gJ fpNyhkPl;lhpy; cs;sJ. ehq;fs;
tof;fkhf kpjptz;b thliff;F vLj;Jr; nry;Nthk;.
But tomorrow, since you are so kind, you might send Mdhy;> ePq;fs; kpfTk; md;ghf ,Ug;gjhy; vq;fis
us in your car.” cq;fs; kfpOe;jpy; ehis mDg;Gq;fs;.
I had already told Luigi he might have the Sunday ehd; Vw;fdNt Y}fp(Xl;Leh;) aplk; QhapW cdf;F
off. However, I answered, “I’ll drive you out tpLKiw vd;W nrhy;yptpl;Nld;. ,Ue;jhYk; ehd;
myself.” cq;fSf;fhff; fhNuhl;b tUNtd;.
There was a pause. Nicola was glaring at his young vdf;F VJk; njhe;juT ,y;iy. VNjh nrhy;y cjl;il
brother in vexation. “We could not think of troubling tphpj;jhd;. MapDk; nky;ypa xypapy; mtd; nrhd;dhd;.
you, sir.” ehq;fs; cq;fSf;F njhe;juT nfhLÉ;É tpÍk;gtpy;iy
vd;Wk; kpf ed;W. mLj;j ehs; kjpak; caukhd kiy
mUfpy; cs;s xU rpwpa fpuhkj;jpw;F fhiu Xl;br;
nrd;Nwhk;.
“It won’t be any trouble.” ‘,J xd;Wk; njhe;juT Ðy;y”
He bit his lip, then, in a rather put out tone, he said, mtd; jdJ cjl;il kbj;J xÍ tpjkhd mRthu];a
“Very well.” Fuypy; kpfTk; ed;W Ïd;W $wpdhd;. kWehs; gpw;gfy;
ehq;És; kiy Êauj;jpYs;s FÉ;fpuhkj;jpw;F thfdj;ij
Xl;b nrd;Nwhk;.
The following afternoon we drove to the tiny village ehd; fw;gid nra;Njd;; ehq;fs; nrd;wilag; NghtJ
set high upon the hillside. I imagined that our VNjDk; rpwpa vspa ,Ug;gplkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W. Mdhy;
destinations would be some humble dwellings. But, N[f;fg; fhl;ba top vq;fis nghpa rptg;G $iu Nta;e;j
directed by Jacopo, we drew up at a large red-roofed ehl;L khspiff;F mioj;Jr; nrd;wJ. mijr; Rw;wp>
villa, surrounded by a high stone wall. I could cahpa fy;kjpw;Rth; ,Ue;jJ. vd; fz;fis vd;dhy;
scarcely believe my eyes and before I could recover ek;gNt Kbatpy;iy ehd; kPz;Lk; rhpahf %r;R
tpLtjw;F Kd;dhy; vdJ ,uz;L gazpfSk;
breath my two passengers had leaped from the car.
kfpOe;jpypUe;J jhtp tpl;lhh;fs;.
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“We shall not be long, sir. Perhaps only an hour. ehq;fs; ,q;Nf ePz;l Neuk; ,Uf;fkhl;Nlhk;. xUNtis
May be you’d like to go to the café in the village for xU kzp Neuk; kl;Lk; ePq;fs; Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,e;jf;
drink?” They disappeared beyond the corner of the fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s rpw;Wz;b cztfj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W
wall. VNjDk; ghdk; mUe;jp tpl;L thUq;fs;. mth;fs;
Rtw;wpd; %iyf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W kiwe;jhh;fs;.
After a few minutes I followed. I found a grilled rpy epkplq;fSf;Fg; gpd; ehd; gpd; njhlh;e;Njd;; fk;gp
side-entrance and, determinedly, rang the bell. Eiothapy; ,Ug;gij fz;L jPh;f;fkhf; miog;G kzpia
mOj;jpNdd;.
A pleasant-looking woman with steel-rimmed Xh; mofpa Njhw;wKs;s fk;gpapdhyhd fz;zhb Nghl;l
spectacles appeared. I blinked as I saw that she was ngz;kzp Njhd;wpdhs;. ehd; fz;rpkpl;b ghh;j;Njd;.
dressed in the white uniform of a trained nurse. mts; nts;is rPUil mzpe;j gapw;rpngw;w nrtpypah;.
“I just brought two small boys here.” ehd; ,uz;L rpWth;fis ,q;Nf ,g;NghJjhd; mioj;J
“Ah, yes.” Here face lit up; she opened the door to te;Njd;.
admit me. “Nicola and Jacopo. I will take you up.” X...Mk; mth; Kfk; cah;e;jJ mts; fjitj; jpwe;J
vd;id cs;Ns mDkjpj;jhs;. epf;Nfhyh kw;Wk;
N[f;fg;gplk; cq;fis mioj;Jr; nry;fpNwd;
She led me through a cool, tiled vestibule into the mts; vd;id Fsph;r;rpahd Xl;bdhyhd Kd;$lk;
hospital --- for hospital the villa had become. At the topahf kUj;Jtidf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;whs;. khspif
door of a little cubicle the nurse paused, put her kUj;Jtkidahf rpwpa miwapd; fjTf;F Kd;dhy;
finger to her lips, and with a smile bade me look jhjp epd;whs;. thapd; Nky; tpuiy itj;J Gd;difAld;
through the glass partition. The two boys were vd;idghh;j;J fz;zhbahy; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;j
seated at the bedside of a girl of about twenty who, jLg;GfSf;F gpd;dhy; fhl;bdhs;. me;j ,uz;L
propped up on pillows and wearing a pretty lace rpWth;fSk; xU ngz;zpd; mUfpy; mkh;ej ; pUe;jhh;fs;.
jacket, was listening to their chatter, her eyes soft mtSf;F ,UgJ tajpUf;Fk;. mts; jiyaiz kPJ
rha;ej
; pUe;jhs; mofpa gpd;dyhil Nky; rl;il
and tender. Once could see at a
mzpe;jpUe;jhs; mts; fz;fs; nkd;ikahf>
glance her resemblance to her brothers. A vase of
,sikahf ,Ue;jJ. mtsplk; mts; jk;gpfspd; rhay;
wild flowers stood on her table, beside a dish of fruit
,Ue;jJ. xU fl;Lg;G+f;fspd; kyh;fn; fhj;J mts; Nki[
and several books. kPjpUe;jJ. mjdUfpy; goq;fSk; epiwa Gj;jq;fSk;
,Ue;jd
“Won’t you go in?” the nurse murmured. “Lucia will ePq;fs; Nghftpy;iyah? jhjp KZKZj;jhs;. Y}rpah>
be cq;fisg; ghh;jj
; hs; re;Njh\g;gLths;. ehd;
pleased to see you.” I shook my head and turned jiyairj;J tpl;Lf; fpsk;gpNdd;. ehd; ,e;j
away. I felt I could not bear to intrude upon this re;Njh\khd FLk;gtpohtpy;> mDkjpapy;yhky;
happy family party. But at the foot of the staircase I ,ilapy; FWf;fpl tpUg;gkpy;iy. Mdhy; khbg;gbapd;
drew up and begged her to tell me all she knew mbapy; ehd; mtsplk; cq;fSf;F ,e;j rpWth;fisg;
about these boys. gw;wp vd;ndd;d njhpAk; nrhy;Yq;fs; vd;W kd;whb
Nfl;Nld;.
She was eager to do so. They were, she explained, mts; mijr; nrhy;tjw;F kpfTk; Mh;tkhf ,Ue;jhs;
quite mts; tpsf;fpdhs;; mth;fs; ,e;j cyfj;jpy; jq;fs;
alone in the world, except for this sister, Lucia. jq;if Y}rpahitj; jtpu NtW ahUkpy;yhky;; jdpj;J
Their father, a widower, a well-known singer, had cs;sdh;. mth;fs; je;ij> kidtpia ,oe;jtu;;
been killed in the early part of the war. Shortly gpugykhd ghlfh;. Mdhy; Nghupd; Kw;gFjpapy; mtu;
afterward a bomb had destroyed their home and nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. mjd;gpd; ntbFz;L mth;fs; tPl;il
rpijj;J mth;fs; %tiuAk; njUtpy; tPrpaJ.
thrown the three children into the streets. They had
mth;fSf;F trjpahd ehfhPfkhd tho;f;if tho
always known a comfortable and cultured life ---
vg;NghJk; njhpAk;. Y}rpahTk; xU rpwe;j ghlfpahfp
Lucia had herself been training as a singer --- and
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they had suffered horribly from near starvation and jhdhf gapw;rp ngw;whs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; nfhLikahd
exposure to the cold winter. For months they had gl;bdpf;F Mshfpdh; kpfTk; Fsph;fhy Fsphpy;
barely kept themselves alive in a sort of shelter they mtjpf;Fs;shfpdhh;. xU rpy khjq;fSf;F jq;fs;
built with their own hand amidst the rubble. Then nrhe;j iffshy; cile;j nrq;fw;fisf; nfhz;L
fl;ba ciwtplj;jpy; jq;fis XusT capUld;
for three years the Germans ruled the city. The boys
ghJfhj;jdh;. mjd;gpd;> %d;W tUlq;fs; n[h;khdpah;
grew to hate the Germans. When the resistance
me;j efuj;ij Mz;ldh;. rpWth;fSf;F n[h;khdpah;
movement began secretly to form they were among
Nky; ntWg;G tsh;e;jJ. vjph;g;G ,af;fk; ,ufrpakhf
the first to join. When the war was over, and we had
Jtq;fpaJ. mjpy; mth;fs; Kjyhtjhf ,ize;jdh;.
peace at last, they came back to their beloved sister. Nghh; Kbe;jTld; ehl;by; mikjp jpUk;gpaTld; mth;fs;
And they found her ….. suffering from tuberculosis jq;fs; rNfhjupia re;jpf;fj; jpUk;gp te;jdh; te;j
of the spine.” mth;fs; fz;ldH jq;spd; jkf;if KJnfYk;G
fhrNehahy; mtjpg;gLtij.
She paused, took a quick breath. “Did they give up? rpwpJNeuk; ,ilntsp vd;W epide;Njd; tpl;L>
I do not have to answer that question. They brought Ntfkhf %r;Rtpl;L mth;fs; tpl;L tpl;lhh;fsh?..... ehd;
her here, persuaded us to take her into the hospital. me;jf; Nfs;tpf;F tpilaspf;f Ntz;lhk;. mtis
In the twelve months she has been our patient she ,q;Nf mioj;J te;jhh;fs;. vq;fis tw;Gwj;jpdh;
has made good progress. There is every hope that kUj;Jtkidf;F mtis $l;br;nry;Yq;fs; vd;W.
one day she will walk-and sing-again.” ,e;j gd;dpnuz;L khjq;fshf mts; vq;fs; Nehahsp.
mtsplk; ey;y Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. xU ehs;
mts; vOe;J elg;ghs;; kWgb ghLths; vd;W vy;yh
ek;gpf;ifAk;
cs;sJ.
“Of course, everything is so difficult now, food so epr;rakhf vy;yhNk ,g;NghJ f\;lkhf cs;sJ. czTg;
scarce and dear, we could not keep going unless we gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; tpiythrp cau;T> gzk; ngwhtpby;
charged a fee. But every week, Lucia’s brothers vq;fshy; njhlh;e;J rkhspf;f KbahJ. Mdhy;
have made their payment.” She added simply, “I xt;nthU thuKk; Y}rpahtpd; rNfhjuh;fs; gzk;
don’t know what they do, I do not ask. Work is nrYj;jp tpLthh;fs;. mts; NkYk; nrhd;dhs; mth;fs;
vd;d nra;fpwhh;fs; vd;W vdf;Fj; njhpahJ. ehd;
scarce in Verona. But whatever it is, I know they do
Nfl;gJkpy;iy. ntNuhdhtpy; Ntiy fpilg;gJ mupJ.
it well.”
Mdhy; vg;gbahapDk; vdf;Fj; njupAk; mtu;fs; ed;whf
Ntiy nra;thu;fs; vd;W.
“Yes,” I agreed. “They couldn’t do it better.” Mk; ehDk; ,jid xj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. mth;fs; ,ij
I waited outside until the boys rejoined me, and then tpl ed;whf Ntiy nra;a KbahJ. ehd; ntspapy;
drove them back to the city. They sat beside me, not fhj;jpUf;fpNwd;. rpWth;fs; te;J vd;Dld; Nrh;e;J
speaking. For my part, I did not say a word --- I nfhs;Sk; tiu. gpwF efuj;jpw;F mth;fisj; jpUk;g
knew they would prefer to feel that they had safely mioj;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; vdf;fUfpy;
kept their secret. Yet their devotion had touched me mkh;ej; dh;. Ngrtpy;iy. vdJ gq;fpw;F ehd; vJTk;
deeply. Ngrtpy;iy. vdf;Fj; njhpAk; mth;fs; vdf;Fj;
njhpahky; ,ufrpaj;ij fhj;Jtpl;Nlhk; vd vz;Zth;.
,Ue;jNghjpYk; mth;fsJ mu;g;gzpg;G vd;id kpfTk;
Mokhf njhl;lJ.
War had not broken their spirit. Their selfless action Nghu;>; mth;fsJ kdepiyia cilf;ftpy;iy.
brought a new nobility to human life, gave promise mth;fsJ jd;ikaw;w nray; khDl tho;f;iff;Fg;
of a greater hope for human society. GjpanjhU ngUe;jd;ikia nfhz;L te;Js;sJ. khdpl
rKjhaj;jpw;F nghpa ek;gpf;ifia rj;jpak; nra;J
nfhLj;Js;sJ.
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Word Meaning Word Meaning

shrug - raise one’s shoulders slightly and tunic - a loose outer garment without
momentarily sleeves
slackened - reduced demeanour - appearance and behaviour
artless - innocent/guileless hawk - sell things crying out loudly, going
from place to place
deserted - uninhabited/ unoccupied emigrate - take up citizenship of another
country
vexation - annoyance vestibule - lobby
chatter - a series of short, quick high- intrude - enter without permission
pitched sounds
rubble - debris, broken bricks
Hard Words Meaning jkpo; mu;j;jk;

barely - almost not (scarcely) mhpjhd mjpfkpd;wp
blinked - surprised tpae;Njd;
chatter - a series of short, quick high – pitched sounds flflntd Ntfkha; mh;j;jkpd;wp
NgRjy;.
cubicle - a small space with walls or curtains around it rJu tbtkhd rpwpa miw
demeanor - appearance and behaviour elj;ij
disapproval - the feeling of having a negative opinion of mDkjp kWj;jy;
someone
dwelling - places where people live, trpg;gplk;
emigrate - take up citizenship of another country FbNaWjy; (NtWehL> NtW ,lk;
Kjypad)
hawk - sell things crying out loudly, going from place to $Tjy; (Ch; Cuhf nrd;W
place nghUl;fis $tp tpw;wy;)
intrude - enter without permission mDkjpapd;wp Eiojy;
nobility - the quality of being good and honest in charecter ey;y Neh;ik nghUe;jpa
Fzq;fs;
opera - a musical play ghl;Lld; $ba ehlfk;
outskirts - the outer part of a town efUf;F ntspapYs;s gFjpfs;.
relied upon - to put trust on someone or something ek;gpf;if itj;jy; (ahhplhkhtJ>
vjpyhtJ)
rubble - debris / broken bricks ,bghLfs;> cile;j nrq;fw;fs;
Kjypad
scarce - very small in amount mhpjhf> jl;Lg;ghL
shrug - raise one’s shoulders slightly and momentarily Njhs;fisf; FYf;Fjy;
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tangled (h) - twisted/ messy rPuhf ,y;yhj

tunic - a loose outer garment without sleeves jsh;thd Nkyhil
Words Synonyms (,izr;nrhy;) Antonyms (vjph;nrhy;)

artless innocent / guileless (mg;ghtp> guileful (tQ;rKs;s)
tQ;rfkw;w)
beside alongside (mjdUNf) from faraway (ntF J}uj;jpy;)
bought purchased (thq;fpNdhk;) sold (tpw;whd;)
brisk active / fast (tpiuthf> Ntfkhf) lazy (nkJthf)
cautious careful/alert (ftdkhf) careless (ftdkpd;wp)
deserted uninhabited/ unoccupied (ahUk; crowded ($l;lkhf)
trpf;fhj> ahUk; Mf;fpukpf;fhj)
dartion loyalty (tpRthrkhf) disloyalty (tpRthrkw;w)
disappeared vanished (kiwe;jdh;) appeared (Njhd;wpdhh;)
disapprove deny/ refuse (kWj;jy;) permit (mDkjpj;jy;)
eager interested/enthusiastic (Mh;tkpf;f> unenthusiastic (cw;rhfkpd;wp)
cw;rhfkhf)
engaging charming/ captivating (trPfhpf;Fk;) boring (ntWf;Fk; gbahd)
errands short work, odd jobs (rpy Ntiyfs;)
Gabing looking steadily (rPuhf ghh;j;jy;) abhor (ntWg;NghL ghh;j;jy;)
Glaring staring with anger (Nfhgg;ghh;it Obscured concealed (ghh;itia tpyf;fy;)
ghh;j;jy;)
Hawked sold (tpw;wy;) bought (thq;Fjy;)
Imagined speculated/ guessed (mlf;fkhd> unimagined (Mlk;guk;> Nkd;ikahd)
trjpaw;w> jho;e;j)
intrude enter without permission (A+fpj;Njd;) leave (fw;gid nra;a ,ayhj)
nobility dignity/ virtue (mDkjp ,d;wp dishonor (nfsutkw;w)
Eiojy;)
paused stopped (jhkjpj;jd;) continued (njhlh;e;jhd;)
persuaded induced (J}z;bdh;) dissuaded (ijhpak; ,of;f itj;jy;)
propped rested (Xa;ntLj;jhd;)
provided aroused (fpsph;e;njOe;jd) unprovoked/unexcited (fpsh;e;njohky;
gutrkilahd;)
resistance fighting/struggle (rz;ilapLjy;> co-operation (xj;Jiog;G)
Nghuhl;lk;)
rubble debris / broken bricks (,bghLfs;> valuable (kjpg;GkpFe;j)
cile;j nrq;fw;fs;)
scarce insufficient/ deficient (gw;whf;Fiw> adequate (NghJkhd msT)
jl;Lg;ghL)
scarcely hardly (Mh;tkhf> mhpjhf) abundantly (epiwe;j)
shabby ill-dressed (jd;dykw;w) royal (Raeykhd)
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slackened reduced (Nkhrkhd cil mzpjy;) increased (kjpg;ghd cil mzpjy;)

uncomfortably uneasy/ with difficulty (Fiwe;jJ) comfortably (mjpfhpj;jJ)
vestibule lobby (elf;Fk; top) outlet (ntspNaWk; top)
vexation annoyance (mnrsfh;akhf) happiness (kfpo;r;rp)
wild fruit grown without proper cultivation
(Kiwahf gaphplhky;> jhdhf
tsh;j;jy;)
worn old and damaged (gioa rpjpykile;j) fresh (Gjpa)
Word Synonyms jkpo; mu;j;jk;

love - fondness - md;G
devotion - involvement - <LghL
sacrifice - quality of giving up - jpahf czh;T
displayed - revealed - ntspg;gLj;jpaJ
actions - activities - nray;ghLfs;
save - rescue - fhg;ghw;w
foothills - plains - kiyabthuk
outskirts - suburban - efUf;F ntspNa/ Gwefh;
warned - cautioned - vr;rhpj;jy;
cautious – careful/concerned - mf;fiwAs;s
besides - in addition to - ,ijtpl
shabby - untidy - J}a;ikaw;w
worn - rugged - fpope;j
tunic - a loose outer garment without sleeves - jsh;thd if ,y;yhj ahid
gazing - looking keenly - cw;W Nehf;Ffpd;w
tangled - confused mass - fiye;j Nfrk;
earnest - serious - jPtpukhd
set off - continued - njhlh;e;jth;
shine - polish
beside - by the side of, near - mUfpy;
brisk - active - RWRWg;ghd
slackened - reduced - Fiwe;j
glanced - looked - ghh;jj
; dh;
remarkable - extra ordinary - mrhjhuzkhd
demeanour - appearance and behavior - Njhw;wKk;/ KiwnraYk;
quite - complete - KOikahf
artless - innocent/ guileless - mg;ghtpjdkhd
steady - static - epiyahd/ fs;s fglkw;w
engaging - busy with - <LghL nfhz;bUf;fpw
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extremely - greasy - kpf mjpfkhf

relied - trustable - ek;gj;jFe;j
satisfy - fulfill - epiwNtw;W/ jpUg;jp gLj;J
struck - attract - fyf;fpd;w
hawked - selling things loudly from one place to - $yp ngw;wth;
another
conducted - guided - thp elj;Jgth;
errands - a purposeful short journey - Fwpf;NfhLfs; $ba rpW gazk;
deserted - uninhabited - xJf;fg;gl;l
emigrate - take up citizenship of another country - ntsp ehl;by;
uncomfortably - uneasily - mnrsfhpakhf
vexation - annoyance - vhpr;rYld;
tiny - little - rpwpa
destination - reaching place - NrUkplk;
dwellings - living places - trpg;gplk;
leaped - got out of - ,wfpdh;
lit - brightened - gpufhrkhdJ
vestibule - lobby - tuhe;jh
bade - signed - irif fhl;bdhs;
chatter - talking continuously - njhlh;e;J Ngrpa go
tender - kind - ,uf;fkhd
resemblance - similar identification - xj;j jilahsj;Jld;
murmured - spoke softly/ whispered - nky;ypa Fuypy; Ngrpdhs;/
KZKZj;jgb
intrude - enter without permission - mDkjpapy;yhky; cs;Ns Eiojy;
begged - requested - kd;whb
eager - interested - Mh;tj;Jld;
well-known - popular - gpugykhd/ Gfo;ngw;w
cultured - civilized - ehfhpfkhd> gz;gl;l
amidst - among - kj;jpapy;
rubble - debris / broken bricks - ,bghLfs;
Tuberculosis - a disease called - fhrNeha; [Nehapd; ngah;]
give up - abandon - iftpl;L tpLjy;
touched - inspired - fth;ej
; J
Word Antonyms Word Antonyms

love X hate sincerity X insincerity
maturity X immaturity cautious X careless
disapproval X approval shabby X tidy
loose X fight brisk X inactive
slackened X increased hopefully X desperately
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remarkable X ordinary frequently X rarely

willingness X unwillingness deserted X inhabited
uncomfortably X comfortably emigrate X immigrate
tiny X big lit X extinguish
soft X harsh several X few
murmured X shouted begged X commanded
eager X uninterested alive X dead
persuaded X dissuaded scarce X abundant/plentiful
agreed X refused selfless X selfish
nobility X ignobility promise X unassured
1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each based on your understanding of the
story. (Text page : 5)
a) Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of Verona?
The narrator met the two boys named Nicola and Jacopo at the outskirts of Verona.
b) Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys?
The driver did not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys because they sold wild
strawberries and they looked very dirty .
c) The boys did not spend much on clothes and food. Why?
The boys did not spend much on clothes and food because they had to pay money to the treatment
for their sister.
d) Were the boys saving money to go the States? How do you know?
No, the boys were not saving money to go to the States. I know from Nicola's words that he would
love to go but they had other plans.
e) Why did the author avoid going to Lucia’s room?
The author avoided going to Lucia’s room because he did not want to interfere in the privacy of
the boys. Moreover the boys were not willing to disclose the secrets with the author.
f) What was Lucia suffering from?
Lucia was suffering from Tuberculosis.
g) What made the boys join the resistance movement against the Germans? (PTA 3)
The Germans made Jacopo and Nicola fatherless and homeless. The boys' miseries made them
join the resistance movement against the Germans.
h) What made the boys work so hard?
The boys’ sister was suffering from Tuberculosis. The two boys had to look after her and they had
to pay money for her treatment. This made the boys work so hard.
I) Why didn’t the boys disclose their problem to the author?
The boys didn’t want their problem to be known to others. They were self reliant. So they did not
disclose their problem to the author.
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2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each. (Text page: 5)
a) Describe the appearance of Nicola and Jacopo. (PTA 1, 6)
Nicola and Jacopo were two brothers. They wore shabby clothes. They had their brown skins,
tangled hair and dark earnest eyes. They were childlike.
b) What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys?
The little boys shined shoes. They sold fruits, hawked newspapers and conducted tourists round
the town. They also ran errands.
c) How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday?
The narrator helped the boys on Sunday by taking them to Poleta in his car driving himself.
d) Who took the author to the cubicle?
The nurse took the author to the cubicle.
e) Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking to in the cubicle.
The girl seemed to be twenty years old. She listened to her brothers’ chatter. She was gentle. She
resembled both Nicola and Jacopo.
f) Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the siblings after they were rendered homeless.
After the siblings were rendered homeless, they lived among rubble for months. They had
exposure to the cold winter. Their sister was suffering from tuberculosis of spine.
g) The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to himself. Why?
Substantiate the statement with reference to the story.
The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to himself because the boys did
not disclose about their sister to the author. They considered him a stranger.
1. How did the narrator look at the boys?

The narrator found the boys childlike and innocent. Jacopo was lively. Nicola’s smile was steady
and engaging. They were showing more maturity.
2. How did the two boys and their sister suffer the great ruin of their family?
During the war, a bomb killed the boys’ father. The bomb ruined their home. They had to live
among rubble for months. They were about to starve. They had exposure to the cold winter. Their
sister was suffering from tuberculosis. They started hating Germans. When the resistance movement
started they joined it. Both the boys and their sister suffered horribly due to war.
3. Justify the title “Two Gentlemen of Verona” (PTA 2)
Both the brothers- Nicola and Jacopo thought and behaved like men during childhood. They were
known for their gentle manners. They had affection towards their sister. They sacrificed their
childhood happiness for their ailing sister. They were hard-working. They were hopeful of their
sister’s recovery from illness. The author observed both boys’ iron-will to save their sister. He was
impressed with their positive attitude. So he exactly called the brothers Gentlemen. Thus the title is
justified.
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3. Answer the following in a paragraph of 100–150 words each. (Text page: 5)

a) What was the driving force that made the boys do various jobs?
Before the war, Nicola, Jacopo and their sister-Lucia had a cultured family. They always led a
comfortable and respectable life. Their father was a famous singer. He was killed in the early part of the
war. A bomb destroyed their home. So, they were rendered homeless. They lived among rubble for
months. They had exposure to the cold winter. The boys grew to hate the Germans. When the resistance
movement started, they joined it. Their sister was suffering from tuberculosis of spine. She was admitted
at hospital in Poleta. So they decided to earn money to pay for the medical expenses. They did various
jobs to meet out these expenses. The blend of young boys’ love towards their sister and their continuous
miseries was the driving force that made the boys do various jobs.
b) How was the family affected by the war?
Before the war, Nicola, Jacopo and their sister Lucia had a cultured family. They always led a
comfortable and respectable life. Their father was a famous singer. He was killed in the early part of the
war. A bomb destroyed their home. So, they were rendered homeless. They lived among rubble for
months. They had exposure to the cold winter. They suffered from starvation. The boys grew to hate the
Germans. When the resistance movement started, they joined it. Their sister was suffering from
tuberculosis of spine. She was admitted at hospital in Poleta.
c) Write a character sketch of Nicola and Jacopo. (PTA 4)
Nicola: Nicola was 13 years old. He wore shabby dress. He had brown skins, tangled hair and dark earnest
eyes. Nicola’s smile was steady and engaging. There was seriousness in his boyish face .He answered the
narrator’s few questions. He took care of his younger brother kindly. He did not disclose his problems to
the narrator. He was self-reliant. He disliked troubling others with any plea. He was very affectionate to
his sister –Lucia. She was suffering from tuberculosis of spine. He worked hard with his brother to pay her
sister’s medical treatment fee. He met his sister every weekend. He was more matured than his brother.
Jacopo: Jacopo was 12 years old. He wore shabby dress. He had brown skins, tangled hair and dark
earnest eyes. Jacopo was lively as a squirrel. There was seriousness in his boyish face. He was taken care
fondly by his brother- Nicola. He requested the narrator to drive them off to Poleta, when he was asked
any help.
Both brother’s had more self pride and self respect. They faced more miseries even during childhood.
So, they were more matured. The narrator wanted to help them but they refused except going in his car to
Poleta. The narrator wanted to know about their plans behind earning money. But they told nothing to him.
It may be because they trusted no one or they were self reliant.
d) What message is conveyed through the story “Two Gentlemen of Verona”?
“Two Gentlemen of Verona” is a story of two young brothers. The two brothers were selfless, kind
and hard-working. They sacrificed their boyhood joy for their sister. They were the victims of war. The
invasion of the Germans devastated their family, killed their father and orphaned the three. Then, they
were about to starve and became homeless. They had to look after their ailing sister Lucia. War had
strengthened their attitude to life. They were graceful, dignified and smooth in moving with others. They
showed sense of integrity and maturity to others. They teach us to be devoted which justifies ‘Fortune
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always favours the brave’ and ‘Tough times never last but tough people do’. So the message conveyed to
us through the story is, ‘love, devotion, sacrifice, sincerity and maturity never last soon but last long’.
e) Justify the title of the story “Two Gentlemen of Verona”.
One who is simple, innocent, loyal, respectful, humane, law-abiding, hard-working, honest, soft-
spoken etc is a gentleman. In this story, “Two Gentlemen of Verona”, the two orphaned boys Jacopo and
Nicola possess the above qualities. They had lived with their father- a widower and with their sister, Lucia.
During the German invasion, their home was destroyed by a bomb. Their father was killed in a war. Their
sister was suffering from Tuberculosis. So she was hospitalized. They sold wild strawberries, shined
shoes, hawked newspapers, conducted tourists round the town and also ran errands for the tourists. Thus
they earned money and paid for their ailing sister. They never earned for themselves. Love towards their
sister, sacrifice of childhood joy and dedication towards work attracted the author to call the boys
‘Gentlemen’.
f) Adversity brings out the best as well as the worst in people. Elucidate this statement with reference to
the story.
In “Two Gentlemen of Verona”, adversity brings out the best as well as the worst in two brothers
namely Nicola and Jacopo. Generally, boys during childhood, love playing. The two brothers are not able
to think about fun. They are made responsible at young age. They experience more problems. They are not
able to eat and dress properly. So adversity has brought out the worst in the brothers.
Both the brothers have been lifted to noteworthy level due to adversity. They attract the narrator
through their great manners. They are willing to sacrifice their life for their sister. Had they not faced
adversity, they would not have been more matured. Because of adversity, they show their affection and
hard-working attitude. Adversity initiated them to be more hopeful of betterment in life. They behaved
like gentlemen. So the author was happy to call them Gentlemen. Hence, adversity has the power to bring
out both the best as well as the worst in people.
g) Which character do you like the most in the story and why?
Of the characters mentioned in this short story, I like Nicola the more because he looked matured,
gentle, genteel, humane, moral, uncomplaining, lovable, devoted, etc. He was the elder of the two
orphaned siblings. He was more matured than his brother. He was 13 years old. He wore shabby dress. He
had brown skins, tangled hair and dark earnest eyes. Nicola’s smile was steady and engaging. There was
seriousness in his boyish face .He answered the narrator’s few questions. He was kind to his younger
brother and elder sister. He did not disclose his problems to the narrator. He was self-reliant. He disliked
troubling others with any plea. He was very affectionate to his sister –Lucia. She was suffering from
tuberculosis of spine. He worked hard with his brother to pay his sister’s medical treatment fee. He met his
sister every weekend.
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HIGH LEVEL PARAGRAPH
Topic : Two Gentlemen of Verona

Author : A. J. Cronin
Genre : Short Story
Theme : New Hope for Humanity
Introduction
“Two Gentlemen of Verona” is a short story about the two young brothers. They behaved sensibly.
They sacrificed their joy for their sister. They overcame miseries positively. They looked after their
sister with timely help.
Meeting the two brothers
Two boys stopped the narrator’s car on the outskirts of Verona near the foothills of the Alps. They
were selling wild strawberries. The narrator’s driver asked him not to buy them because the better
fruits would be available in town.
Unusual brothers
Nicola was 13 years old. Jacopo was 12 years old. They were brothers. They wore shabby clothes.
They shined shoes, sold newspapers and fruits, and conducted local tourism. They were helpful to the
narrator. Their appearance and hard work attracted the narrator.
Narrator’s help
One night, the author and his driver met Nicola and Jacopo in a windy and deserted square. There
Jacopo was asleep resting upon Nicola’s shoulder. The author asked them if they needed to work hard.
But they remained silent.
Going to Poleta
Jacopo replied that every Sunday they went to Poleta 30 km from there. He asked if they could go in
his car. The narrator drove them on Sunday. They reached Poleta in the afternoon.
Author’s conversation with a nurse
The author thought that there would be their humble dwelling place. But it was a villa where they
stopped. It amazed the author. The author went inside it. He saw a nurse there. The villa was a
hospital. The nurse told the narrator that the girl was Lucia, sister of Nicola and Jacopo. She told
everything about Lucia and her disease. Further the nurse told the author that both the boys worked
very hard and earned money. They made regular payments to the hospital.
Conclusion
The young brothers’ devotion touched the narrator. Their selfless action brought new nobility to
human life. It gave a greater hope for human society.
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AVERAGE PARAGRAPH

Genre : Short Story
Introduction
“Two Gentlemen of Verona” is a short story written by A.J. Cronin. It shows two young boys’
greatness. Nicola and Jacopo were brothers.
Matured young boys
Nicola was 13 years old. Jacopo was 12 years old. They wore shabby dress. They were selling wild
strawberries. They shined shoes, sold newspapers and fruits, and conducted local tourism. They were
helpful to the narrator.
Reason for boys’ hard work
The young brothers’ father had been killed in a war. A bomb destroyed their home. So, they lived in
debris for months. They were starving. Their sister was suffering from Tuberculosis. So, the young
brothers earned money by doing odd jobs to pay the medical fee. They were happy to find their
sister’s recovery from illness.
Conclusion
Finally, the author came to know that the young boys were self reliant, affectionate, hard-working and
more matured. He was surprised by the two boys’ greatness. So, he called the boys ‘Gentlemen’.
SLOW LEARNERS

Genre : Short Story
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 Nicola and Jacopo were two brothers.

 Nicolo was13 years old.
 Jacopo was 12 years old.
 They wore shabby dress.
 They were hard-working and kind.
 They were helpful to the narrator.
 Before the war, they led a happy life.
 After the war, they led a sad life
 A bomb ruined their happy life.
 Their father was killed and sister was affected by spine TB.
She was hospitalized.
 They did various jobs to pay their sister’s medical fee.
 They looked after their sister carefully.
 They sacrificed their childhood joy.
 Their sacrifice attracted the author.
Hence, the author called them ‘Gentlemen’.
(I) Given below is a list of common confusables.

Distinguish the meaning of each pair of words by
framing your own sentences:
a) Emigrate – leaving a mother country and settle in
another country.
a) Read the following words taken from the story. Kalpana Chawla emigrtated to USA.
Give two synonyms and one antonym for each of Immigrate – coming to mother or other country
these words. Use a dictionary, if required. after settling in another country.
After geting a green card, my uncle
Word Synonyms Antonyms
immigrated to India.
Cautious careful careless
b) Beside – by the side of - Prem is sitting beside Ram
Disapprove rejection approve
in the class.
Brisk active dull Besides – in addition to - Besides having a bike, he
Engaging indulged in lazy has a car.
some activity c) judicial- related to court/ judge.
Humble meekness/ polite impolite I don’t know judicial matters.
Eager interested uninterested judicious – intelligent/ wise.
Resistance comply cooperation Ramesh was judicious.
Persuade convince dissuade d) eligible – be fit for –
Scarce insufficient abundant Yuvashree is eligible as a resource person.
Nobility of high ignobility
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Illegible - that cannot be understood/ unclear – night knight

Your handwriting is illegible. wait weight
e) Conscience – inner mind – sweet sweat
His conscience does not agree to that view. yoke yolk
Conscious – be aware of – plain plane
He is conscious of his wrong doing. grown groan
f) Industrial – of factories – might mite
Tirupur is an industrial city. earn yearn
Industrious – be active – quite quiet
Japanese are industrious by nature.
c) Give the meanings of the following phrasal verbs
g) Eminent – famous,/highly distinguished
and frame sentences using them. (Text Page 7)
Sir C.V. Raman is an eminent scientist of Cut off – chop - We must cut off bad and immoral
Trichy. friendship.
Imminent - something bad is going to happen soon Come upon – to meet by chance – I came upon my
A flood is imminent during heavy monsoon. school mate while going to the mall.
h) Illicit - illegal - Put out – extinguish - We must put out the fire.
Elicit – getting or obtaining by force or threat Draw up – to arrive in a place - A taxi drew up outside
The police tried to elicit information from the the hotel.
man in connection with his illicit contact with Pass out – faint - He passed out due to the hot sun.
terrorists. Take off – leaving from the surface – The plane took
i) Prescribed – recommended off at 7 p.m.
The doctor prescribed some pills. Turn away – refuse - The manager turned away the
Proscribed – banned advice given by Mani.
Some proscribed books are available in the Stand by – always supportive and loyal - We knew they
second hand bookshop. would stand by us no matter what we’d done.
j) Affect – suffer Bank on – depend on – He banks on his aged parents
Smoking affects health. since he is unemployed.
effect – consequent d) Read the list of words formed by adding suffixes:
Advertisements have great effect on sales.
Frequent frequently
k) oral – spoken
Satisfy satisfaction
The headmaster gave oral instructions.
Willing willingness
aural – listening
Comfort comfortable
Now a days, aural skills are not up to the mark
Resemble resemblance
in students.
Noble nobility
l) Born – birth
Form two derivatives from each of the following
I was born on Friday.
words by adding prefixes and suffixes:
borne – carried
Word Prefix Suffix
The Pandian express borne doctors to Chennai.
(ii) Fill in the blanks with suitable Homophones or Patient impatient patiently
Confusables. (Text Page 6) Honour dishonor honourable
Wallet valet Respect disrespect respectful
hoard horde Manage mismanage management
fairy fiery Fertile infertile fertility
desert dessert Different indifferent differently
medal meddle Friend befriend friendly/friendship
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obey disobey obedienct/obedience without which the survival of living beings is not
possible on earth. Apart from inhaling carbon
dioxide, trees also absorb various harmful gases
Listening (Page 7) including sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide and
Now, you are going to listen to the cautionary also filter harmful pollutants from the atmosphere
instructions that are given to the general public thereby providing us fresher and cleaner air to
living in flood-prone areas. Listen carefully and breath. The growing amount of air pollution caused
complete the following sentences. by the smoke emitted by vehicles and factories can
a) The announcement was made by the Department of be controlled only if we plant more trees. However,
Disaster Management. this is not the only reason why tree plantation is
b) Widespread heavy rains are expected from the early important. It offers several other benefits. Some of
hours of Sunday. the top advantages of growing trees include:
c) The public is asked to find out the locations of the Providing fruits and leaves that serve as food for
closest flood shelters available and routes to birds, animals as well as human beings.
reach them. Maintaining bio diversity. Providing wood, rubber
d) An emergency kit should contain water bottles, and other raw materials that are used for
biscuit packets and medical supplies, torch light manufacturing various goods such as furniture,
and a whistle to signal for help. doors, windows, utensils, stationary items and
e) A list of emergency telephone numbers should be decorative items. Conservation of water.
displayed on the wall. Habitat for birds and animals. Climate Control.
f) Important documents can be secured by keeping them Preservation of soil. Even though trees offer many
in a waterproof case. benefits and are extremely important for
g) Damage to refrigerators can be avoided by leaving maintaining the ecological balance, we are cutting
their doors open. them ruthlessly. So, tree plantation is essential to
h) Mobile phones should be charged to enable the compensate for this loss.
marooned to contact their friends, relatives and Task 2 (Page 9)
emergency services. Prepare a speech on “The importance of the reading
i) Sandbags should be placed in the toilet bowls to habit” in about 100- 150 words using the hints given
prevent sewage inflow below together with your own ideas
j) Listen to the periodic news updates through your [Introduction, Suggested value points :
portable communication devices and follow the Knowledge enrichment – Skill development -
instructions implicitly Meaningful usage of time – Overall
development, Conclusion]
5 Reasons Why Reading Habits Are Important
Task 1 (Page 8) Reading is one of the most fundamental skills. A
On the occasion of World Environment Day, you child needs to learn to succeed in life. Developing
have been asked to deliver a speech during morning good reading habits is vital to your child’s bright
assembly on the importance of tree planting. future. What can good reading habits do for your
Write the speech in about 100 - 150 words. child’s development? Here are five reasons you
[Introduction, Suggested value points: Pollution should develop reading habits among children, and
control – Medicine-- Necessary for wild life - why they are so important.
Cause rainfall, Conclusion] Reading develops vocabulary: The more your child
Tree plantation is good for the environment. reads, the more new words will find their way into
Everyone knows that trees are the source of oxygen. his vocabulary. Reading allows for exposure to
They inhale carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen words and phrases that you might not use as part of
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normal speech. “When you read aloud to your Grammar

child, you are not only helping to prepare her to Tenses
learn to read, you are also exposing her to rich Task 1
language she otherwise might not hear,” states Tick the correct options and complete the dialogue.
Susan Caviars, Ph.D, a specialist in language and A: Hello. What do you watch / are you watching?
literacy development. B: A programme about the Jallian Wala Bagh
Reading increases attention span: Encouraging good massacre, which I recorded last night.
reading habits from an early age develops your I study / I’m studying about it this term.
child’s attention span and allows them to focus A: All that I know / I’ve known about it is that
better and for longer periods of time. Reading hundreds of people died / had died in it. Know,
combats the epidemic of poor attention span in died
today’s children. B: Yes, it was much, much worse than anyone has
Good reading habits prepare children for school: expected / had expected. It went on / has gone on
Children who spend a lot of time reading prior to for hours. Do you want / Have you wanted to
attending school will have an easier time adapting watch the programme with me? Had expected.
to the reading-focused learning environment in their Went on, do you want
future classrooms. A: No, thanks. I’ve got to do some veena practice. I’ve
Developing reading habits early leads to a lifelong just remembered / I just remembered that we’ve
love of books: Children who start reading regularly got a concert tomorrow, and I don’t have / haven’t
from an early age are more likely to enjoy reading had time I’ve jist remembered, don’t have
later in life. This will serve them well throughout B: OK. I’ve already done / I already did my practice,
their education and beyond. so I’ve got time to watch TV. See you later. I;ve
Reading encourages a thirst for knowledge: Children already done
with good reading habits learn more about the Task 2
world around them, and develop an interest in other Complete the sentences with the correct tense form
cultures. Reading leads to asking questions, and of the verbs in brackets.
seeking answers, which means children learn more a) Tell (tell) me exactly what had happened (happen)
every day. You can teach your child good reading last night!
habits and motivate them to read by: Reading to b) Mrs. Mageswari is my Maths teacher.
them from a young age, as early as possible She has been teaching (teach) me for four years.
Modelling good reading habits by taking the time to c) I have never thought (never /think) of a career in
read yourself Encouraging conversations about medicine before I spoke to my Biology teacher but
content of what your child has been reading. now I am seriously considering (seriously/
Encouraging good reading habits and modelling consider) it.
them as well sets up a parent as a role model for the d) Oh no! I have forgotten (forget) to bring my
love of reading. Susan B. Neuman, Ph.D, director assignment! What am I going to do?
of the Center for the Improvement of Early Reading This is the second time I did (do) this!
Achievement at the University of Michigan,says e) I can’t remember what my teacher had said (say)
teaching motivation is key. “Children develop yesterday about our homework. I did not listen (not
motivation to read by being read to often, learning listen) properly because Hussain has talked (talk)
firsthand the pleasures that reading can bring.” to me at the same time.
f) Last year we went (go) on a school trip to
Kanyakumari. We had (have) a very interesting
time.
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g) At the moment I (think) about what course to pursue d) Need I go to school today?
next year but I (not make) a final decision yet. e) I wish you would tell me the truth.
h) I (get) up at 7 every morning but this morning I f) Poonam could not catch the bus yesterday.
(sleep) for a long time and I (not get) up until 8. g) People who live in glass houses should not throw
Task 3 stones.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs h) You need not go to the market as I have brought
given in the brackets. vegetables.
a) Everyone was sleeping when the earthquake hit the i) Need you have taken all this trouble?
small town. (sleep) j) You must be joking.
b) Evangelene quit her job a couple of years ago. (quit) k) I tried to climb up the tree, but could not.
c) Where did you spend your last holidays? (you l) Hima Das ran so fast that she could win the medal.
spend) m) You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it
d) I think Suresh will leave for Tiruvallur next morning. drink.
(leave) n) I would like to have a cup of coffee.
e) I was angry that I had made such a mistake (make). o) My grandfather used to visit this temple when he
f) My mother was tired yesterday because she had not was young.
slept well the night before (not sleep). Task 2
g) Her parents have been in Coimbatore for two weeks Complete the following sentences with modals using
from today (be). the clues given.
h) Nothing happened much when I got to the meeting a) You should help the needy. (moral obligation)
(happen). b) If I were you, I would not behave like that.
i) Scientists predict that by 2050, man will be landing (conditional sentence)
on Mars. (land) c) I should never tell a lie. (determination)
j) Sh! Someone is listening to our conversation! (listen) d) My uncle might have reached by now. (possibility)
k) The plane will take off in a few minutes. (take) e) The patient is critical. He must be taken to the
l) They had talked about me when I interrupted their hospital.(compulsion)
conversation. (talk) f) I used to play hockey when I was a student. (past
m) Justin and his parents are living in an apartment habit)
right now because they can’t find a cheap house. g) You should not attend my class. (order)
(live) h) He may come today. (remote possibility)
n) Rajini Prem’s family is in Chengalpet now. (be). i) You should follow the traffic rules. (regulation)
o) Yusuf goes to the movies once in a while. (go) j) He will play the match. (willingness)
p) This is an easy quiz so far (be). k) You need not waste time on it. (necessity)
q) Our team did not win any games last year. (not win) l) Had the doctor come in time, he could / would have
r) We saw a wonderful film at the cinema last night. saved the patient.(probability)
(see) Task 1 (B.Pg.15)
s) Hurry up! The movie has already begun. (already Read what these people say and rewrite as sentences.
begin) 1. Raja said, “I am very busy”.
Modal auxiliaries Raja said that he was very busy.
Task 1 2. Satya said,” I have completed my work”.
Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries. Satya said that she had completed her work.
a) The candidates can/ could / will answer five out of 3. Johnson said,” I don’t like to go out”.
ten questions. Johnson said that he didn’t like to go out.
b) How dare you open my bag?
c) Tajudeen will finish this work by Monday.
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4. Akshita stated,”I have just come back from Divya : My grandmother is ill. So, I had to take her
Chennai”. to the doctor.
Akshita stated that she had just come back from Teacher : I am sorry. What ails her?
Chennai. Divya : She has high fever.
5. Jayan said,” I am learning English”. The teacher asked Divya why she was late.
Jayan said that he was learning English. Divya replied that (a) she had missed the bus.The
6. Madhu said, “I bought a pen yesterday”. teacher told her that (b) she should have reached the
Madhu said that she had bought a pen the day bus stop on time. Divya said that her grandmother was
before. ill so she had to take her to the doctor. The teacher felt
7. Joseph and Mary said,” We will go shopping sorry and further asked her (c) what ailed her. Divya
tomorrow”. explained that she (d) had high fever.
Joseph and Mary said that they would go shopping Task 3
the next day/the following day. Rewrite the following passage in indirect speech. (B.
8. Afsar and Ayesha said,” We can’t attend the Pg 16)
party”. Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement. “It is
Afsar and Ayesha said that they couldn’t attend the going to be a lovely sunny day,” he remarked to his
party. sister Varshini.
9. Satish said ,”How are you?”. Ans : Pradeep got out of bed with much
Satish asked me how I was. excitement and remarked to his sister
10. Victor said,” I am fine. Thank you”. Varshini that it was going to be a lovely
Victor replied that he was fine and thanked him. sunny day.
Task 2 “ Just let me sleep a bit longer, Pradeep,” Varshini
Read the following dialogue and complete the report begged, “and since you are feeling so enthusiastic,”
in the space provided. she suggested, “Why don’t you go and help mother
a) in cooking?”
Priya : Where are you going? Ans : Varshini begged her brother Praddep to let
Vijay : I am going to the railway station. her sleep a bit longer and she suggested him
Priya : Why are you going there? why he didn’t go and help mother in cooking
Vijay : I want to receive my uncle who is coming from since he was feeling so enthusiastic.
Bangalore. “ Sure, I will”, said Pradeep. “Can I help you,
Priya asked Vijay (a) where he was going. mum?”, he said to his mother.
Vijay replied (b) that he was going to the railway Ans : Pradeep assured her sister and asked his
station. mother if he could help her.
Priya further inquired (c) the reason for going to the “ Yes, of course. There are idlis and vadas on the
railway station (or) why he was going there. dining table. Have your breakfast.”
Vijay stated that (d) he wanted to receive his uncle Ans: Pradeep’s mother reblied that there were
who is coming from Banglaore. idlis and vadas on the dining table and asked
b) him to have his breakfast.
Teacher : Why are you late? “ Thank you, mum; I’ll surely help you by eating
Divya : I missed the bus. them.”
Teacher : You should have reached the bus stop on Ans: Pradeep thanked his mother and said that
time. he’d surely help her by eating them.
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Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903–21

1903 21 January 1950), better known by his pen
name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic
whose work is marked by clear prose, awareness of social iniquity, opposition
to totalitarianism and candid id support of democratic socialism. Orwell wrote
literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for
the allegorical novella Animal Farm(1945)
Farm and the dystopian novel Nineteen
Eighty-Four (1949). In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of “The 50
greatest British writers since 1945”.
A NICE TEA IN NICE CUP Tea leaves are being plucked a live view of Tea estate
Machines at preparation of tea

Manufaturation of tea powder Creamiess tea
powder
Tea kettle Easy steps of making tea
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George Orwell framed 11 Indian Tea is “A nice cup

golden rules of making tea of Tea”
Choose Indian or Ceylonese Tea Should be made in small quantities
Pot should be warmed beforehand Tea should be strong
Tea should be put straight into the Pot Take the tea pot to the table
After making tea, give the pot a good shake Drink tea in a cylindrical cup
Pour the cream off the milk Pour tea into the cup
Drink without sugar
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a) Here are a few varieties of tea. How many of these have you tasted?
Tick the boxes.
Herbal Tea Ice Tea  Lemon Tea 
Green Tea Black Tea  Tea with Milk 
I have tasted almost all the kinds of tea except ice tea.
b) You would have seen lovely packets of tea on the shelves in supermarkets and shops. Have you ever wondered
how tea powder is obtained from the plants?
Look at the pictures and describe the process.
“A Nice Cup of tea” was written by George Orwell. It was first published in the London Evening Standard. This
essay is about the art of making tea. In this essay, Orwell frames eleven golden rules of making tea. They are
 One should prefer Indian or Ceylonese
C tea.
 Tea should be made in small quantities.. The teapot should be made of china or earthenware.
 The pot should be warmed beforehand.
 Tea should be strong.
 It should be put straight into the pot.
 Tea should be taken to the kettle directly.
 After making
aking the tea, one should stir it well or one should shake the pot.
 Tea should be drunk in a cylindrical cup.
 One should remove the cream from milk.
 One should pour tea into the cup first.
 Tea should be drunk without sugar.

I you look up ‘tea’ in the first cookery book that comes ePq;fs; Kjd;Kjyhf B vd;W cq;fs; ifapYs;s
to hand you will probably find that it is unmentioned; or rikaw;fiy E}ypy; Njbdhy; mjpy;
at most you will find a few lines of sketchy instructions Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fhJ. Mdhy; rpy thpfspy;
which give no ruling on several of the most important nghpajhf Fwpg;Gfspy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
points. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mjpy; ve;j rl;lKk;> rpy Kf;fpa
Fwpg;GfSk; ,Uf;fhJ.
This is curious, not only because tea is one of the main ,J kpfTk; Mh;tkhdJ
khdJ. Vndd;why; B vd;gJ
stays of civilization in this country, as well as in Eire, kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;jpy; ehfhPfq;fspy;> rpy
Australia and New Zealand, but because the best manner ehLfspy; jUfpd;wd
d. mNj Nghy; vah;>
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of making it is the subject of violent disputes. M];jpNuypah> epA+rpyhe;J ehLfSk; ‘B’ f;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cs;sJ. Mdhy; vg;gb ed;whf
cUthf;Fk; Kiw vd;w jiyg;gpy; kpfg;gaq;fukhd
Nkhjy;fs; cs;sJ.
When I look through may own recipe for the perfect cup ehd; vdJ nrhe;j nra;Kiwapy; xU rhpahd
of tea, I find no fewer that eleven outstanding points. On Nfhg;ig NjePh; jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;j
perhaps two of them there would be pretty general NghJ Fiwe;j gf;fq;fspy; Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;
agreement, but at least four others are acutely fz;Nld;. xUNtis mtw;wpy; ,uz;L kpf mofhd
controversial. Here are my own eleven rules, every one nghJthd xg;ge;jk;. Mdhy; mjpy; kw;w ehd;F
of which I regard as golden: $h;ikahd rh;r;irf;Fhpait. ,itjhd; vdJ
gjpndhU rl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jq;fk;
Nghd;witahf ehd; kjpf;fpNwd;.
First of all, one should use Indian or Ceylonese tea. Kjyhtjhf ,e;jpad; my;yJ rpNyhd; ehl;L
China tea has virtues which are not to be despised NjdPiu
nowadays-it is economical, and one can drink it without gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. irdh NjdPh; jdpf;Fzk;
milk – but there is not much stimulation in it. One does tha;e;jJ. mJ jw;NghJ ,opthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
not feel wiser, braver or more optimistic after drinking it. mJ Fiwe;j nryTilaJ. ghy; ,y;yhky; mUe;j
Anyone who has used that comforting phrase ‘a nice cup KbAk;. Mdhy; mjpy; mjpf J}z;Ljy; ,y;iy.
of tea’ invariably means Indian tea. ,ijf; Fbj;jgpd; ahUf;Fk; typikahfNth>
Gj;jprhypahfNth> mjpf ek;gpf;ifahfNth
czh;tjpy;iy. ahh; me;j nrhw;nwhliu MWjyhd
mUikahd xU Nfhg;ig NjdPh; vd;w nrhw;nwhliu
cgNahfpf;fpwhh;fNsh cz;ikapy; mJ ,e;jpa
NjdPH;.
Secondly, tea should be made in small quantities – that ,uz;lhtjhf>
is, in a teapot. Tea out of an urn is always tasteless, while NjdPh; vg;NghJk; rpwpa mstpy; jahhpf;fg;gl
army tea, made in a cauldron, tastes of grease and Ntz;Lk; mjhtJ jdPf;nfz;bapy; NjdPh;
whitewash. The teapot should be made of china or nfz;bapy; jahhpf;ftpy;iynad;why; UrpapUf;fhJ.
earthenware. Silver or Britannia ware teapots produce mNjNtisapy; ,uhZtj;jpy; NjdPh; nfhg;giuapy;
inferior tea and enamel pots are worse; though curiously jahhpf;fg;gLk; Rz;zhk;G kw;Wk; vz;izg; gpRf;F>
enough a pewter teapot (a rarity nowadays) is not so bad. UrpAk; Nrh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;. irdhtpy; NjdPh; kz;
gPq;fhd;> rpy;th;> gphpj;jhdpah cNyhfk;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; nra;ag;gl;l NjdPh; nfz;bfspy;
cUthf;fg;gLk; NjdPh; jho;thd my;yJ G+r;R
G+rg;gl;l ghidfs; kpfTk; Nkhrkhditahf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk; Mh;t kpFjpahy; fhhPa NjdPh; nfz;b
mt;tsT nfLjy; ,y;iy. (,it jw;NghJ ,y;iy)
Thirdly, the pot should be warmed beforehand. This is %d;whtjhf
better done by placing it on the hob than by the usual Kjypy; ghid #LgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gb
method of swilling it out with hot water. Fourthly, the nra;tJ ey;yJ Kjypy; ghidia v‡F mLg;gpy;
tea should be strong. For a pot holding a quart, if you are itj;J gpwF vg;NghJk; nra;Ak; Kiwapy;
going to fill it nearly to the brim, six heaped teaspoons nfhs;fydpy; itj;J nfhjpePiu Cw;w Ntz;Lk;.
would be about right. In a time of rationing, this is not an ehd;fhtjhf
idea that can be realized on every day of the week, but I NjdPh; nfl;bahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghidapy;
maintain that one strong cup of tea is better that twenty fhy;gq;F msT tpspk;G tiu mijj; Njapiyahy;
weak ones. All true tea lovers not only like their tea epug;g Ntz;Lk;. MW Ftpay; fuz;b msT rhpahf
,Uf;Fk;. ,J gw;whf;Fiwahf ,Uf;fhJ. Mdhy;
strong, but like it a little stronger with each year that
fpf;fhd xU Nfhg;ig ey;y NjdPh; ,UgJ thu
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passes – a fact which is recognized in the extra ration NjdPiu tpl rpwe;jJ. NjdPh; ,urpfh;fs; tYthd
issued to old – age pensioners. NjdPiu tpUk;GtJ ,y;iy. Mdhy; rpwpJ tYthf
tpUk;Ggth; xt;nthUthplKk; fle;j gpd;Dk;
tNahjpf Xa;T nghUs; ngWgth;fSf;F kl;Lk;
mjpfg;gbahf Njapiy $Ly; gq;fhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Fifthly, the tea should be put straight into the pot. No Ie;jhtjhf
strainers, muslin bags or other devices to imprison the NjdPh; ,iy> Neubahff; nfz;bapy; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
tea. In some countries teapots are fitted with little tbg;ghdpNyh> ,Nyrhd igapNyh my;yJ NtW
dangling baskets under the spout to catch the stray ghj;jpuq;fspNyh Nghl;L B ,iyia rpiwg;gpbf;f
leaves, which are supposed to be harmful. Actually one $lhJ. xU rpy ehLfspy; NjdPh; nfz;b njhq;Fk;
can swallow tea-leaves inconsiderable quantities without filfspy; tbfl;lg;gLfpwJ. ntspj;jz;L
ill effect, and if the tea is not loose in the pot it never Foha;fSf;fbapy; kPjpAs;s ,iyfs;
gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit mjpfk; jPq;F tpistpf;ff;
infuses properly
$bait. rhjhuzkhf xUrpy B ,iyfs;
thapypl;L nky;yyhk; jPq;F VJkpy;iy. ghidapy; B
,iyfs;
jdpj;jdpahf ,y;yhtpby; mjdhy; rhpahf fyf;f
KbahJ.
Sixthly, one should take the teapot to the kettle and not Mwhtjhf
the other way about. The water should be actually NjdPh; NghLtjw;F xUth; NjdPh; nfz;bia kl;Lnk
boiling at the moment of impact, which means that one cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. NtWtopapy;iy. jz;zPH;
should keep it on the flame while one pours. Some me;j
people add that one should only use water that has been epkplj;jpy;> #LgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Cw;Wtjw;F
freshly brought to the boil, but I have never noticed that Kd;dhy; mJ jP ehf;Ffspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
it makes any difference.Seventhly, after making the tea, xUrpy kf;fs; Gjpa jz;zPh; nfhz;L te;J
one should stir it, or better, give the pot a good shake, cgNahfpg;ghh;fs;. Mdhy; vdJ ve;j tpj;jpahrKk;
afterwards allowing the leaves to settle. ,Jtiu njhpatpy;iy.
Vohtjhf
NjdPh; jahhpj;j gpd; ed;F Mw;w Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
nfz;bia ed;whf Ml;l Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd;
,itfis mbapy; jq;ftpl Ntz;Lk;.
Eighthly, one should drink out of a good breakfast up – vl;lhtjhf
that is, the cylindrical type of cup, not the flat, shallow xUth;> xU Nfhg;ig epiwa ,ilNtisapy;
type. The breakfast cup holds more, and with the other NjdPh; gUf Ntz;Lk;. mJ xU cUis tbt
kind one’s tea is always half cold before one has well Nfhg;ig> jl;il my;y Mokw;w Nfhg;igahf ,Uf;f
started on it. Ninthly, one should pour the cream off the Ntz;Lk;. fhiy czT Nfhg;ig epiwa gpbf;Fk;
milk before using it for tea. Milk that is too creamy ,y;iynad;why; NjdPh; miuf;Fspuhf ,Uf;f
always gives tea a sickly taste. Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; Jtq;f ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;.
xd;gjhtjhf
mjd;Nky; ghypd; ntz;izia Cw;w Ntz;Lk;.
NjePuhf Fbf;FKd; vg;NghJk; ghypy; ntz;iz
mjpfkpUe;jhy; NjePh; ed;whapUf;fhJ.
Tenthly, one should pour tea into the cup first. This is gj;jhtjhf
one of the most controversial points of all; indeed in Kjypy; NjdPiu Nfhg;igapDs; Cw;w Ntz;Lk;.
every family in Britain there are probably two schools of ,Jjhd; kpfTk; mjpfkhd rh;r;irf;Fhpa rl;lk;
thought on the subject. The milk-first school can bring cz;ikapy; gphpl;ldpYs;s midj;J
forward some fairly strong arguments, but I maintain that FLk;gq;fspYk; ,J gw;wp ,uz;L tpjkhd
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my own argument is unanswerable. This is that, by fUj;Jf;fs; Nghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU rpy

putting the tea in first and stirring as one pours, one can Mzpj;jukhd tpthjq;fs;. ,jpy; gjpyspf;f
exactly regulate the amount of milk whereas one is liable Kbahjit. Kjypy; ghy; vd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ rpy
to put in too much milk if one does it the other way Mzpj;jukhd mofhd tpthjq;fis rpy gs;spfs;
Kd; nfhz;L te;J itf;fpd;wd. NjdPh; Kjypy;
round.
ed;F tbj;J Cw;wpagpd; xUtd; rhpahd tpfpjj;jpy;
Nghjpa msT ghiyr; Nrh;f;fyhk;. xU rpyh;
mjpfg;gbahd ghiyr; Nrh;ff ; tpUk;gyhk; mJ
mtuth; tpUg;gk; Nghd;wJ.
Lastly, tea – unless one is drinking it In the Russian style filrpahf
– should be drunk without sugar. I know very well that I NjdPh; u\;ad; Kiwapy; Fbf;ftpy;iynad;why;
am in a minority here. But still, how can you call ,dpg;gpy;yhky; Fbf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdf;F ed;F
yourself a true tea lover if you destroy the flavor of your njhpAk; ehd; ,q;F rpWghhd;ikapdh;. Mdhy;>
tea by putting sugar in it? It would be equally reasonable ,d;Wk; eP vg;gb vd;id $g;gpLtha; ePq;fs;
to put in pepper or salt. If you sweeten it, you are no cz;ikahd NjdPh; mgpkhdp. ,dpg;ig mjDld;
longer tasting the tea, you are merely tasting the sugar; Nrh;j;jhy; eP mjd; Ritia khw;wp tpLfpwha;.
you could make a very similar drink by dissolving sugar mNjNghy; rk msT kpsF my;yJ cg;ig Nrh;g;gJk;
fhuzkhdNj. eP ,dpg;ig Nrh;j;jhy; cd;dhy; Bapd;
in plain hot water. Some people would answer that they
Ritia czu KbahJ. eP ,NjNghy; NtnwhU
don’t like tea in itself, that they only drink it in order to
ghdj;ij cUthf;fyhk;. ntWk; ePhpy; ,dpg;ig
be warmed and stimulated, and they need sugar to take
fye;J> rpy kf;fs; gjpyspg;gh; mth;fSf;Fj;
the taste away. To those misguided people I would say: jdpahf NjdPh; gpbf;fhnjd;W mjdhy; mth;fs;
Try drinking tea without sugar for, say, a fortnight and Fbf;fpwhh;fs;. ePiur; R+lhf;fp Njapiyia J}z;bl
it is very unlikely that you will ever want to ruin your tea ,dpg;G Ntz;Lk;. Bapd; Ritiag; Nghf;f
by sweetening it again. ,dpg;gpy;yhky; NjdPh; Fbf;f KaYq;fs;. mjd; gpd;
15 ehl;fSf;F gpd; ePq;fNs
nrhy;tPhf
; s; vdf;F NjdPh; ,dpg;Gld;
gpbf;fhnjd;W. ePq;fs; vg;NghjhtJ cq;fs; NjdPiu
,dpg;ig Nrh;jJ; kPzL ; k; mopf;f tpUk;GfpwPh;fsh?
These are not the only controversial points to arise in mitfs; ntWk; rh;f;iff;Fhpa Gs;spfs; my;y.
connection with tea drinking, but they are sufficient to NjdPh; Fbg;gJ njhlh;ghf vOe;jit. Mdhy; mit
show how subtilized the whole business has become. NghJkhd msT fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghy;>
There is also the mysterious social etiquette surrounding kh;kkhd r%fg; gz;ghL NjdPh; nfz;bia
the teapot (why is it considered vulgar to drink out of Rw;wpAs;sJ (Vd; ,J xU Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ
Nfhg;igapy; cldbahf NjdPh; Cw;wp Fbg;gJ)
your saucer, for instance?) and much might be written
mNjNghy; Njapiyapd; gpw cgNahfq;fs; gw;wp
about the subsidiary uses of tea leaves, such as telling
epiwa vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghy; tpUe;jpdh; tUk;
fortunes, predicting the arrival of visitors, feeding
NghJ nfhLj;jy; mjph;\;lk; tUk; vdr; nrhy;Yjy;>
rabbits, healing burns and sweeping the carpet. It is
KaYf;F nfhLj;jy;> fhaq;fis Mw;Wjy;> fiwgl;l
worth paying attention to such details as warming the pot fk;gspfis Jilf;f B ,iy gad;gLfpwJ.
and using water that is really boiling, so as to make quite Kf;fpakhf ,jpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
sure of wringing out of one’s ration the twenty NjdPh; nfz;bia R+LgLj;Jjy; cz;ikapy;
good, strong cups of that two ounces, properly handled, nfhjpf;Fk; ePiu gad;gLj;Jjy;. mjdhy; B ,iyia
ought to represent. (Taken from The collected Essays, KWf;fp gpope;J ,e;j nfLgpbahd gq;fPL fhyj;jpy;
Journalism and etters of George Orwell, Volume 3, ,UgJ tYthd NjdPh; Nfhg;igfs;> ,uz;L
1943-45, Penguin ISBN, 0-14-00-3153-7) mTd;]; B ,iyfis rhpahd tifapy;
ifahz;lhy; fl;lhak; fpilf;Fk;.
www.nammakalvi.in

curious - interesting controversial - arguable/ disputable
virtues - admirable qualities despised - hated
stimulation - excitement optimistic - positive/ hopeful
cauldron - a big pot used for boiling rationing - restricting the consumption of a scarce
commodity during war
dangling - hanging freely/ suspended spout - the pipe-like opening in a teapot
through which tea is poured out
liable - responsible mysterious - incomprehensible
etiquette - socially acceptable behavior
Hard Words Meaning jkpo; mu;j;jk;

cauldron - a big pot used for boiling. ePiu nfhjpf;f itf;Fk; nghpa ghid
dangling - hanging freely/ suspended njhq;Fjy;
etiquette - socially acceptable rKjhak; xg;G nfhz;l tof;fq;fs;
hob - flat top part of a cooking stove mLg;gpd; jl;ilahd Nky;gFjp
pewter - a grey alloy of tin with copper and jfuk;> nrk;G kw;Wk; md;bnkhdp Mfpa
antimony cNyhfq;fs; Nrh;e;j
rhk;gy; epw ghj;jpuk;
quart - a unit of liquid capacity jputk; msf;Fk; msT
rationing - restricting the consumption of a scarce Nghhpd; NghJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mstpy;
commodity during war. tpdpNahfpf;fg;gLk; jl;Lg;ghlhd nghUs;.
spout - the pipe like opening in a teapot NjePh; ghj;jpuj;jpd; Kfg;gpy; Foha; NghYs;s
through which tea is poured out, mikg;G (mjd; topNa NjePh; epug;g ,aYk;).
swilling - wash or rinse by pouring large epiwa mstpy; ePiu Cw;wp myRjy;.
amounts of water

Considerable significant (fzprkhd) insignificant (mw;gkhd> Fiwe;j)
Controversial arguable / disputable (thjplf;$ba agreeable (Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f)
gpur;ridf;Fhpa)
Curious interesting (Mh;tKs;s) uninteresting (Mh;tkpy;yhky;)
Dangling hanging freely/suspended (njhq;Fjy;) rigid (Mlhky;> mirahky;> jplkhf)

Despised hated (ntWj;jy;) loved (Nerpj;jy;)
Etiquette acceptable behaviour (Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f
Fzk;)
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Wringing extremely wet (<ukpFe;j) extremely dry (kpf cyh;e;j)

Forward move towards (Kd;dhy; nfhz;L tUjy;) backward (gpd;Df;F js;Sjy;)
Invariably always (vg;NghJk;> khw;wkpy;yhj) never (xUNghJkpy;yhj)
Liable responsible (nghWg;G) irresponsible (nghWg;gpy;yhj)
Minority the smaller number (rpWghd;ik) majority (ngUk;ghd;ik)
Mysterious incomprehensible (kh;kkhd) transparent (njspthd)
Optimistic positive/ hopeful (ey;y vz;zk;) pessimistic (ek;gpf;ifaw;w)
Predicting anticipating (ey;y vz;zk; nfhz;l> cjTk; ignore (fzpf;f Kbahj)
vz;zKila)
Reasonable agreeable (epahakhd) unreasonable (epahakw;w)
Ruin destroy (mopj;jy;> nfLj;jy;) create (cUthf;Fjy;)
Subsidiary supplementary (Jiz) original/ capital (nropj;jy;> mry;)
Subtilized refined (Nrh;f;if Neh;j;jpahd J}a;ikaha;) unrefined (J}a;ikaw;w)
Unanswerable unexplainable (tpthpf;f ,ayhj) answerable (gjpyspj;jy;)
Violent rough / destructive (jPtpuk;> Kul;Lj;jdk;) calm / gentle (nkd;ikahd)
Virtues admirable qualities (kjpf;fj;jf;f gz;Gfs;) vice (jho;e;j Fzq;fs;> fsq;fk;)
Worth value (kjpg;G) worthless (kjpg;gw;w)

Distinctive - clear - njspthd
Unmentioned - not mentioned / unnoted - Fwpg;gplhj
Important - significant - Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j
Disputes - differences - NtWghLfs;
General - common - nghJthd
Acutely - severely - fLikahf
Regard - consider - fUJ
Invariably - always - Ïg;nghOJk;
Inferior - low - fPohd
Beforehand - earlier - Kd;dhy;
Brim - edge - tpspk;G
Realize - feel - czHjy;
Recognized - identified - mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l
Strainers - filter - tbfl;b
Issued - distributed - toq;fg;gl;l
Devices - instruments - fUtpfs;
Infuses - fill - epug;G
Noticed - watched - fz;fhzpj;jy;
Stir - mix - fyf;F
Controversial - disputable - Kuzhd
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Sufficient - enough - NghJkhd

Subtilized - refined - J}a;ikahf;fgl;l
For instance - for example - vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
Fortunes - good luck - mjpH\;lk;
Predicting - guessing - A+fpj;jy;
Feeding - offering food - czHjy;
Burns - injuries - fhaq;fs;
Healing - recovering - Fzg;gLj;jpa gpd;G
Stimulated - encouraged - J}z;Lfpd;w

Following X preceeding Probably X improbably
Unmentioned X mentioned Few X many
Several X few Important X unimportant/ insignificant
Curious X uninteresting Civilization X savaged
Best X worst Perfect X imperfect
General X specific/ particular Disputes X agreements
Controversial X indisputable Virtues X vice
Despised X liked/ loved Optimistic X pessimistic
Small X huge/ great Tasteless X tasteful
Inferior X superior Worse X better
Warmed X cooled Usual X unusual
Hot X cold Strong X Weak
Harmful X harmless Properly X improperly
Shallow X deep Started X ended
Before X after Forward X backward
Strong X Weak Unanswerable X answerable
Stimulated X discouraged Sweetening X bittering
Sufficient X insufficient/ inadequate Whole X part
1) Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of the following questions in one or two
sentences. (Text Page 37 & 38)
a) What seems ‘curious’ to the author?
Lack of details about tea making in cookery books seems curious to the author.
b) Why does the author say that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery books?
Tea is important in England, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. The preparation of tea process is a
cause of dispute. Hence the author says that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery books.
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c) Mention the countries in which tea is a part of civilization.

England, Eire, Australia and New Zealand are the countries in which tea is a part of civilization.
d) Which tea does the author prefer– China tea or Indian tea?
The author prefers Indian tea
e) According to the author, what does the phrase ‘a nice cup of tea’ refer to?
According to the author, the phrase ‘a nice cup of tea’ refers to the Indian tea.
f) What is the second golden rule in the preparation of tea?
Tea should be made in small quantities in a teapot which is made of china or earthenware. This is the
second golden rule in the preparation of tea.
g) How does army tea taste?
Army tea tastes of greese and whitewash.
h) Do tea lovers generally like strong tea or weak tea?
Tea lovers generally like strong tea.
i) Why should tea be directly added to the pot?
Tea should be directly added to the pot since the stray leaves are supposed to be harmful.
j) Why does the author prefer the cylindrical cup to a flat cup?
A flat cup can hold more tea. So the author prefers the cylindrical cup to a flat cup.
k) What should be poured into the cup first–tea or milk?
Tea should be poured into the cup first.
l) Why does the author advise removing cream from the milk?
If cream from the milk is not removed, the tea will have sickly taste. Thus the author advises
removing cream from the milk.
m) Does the author like drinking tea with sugar? Give reasons. (PTA 4)
No, the author does not like drinking tea with sugar. This is because adding sugar to tea will not give
the real flavor of tea.
n) Why does the author refer to himself as being in ‘a minority’?
The author is one among the few who drink tea without sugar. Hence he refers to himself as being in
‘a minority’.
o) Whom does the author call ‘misguided people’? What is his advice to them?
The author calls those who drink tea with sugar as misguided people. His advice to them is to try
drinking tea without sugar for a fortnight. Thereafter they won’t prefer to add sugar ever again.
2. Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of the following questions in four or five
sentences.(Text page 38)
a) What are the author’s views on China tea? (PTA 2)
China tea has some valuable qualities. It is economical. It can be drunk without milk. It doesn’t have
much excitement. It does not make one feel wiser, braver and more confident.
b) How does adding sugar affect the taste of tea?
While drinking tea with sugar, one can enjoy the taste of sugar but not the flavor of tea. Thus adding
sugar affects the taste of tea.
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c) Elucidate the author’s ideas about teapots.

Tea should be prepared in small quantities in a teapot. It should be made of china or earthenware.
Silver or Britanniaware teapots produce inferior tea. Enamel pots are worse. Pewter teapot is not at all
bad.
a) Trace the origin of tea.

Tea was originated in Eire, Australia and New Zealand.
b) How many golden rules does Orwell frame?
Orwell frames eleven golden rules.
c) What is the meaning of ‘a nice cup of tea’?
‘A nice cup of tea’ means Indian tea.
d) Write a short note on China tea.
China tea has its own virtues which are not to be despised nowadays. China tea is economical. One
can drink china tea without milk.
e) Which tea should be drunk without sugar?
Russian tea should be drunk without sugar.
f) What are the alternatives for sugar?
Pepper and salt are the alternatives for sugar.
g) What should be done after making tea?
After making the tea, one should stir it, or better, give the pot a good shake, afterwards allowing the
leaves to settle.
3) Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph of 100–150 words. (Text page 38)
a) Summarize George Orwell’s distinctive ideas in “A Nice Cup of Tea”. (PTA 1, 3, 5, 6)
Introduction
Eric Arthur Blair was better known by his name George Orwell. He was an English novelist, essayist,
journalist and critic. In his article “A Nice Cup of Tea”, he narrates the process of making tea. He formed
eleven golden rules to make and consume tea.
First four rules
At first, he prefers Indian tea or Ceylonese tea to China tea. He refers to the Indian tea by using the phrase
‘a nice cup of tea’. One can feel braver or wiser after drinking it. Secondly, he wants to make tea in small
quantities in a tea pot. He recommends us to prefer china or earthenware pots to silver or Britannica
teapots which are used by British people. Thirdly, the pot should be warmed beforehand. Fourthly, the
strong tea should be prepared.
Rules from five to eight
As the fifth golden rule, the tea should be put straightly into the pot rather than using strainers, muslin
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bags or any other devices. Sixthly, the teapot should be taken to the kettle. Water should be boiled before
pouring tea in it. After mixing the tea powder with the water, it should be stirred well. Eighthly, cylindrical
cup should be used for consumption.
Final three rules
Then as the ninth step, tea should be without the cream from the milk because creamy milk results in
‘sickly taste’ to tea. Tenthly, tea should be poured in to the cup before adding milk. Finally, tea should be
drunk without sugar because adding sugar will taste only the sugar not the real flavor of tea.
Conclusion
George Orwell has conveyed eleven rules about tea making and drinking clearly.
b) Discuss how the essay reveals the factual points and the author’s personal opinions on the
preparation of tea.
journalist and critic. In his article “A Nice Cup of Tea”, he narrates the process of making tea. He formed
eleven golden rules to make tea. During the process of making tea, he advises the readers to boil water
first and then the tea should be added. He prefers Indian tea. He also recommends us to use china or
earthenware pots. He prefers strong tea. According to him, one strong tea is better than twenty weak cups.
He also advises to drink tea in the cylindrical cup rather than a flat or shallow cup. Finally he prefers
sugarless tea to get the real flavor of tea. These are the factual points and the author’s personal opinions on
the preparation of tea.
c) What are the aspects that contribute to humour in the essay?
journalist and critic. In this article “A Nice Cup of Tea”, he narrates the process of making tea. He formed
eleven golden rules to make tea. He used humour where it was needed. From his following opinions, it is
possible to find humour directly or indirectly.
Tea making is a cause of violent disputes
Justifying the use of pepper or salt instead of sugar as an alternate creates humour.
Linking the drinking of tea for creating cleverness and bravery indicates humour.
George Orwell cannot add more humour in the essay which requires only a few points.
Topic : A Nice Cup of Tea

Author : George Orwell
Genre : Article
Theme : Making of Tea
Introduction
Eric Arthur Blair was better known by his pen name George Orwell. He was an English writer. He
wrote many novels, essays, entitled writing etc., He framed elven golden rules for the preparation and
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drinking of tea.
First three rules
Initially, he suggests the readers to choose Indian Tea or Ceylonese tea rather than China tea because
one can feel higher or braver or optimistic after drinking it. According to the author, the phrase, ‘a
nice cup of tea’ refers to Indian tea. Secondly, he wants to prepare tea in small quantities in a tea pot.
He also recommends us to prefer China or Earthenware pots to silver or Brittania teapots. Thirdly, the
pot should be warmed beforehand.
Rules from Four to Six
Fourthly, the strong tea should be prepared. Orwell emphasizes that one strong cup of tea is better
than twenty weak cups of tea. Fifthly, the tea should be put straightly into the pot rather than using
strainers, muslin bags or any other devices. Sixthly, the tea pot should be taken to the kettle. Water
should be boiled before pouring tea.
Rules from Seven to Nine
As a seventh rule, after mixing the tea with water, it should be stirred or the tea pot should be shaken.
The author strongly recommends cylindrical cup instead of flat or shallow cup to drink tea as the
eighth rule. Ninthly, the cream from the milk should be removed completely. This is because the
creamy milk always gives tea sickly taste.
Final Two rules
Tenthly, tea should be poured into the cup first before adding milk since it can lead to add exact
amount of milk. Finally, tea should be consumed without sugar. If sugar is added, one will taste only
the sugar not the flavor of the tea.
Conclusion
George Orwell has justified his views with clear examples. He is assertive, humorous and factual. His
views related to making and drinking tea are praiseworthy.
AVERAGE PARAGRAPH

Genre : Article
Introduction
George Orwell was a popular English writer. His real name was Eric Arthur Blair. He framed eleven
golden rules of preparing tea.
Initial rules
He preferred Indian or Ceylonese tea to China tea. He wants us to prepare tea in small quantities in a
tea pot. The pot should be warmed beforehand. Fourthly the strong tea should be prepared.
Middle rules
Then as the fifth rule, tea should be put straightly into the pot. Sixthly, the tea pot should be taken to
the kettle. Seventhly, tea should be taken to the kettle and then it should be stirred or the pot should be
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shaken. Eighthly, the author suggests us to use cylindrical cup.

Final rules
Ninthly, the cream should be removed. Tenthly tea should be poured into the cup first. Lastly, tea has
to be drunk without adding sugar to get the real flavor of tea.
Conclusion
George Orwell has enumerated his views clearly in “A Nice Cup of Tea”
SLOW LEARNERS

Genre : Article
Golden rules of Tea preparation
 Prefer Indian or Ceylonese tea

 Prepare tea in small quantities.
 Warm the teapot beforehand.
 Prepare strong tea.
 Don’t filter the tea leaves.
 Take the kettle to the tea.
 Stir the tea or shake the teapot after making tea.
 Use cylindrical cup to drink tea.
 Tea should be without creamy milk.
 Pour tea into the cup to regulate milk.
 Tea should not be sweetened with sugar.
 Drinking tea is an art.
4) Based on your understanding of the text, complete the chart given below choosing the appropriate words or
phrases given in brackets.
1) But because the best manner of making it is the subject of violent disputes.
a) agreements b) applauses c) conflicts d) discussions.
2) …tea is one of the main stays of civilization in the country.
a) a society in an advanced state of social development
b) a society that has slow progress.
c) a society that has no progress
d) a society in an average state of social development.
3) … that they only drink it in order to be warmed and stimulated
a) motivated b) discouraged c) passive d) admired
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4) … under the spout to catch the stray leaves

a) fresh b) isolated c) gathered d) harmful
5) One is liable to put in too much milk.
a) likely b) certain c) eager d) responsible.
1) …which are not to be despised
a) hated b) liked c) respected d. defeated
2) One does not feel wise, braver or more optimistic
a) opportunistic b) cheerful c) realistic d) pessimistic
3) Not the flat, shallow type…
a) narrow b) wide c) deep d) direct
4) Predicting the arrival of visitors
a) journey b) departure c) migration d) perusal
5) … but they are sufficient to show how subtilized the whole business has become.
a) enough. b) suffocative c) scarce d) submissive
Golden Rules of Tea Preparation

(add sugar, shaken,milk, infused properly, have strainers, without cream, taken to the kettle, small quantities, China
or earthenware, stirred, warmed)
Tea should be made in ______1_______ in a tea pot.
The tea pot should be made of _______2___________
The pot should be ____________3___________ beforehand.
The pot should not have _______4____________
While pouring water, the teapot should be ____5________
The tea leaves should be __________6_____________
After making tea, it should be ______7_____ or the pot should be _________8________
The milk for the tea should be ______9________
The author does not like to __10___ to tea.
Answers :
1) small quantities 2) china or earthenware 3) warmed 4) strainers 5) taken to
6) infused properly 7) stirred 8) shaken 9) without cream 10) add sugar
b) a society that has slow progress.

c) a society that has no progress
d) a society in an average state of social
development.
a) Find out the synonym of the underlined word in 3. … that they only drink it in order to be warmed and
each of the following sentences. stimulated
1. But because the best manner of making it is the a) motivated b) discouraged
subject of violent disputes. c) passive d) admired
a) agreements b) applauses 4. … under the spout to catch the stray leaves
c) conflicts d) discussions. a) fresh b) isolated
2. …tea is one of the main stays of civilization in the c) gathered d) harmful
country. 5. One is liable to put in too much milk.
a) a society in an advanced state of social a) likely b) certain
development c) eager d) responsible.
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b) Find out the antonym of the underlined word in 3. Not the flat, shallow type…
each of the following sentences. a) narrow b) wide
1. …which are not to be despised c) deep d) direct
a) hated b) liked 4. Predicting the arrival of visitors
c) respected d. defeated a) journey b) departure
2. One does not feel wise, braver or more optimistic c) migration d) perusal
a) opportunistic b) cheerful 5. … but they are sufficient to show how subtilized the
c) realistic d) pessimistic whole business has become.
a) enough. b) suffocative
c) scarce d) submissive
C. Fill in the boxes with the correct answers. The first one has been done for you. [with answer]
Word with meaning Noun / Verb / Adj.
S.No. Sentence Sentence
and part of speech form
1. Word : wise / meaning: My brother is wise Wisdom My brother showed great
clever / part of speech wisdom
: adjective in business.
2. harm : hurt (verb) I didn’t mean to harm harmful Too much of anything is
him. harmful.
3. Stimulte : motivate Those books stimulate stimulating The teacher gave a
(verb) the readers. stimulating speech.
4. argue : contend (verb) Don’t argue. argument Their chat became an
argument.
5. Strong : rugged The tea is strong strength My strength grew as I
(adjective) aged.
6. destroy : ruin (verb) destroy evil destruction Destruction of rain forest
is dangerous.
Listen to the passage about the ‘Significance of Tea’ Questions

and answer the questions. a) When do students start thinking about their
Questions career path?
1) Which country is the largest tea producer in the When the students complete their higher secondary
world? course they start thinking about their career path.
China b) How can students build a strong career?
2) 30 percent of the tea produced in India is exported. Students can build a strong career by understanding
3) What is the role of antioxidants in tea? the prospective field and their primary interest.
The antioxidants in tea prevents cancer. c) What are the integral aspects of a successful
4) Drinking tea strengthens one’s teeth, bones and career?
immune system. Overall personality development and honing the
5) How does drinking tea help a diabetic? communication skills are the integral aspects of a
Regular tea drinking might help one in lowering successful career.
blood sugar and blood pressure d) What is meant by ‘culinary art’?
It means art of cooking.
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e) Why is media a popular career option? Task 2

Media is a popular career option because Complete the following passages using the
youngsters are attracted to it as the exposure and prepositions given in brackets. (among, for, at, to, in,)
reach is greater through it. i) When Lakshmi was (1) in school, she practised
f) Name some paramedical courses mentioned in the music from Monday (2) to Friday. She involved
passage herself (3) at the school orchestra. She was
Optometry, pathology, nursing, physiotherapy, and responsible (4) for conducting many programmes.
dentistry are some paramedical courses mentioned She was very popular (5) among her schoolmates,
in the passage. as she was kind, friendly and helpful.
g) Why is the hotel industry seen as the fastest (after, with, on, before, of, in, for)
growing in India? ii) (1) Before the interview, Solomon was confident
The hotel industry is seen as the fastest growing in (2) of getting the job. He knew that he was qualified
India since the number of international travellers (3) for the job. He was interested (4) in discharging
(both for business and leisure) is increasing. his duty perfectly. The interview panel was
h) Does one have to be a player to opt for a career in impressed (5) with his attitude and skills. So (6)
the field of sports? Answer giving reasons. after the interview, he was (7) on cloud nine.
Yes, because it offers various career options such as Prepositional phrases
technical trainers, commentators, sports journalists Task 1
etc. Underline the prepositional phrases. The first two
i) Pick one word from the passage which is the examples have been done for you.
opposite of ‘modern’. a) With reference to your advertisement in a local
Ancient newspaper, I am applying for the post of a
j) Which word in the passage means ‘composed of salesman.
people from many parts of the country’? b) The assignment will be completed in a few weeks.
Globalization c) Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.
Grammar d) We feel sorry for our mistakes.
Prepositions e) The boy studied well in spite of many obstacles.
Task 1 f) Our nation is famous for its glorious culture.
Recall your learning of basic prepositions and g) We are proud of our children.
complete the sentences using the prepositions given h) My brother will return home in the evening.
in brackets. Task 2
(over, under, on, between, among, into, with, since, Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositional phrase
in front of, near/beside) given in brackets.
a) The boy jumped into a narrow stream. (in favour of, in case of, according to, on the whole,
b) My brother will meet me on Friday morning. on account of, on behalf of, in spite of, instead of)
c) The temple is near / beside the bank. a) On behalf of Kiran, Rajesh may attend a programme.
d) My friend will meet me with his brother tomorrow. b) Many tourists visited Ooty in spite of heavy rains.
e) There is usually a garden in front of a bungalow. c) Expressing gratitude in favour of others is common
f) Yuvashree has been studying well since childhood. in a vote of thanks.
g) A trekker climbed over a mountain meticulously. d) On the whole, I had a happy childhood.
h) There was a skirmish between my brother and sister. e) Our teacher always acts instead of her students.
i) The laudable thoughts were apparent among many f) On account of his laziness, the boy remained passive
scholars in a conference. for a long time.
j) It is easy to work under the aegis of visionary leader. g) According to Gandhiji, ahimsa means infinite love.
h) In case of rain, take an umbrella.
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Connectives or linkers b) The work was over. We went home. (when)

Task 1 Ans : When the work was over, we went home.
Choose the appropriate linker from within the c) A library is a public place. We see a number of
brackets and complete the sentences. books kept there for reading. (where)
a) I could not complete my paper in the examination A library is a public place where we see a number
because (because, but) I was slow in answering the of books kept for reading.
questions. d) The culprit was caught. Immediately, he was
b) It started raining, so (yet, so) we could not play. taken to the police station. (as soon as)
c) As (As, If ) I got up early, I managed to reach school As soon as the culprit was caught, he was taken to
on time. the station.
d) Though (Though/Whereas) he committed a mistake, e) The boys were stealing mangoes from a grove. At
he apologised and (and/since ) promised that he that time, the owner of the grove came in.(while)
would not repeat it. While the boys were stealing mangoes from a
e) This is how (how/what) it must be done. grove, the owner of the grove came in.
f) The vendor saw the train moving slowly from the f) Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to
platform, therefore (therefore/until) he got in. health. Moreover, they lead to kidney problems.
g) I was not well, so (but/so) I did not attend the class. (and)
h) (If, Although) Although she can drive , she travels Artificially falavoured juices are hazardous to
by bus. health and they lead to kidney problems.
i) (If/Unless) Unless you register your name, you g) Adit has been promoted. Ranjan has been
cannot participate in the competitions. promoted. (as well as)
j) (As soon as/Besides) As soon as my father arrived Adit as well as Ranjan has been promoted.
home, I narrated the incident. h) Caesar was declared emperor. The conspirators
k) Be quick to hear and (then/ and) slow to speak. killed him. (After)
l) I am neither (neither/either) an ascetic in theory nor After Caesar was declared emperor, the
(nor/or) in practice. conspirators killed him.
m) We fail to harness the rain water, consequently Task 3
(consequently, nevertheless) we suffer. Fill in the blanks with appropriate correlative
n) My brother will certainly clear GRE; for (yet/for) he conjunctions.
works very hard. a) She is not an understanding person but everybody
Task2 likes to be with her.
Combine the sentences and rewrite them using the b) Suraj owns not only a typewriter but also a
words given in the brackets. computer.
a) The well was deep. Therefore, the fox could not c) Vani is not only a good singer but also a good
get out of the well. (because) dancer.
Ans : The fox could not get out of the wall because d) Amit did not know whether his father met his class
it was deep. teacher or not.
e) I would rather starve than beg.
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Christiaan Neethling Barnard was born in rural South Africa in 1922 to

poor parents as their fourth child. He evinced great interest in his academics and
was determined to pursue medicine, after the loss of his brother to a cardiac
ailment. He won many scholarships and pursued his higher
higher studies specializing
in cardiac surgery. As a cardiac surgeon, Barnard focussed on congenital and
complicated cardiac conditions for which there was no cure at that time. After
experimenting with heart transplantation on animals, he performed the world’s
world’s
first human-to-human
human heart transplant in the year 1967. He gained worldwide
recognition and went on to develop many surgery techniques, which are being
adopted till date. Barnard has penned fourteen books and 235 scientific articles
that have been published
shed in reputed journals. Some of his books are, ‘One Life’,
‘50 Ways to a Healthy Heart’, ‘The Best Medicine’ and ‘The Faith’. A pioneer
in cardiac surgery, he obtained a Doctorate in Medicine from the University of
Cape Town. This was followed by 11 honorary
honorary doctorates, bestowed upon him
by universities all over the world. He has also received 36 International Awards.
In his late years, he established the Christiaan Barnard Foundation to serve and
promote the cause of underprivileged children throughout the the world and died at
the age of 78 in the year 2001.
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Dr. Christian Bernard He accepted the

and his wife met with words of his father
Both are an accident

Doctor realized
bed ridden
His father told him

They amused others
that God tested them
Both used their

Dr. Bernard denied
handicaps in positive
One is without arm

He saw two young and the other is
boys without the vision
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There are several physically-challenged people who have lived successful and meaningful lives. Here are a few
personalities who have fought great odds and lived a life of blazing achievements. Let’s share what we know about each
of them and complete the table below.
E.g :
Name of the personality Nature of challange Field of achivement
Beethovan Hearing impairment Music
Demosthenes stammering and stuttering statesman & orator
Helen Keller Inability to see and hear writer
Mariyappan Thangavelu permanent disability in his red leg Athletics
Mozart autism music
John Milton visuallay challenged first epic writer
Sudha Chandran physically challenged dancer (Bharatha Natyam) (lost her
legs in an accident.
With the help of artificial limps she
dances)
“We cannot appreciate light unless we have seen darkness nor can we appreciate warmth unless we have
experienced cold!”
The lesson ends with the conclusion that suffering is a part of life and suffering makes an individual stronger
and stronger.
This is an extract from Dr. Bernard’s speech about an experience that changed the outlook of life altogether. The
narrator’s concern on the sufferings of the people is revealed out. Sad thoughts stem from an incident when he and his
wife were knocked from a speedy car. The narrator could not understand why they had to suffer. His 11 ribs had been
broken and his wife had a severe fracture on her shoulder. He had to perform his duties as a doctor and his wife had to
look after the children. His father advised him that God tests man to make him a better person. But Dr. Bernard did not
accept it. He described an incident that he had witnessed in a children’s hospital at Cape Town. The two boys took over a
breakfast trolley that was left unattended in a ward. They pushed the trolley all through the ward. One was blind and the
other had only one arm. The one who had only one arm was the driver and the blind boy was the mechanic. Both the
boys enjoyed the game. Dr. Bernard says that this incident made him realize that he was looking at suffering from the
wrong end. Then only he realized the true meaning of his father’s words. The lesson ends with the conclusion that
suffering is a part of life and suffering makes an individual stronger and stronger.Hence he advised the readers not to cry
over what is lost but be happy with what is left.
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There are several physically-challenged people who have lhf;lh; fpwp];bad; ngh;dhh;L vd;gth; jhd;
lived successful and meaningful lives. Here are a few Kjd;Kjypy; ,Uja khw;W mWitrpfpr;ir nra;J
personalities who have fought great odds and lived a life ntw;wp ngw;wth;. mth; ntw;wpngwf; fhuzkhd xU
of blazing achievements. epfo;T gw;wpf; $Wfpwhh; ,g;ghlj;jpy;
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surgeon, my thoughts have turned to the consideration of vd;gjd; thof;ifapd; ,Wjp tpUg;gkhf Vw;W
why people should suffer. Suffering seems so cruelly nray;gl;L tUfpNwd;. vdJ epidTfs; kpfTk;
prevalent in the world today. Do you know that of the ftdkhf Vd; kf;fs; kpfTk; Jd;gg;gLfpwhh;fs;
125 million children born this year, 12 million are vd;gjd; gf;fk; jpUk;gpaJ Jd;gk; vd;gJ kpfTk;
nghJthdJ. ,d;iwa cyfpy; cq;fSf;F njhpAkh
unlikely to reach the age of one and another six million
125 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs; ,e;jhz;L gpwe;jd.
will die before the age of five? And, of the rest, many
mjpy; 12 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs; 5taJ
will end up as mental or physical cripples.
epiwtjw;Fs; ,we;J tpl;ldh;. kPjpf; Foe;ijfs;
jdJ tho;f;ifia kdNehahspfNth my;yJ
clypd; VNjh ghfk; mq;ffPdkhfp thohky;
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
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had a few years ago. One minute I was crossing the tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dhy; re;jpj;j xU tpgj;jpd;
street with my wife after a lovely meal together, and the Kf;fpa fUtpw;F nry;fpd;wd. xU epkplk; jhd;!
next minute a car had hit me and knocked me into my ehd; xU njUtpy; fle;Njd; vdJ kidtpAld;;
wife. She was thrown into the other lane and struck by a rpwe;j xU czit cz;Ltpl;L; mLj;j tpehb xU
car coming from the opposite direction. fhh; vd;kPJ ,bj;jJ. vdJ kidtpapd; kPJ
vd;id js;spaJ. mts; mLj;j ghijapy; J}f;fp
vwpag;gl;lhs;. mts; kPJ vjph;thpirapy; te;j fhh;
,bj;jJ.
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ribs and a perforated lung. My wife had a badly fractured ehd;> cly; kdJ mstpy; kl;Lk; jhd; Jd;gk;
shoulder. Over and over, I asked myself, why should this mDgtpf;ftpy;iy gaKk; NfhgKk; cld; te;jd.
happen to us? I had work to do, after all; there were vdf;Fg; Ghpatpy;iy; Vd; ehDk; vdJ kidtpAk;
patients waiting for me to operate on the them. My wife Jd;gg;gLfpNwhk; vd;W. vdf;F 11 tpyh vYk;Gfs;
had a young baby who needed her care. Kwpe;jJ NkYk; EiuaPuypy; fpope;J mjpy; gOJ
Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. vdJ kidtpf;F Njhs;gl;ilapy;
kpf Nkhrkhf mbgl;bUe;jJ. NkYk;> NkYk; vdf;F
ehNd Nfl;L nfhz;Nld; Vd; vq;fSf;F ,g;gb
ele;jJ? vd;W vdf;F epiwa NtiyapUf;fpwJ.
NkYk; epiwa Nehahspfs; vdf;fhff;
fhj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F mWit rpfpr;ir
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. vdJ kidtpf;F rpW Foe;ij
,Uf;fpwJ mtsJ mutizg;G Foe;ijf;Fj;
Njit.
My father, had he still been alive, would have said: “My vdJ je;ij ,d;Dk; capNuhbUe;jhy; vd;dplk;
son, it’s God’s will. That’s the way God tests you. nrhy;thh;. ‘kfNd! ,J flTspd; tpUg;gk;. ,e;j
Suffering ennobles you - makes you a better person”. topapy; flTs; cd;id Nrhjpf;fpwhh;. Jd;gq;fs;
www.nammakalvi.in
NkYk; cd;id tYTs;sdthfTk;>

kNdhjplKs;stdhfTk; cd;id rpwe;j kdpjdhf
khw;Wk;” vd;W!.
But, as a doctor, I see nothing noble in a patient’s Mdhy; xU kUj;Jtuhf vdf;F vJTk; Gdpjkhfj;
thrashing around in a sweat - soaked bed, mind clouded njhpatpy;iy. ehd; mikjpapy;yhky; cyhtpNdd;
in agony. Nor can I see any nobility in the crying of a gLf;if fre;jJ. kdJ mjpfj; Jauj;jpy;
lonely child in a ward at night. #o;ej; pUe;jJ. kUj;Jtkid miwapy; ,utpy;
jdpikapy; mOk; Foe;ij vdf;F ve;jtpjkhd
ngUe;jd;ikiaAk; vdf;Fs; cUthf;ftpy;iy.
In those days, they didn’t have sophisticated heart me;jehl;fspy; kpf mjpetPd ,Uja mWit
surgery. I have always found the suffering of children rpfpr;ir
particularly heartbreaking - especially because of their ,y;iy vg;NghJk; ehd; ghh;g;Ngd;. Foe;ijfs;gLk;
total trust in doctors and nurses. They believe you are Jd;gj;ij Fwpg;ghf ,Ujak; cile;J typahy;
going to help them. If you can’t they accept their fate. Jd;GWfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; kUj;JtiuAk;>
They go through mutilating surgery, and afterwards they jhjpfisAk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; ePqfs;
don’t complain cjTtPhf ; s; vd vjph;Nehf;Ffpwhh;fs;. cq;fshy;
Kbatpy;iynad;why;; mth;fs; mJ tpjp
vd;fpd;wdh; mth;fs; rij khw;W mWit rpfpr;ir
nra;fpd;wdh;. mjd;gpd; mth;fs; mijf; Fiw
nrhy;tjpy;iy.
One morning, several years ago, I witnessed what I call xU ehs; fhiyapy;> gy tUlq;fSf;F Kd; ehd;
the grand prix of Cape Town’s Red Cross Children’s rhl;rpahff; fij nrhy;fpNwndd;why; kpfg;nghpa
Hospital. It opened my eyes to the fact that I was missing fhh; ge;jak; (Grand Prix) Nfg;lTdpy; cs;s
something in all my thinking about suffering - something nrQ;rpYitf; Foe;ijfs; kUj;Jtkidapy;
basic that was full of solace for me. ele;jJ. mJ vdJ fz;fis jpwe;jJ ehd; vdJ
rpe;jidapy; rpytw;iw ,oe;jpUe;Njd;. ehd;
typapy; typapd; mbg;gil gw;wpAk; Jd;gk; gw;wpAk;
epidf;ftpy;iy.
What happened there that morning was that a nurse had md;W fhiyapy; mq;F vd;d ele;j njd;why; me;j
left a breakfast trolley unattended. And very soon this jhjp fhiy czitj; js;Stz;bapy; jdpahf
trolley was commandeered by an intrepid crew of two – tpl;Ltpl;L nrd;whs;. clNd me;j js;Stz;b
a driver and a mechanic. The mechanic provided motor ijhpakhd xU ,uz;L egh; nfhz;l FOthy;
power by galloping along behind the trolley with his vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. xU Xl;Leh; xU ,ae;jpu
head down, while the driver, seated on the mower deck, ty;Yeh;. ,ae;jpu ty;Yeh; js;Stz;bf;F ,ae;jpu
rf;jp nfhLj;jhh;. js;Stz;biag; gpd;dhypUe;J
while the driver, seated on the mower deck, held on with
js;spdhd;. jiyiaf; fPNo Fdpe;J nfhz;L
one hand and steered by scraping his foot on the floor.
mjdpilapy; Xl;Leh; me;j js;Stz;bapy; Kfg;gpy;
The choice of roles was easy because the mechanic was
mkh;eJ; xU ifapy; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L jdJ fhyhy;
totally blind and the driver had only one arm.
jiuapy; curp Ntfj;ij khw;wpaikj;jhd; mth;fs;
jq;fs; gq;fspg;igj; Njh;T nra;tJ Rygk;.
Vndd;why; ,ae;jpu ty;Yeh;f;F ghh;it fpilahJ.
Xl;Leh;f;F xU if kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ.
They put on quite a show that day. Judging by the mth;fs; md;W kpfTk; xU mofpa epfo;it
laughter and shouts of encouragement from the rest of elj;jpdh;. kw;w Nehahspfs; midtUk; mth;fis
the patients, it was a much better entertainment than cw;rhfg; gLj;jpdh;. xNu rphpg;nghypAk;> rj;jKk;
anything anyone puts on at the Indianapolis 500 car race. mij Muhar; nra;jJ. ,J ,e;jpahdhNghyp];
There was a grand finale of scattered plates and 500fhh;fs; ge;jaj;ij tpl kpfTk; nghOJ
Nghf;fhdjhfTk; ahUk; VJTk; ,ijtpl rpwe;jjhf
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silverware before the nurse and ward sister caught up nra;aKbahJ vDk; gbAk; ,Ue;jJ. kpfg; nghpa
with them, scolded them and put them back to bed. ,Wjpahd epfo;T jl;LfSk;> rpy;th; Nfhg;igfSk;
jhjpapd; Kd;dhy; rpjwpd. me;j kUj;Jtkid
gLf;ifj; njhFjp jhjp gpbj;Jj; jpl;b mth;fis
gLf;ifapy; kPzL
; k; gLf;f itj;jhs;.
Let me tell you about these two. The mechanic was all of me;j ,Uth; gw;wpAk; ,g;NghJk; nrhy;fpNwd;. ehd;
seven years old. One night, when his mother and father ,ae;jpu ty;Yeh; taJ VO. xU ehs; ,uT mtd;
were drunk, his mother threw a lantern at his father, mk;kh> mg;gh ,UtUk; Fbj;Jtpl;L; mtd; mk;kh
missed and the lantern broke over the child’s head and mhpf;fd; tpsf;if vLj;J mg;gh kPJ tPrpdhs;. mJ
shoulders. He suffered severe third-degree burns on the jtwp Foe;ijapd; jiyapYk;> Njhs;fspYk; tpsf;F
upper part of his body, and lost both his eyes. At the time cile;J vhpe;jJ. mtDf;F %d;whtJ epiy
jPf;fhak; Vw;gl;L clypd; Nky;gFjp KOtJk; vhpe;J
of the Grand Prix, he was a walking horror, with a
Jd;gg;gl;lhd;. fz;fis ,oe;Jtpl;lhd;> ehd;
disfigured face and long flap of skin hanging from the
nrhd;d fhh; ge;jak; (js;Stz;b) j;jpd; NghJ
side of his neck to his body.
mth; gaq;fukhf ele;jhd; jdJ vhpe;j Kfj;Jld;.
As the wound healed around his neck, his lower jaw NkYk; Njhspd; xU gFjp gpa;eJ ; Njhspd; xU
became gripped in a mass of fibrous tissue. The only gFjpapypUe;J clk;gpy; mtd; fOj;ij Rw;wpg; Gz;
way this little boy could open his mouth was to raise his vwpapUe;jJ. mtd; fPo;j;jhilapy; ,ik> $o;kj;
head. When I stopped by to see him after the race, he jpRf;fs; ciwe;jpUe;jJ. mtd; thiaj; jpwf;f xNu
said, “You know, we won.” And he was laughing. top jd; jiyia cah;jj ; Ntz;Lk;. me;j ge;jak;
Kbe;jgpd; ehd; mtidg; ghh;f;f epWj;jpaNghJ
mtd; nrhd;dhd;. ‘cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh ehq;fs;
ntw;wpngw;Nwhk; vd;W nrhy;yp rphpj;jhd;.
The trolley’s driver I knew better. A few years earlier, I js;Stz;bapd; Xl;Leh; vdf;F ed;F njhpAk;. xU
had successfully closed a hole in his heart. He had rpy tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dhy; ehd; mtd; ,jaj;jpy;
returned to the hospital because he had a malignant ,Ue;j Xl;ilia ntw;wpfukhf milj;Njd;. mtd;
tumour of the bone. A few days before the race, his kWgbAk; kUj;Jtidf;F tho;f;ifia ghjpf;ff;
shoulder and arm were amputated. There was little hope $ba xU nghpa fl;b vYk;gpy; cs;sjhy;
of his recovery. After the Grand Prix, he proudly te;Js;shd;. ge;jak; elg;gjw;F rpy ehl;fSf;F
Kd;dhy; mtd; ifAk;> Njhs;gl;ilAk;
informed me that the trolley’s wheels were not properly
ePf;fg;gl;ld. mtd; rhpahf rpwpjsNt
oiled but he was a good driver, and he had full
ek;gpf;ifAs;sJ. me;j nghpa ge;jaj;jpw;Fgpd;
confidence in the mechanic.
mtd; ngUikahfj; njhptpj;jhd; vd;dplk; ‘me;j
rf;fuq;fSf;F rhpahf vz;iza;apltpy;iy.
‘Mdhy; mtd; xU ey;y Xl;Leh;. mtDf;F KO
ek;gpf;if me;j ,ae;jpu ty;Yeh; kPjpUe;jJ.
Suddenly, I realized that these two children had given jpBnud;W ehd; czh;e;Njd;. me;j ,uz;L
me a profound lesson in getting on with the business of Foe;ijfs; vdf;F kpfg;nghpa tho;f;ifg;
living. Because the business of living is joy in the real ghlj;ijf; fw;gpj;Js;sdh;. Vndd;why; tho;f;if
sense of the word, not just something for pleasure, vd;w tpahghuk; ,e;j cyfj;jpd; ghh;itapy; kpfTk;
amusement, recreation. The business of living is the re;Njh\khdJ. re;Njh\j;jpw;Nfh> nghOJ
celebration of being alive. Nghf;fpw;Nfh> kdkfpo;tpw;Nfh my;y tho;f;iff;fhd
tpahghuk; vd;gJ capNuhbUg;gijf;
nfhz;lhLtJ.
I had been looking at suffering from the wrong end. You ehd; ,Jehs; tiu tho;itj; jtwhd Kiwapy;
don’t become a better person because you are suffering ghh;j;J Jd;gg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. eP rpwe;j
but you become a better person because you have kdpjdhf khwKbahJ. Vndd;why; eP
experienced suffering. We can’t appreciate light if we Jd;gg;gLfpwha;. Mdhy; eP rpwe;j kdpjdhf
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haven’t known darkness. Nor can we appreciate warmth khwKbAk;. Vndd;why; cdf;F Jd;gnkd;why;
if we have never suffered cold. These children showed vd;dntd;W njhpAk;. ek;khy; xspiag;
me that it’s not what you’ve lost that’s important. What ghuhl;lKbahJ. ,Ul;il mwpahtpl;lhy;
is important is what you have left. ntspr;rj;ij czu KbahJ ntg;gj;jpd; jd;ikia
czu KbAk;. Fsphpd; nfhLikia czuhtpl;lhy;>
me;jf; Foe;ijfs; vdf;F fhl;bd. eP vd;d ,oe;J
tpl;lha; vd;gJ Kf;fpaky;y! ,d;Dk; cd;dplk;
vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gNj Kf;fpak;.
Hard Word Meaning jkpo; mu;j;jk;

agony - extreme physical and mental suffering, cly; kw;Wk; kd Ntjidapd;
cr;rk;
amputated - cutoff by surgical operation, mWir rpfpr;ir %yk; cWg;ig
mfw;wy;> cWg;ig khw;wy;
consideration - careful thought, ftdkhd rpe;jid
cripples - people with some disability preventing them FiwghLilath;fs;
from performing certain normal functions cly;
disfigured - spoiled or married in appearance, rpije;j cUtk;
ennobles - (figurative use) makes dignified, morally noble, nfsutkha; ,Uj;jy;> cah;T
finale - climax, or an exciting end cr;rfl;lk; KbT

grand prix - motor racing events, thfd Xl;lg;ge;jak;
intrepid - bold and daring tPukhd> ijhpakhd
malignant - (here, of diseases) very harmful to life, cly; ghjpf;ff;$ba Neha;
mutilating surgery - Surgery involving removal of tissue even at the mWit rpfpr;ir %yk; jpRf;fis
risk of worsening of the patient’s condition, mfw;Wjy;
perforated (adj) - damaged with holes, Jisfs; (Xl;ilfs;) Vw;gl;L
ghjpg;gile;j
solace - comfort or consolation in times of grief or pain MWjy;
sophisticated - (here) well advanced, etPdkhd
thrash around - (idom) to move about restlessly mikjpapd;wp efUjy;.
tumour - diseased growth in some part of the body, clypy; tsUk; xU fl;b tPf;fk;

Agony suffering (Jd;gk;) happiness (re;Njhrk;)
Amputated cut off (Jz;bj;jy;) joined (,izj;jy;)
Amusement delight (Mde;jk;) boredom (ntWg;G)
Appreciate admire (kjpj;jy;) criticize/condemn (gopj;jy;> fz;bj;jy;)
Career profession (njhopy;)
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Celebration achievement (rhjid) failure (Njhy;tp)

Commandeered hijacked (flj;Jjy;) released (tpLtpj;jy;)
confidence Self (Raek;gpf;if) diffidence, distrust (ek;gpf;ifapd;ik)
Consideration careful thought ([hf;fpuij) disregard (myl;rpak; nra;jy;)
Ennobles dignity (kjpg;G nfhLj;jy;) humiliate (mtkhdg;gLj;Jjy;)
Fact truth (cz;ik) fiction (GidT> fw;gidf;fij)
Fate destiny (tpjp)
Finale climax (cr;rf;fl;lk;) beginning (Muk;gk;)
Gloomy sorrowful (Nrhfk;) cheerful (cw;rhfk;)
Important significant (Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT) insignificant/inessential
(Kf;fpaj;Jtkw;w)
Intrepid bold (ijhpakhd) fearful (gag;glj;jf;f)
Malignant deadly (mghafukhd) benign/ harmless (mghakpy;yhj)
Nobility decency (xOf;fkhd) dishonour (mtkhdk;)
Noble gentle (kpUJthd) ignoble (kl;lkhd)
Particularly notably (Fwpg;gplj;jf;f) generally (nghJthf)
Perforated damaged with holes (Xl;ilAld; intact (gOJglhj)
rpije;jpUj;jy;)
Pleasure joy (re;Njh\k;) agony (cisr;ry;)
Prevalent common (nghJthd) rare (mhpjhd)
Profound very great (cah;j;j) slight (rpwpJ)
Severe serious (kpf Kf;fpakhd) mild (nkypjhd)
Sinks depresses (kdr;Nrhh;T miljy;) rejuvenates (cw;rhfkiljy;)
Solace comfort (nrsfhpak;) distress/ worry (epw;fjp> tUj;jk;)
Sophisticated well advanced (mjp etPd) primitive (gioikahd)
Suffering agony/ distress (cisr;ry;> ghjpg;G) enjoying (Mde;jg;gLjy;)
Totally completely (KOtJkhf) partially (gFjpahf)
Word Synonyms Word Synonyms

Amputated - cut off Appreciate - admire
Career - profession, job Amusement - delight/fun
Fate - destiny Fact - truth
Particularly - notably Gloomy - sorrowful
Confidence - self reliance/ trustful Encouragement - motivation
Appreciate - admire Finale - climax
Nobility - decency Totally - entirely / completely
Prevalent - common Sophisticated - well advanced
Severe - serious/ acute Profound - very great
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Suffering X enjoying Ennobles X humiliate
Important X nsignificant / unimportant Totally X partially
Severe X soft/ mild Profound X shallow/ slight
Agony X ecstasy Celebration X failure
Appreciate X condemn/ criticize Amputated X joined
Amusement X boredom Nobility X dishonour/honour
Solace X distress/ weary Sophisticated X primitive
Prevalent X rare Fact X fiction
Finale X commencement / Confidence X diffidence
beginning
Perforated X intact
1) Answer the following questions in one or two sentences based on your understanding of the
lesson. (Page 70)
a) What thoughts troubled Dr. Christiaan Barnard as he neared the end of his career as a heart
surgeon?
His thoughts about the reasons for the suffering of people troubled Dr. Christiaan Barnard, as he
neared the end of his career as a heart surgeon.
b) What were Dr. Barnard’s feelings when he was hospitalized after an accident?
Dr. Christiaan Barnard felt confused why he and his wife had to suffer a lot when he was hospitalized
after an accident.
c) When and where did the accident occur?
The accident had happened a few years ago. While he was crossing a street with his wife after a lovely
meal together, a car hit him and knocked him into his wife. She was thrown into the other lane and
struck by a car coming from the opposite direction.
d) How did the hospitalization of Dr. Barnard and his wife affect their routine?
Dr. Barnard could not do the scheduled surgery. His wife could not look after a young baby.
e) How was Dr. Barnard’s attitude to suffering different from that of his father?
Dr. Barnard’s father felt that suffering is God’s will and it ennobles one. But Dr.Barnard could not
find anything noble in suffering.
f) How was the unattended trolley put to use?
The unattented trolley was put to use happily by two physically challenged boys. One boy was
visually challenged and the other boy had one arm.
g) What roles did the duo take up?
The two boys took the roles of a driver and a mechanic. The blind boy was the mechanic and the boy
with one arm was the driver.
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h) Why did the choice of roles prove to be easy for them?

The mechanic was totally blind and the driver had only one arm. Hence the choice of roles proved to
be easy for them.
i) Who encouraged them and how?
The other patients encouraged them by laughing and cheering the two boys.
j) What does Dr. Barnard compare this entertainment to?
Dr. Barnard compares the entertainment to the Grand Prix of Indianapolis 500 car race.
k) What happened in the grand finale? (PTA 1, 4, 5)
In the grand finale, the silverware and plates were scattered and the nurse was angry with the boys
who were responsible for that.
l) How does Dr. Barnard know the boy who played the trolley’s driver?
The trolley driver had a hole in his heart and it was closed by Dr. Barnard. The boy came back to the
hospital with a malignant tumour of the bone. A few days before the trolley incident, his shoulder and
arm were amputated.
m) What was the profound lesson that Dr. Barnard learnt from the boys?
Dr. Barnard learnt from the boys that we should enjoy every moment of life and being alive should be
the cause of celebrating life.
2) Answer the following questions in three or four sentences.
a) Detail the statistics Dr. Barnard has provided in his speech.
To prove that suffering is prevalent in this world, Dr. Barnard gives the following statistics. Out of
125 million children born a year, 12 million are unlikely to reach the age of one and another six
million will die before the age of five.
b) What happened when the doctor couples were crossing the street?
While the doctor couples were crossing the street after a lovely meal together, a car hit him and
knocked him into his wife. She was thrown into the other lane and struck by a car coming from the
opposite direction.
c) What injuries did they sustain in the accident?
He had eleven broken ribs and a perforated lung. His wife had a badly fractured shoulder.
d) Dr. Barnard couldn’t find any nobility in suffering. Why?
As a doctor Dr. Barnard saw every day the patients’ suffering, as they were moving about in sweat
soaked bed. He could not find any nobility in the crying of a lonely child in a ward at night.
e) Why does Dr. Barnard find suffering of children heartbreaking?
Dr. Barnard has always found the suffering of children particularly heartbreaking because of their
total trust in doctors and nurses. They believe that they will be helped by them. If they are not cured,
they accept their fate. They do not make any complaint.
f) Why does Dr. Barnard describe the blind boy as a ‘walking horror’?
Because of the mistake of the boy’s mother, the boy became blind. He was a walking horror because
he was walking with a disfigured face and long flap of skin hanging from the side of his neck to his
body.
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g) What were the problems the trolley driver suffered from?

The trolley driver had a hole in his heart and it was operated by Dr. Barnard. The boy returned to the
hospital with a malignant tumour of the bone. A few days before the trolley incident, his shoulder and
arm were amputated.
1) How did Dr. Barnard react to the accident that he and his wife had?
Dr. Barnard was clueless about the sudden accident. He worried much about his duty to his patients.
He thought about his wife’s important care to a young baby.
2) How did the accident occur?
One day Dr. Barnard and his wife were crossing a street after a happy meal. A car knocked him into
his wife. She was thrown out into the other line where another car from the opposite direction struck
her.
3) Why do you think Dr. Barnard talks about the accident?
Dr Barnard talks about the accident to bring out the unforeseen suffering experienced by them and to
prove the uncertainty in life.
4) What were the views of Dr. Barnard’s father suffering? In what way did Dr. Barnard’s views
differ from his father?
Dr. Barnard’s father viewed suffering as God’s will to test a man. He thought that suffering would
better a person. Dr. Barnard did not agree with this view. He could not see anything noble in the
suffering of people in their beds.
5) How did Dr. Barnard introduce the suffering of the children for the first time?
When Dr. Barnard was a little boy, his father showed him a half-eaten biscuit covered with wooly
growth of fungus. The biscuits had two tiny tooth marks in it. His elder brother was born with an
abnormal heart. There were no heart specialists then. The boy suffered a lot and died. The biscuit was
the last biscuit he had eaten. This was the first introduction of Dr. Barnard to the suffering of children.
This made him sensitive.
6) What lesson did the children teach Dr. Barnard?
Dr. Barnard had a distorted view of suffering. But the two children taught a profound lesson to Dr.
Barnard. In spite of being disabled, they provided a lot of fun to the patients of the hospital. He learnt
that suffering is necessary, and being alive is important. He also learnt that the business of living is the
celebration of being alive.
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3) Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph of 100- 150 words.(Text page 17)
a) Give an account of the medical problems for which the two boys were hospitalized.
Dr. Christiaan Barnard, a South African surgeon, designed artificial heart valves. He wrote extensively
on the subject. In this prose piece, Dr. Barnard ruminates on why people suffer. One day Dr. Barnard had
witnessed what he called a “Grand Prix”. Two boys - a driver and a mechanic drove the hospital’s
breakfast trolley. The blind mechanic provided the motor power, and the driver steered with one arm. The
other patients joined the fun and frolic till the plates were scattered. The mechanic was a seven year old
boy. His mother flung a lantern at his drunken father. The lantern missed its mark and broke on the boy’s
head, resulting in the third degree burns, and loss of eyesight. At that time of Grand Prix, he was a sight to
look at. The driver had only one arm. He had been earlier operated upon by Dr. Barnard for a hole in his
heart. He was in hospital then, for a malignant tumour of the bone. His shoulder and arm had been
amputated. There was little hope of his recovery.
b) “These two children had given me a profound lesson …” Elucidate.
on the subject. In this essay Dr. Barnard ruminates on why people suffer. Dr. Barnard had a distorted view
of suffering. But the two children taught a profound lesson to Dr. Barnard. In spite of being disabled, they
provided a lot of fun to the patients of the hospital. He learnt that suffering is necessary, and being alive is
important. He also learnt that the business of living is the celebration of being alive. He understood that
the experience of suffering betters a person. One can’t appreciate light if one has not known darkness.
Similarly warmth can be appreciated if one has experienced biting cold. The two children have shown Dr.
Barnard that what is left with is more important than what is lost.
c) Describe the ‘Grand Prix’ at Cape Town’s Red Cross Children’s Hospital.
on the subject. In this essay, Dr. Barnard ruminates on why people suffer. One morning a nurse had left
the breakfast trolley unattended. The trolley was seized by two fearless boys – a driver and a mechanic.
The mechanic provided motor power by galloping along behind the trolley with his head down, while the
driver, seated on the mower deck, held on with one hand and steered by rubbing his foot on the floor. The
choice of roles was easy because the mechanic was totally blind and the driver had only one arm. They
entertained the rest of the patients. It was a much better entertainment than anything anyone puts on at the
Indianapolis 500 car race. At last, the plates and silverware were scattered. The nurse and the ward sister
caught up with them, scolded them and put them back to bed.
d) How did a casual incident in a hospital help Dr. Barnard perceive a new dimension of life?
on the subject. In this essay Dr. Barnard ruminates on why people suffer. The two boys – one blind and
another one with one arm – played with an unattended trolley. It was a casual incident in any hospital. But
it changed Dr. Barnard’s view on life. It taught him a new dimension of life. Dr. Barnard had a distorted
view of suffering. In spite of being disabled, the boys provided a lot of fun to the patients of the hospital.
He learnt that suffering is necessary, and being alive is important. He also learnt that the business of living
is the celebration of being alive. He understood that the experience of suffering betters a person. One can’t
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appreciate light if one has not known darkness. Similarly warmth can be appreciated if one has
experienced biting cold. The two children have shown Dr. Barnard that what is left with is more important
than what is lost.
e) Life is unjust and cruel to certain people. Do they all resign themselves to their fate? Can you think of
some who have fought their disabilities heroically and remained a stellar example for others? (for
e.g. the astrophysicist Stephen Hawking, a paraplegic). Give an account of one such person and
his/her struggle to live a fruitful life.
Stephen William Hawkings was born on 8th January 1942 (exactly 300 years after the Stephen
Hawkings death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents’ house was in North London but during the
Second World War, Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. When he was eight, his family
moved to St. Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London. At the age of eleven, Stephen went to St.
Albans School and then on to University College, Oxford (1952) Stephen William Hawking (1942 - 2018)
was the former Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and author of “A Brief
History of Time” which is an international bestseller. He was the Dennis Stanton Avery and Sally Tsui
Wong-Avery Director of Research at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics and
Founder of the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at Cambridge. His other books for the general reader
include “A Brief History of Time”, the essay collection Black Holes and Baby Universe and The Universe
in a Nutshell. In 1963, Hawkings contracted motor neurone disease and was given two years to live. Yet
he went on to Cambridge to become a brilliant researcher and Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius
College. From 1979 to 2009, he held the post of Lucasian Professor at Cambridge, the chair held by Isaac
Newton in 1663. Professor Hawking received over a dozen honorary degrees and was awarded the CBE in
1982. He was a fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the US National Academy of Science.
Stephen Hawking is regarded as one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists since Einstein.
Topic : In Celebration of Being Alive

Author : Dr. Christiaan Barnard
Genre : Narration
Theme : God tests human beings
Introduction
Dr.Christian Barnard was the first doctor to perform a heart transplant surgery. “In Celebration of
Being Alive” is a narration of the famous doctor’s realization of his mistaken belief. He was frank to
express his views clearly. He used the incidents which changed his earlier views about life.
Two different views
Dr. Barnard and his wife met with a roadside accident. It resulted in severe injuries and they were bed
ridden. Then, he started thinking more seriously about suffering. His father believed that suffering
was God’s way of testing people and that it made one more noble. But Dr. Barnard did not find any
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sense in it. He found the suffering of children heartbreaking because of their total trust in doctor and
nurses.
A turning point
He described an incident that he had witnessed in a children’s hospital at Cape Town. The two
children took over a breakfast trolley that was left unattended in a ward. They pushed it all through
the ward. One was blind and the other had only a single arm. The one with single arm was the driver.
The visually challenged boy was the mechanic who provided motor power.
A profound lesson
Both the boys enjoyed the game. It was a fun to all patients. Dr. Barnard says that this incident
corrected his wrong views about misery and taught him a profound lesson. In spite of their disabilities,
they provided a lot of fun to the patients at hospital. He learnt that suffering is necessary and being
alive is important. He also learnt that the business of living is the celebration of being alive. What is
important is what you have left. He understood this concept.
Conclusion
Through these two children, he perceived a new dimension of life. Their attitude brought about a
change in Dr. Barnard’s distorted view of suffering. He learnt that suffering is necessary. Being alive
is much more important. Dr. Barnard has realized that a person who has experienced suffering can
become a better person.
“One can’t appreciate light if he has not known darkness”
AVERAGE PARAGRAPH
Topic : In Celebration of Being Alive

Author : Dr. Christiaan Barnard
Genre : Narration
Theme : God tests human beings
Introduction
Dr. Christian Barnard has narrated two events which changed his wrong views about misery. One
incident was the accident which he and his had met with while crossing a road. The other incident was
the physically challenged boys’ fun at hospital.
Two different views
Dr.Barnard and his wife had got severe injuries in a road accident. Then he started thinking more
seriously about suffering. His father believed firmly that suffering was God’s way of testing people to
make one ennoble. But Dr. Barnard did not agree to it. He found the suffering of children
heartbreaking, because of their total trust in doctor and nurses.
Fun at hospital
Dr. Barnard described the incident which he had witnessed in a children’s hospital at Cape Town. The
two children took over an unattended breakfast trolley. They pushed it all over the way. One boy was
blind and the other one was without arms. The blind boy was driver and the boy without arms was the
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mechanic.
Correcting wrong view
Both the boys enjoyed the game. It was a fun to all patients. The boys forgot their miseries. They were
happy with being alive. So, Barnard said that that incident made him realize his wrong views about
suffering. He understood the true meaning of his father’s words.
Conclusion
Being alive with what we have should be a moment of joy.Hence we should be happy with what we
have.
SLOW LEARNERS
 This is an extract from Dr. Barnard’s speech about the experience that
changed the outlook of life altogether.
 Dr. Barnard’s concern over the sufferings of people is reflected in his
essay.
 Sad thoughts stem from an accident when his wife and he were knocked
down by a speeding car.
 The doctor and his wife are bedridden.
 He has to take care of the patients and his wife has to take care of the
baby.
 But his father advises him that God tests people to make them ennoble by
misery.
 Dr. Barnard described the incident which he had witnessed in a
children’s hospital at Cape Town.
 The two children took over an unattended breakfast trolley in a ward.
 They pushed it all over the way.
 One boy was blind and the other one was without arms.
 The blind boy was driver and the boy without arms was the mechanic.
 Both the boys enjoyed the game.
 Barnard said that this incident made him realize that he was looking at
suffering from the wrong end. Dr. Barnard realized the true meaning of
his father’s words.
 Hence we should be happy with what we have.
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a particular aircraft.
c) The floor needs scrubbing.
5) accept – except – expect
a) She accepts the new offer.
b) Everybody attended the class except Sundar.
a) Go through the lesson and spot the words which c) We expect to get the results on Monday.
mean the same as the following. 6) lesson – lessen – liaison
1) profession (para 1) – career a) We should be thorough with the lesson before
2) sorrowful (para 2) – gloomy the exam.
3) decency (para 5) – nobility b) This medicine will lessen the pain.
4) destiny (para 6) – fate c) He is the liaison to deal with the problem
5) hijacked (para 8) – commandeered between the workers and the management.
6) motivation (para 9) – encouragement 7) severe – sever – sewer
7) serious (para 10) – severe a) Radha suffers from severe stomach ache.
8) significant (para 13) – important b) The trunk of the tree was severed by the
b) Go through the lesson and spot the words woodcutter.
opposite to the meaning of the following. c) The sewer is under repair.
1) rare (para 1) – prevalent 8) raise – rise– rice
2) primitive (para 6) – sophisticated a) David raised his hands to join the competition.
3) fiction (para 7) – fact b) The sun rises in the east.
4) fearful (para 8) – intrepid c) Rice is the staple food of south Indians.
5) benign (para 11) – malignant 9) quiet – quite – quit
6) diffidence (para 11) – hope a) The teacher asked the students to keep quiet.
7) boredom (para 12) – pleasure b) I saw quite a big snake.
8) criticize (para 13) – appreciate c) He decided to quit the job.
c) Frame illustrative sentences to distinguish the 10) final – finale – feline
meaning of the words in the following clusters. a) The painter was giving the final touch.
Page 72 b) The competitors were getting ready for the
1) career – carrier – courier finale.
a) We should be careful in choosing our career. c) Prem moves with a feline grace.
b) My cycle has a carrier behind the seat. d) Fill in the blanks with the words given in
c) I sent the parcel through courier. brackets.
2) patients – patience – patents [profound, amusement, confidence, agony, solace,
a) Nurses look after the patients. intrepid, disfigured, perforated]
b) Gita is known for her patience. 1) Theatrical plays were a main source of amusement
c) Scientists get patents before they create before the advent of television.
something new. 2) The intrepid warriors of the Spartan Army marched
3) accident – incident – incidence into battle against a powerful enemy.
a) My neighbour met with an accident. 3) The agony of parents finally came to an end when
b) The roads were sealed off because of some major their lost child was found with the help of police.
incident. 4) Social media has brought about a profound impact
c) There’s still a high incidence of Malaria in the on the lives of millennials.
area. 5) The tyres of the car got perforated when the vehicle
4) scraping – scrapping – scrubbing rolled over the rusted nails scattered on the road.
a) The scrapings were collected from the lathe. 6) Thomas Alva Edison experimental failures in his
b) Government is thinking of scrapping the use of
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quest to discover tungsten. launch his dream carrier.

7) Many victims of the pipeline did not lose his In spite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to
confidence, even after facing a series of explosion launch his dream career.
in an oil refinery were left permanently disfigured. g) Fill the empty boxes with suitable words
8) The old woman found solace in the company of her under each word class. Page 73
grand children in the neighbourhood. NOUN VERB
e) Form a phrase with each of the following pairs of amusement amuse
nouns given below. Here is an example from the appreciation appreciate
lesson: success succeed
fibre + tissue – fibrous tissue pride pride
1) muscle + pain – muscular pain hope hope
2) skeleton + system – skeletal system
3) nerve + disorder – nervous disorder ADJECTIVE ADVERB
4) digestion + enzymes – digestive enzymes amusement amusingly
5) surgery + instruments – surgical instruments
appreciable appreciably
6) agony + experience – agonizing experience
successful successfully
7) glory + victory – glorious victory
proud proudly
8) fancy + idea – fanciful idea
hopeful hopefully
9) emotion + song – emotional song
10) sense + issue – sensitive issue
f) Spot the errors in the following sentences and
Listen to the passage being read out. Based on your
rewrite them correctly.
understanding, complete the statements given below
1) My grandfather is well-known in the village for his
with appropriate answers.
nobel deeds.
1. Boredom occurs when a person is unable to stay
My grandfather is well known in the village for his
attentive.
noble deeds.
2. Mental fatigue and slowing down of thought
2) I had my evening meals in a restaurant near my
process are emotional consequences of boredom.
office.
3. Two physical signs of acute boredom are
I had my evening meal in a restaurant near my
a) drooping of eyelids b) face assuming a frown
office.
4. How does boredom affect the quality of work a
3) The Boss had full confidence on his Manager for
person does?
successful completion of the project.
A bored person at work is likely to make many
The Boss had full confidence in his Manager for the
more errors than one who is not bored.
successful completion of the project.
5. Mention two ways by which one can overcome
4) After the complicated surgery, the patient hoped of
boredom.
complete recovery.
a) Set goals for yourself, work towards them.
After the complicated surgery the patient hoped for
b) Develop an interest in hobbies and crafts.
complete recovery.
5) The new health care scheme announced by the
Government will bring relief to the children 1. You are rushing to attend to an important work
suffering with acute tuberculosis. and you witness an accident on your way.
The new health care scheme announced by the Will you go to the rescue of the injured person?
Government will bring relief to the children Share your views with the class.
suffering from acute tuberculosis. Sure, I will go to rescue the injured person. My
6) In spite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to work may be important for me but the life of a
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person is more important than any work. When journey?

someone meets with an accident, he stands helpless Passenger : I am Adhitya, Mobile
by himself. This is the time he needs others’ help. No.9852291405 and the trip is on
Even to transport him to near by hospital, he needs April 18th.
some other’s help. When we see some situation like Railway Staff : One minute please, your ticket has
this, being a human being we should go to help been cancelled.
such people. In an accident, time is very important Passenger : Thank you, Sir. When will the
to save the affected people. So I will surely go to amount be refunded, Sir?
rescue the injured person. Railway Staff : Within 48 hours, the amound will be
2. Every person should take up the responsibility to credited in you account.
serve the society in his or her own way. Passenger : Thank you so much.
Discuss the various ways in which you can serve the Railway Staff : Welcome Sir.
society. 2) Two friends about the NSS camp which they are
10 Ideas for helping your society going to attend.
Volunteer your time and effort with one or more of Mithran : Hi! Akash; Why do you look so happy?
these community service ideas. Akash : Oh! Nothing Mithran, Don’t you know, we
 Reach out to a neighbour whenever are going to attend the NSS camp
necessary. Mithran : Yes I forget it, how long will it take Akash?
 Perform an act of random kindness. Akash : I think it will last for 7 days.
 Mentor children at your local school Mithran : Ok, what are we going to do for the 7 days?
library, or neighbourhood centre. Akash : There are many things to do in the NSS camp.
 Serve at a local soup kitchen or food bank. Mithran : May I know them, Akash?
 Donate blood periodically. Akash : Of course First thing.We have to do
 Volunteer at the local animal shelter, Enrolment drive and Orientation programme
rescue group, or human society. On the first day. The second day we conduct
 Visit a volunteering-related Website to find stem cell Donor Registration camp. Then Blood
multiple opportunities to serve. Donation camp, Malaria and Dengue awareness
 Pick up trash along the road, at a local programme, Road Safety programme, voting
park, or along the banks of a river, stream, wareness programme and finally AIDS
or lake. awareness programme.
 Help build a home with Habitat for Mithran : I think all will teach us to be mingled with
Humanity. the society.
 Contact your local volunteer organizations 3) A sales man and a customer at an electric shop:
such as Red Cross, or Salvation Army for Customer : Good morning Sir, What are the brands of
discovering new service opportunities. computers you have?
b) Build a conversation for the following situations Salesman : We have Lenova, Sony etc.
with the minimum of five exchanges. Customer : Could you tell me the prices?
1) A passenger and railway staff regarding the Salesman : Lenova costs Rs.15000, Sony and HCL
cancellation of the reserved tickets. cost Rs. 12,000. which one do you prefer?
Passenger : Good evening, Sir. Customer : What is the guarantee period?
Railway staff : Good evening, what can I do for you? Salesman : Each two years
Passenger : Sir, I want to cancel my reservation. Customer : OK, I prefer Sony. Is there any discount?
Could you do that Sir? Salesman : No, Sir.
Railway Staff : Of course, could you tell me your Customer : Here is the money. Please pack it
name, phone number and the date of 4) A dad and his daughter about the advantage of
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the habit of news paper reading : Grammar

Father : Hi, Mohanalakshmi. What are you doing? Active voice and passive voice
Daughter: Dad, I am helping mom. Task 1
Father : Can you spare a few minutes? Change the following sentences into passive voice.
Daughter: Yes Dad. a) The Governor inaugurated the exhibition at ten o’
Father : Dear, you have successfully completed your clock.
+2 exam. You have a duration to join higher The exhibition was inaugurated by the governor at
education. You should do one thing.; ten o’ clock.
Daughter: Tell me, dad what should I do? b) The crowd expected their leader in arrive early in
Father : Daily you should read news papers the morning.
Daugher : OK dad, could you tell me the advantage of Their leader was expected to arrive early in the
the habit of news paper reading “ morning.
Father : Reading news paper is a good habit and it is c) Who taught her Computer Science?
already part of the modern life. This habit will By whom was she taught computer science? (or) By
widen your out look and it will enrich your whom was computer science taught to her?
knowledge. d) They unanimously named Ravi the captain of
Daughter: Is there anything else? team.
Father : Yes, news papers provide news about a Ravi was unanimously named the captain of team
country’s economic situations, sports, games by them.
entertainment, trade and commerce. It will give e) The president gave the commander an award.
a clear understanding of what is happening in The commander was given an award by the
your country and the world. president (or) An award was given to the
Daughter : OK dad, certainly, I will read news paper Commander by the President.
from today itself. f) Do not tell a lie.
c) Extend the conversation with two more relevant Let not a lie be told (or) You are advised not to tell
exchanges. a lie.
1) Receptionist : Good evening, sir Welcome to g) Please open the door.
Chennai . Let the door be opened (or) You are requested to
Traveller : I would like to book a deluxe room in open the door.
your hotel for 3 days. h) It is time to stop the work
Receptionist : Would you like A.C or Non A.C It is time for the work to be stopped.
room? i) They say he is a spy.
Traveller : How much would you charge for A.C It is said that he is a spy.
room per day? j) One should keep one’s promise.
Receptionist : Rs.1200/- per day , Sir . One’s promises should be kept.
Traveller : OK, kindly book the room. k) People burn a great deal of wood in winter.
2) Student : Good morning, Sir, May I come in? A great deal of wood is burnt in winter by people.
Teacher : Why are you late today? l) Where had you kept the book?
Student : The traffic was heavy due to a Where had the book been kept by you?
procession. So, I am late, sir. m) When did you feel the tremors?
Teacher : Is it? OK, Go to your seat. When were the tremors felt by you?
Student : Thank you, sir, n) How did you do the experiment?
How was the experiment done by you?
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o) Whose car did someone park in front of your Tag questions

gate? Task 1
Whose car was parked in front of your gate? Add suitable questions tags to the following
Task –2 sentences and punctuate properly.
Change the following sentences into active voice. 1) The children are very happy today, aren’t they?
a) The smuggler has been nabbed by the police. 2) You have not returned my book returned, have you?
The police have nabbed the smuggler. 3) We enjoyed the trip very much, didn’t we?
b) By whom were you interviewed? 4) Let’s clean the cells this weekend, shall we?
Who interviewed you? 5) My mother rarely travels by bus, does she?
c) Why were you scolded by your parents? 6) Somebody must bell the cat, mustn’t they?
Why did your parents scold you? 7) Anitha never comes late to office, does she?
d) Not a word was spoken by the convict in self 8) I am always the winner, aren’t I?
defence. 9) Don’t commit this mistake again, will you?
The convict did not speak in self defence. 10) There is a pharmacy near that bus stand, isn’t
e) Good news is expected shortly. there?
We expect good news shortly. 11) Bacteria can never survive in extreme weather
f) The mail has just been received. conditions, can they?
He has just received the mail. 12) I am not as smart as you are, am I?
g) Sundari has been taken to hospital by her 13) The boys broke the window pane last evening,
husband. didn’t they?
Sundari’s husband has taken her to the hospital. 14) Leaves withher during autumn, don’t they?
h) Our television is being repaired now. 15) You should add a little salt in the butter milk,
The mechanic is repairing our television now. shouldn’t you?
i) Sweets have not been distributed to children by Task 2
the organizers. Correct the error found in the question tag in each
The organisers have not distributed sweets to the of the following
children. 1) The evil doers cannot cross the path of truth, can
j) Prizes were being given by the Chief guest. they?
The Chief guest was giving prizes. 2) The vegetables in the fridge are still fresh, aren’t
k) Nobody has been seen in the library this week. they?
Anybody has not been to the library this week. 3) They village, understood the intention of the
l) The truth would not have been known to anybody politician, didn’t he?
if it had not been disclosed by you. 4) I claim to be a person of faith and prayer, don’t I?
Nobody would have known the truth if you had not 5) They employees are seldom allowed to meet their
disclosed it. boss, are they?
m) You are advised to help the poor and needy. 6) Let’s organize the trip to Goa, shall we?
You must help the poor and needy. 7) The landlady will charge me for the damage, won’t
n) You are requested to make a cup of tea for the she?
guest. 8) Both the sisters have left for Canada, haven’t they?
Please make a cup of tea for the guest. 9) That’s definitely not the right think to do in this
situation, is it?
10) We need not apply for a bank loan, need we?
11) The chief guest spoke a few words, didn’t he?
12) The rhinoceros has a horn made of keratin, hasn’t
it?
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Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New
Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. He served in the Royal New
Zealand Air Force as a navigator during World War II. Following his ascent of
Everest, Hillary devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal
through the Himalayan Trust, which he established. High Adventure, No
Latitude for Error, Nothing Venture, Nothing Win, View from the Summit: The
Remarkable Memoir by the First Person to Conquer Everest are some of his
famous works.
Col depression in a mountain

BELAYING Mt. Everest
chain : a pass
TENZING NORGAY HILLARY AND OTHERS GEORGE LOWE
ALFRED GREGORY HILLARY AND HIS TEAM ROUTE MAP
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Adventures Expeditions Exploration
The Summit of the event
Edmund Hillary Succeeded due to

Tenzing Norgay team work
Geroge Howe
Alfred Wregug
Belaying another
Two sherpas
Pemba and Aug ny, Ma
Ice axe
Ice hammer
crampon
were used
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Adventures, expeditions and explorations are always exciting. Especially when they are real and if it is the first of its
kind, it is even more thrilling. The only question that comes to one’s mind is what makes one take up such tasks that
involve high risks. It is thee spirit of formidable adventure and certain qualities which make them achieve such feats.
Tick the qualities that are required to achieve such a feat.
passion  reward  determination  physical fitness 

fame  faith  courage  money 
drive  vengeance  inspiration  self-satisfaction 
self
vision  undying spirit  inner - urge  perseverance 
organized expedition was launched in the spring of 1953. After a pair of climbers failed to reach the top on
The well-organized
May 27, Hillary and Tenzing set out for it early on May 29. By late morning they were standing on the summit. Hillary
and Tenzing conquered Everest summit. At 11:30 a.m. on May 29, 1953, Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing
Norgay, a Sherpa of Nepal, became the first explorers to reach
reach the summit of Mount Everest, which at 29,035 feet above
sea level is the highest point on the earth. Hillary and Tenzing drank lemon juice and got ready for the journey. They
tested the oxygen cylinders. Hillary’s boots were frozen with cold. He kept them over the fire to soften them. They put
on three pairs of gloves on their hands and windproof over their body. At 6.30 a.m, they moved out of the tent with their
oxygen cylinders on them. Tenzing paved steps towards the ridge and they reached the top oof the ridge which was about
28000 feet. The snow was soft over the ridge and it made their route dangerous. After several hundred feet, they came to
a hollow. There they found two oxygen cylinders which had been left by Evens and Bourdillon on their previo
previous attempt.
Hillary was happy to find that the cylinders had hundreds of liters of oxygen which they could use for the downward
journey. They continued their journey, though the snow was little dangerous. With some difficulties, they reached firmer
snow higher
gher up. They cut steps on the last steep slopes and walked on with their spike shoes to the South Peak. It was
then 9 a.m. They cut a seat for themselves and removed the oxygen cylinder which was exhausted. They had light weight
of 20 lb. The snow was firmm and they could cut it with their ice axe. It gave hope to them. They could make a step large
enough to keep their over-sized
sized High Altitude boots. They moved one by one using the rope.. Tenzing was managing the
rope around them and Hillary was cutting the steps. In many places, they had difficulty to move because of the over
hanging ice. To their east side there was a large cornice and a crack was between the cornice and the rock. Tenzing was
holding Hillary with the rope and Hillary entered the crack and lifted his body off the ground. Using the power of his
whole body, Hillary moved backward up the crack. Tenzing was leaving the rope and Hillary was moving inch by inch
to reach the top of the rock. Then slowly he came out of the crack and reached a wide lledge. He felt that nothing would
stop him from reaching the top. He stood on the ledge and signaled Tenzing to come up. Tenzing somehow came
through the crack and reached the ledge. The ridge seemed to be never ending. They had to cut humps to move forward
forward.
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Their original enthusiasm gave place to grim struggle. They saw a narrow snow ridge going up to the top. They made
few more beating of the ice axe and they reached the top. They felt relieved from the troublesome journey. They shook
hands and embraced each other. It was 11.30 A. M. They saw some unclimbed peaks like Makalu, Kanchenjunga and
some more peaks in Nepal. After ten minutes, Hillary changed his oxygen set. Tenzing made a small hole and placed
some small articles like a bar of chocolate, a packet of biscuits and a handful of lollies. They were meant to be gifts to
gods. Colonel Hunt, who was the head of the expedition, had given a crucifix to Hillary to take it to the top. He too made
a small hole and kept the crucifix in the hole. After a few minutes, they moved down. They could not waste their time
because oxygen was running out. Finally they reached the South Peak. They moved to the reserve cylinders on the ridge.
They carried the extra cylinders and reached their tent at 2 p.m. Then they started descending to the South Col. George
Lowe and Wilfrid Noyce met them with hot soup and emergency oxygen. They had much work to do there but it was not
too much for them. They went to their tent with delight and entered their sleeping bags.

Sir Edmund Hillary’s own words, tells how the rh; vl;kz;l; `py;yhhpapd; Ra mDgTk;> vtnu];l;
summit of the Everest was reached. rpfuj;ij vg;gb Ðile;jhu;; vd;gij tpthpf;fpwhh;.
On May 28 there were six men at Camp 8 on the South Nk khjk; 28k; Njjp njd;gFjp $lhuk; vz;-8-y; MW
Col: Edmund Hillary, Tenzing, George Lowe, Alfred Ngh; ,Ue;Njhk;. vl;kz;l; fpy;yhhp> nld;rpq;> rhh;[;
Gregory, and the two Sherpas, Pemba and Ang Nyima. Nyht;> My;gpnul; fphpNfhhp kw;Wk; ,uz;L n\h;gh];>
But Pemba was too ill to climb. The others, heavily ngk;gh kw;Wk; Mq; iekh. Kfhk; 8-y; MW Mz;fs;
laden, climbed that day to a height of 27,900 feat. ,Ue;jdh;. Mdhy; ngk;ghthy; Vw Kbatpy;iy.
kw;wth;fs; kpfg;nghpa RikAld; Vwpdh; md;W 27>900
Here, Hillary and Tenzing put up a little tent, and
mb cauj;ij mile;jdh;. nld;rpq; kw;Wk; `py;yhhp
watched their three companions go down the ridge,
xU rpwpa $lhuj;ij mikj;J mth;fspd; %d;W
back towards the South Co.
$l;lhspfs; njd;gFjp $lhuj;ij Nehf;fpj; jpUk;gp
nrd;wdh;.
As the sun set, Hillary and Tenzing crawled into the #hpad; kiwe;jJk; nld;rpq; kw;Wk; `py;yhhp
tent, put on all their warm clothing, $lhuj;jpw;Fs; jto;eJ ; nrd;wdh;. fjfjg;Gf;F Vw;w
We started up our cooker and drank large quantities of Milfis mzpe;jdh;. J}q;Fk; igf;Fs; jq;fis
lemon juice and sugar, and followed this with our last Eioj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. mLj;jehs; fhiy 4.00 kzp
tin of sardines on biscuits. I dragged our oxygen sets Nk khjk; 29k; Njjp kWgbAk; kiyNawj; jahuhapdh;.
into the tent, cleaned the ice off them, and then ehq;fs; rikay; ghj;jpuj;ij (Cooker) vLj;J
rechecked and tested them. vYkpr;ir rhW epiwa> rh;f;fiuAld; Fbj;Njhk;. kj;jp
kPdf
; Sk; gp];fl;Lk; cs;s filrp ngl;bfisAk; (bd;)
Kbj;Njhk;. Mf;]p[d; Ftisfis $lhuj;jpypUe;J
,Oj;Njd;. mjd;Nky; gbe;Js;s gdpf;fl;bfis
Jilj;Njd;> mtw;iw kPz;Lk; rhpghh;jJ
; Nrhjpj;Njhk;.
I had removed my boots, which had become wet the ehd; vdJ fhyzpfis fow;wpajhy;> New;Wf;F Kd;
day jpdk; mJ <ukhfpaJ. mJ jw;NghJ nfl;bahf
before, and they were now frozen solid. So I cooked ciwe;J tpl;lJ. vdNt ehd; mij neUg;Gf;F Nky;
them over the fierce flame of the primus and managed fhl;b tpl;L mij ,sf;fpNdd;. ehq;fs; Nghl;bUe;j
to soften them up. Over our down clothing we donned fPohilf;F Nky;> fhw;W cs; Eioa Kbahj Milia
our windproof and on to our hands we pulled three mzpe;Njhk;. iffspy; %d;W N[hb ciwfs;
mzpe;Njhk;. (gl;L> fk;gsp> fhw;Wg;Gfhj vd %d;W
pairs of gloves – silk, woolen, and windproof.
if ciwfs;)
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At 6.30a.m. we crawled out of that tent into the snow, fhiy 6.30 kzp. $lhuj;jpypUe;J jto;e;J ntspte;J
hoisted our 30 Ib. of oxygen gear on to our backs, gdpf;Fs; te;Njhk;. vq;fs; KJfpy; 3016 Mf;]p[d;
connected up our masks and turned on the valves to rpypz;lh;fs; vLj;Jf; nfhz;Nlhk;. mtw;iw Kff;
bring life-giving oxygen into our lungs. A few good ftrj;Jld; ,izj;J caph; tho itf;Fk;. Mf;]p[d;
deep breaths and we were ready to go. Still a little EiuaPuy;fSf;F nry;y thy;Tfisj; jpwe;Njhk;. xU
worried about my cold feet, I asked Tenzing to move rpyKiw %r;ir ed;F ,Oj;J tpl;Nlhk;. ehq;fs;
off. ,g;NghJ gazj;jpw;F jahh;. ,d;Dk; rpwpJ ftiy
,Ue;jJ. vdJ Fsph;eJ ; Nghd fhy;fs; Nky; ehd;
nld;rpq;fplk; fpsk;gyhk; vd;Nwd;.
Tenzing kicked steps in a long traverse back towards nld;rpq; Ntfkhf elf;f ehd; njhlh;e;J tu Kfl;il
the ridge, and we reached its crest where it forms a Nehf;fp ele;Njhk;. ehq;fs; 28000 mb cauj;ij
great snow bump at about 28000 feet. From here the mile;J mJ cUthf;fpAs;s 4 gdp Rl;lj;ijj;
ridge narrowed to a knife – edge and, as my feet were njhl;Nlhk;. mjpypUe;J KfL fj;jp KidNghy;
now warm, I took over the lead. nrq;Fj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. jw;NghJ vdJ fhy;fs;
#lhfpapUe;jd ehd; ,g;NghJ Kd; ele;Njd;.
The soft snow made a route on top of the ridge both ,Nyrhd gdp cr;rpf;F ghijaikj;jpUe;jJ. mJ
difficult and dangerous, which sometimes held my fbd> Mgj;J ,uz;Lkhdjhf rpy rkaq;fspy;
weight but often gave way suddenly. After several ,Ue;jJ. vdJ vil fhuzkhf jpBnud mbf;fb
hundred feet, we came to a tiny hollow, and found clNd toptpl;lJ. gyE}W mbfSf;F mg;ghy; ehq;fs;
there the two oxygen bottles left on the earlier attempt rpW gs;sj;jpw;F te;Njhk;. mq;Nf ,uz;L Mf;]p[d;
by Evans and Bourdillon. I scraped the ice off the rpypz;lh;fisf; fz;Nlhk;. mit ,thd; kw;Wk;
Nghh;Gypd; MfpNahuhy; ,jw;F Ke;ija Kaw;rpapy;
gauges and was relieved to find that they still
iftplg; gl;lit. ehd; gdpf;fl;bfis cilj;J
contained several hundred litres of oxygen – enough to
FLitfisg; ghh;j;j NghJ mjpy; gyE}W ypl;lh;
get us down to the South Col if used sparingly.
Mf;]p[d; ,d;Dk; ,Ue;jJ. ehq;fs; njw;Ff; $huk;
nry;y mJ NghJkhdJ. rhpahf
cgNahfpj;Njhnkd;why;
I continued making the trail on up the ridge, leading up ehd; Kfl;il Nehf;fpj; njhlh;eJ
; > ghijapy;
for the last 400 feet to the southern summit. The snow Kad;Nwd;. njd;Kfl;il mila 400 mbfs; kl;LNk
on this face was dangerous, but we persisted in our ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j Kfl;by; gdp vd;gJ gaq;fukhdJ.
efforts to beat a trail up it. vq;fSila Kaw;rpia ehq;fs; iftpltpy;iy.
We made frequent changes of lead. As I was stamping f\;lg;gl;L ePbj;Njhk;.
a xUth; khw;wp xUth; Kd;Ndwpr; nrd;Nwhk;. gdpg;
Gijaypy; fhy; itj;J vd;idr; Rw;wpf; nfhz;lhy;
trail in the deep snow, a section around me gave way
%d;W ehd;fb gpd;jq;fp tpLNtd;. Nkw;nfhz;L
and I slipped back through three or four of my steps. I
NkNyWtJ gw;wp nld;rpq;fplk; MNyhrid Nfl;Nld;.
discussed with Tenzing the advisability of going on,
gdpepiy gw;wp mtUf;Fj; njhpe;jpUe;jpUe;jhYk;
and he, although admitting that he felt unhappy about
rhpahfg;gltpy;iy vd;W jhd; nrhd;dhh;. tof;fk;
the snow conditions, and finished with his familiar Nghy; cd; ,\;lk; vd;W Kbj;jhh;.
phrase “Just as you wish”.
I decided to go on; and we finally reached firmer snow ehd; Kd;NdWNthk; vd KbntLj;Njd;. filrpapy;
higher up, and then chipped steps up the last steep ehq;fs; fbdkhd gdpg;gFjpf;F NkNy te;Jtpl;Nlhk;.
slopes and cramponed on to the South Peak. It was NkNy ele;Njhk; filrp gaq;fukhd rhpTfis
now 9 a.m. ,Uk;Gf; fk;gpfs; %yk; njd; rpfuj;ij mile;Njhk;.
We cut a seat for ourselves just below the South mg;NghJ fhiy 9 kzp. njd;Kfl;Lf;F fPNo
Summit and removed our oxygen apparatus. As our gdpapd;kJP mkh;tjw;F xU ghjpf; FLit Mf;]p[d;
first partly-full bottle of oxygen was now exhausted, FLitfis fow;wpNdhk;. xU ghjp FLit
we had only one full bottle left. Our apparatus was fhypahfptpl;lJ ,d;Dk; xU FLit kl;LNk cs;sJ.
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now much lighter, weighing just over 20 Ib., and as I ,g;NghJ vq;fs; fUtpfs; ,Nyrhf ,Ue;jd. vil
cut steps down off the South Summit I felt a sense of 2016 kl;LNk. ehs; njd;Kfl;bd; fPNo gdpia
freedom and well – being. cilj;Jg; ghijaikj;Njd;. ehd; Rje;jpukhfTk;>
trjpahfTk; czh;e;Njd;.
As my ice-axe bit into the first steep slope of the ridge, vdJ gdpf;Nfhlhhp Kjy; Mokhd rha;tpd; Kfl;by;
my high hopes were realized. The snow was Jz;L Nghl;;lJ vdJ cahpa ek;gpf;ifahf
crystalline and firm. Two or three blows of the ice-axe czug;gl;lJ. gdp gsgsj;jJ; fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ.
produced a step large enough even for our over-sized ,uz;L> %d;W Kiw gspf;Nfhlhhpahy; mbj;jTld;
High Altitude boots, and a firm thrust of the ice-axe xU gbia nghpjhf kpf cauj;jpy; fhyzp itf;Fk;
would sink it half-way up the shaft, giving a solid and msT nghpa msT gbia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
comfortable belay. gdpf;Nfhlhhpapd; Mokhd mbahy;> cs;Ns ,wq;fp
miug;ghij Ruq;ftop> ghjptiu jplkhd trjpahd
We moved one at a time. I would cut a forty foot line
ghijia mikj;Jf;nfhLj;jJ. ,Wf;fpf;fl;bf;
of steps, Tenzing belaying me while worked. Then in
nfhz;L nrd;Nwhk;. ehq;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy
turn I would sink my shaft and put a few loops of the
xt;nthUtuhfr; nrd;Nwhk;. ehd; ehw;gJ fhyb
rope around it, and Tenzing, protected against a
gbfis ntl;bndd;. ehd; Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ
breaking step, would move up to me. Then once again nld;rpq; vd;id gpbj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;. Kiw khwpaJ.
as he belayed me I would go on cutting ehd; vdJ gpbia fpNo ,wf;fp nfhf;fpAs;s
fapWfis ,wf;fpNdd;. mjdhy; cilAk;
gbfspypUe;J nld;rpq; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lhh;. mth; vd;id
Nehf;fp te;jhh;. kWgbAk; mth; fhyjhkjg;gl;lhh;. ehd;
ntl;bf;nfhz;Nl nrd;Nwd;.
In a number of places the overhanging ice cornices xU rpy ,lq;fspy; NkNy njhq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;j
were gdpg;gbTfs; kpfg;nghpajhf ,Ue;jd. mjpypUe;J
very large indeed, and in order to escape them I cut a jg;gpf;f thpirahfg; gbfs; ntl;bNdd;. vq;Nf
line of steps down to where the snow met the rocks on ghiwfs; Nkw;fpy; gdpia re;jpf;fpd;wdNth mJtiu
the west. It was a great thrill to look straight down this me;jg;ghiwapy; Kfj;ijg;ghh;g;gJ kpfg;nghpa
enormous rock face and to see, 8000 feet below us, the Mr;rhpakhf ,Ue;jJ NkypUe;J Neh;fpohf giw
8000mb fPNo ,Ue;J kpfr; rpwpa $lhuk; 4> Nkw;F
tiny tents of Camp 4 in the Western Cwm. Scrambling
Nehf;fp cz;L fPNo njhpe;jJ. rpy gFjpapy; ifitj;j
on the rocks and cutting handholds on the snow, we
ehw;fhyp Nghd;w gs;sk; me;jg;gs;sjhf;fpy;
were able to shuffle past these difficult portions.
iffshYk; Kl;bfshYk; ghiwfspd; Nky; gdpfis
iffshy; ntl;b gs;sk; Vw;gLj;jp ehq;fs; Ntfkhf
jiyj;J fle;J nrd;Nwhk; fbdkhf gFjpfis.
On its east side was another great cornice; and running ,jd; fpof;F gFjpapy; kw;nwhU nghpa cr;rp kpJf;fk;
up the full forty feet of the step was a narrow crack NkYk; XbaJ. 40mb KOtJk; Neuhf Xb> ,uz;L
between the cornice and the rock. Leaving Tenzing to mbf;F Nky; gpJf;f gzpfSf;F ,ilNa xU ntbg;G
bealy me as best he could, I jammed my way into this xU ghiwapd; Kbe;jJ. nld;rpq;if vd;id gpbj;J
crack. Then, kicking backwards, I sank the spikes of nfhs;s nrhy;yp> mth; Kbe;j tiu cjtp nra;jhh;.
ehd; me;j cilg;igj; jLj;Njd;. mg;Gwk; cijj;J
my crampons deep into the frozen snow behind me
vdJ gdpf;nfhf;fp Kl;fs; %yk; ciwgdpia
and levered myself off the ground.
gpd;Df;Fj; js;sp ghijia ehd; rhpahf;fp
Kd;NdwpNdd;.
Taking advantage of every little rock hold, and all the xt;nthU rpW ghiwg; gpbg;igAk; vq;fSf;F rhjkhf;fp
force of knee, shoulder, and arms I could master, I Kl;bfhy;fspd; rf;jpahSk; Njhs;gl;il kw;Wk;
literally cramponed backwards up the crack, prayhing fhy;fspd; rf;jpahy; nrd;W Nrh;e;Njd;. ehd; mwpitf;
that the cornice would remain attached to the rock. My nfhz;L> cilg;gpdh; gpd;dhy; NkNywp nfhf;fpapd;
progress although slow was steady. As Tenzing paid JizNahL Nky;gspg;gpJf;fk; ghiwapd; Nky;
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out the rope, I inched my way upwards until I could xl;bf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpuhh;j;jpf;
reach over the top of the rock and drag myself out of nfhz;L Fwpj;Njd;. vdJ Kd;Ndw;wk; nkJthf
the crack on to a wide ledge. jplkhf ,Ue;jJ. nld;rpq; fapw;wpd; cjtpahy;
NkNywpdhYk;> ehd; ghiwapd; Nky; gfjpia milAk;
tiu njhlh;eJ; ,Oj;Jf;nfhz;L ntbg;gpd; kPJk;
ehdhf Kd;NdwpNdd;.
For a few moments I lay regaining my breath, and for xU rpy epkplq;fs; vd;dhy; %r;R tpl Kbahky;
the first time really felt the fierce determination that gLj;Jtpl;Nld;. Kjd; Kiwahf ehd; vdf;Fs;
nothing now could stop us reaching the top. I took a ,Wjpahf kw;Wk; cWjpahd KbntLj;Njd; ehq;fs;
firm stance on the ledge and signaled hard on the rope, cr;rpia miltij vjdhYk; jLf;fKbahJ. ehd;
Tenzing wriggled his way up the crack, and finally njhq;Fghiwapd; kPJ cWjpahff; fhyb gjpj;J>
collapsed at the top like a giant fish when it has just nld;rpq;fpw;F rkpf;iQ nra;Njd;. th NkNy! vd;W.
been hauled from the sea after a terrible struggle. ehd; fapw;wpy; fbdkhf NkNywpNdd;. nld;rpq; Rw;wp
te;J jpUk;gp f\;lg;gl;L ntbg;gpy; Kd;Ndwpdhh;.
,Wjpapy; epiyFiye;jhd; nghpa kPd;Nghy; tOf;fp
tpog;Nghdhh; flypy; kpfTk; f\;lg;gl;L
Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F gpd; NkNy ,Oj;Njhk;.
16. The ridge continued as before: giant cornices on Kd;NghyNt> ve;j KfL njhlh;e;J nghpa Nky;Nehf;fpa
the right; steep rock sloped on the left. The ridge gdpgpJf;fk; tyJGwj;jpy;> $h;ikahd ghiwffs;
curved away to the right and we have no idea where rha;thf ,Ue;jd. ,lJ Gwj;jpy; me;j KfL tyJ
the top was. As I cut around the back of one hump, Gwk; gpsT gl;bwpUe;J vq;fSf;F kiy cr;rp
another higher one would swing into view. Time was vq;Fs;sJ vd;W njhpatpy;iy. xU
passing and the ridge seemed never – ending. Kfl;bidr; Rw;wp gpd;Gwk; ntl;b kw;nwhU cah;e;j
ghiwf;F CQ;ryhb ghh;j;Njd;. fhyk; fle;J
nfhz;NlapUe;jJ. cr;rp kl;Lk; KbtjhfNt
njhpatpy;iy
Our original zest had now quite gone, and it was vq;fSila cz;ikahd mDgtk; jw;NghJ kiwe;J
turning tpl;lJ. mJ jw;NghJ fLikahd Nghuhl;lkhf
more into a grim struggle. I then realized that the ridge khwpaJ. ehd; jw;NghJ czh;e;Njd; cr;rp NkypUg;gJ
ahead, instead of rising, now dropped sharply away. I cah;tjw;Fjhd; vd;W jw;NghJ czh;e;Njd;. ehd; Nky;
looked upwards to see a narrow snow ridge running up Nehf;fp cr;rpf;F Neuhf gdp%baJ Kfl;il rpfuj;ij
to a snowy summit. A few more whacks of the ice-axe Nehf;fp Xb gdpapd; ,af;fj;ij ghh;j;Njd;. ,d;Dk;
gdpf; Nfhlhhpahy; rpy Kiw Xq;fp mbj;jhy;
in the firm snow and we stood on top.
epue;jukhd gdpNky; ehq;fs; cr;rpapd; Nky; epw;Nghk;.
My first feelings were of relief-relief that there were vdJ Kjy; czh;T> tpLjiy-tpLjiy> ,dpNky;
no more steps to cut, no more ridges to traverse, and ve;jg; gaKk; Ntz;bajpy;iy. ve;j KfLk; ,y;iy.
no more humps to tantalize us with hopes of success. I njhq;Ftjw;F ve;j jpkpYk; ,y;iy. Vkhw;Wtjw;F
looked at Tenzing. In spite of the balaclava helmet, ek;gpf;ifA+l;b ntw;wp ngWk; epiyapy; Vkhw;w ehd;
goggles, and oxygen mask – all encrusted with long nld;rpq;if ghh;j;Njd;. fk;gspahyhd n`y;nkl;>
fz;fz;dhb> Mf;]p[d; Kf%b vy;yhkpUe;Jk;
icicles – that concealed his face, there was no
vy;yhk; ,iof;fg;gl;l ePz;l gw;wp xJf;fp ,Ue;Jk;
disguising his grin of delight as he looked all around
mtUila Kfj;jpy; xspTkiwT VJkpy;iy. Kfj;jpy;
him. We shook hands, and then Tenzing threw his arm
re;Njh\khd rphpg;Gld; Rtiu Rw;wpg;ghh;j;jhh;. ehq;fs;
around my shoulders and we thumped each other on
ifFYf;fpf; nfhz;Nlhk;. NkYk; nld;rpq; iffshy;
the back until we were almost breathless. It was 11.30
Njhs;gl;ilia Rw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;. ehq;fs; ngUtpuiy
a.m. The ridge had taken us two and a half hours, but it J}f;fpf; fhl;bNdhk; xUtUf;nfhUth; mjd;gpd;
seemed like a lifetime. ehq;fs; %r;Rw;wth;fshNzhk;. jw;NghJ 11.30kzp
Nky; Kfl;bw;F ,uz;liu kzp NeukhdJ
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Mdhy; mJ vdf;F tho;ehs; KOtJkhdJ Nghy;

,Ue;jJ.
To the east was our giant neighbor Makalu, fpof;F> ekf;F kpfg;nghpa nrhe;jk;. kf;fhY kiy
unexplored and unclimbed. Far away across the fz;Lgpbf;fg;glhf Vw;glhj kiy kpfePz;l J}uj;jpy;
clouds, the great bulk of Kanchenjunga loomed on the Nkfq;fSf;F mg;ghy; kpfg;nghpa fQ;rd;[q;fh
horizon. To the west, we could see the great nghlthdj;jpy; ntspte;jJ. Nkw;fpy; kpfg;nghpa
unexplored ranges of Nepal stretching off into the fz;lwpag;glhj kiyj;njhlh; Neghypy;
distance. xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;J J}uj;jpy; njhpe;jJ.
The most important photograph, I felt, was a shot kpf Kf;fpakhd Gifg;glkhf ehd; czh;e;jJ
down the North Ridge, showing the North Col and the vd;dntd;why; tlf;F cr;rpia ehd; fz;L fspj;jJ
old route which had been made famous by the jhd;. tlf;F jpir fhl;baJ gioa ghij. 1920 kw;Wk;
struggles of those great climbers of the 1920’s and 1930y; gioa kiyNaWgth;fs; kpfTk; f\;lg;gl;L
1930’s. After ten minutes, I realized that I was Vwpa jlq;fs; njhpe;jd. gj;J epkplq;fSf;Fg; gpd;
ehd; czh;e;Njd;. vd;Dila cly; tpfhukhf>
becoming rather clumsy-fingered and slow-moving. So
tpuy;fs; nraypoe;J nkJthf efh;e;jd. ehd; clNd
I quickly replaced my oxygen set.
vdJ Mf;]p[d; FLitia khw;wpNdd;.
Meanwhile, Tenzing had made a little hole in the mjw;fpilapy;> nld;rpq; gdpapy; rpwpJ Xl;il ghl;lhh;.
snow, and in it he placed various small articles of mjpy; gytifahd czTfis itj;jhh;. xU ePs
food-a bar of chocolate, a packet of biscuits, and a rhf;Nyl;> xU ghf;nfl; gp];fl;> xU if epiwa
handful of lollies. Small offerings, indeed, but at least Fr;rpkpl;lha;fs; ,itnay;yhk; rpwpaitfNs. Mdhy;
a token gift to the Gods that all devout Buddhists ,it flTshy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W Gj;jJwtpahy;
believe have their home on this lofty summit. ek;gg;gl;lJ. ,e;j caukhd rpfuj;jpy; jd; tPl;il
Nghy;.
While we were together on the South Col two days ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F Kd;dhy; ,UtUk; xd;whf njw;F
before, Colonel Hunt had given me a small crucifix jpirapy;; ,Ue;jNghJ> fh;dy; `d;l; vd;dplk; xU
which he had asked me to take to the top. I, too, made rpwpa rpYitiaf; nfhLj;J mij kiyAr;rpf;Ff;
a hole in the snow and placed the crucifix beside nfhz;L nry;yr; nrhd;dhh;. ehDk; gdpapy;
Tenzing’s gifts. Xl;ilNghl;Nld;. nld;rpq;fpd; ghprpw;F mUfpy;
rpYitia itj;Njd;.
After fifteen minutes, I moved down off the summit on mLj;j 15 epkplq;fspy; ehd; fpopwq;f gbfSf;F
to our steps. Wasting no time, we cramponed along te;Njhk;. Neuj;ij tpuag;gLj;j tpUk;gtpy;iy. ehq;fs;
our tracks, spurred by the urgency of diminishing vq;fs; fhyzp kw;Wk; cilfis mzpe;J nfhz;L
oxygen. We scrambled cautiously over the rock ,wq;f Muk;gpj;Njhk; Fiwe;J nfhz;L tUk;
traverse, moved one at a time over shaky snow Mf;]p[d; vq;fisj; J}z;baJ. ehq;fs; Ch;e;Njhk;.
ftdkhf njhq;F ghiwfspd; kPJ
sections and finally cramponed up our steps and back
xUth; kl;Lk; xU Neuj;jpy; gazk; nry;Yk; gdpg;
on to the South Peak.
ghiwfspd; kPJ ,Uk;Gf; nfhf;fpahy;
gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L> mbnaLj;J gbkPJ itj;J cr;rpf;F
jpUk;gpNdhk;.
We were now very tired, but moved down to the two jw;NghJ ehq;fs; kpfTk; fisg;ghf ,Ue;Njhk;.
reserve cylinders on the ridge. As we were only a short ,uz;L ghJfhj;jpUe;j FLitfSld; Kfl;bd; kPJ.
distance from camp, and had a few litres of oxygen left ehq;fs; $lhuj;jpypUe;J rpwpJ njhiytp(rpwpjsT
in our own bottles, we carried the extra cylinders ypl;lh;fs;) vq;fSld; Mf;]p[d; ,Ue;j Gl;bapd;
down, and reached our tent on its crazy platform at 2 tpiothf ,wq;fpNdhk;. fPNo mjpfg;gbahd
rpypz;lh;fs; ,Ue;j ehq;fs; rkjsj;jpy;> cs;s
p.m.
tpUk;gpa $lhuj;ij mile;Njhk; 2 kzpf;F.
With a last look at the camp that had served us so well, filrpg; ghh;it> $lhuj;jpd; kPJgl;lJk; ehq;fs;
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we turned downwards with dragging feet and set Gj;Jzh;T ngw;Nwhk;. ehq;fs; fPNo te;Njhk; fhy;fis
ourselves to the task of safely descending the ridge to ,Oj;Jf;nghz;L vq;fis MRthrg;gLj;jpNdhk;
the South Co. fPowq;fp gj;jpukhf njw;F $lhuj;jpd; Kfl;by;.
The time passed as in a dream. Two figures came fhyk; gwe;J nrd;wJ fdT Nghy ,uz;L cUtq;fs;
towards us and met us a couple of hundred feet above vq;fis Nehf;fp te;J re;jpj;jJ $lhuj;;jpw;F 200
the camp. They were George Lowe and Wilfrid Noyce, mbfSf;F Nky; mth;fs; [hh;[; Nyh kw;Wk; tpy;gpul;
eha;]; !#lhd #g;GlDk; epiwf;fg;gl;l Mf;]p[d;
laden with hot soup and emergency oxygen. Just short
rpypz;lUlDk;. vdJ Mf;]p[d; Fiwe;Jtpl;lJ vd;w
of the tent my oxygen ran out. We had had enough to
czh;T Ngha;tpl;lJ. ehq;fs; vq;fshy; nra;a Kbe;j
do the job, but by no means too much.
Ntiyfisr; nra;Njhk;. Mdhy; mjpfkhf
Kbatpy;iy.
We crawled into the tent and, with a sigh of delight, ehq;fs; $lhuj;jpw;Fs; jto;e;J nrd;Nwhk;.
collapsed into our sleeping-bags, while the tents ngUkpjkhd ngU%r;Rld; epiyFioe;J tpOe;Njhk;.
flapped and shook under the perpetual South Col gale. J}q;Fk; igfs; if eOtpaJ. mg;NghJ $lhuk;
MbaJ. epue;jukhf rhprkkhdJ njw;F $lhu jpir.

traverse - to cross a mountain slope horizontally rope - links members of climbing party for
or diagonally; the name given to such a safety; a party may be referred to as
crossing “a rope”
cornice - overhanging mass of snow or ice along cwm - an enclosed arm-chair shaped
a ridge, shaped like the curling crest of hollow situated at the head of a
a wave valley
scrambling - climbing hurriedly on hands and knees wriggle - to move with a twist or turn
tantalize - tease or taunt cramponed - climbing on ice wearing spike shoes
Hard Word Meaning jkpo; mu;j;jk;

belay (v) - to secure a climber by allaching the rope off xU fy;Yld; fapw;iw fl;b ,izj;J>
around a rock spike, kiyNaWtUf;F ghJfhg;gspj;jy;.
cornice - overhanging mass of snow or ice alone a Kfl;by; njhq;Fk; gdpg;ghsk;
ridge, shaped like the curing crest of a wave,
crampon - a metal plate with spikes fixed to a boot for fhyzpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;l $uhd
walking on ice, Kidfs; nfhz;l cNyhf jfL> ,jd;
%yk; gdpapy; Rygkhf elf;fyhk;.
cramponed - climbing on ice wearing spike shoes, f;uhk;Nghd; vd;Dk; jfL nghUe;jpa
fhyzpfis mzpe;J VWjy;.
cum - an enclosed arm – chair – shaped hollow gs;sj;jhf;fpd; Kfl;bd; ifg;gpb ehw;fhyp
situated at the head of a valley, NghYs;s ePskhd mikg;G.
crusted - cover with a hard surface layer, fbdkhd Nkw;Gwj;jpy; %lg;gl;bUj;jy;.
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primus - cooking stove rikf;Fk; fUtp

ridge - higher edge, long harrow hilltop, caukhd KfL> epiyahd FWfpa kiy
cr;rp.
rope - links members of climbing party for safety, kiy VWNthh;fis ,izg;gJ> xU FO
a party may be referred to as ‘a rope’ xU Nuhg; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
sardines - a small edible fish picked in tins xU rpW ghj;jpuj;jpy; milf;fg;gl;l
cz;gjw;Fhpa rpW kPdf
; s;
scrambling - climbing hurrielly on hands and knees, iffisAk;> Kl;biaAk; gad;gLj;jp
Ntfkhf VWjy;.
shaft - pole or a stick nfhk;G my;yJ Fr;rp
traverse - to cross a mountain slope horizontally or xU kiyr;rhpit fpil kl;lj;jpNyh>
diagonally; the name given to such a FWf;Fthl;bNyh flg;gJ
crossing,
wriggle - to move with a twist or turn, RoYtJ

Cautiously carefully (ftdkhf) carelessly (ftdkpd;wp)
Collapsed fallen (tpOjy;) refreshed (Gj;Jzh;r;rpAldpUj;jy;)
Concluded completed (Kbj;jy;) commenced (Muk;gpj;jy;)
Crawled moved slowly (jto;jy;) raced (Ntfkhf nry;Yjy;)
Crest peak, top (KfL) base (mbthuk;)
Descending lowering (fPNo tUjy;) ascending (NkNyWjy;)
Devout religious (kj ek;gpf;if) faithless (ek;gpf;ifaw;w)
Diminishing reducing (Fiwj;jy;) increasing (cah;j;jy;)
Disguising concealing (J}uj;jpy;) revealing (mUfpy;)
Distant far away (itj;jy;) near (fpsk;Gjy;)
Donned put on (itj;jy;) took off (fpsk;Gjy;)
Dragged pulled (,Oj;jy;) pushed (js;Sjy;)
Enormous large (kpf mjpfk;) little (Fiwthd)
Exhausted worn out (Nja;e;J Nghd) energetic (RWRWg;ghd)
Fierce intense (jPtpukhd) mild (nkJthd)
Firm hard (fbdkhd) soft (nkd;ikahd)
Flapped crashed (eRf;fg;gl;l) calmed (mikjpahd)
Frequent regular (njhlh;e;J) rare (mG+H;tkhd)
Gale violent storm (#iwf;fhw;W) breeze (kpjkha; tPRk; fhw;w)
Grim gloomy (kq;fp) cheerful (cw;rhfkhd)
Hauled pulled/ dragged (,Oj;jy;) pushed (js;Sjy;)
Heaved lifted/ hauled / pulled (J}f;Fjy;> ,Oj;jy;) dropped/ pushed (tpLjy;> js;Sjy;)
Hoisted lifted (NkNy vOg;Gjy;) dropped (tpLjy;)
Leading proceding (Kd;dzp) trailing (gpd;jq;fp)
Ledge edge (tpspk;G) centre (ikag;gFjp)
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Levered lifted (J}f;Fjy;) dropped (tpLjy;)

Lofty high (caukhd) low (fPohd)
Loomed appeared (Njhd;Wjy;) vanished (kiwjy;)
Muster mobilize/ gather (jpul;Ljy;) demobilise (fiyj;jy;> gphpj;jy;)
Narrowed contracted (RUf;Fjy;) broadened (tphpjy;)
Overhanging dangling (njhq;f tpLjy;) stiff (NeuhapUj;jy;)
Perpetual everlasting (epue;jukhd) temporary (jw;fhypfkhd)
Persisted continued (njhlh;e;J) stopped (epw;wy;)
Protected guarded (fhj;jy;) unprotected (fhg;ghw;whky; ,Uj;jy;)
Regaining recovering (kPl;ly;) losing (Njhw;W Nghjy;)
Relieved eased/ satisfied (Rygkhf;fy;) afraid (gag;gLjy;)
Ridge narrow hill top (FWfpa kiyAr;rp) base (mbthuk;)
Scrambling climbing hurridly (tpiuthf> mtrukhf) retreating (gpd;thq;fy;)
Scraped scratched (fPWjy;) restored (GJg;gpj;jy;)
Sink dip (%o;Fjy;) float (kpjj;jy;)
Soften ease (nkd;ikahd) harden (fbdk;)
Sparingly moderately (kpjkhd) fully/ richly (trjpahd)
Spurred urged (J}z;Ljy;) calmed (mikjpg;gLj;Jjy;)
Stamping stepping hard (mOj;jkhf fhY}d;Wjy;) softly (mOj;jkpy;yhjpUj;jy;)
Stance attitude (elj;ij) inaction (nrayw;wpUj;jy;)
Steady firm (cWjp) unsteady (epiyaw;w)
Tantalize tease or taunt (njhe;juT nra;jy;) make happy (Mde;jg;gLj;jy;)
Thrust propel (Kd;Ndw ce;Jjy;) retreat (Rygkhf;fy;)
Trail path/ track/ way (ghij)
Traverse crossover (fle;J nry;yy;) backup (gpd; thq;Fjy;)
Zest enthusiasm (cw;rhfk;) boredom (ntWg;G)

sardines - small eatable fish fierce - ferocious
primus - small stove donned - put on
hoisted - raised gear - equipment
ridge - a long area of high land especially at crest - top
the top of the mountain
scraped - removed hollow - a place at slightly lower
than its surface
gauges - instruments for measuring sparingly - using little/ cautiously
trail - track,/path persisted - continued
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ledge - a narrow piece of rock that sticks on determination - willpower

the side of a mountain or cliff
stance - position heaved - pulled
hump - bulge zest - enthusiasm
grim - depressing whacks - blows
beat a trail up - make a track by using the place frequent - regular
often
chipped - cut exhausted - refreshed
belay - attaching a rope to the body and to a bump - a small raised area on a
rock surface
shuffle - walk quickly levered off - pushed/ moved
muster - gather encrusted / - covered
concealed
disguising - hiding grin - broad smile
delight - happiness crucifix - cross with the figure of
Christ on it
spurred - prompted diminishing - reducing
descending - coming down flapped - vibrated
perpetual - permanent

frozen X warm grim X cheerful
hoisted X lowered sharply X gradually
narrowed X broadened concealed X opened
hollow X raised disguise X real
sparingly X carelessly grin X frown
persisted X stopped urgency X ordinary
frequent X seldom cautiously X carelessly
firm X soft descending X ascending
exhausted X plenty perpetual X temporary
1. Based on your reading of the text answer the following questions in one or two sentences. (Page
116)
a) What did Hillary do with his wet boots? (PTA 3, 6)
Hillary placed the boots on the stove to remove the frozen ice from them.
b) Name an equipment and a tool carried by the climbers during their expedition.
Oxygen cylinder, rope and ice-axe are carried by the climbers during their expedition.
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c) Why did Hillary become clumsy-fingered and slow-moving?

The oxygen was running out. Hillary was climbing in an unfriendly atmosphere. So he became
clumsy-fingered and slow-moving.
d) What did Hillary find in a tiny hollow?
Hillary found two oxygen cylinders left by the previous climbers.
e) When did Hillary feel a sense of freedom and well-being?
When Hillary removed the oxygen cylinder, he felt a sense of freedom and well-being.
f) What did Hillary mean by saying “We had had enough to do the job, but by no means too
much”?
When they reached their tent, they had to do a lot of work but because of the sense of success the
work did not seem to be much.
2. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each.

a) How did the mountaineers belay?
The mountaineers tied a rope around all the mountaineers and the other end of the rope was attached
to a rock.
b) Why was the original zest fading away?
The time was passing and the ridge seemed never ending. They were a little tired. So the original zest
was fading away.
c) What did Edmund Hillary do to escape the large overhanging ice cornices?
To escape the large overhanging cornices, Hillary cut a line of steps down to where the snow met the
rocks on the west.
d) What did Tenzing and Edmund Hillary gift to the God of lofty Summit? How did they do it?
(PTA 5)
Tenzing gifted to Gods a bar of chocolate, a packet of biscuits and a handful of lollies. Edmund
Hillary gifted to God the crucifix given by Colonel Hunt.
e) What did the photograph portray?
The photograph portrayed the North ridge, showing the North Col and the old route which had been
made famous by the struggles of those great climbers of the 1920’s and 1930’s.
f) The soft snow was difficult and dangerous. Why? (PTA 2)
The soft snow was not firm to get foot-hold. It might slip or it might give way under the foot. So the
soft snow was difficult and dangerous.
g) How did the firm snow at the higher regions fill them with hope?
The firm snow gave them good foot-hold. They could cut steps up the last steep slopes and they could
walk with the crampon shoes to the South Peak. It filled them with hope.
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Answer the following questions.

a) What did Hillary and Tenzing have before starting their expedition?
Hillary and Tenzing drank lemon juice and ate sardines.
b) What did Hillary put on before the expedition?
Hillary put on the windproof jacket and wore three pairs of gloves – silk, woollen and windproof.
c) What was the familiar phrase used by Tenzing?
‘Just as you wish’ was the familiar phrase used by Tenzing.
d) What was the division of work between Hillary and Tenzing?
Tenzing was belaying and Hillary was working in the snow.
e) Why was Pemba unable to accompany Tenzing and Hillary?
Pemba was unable to accompany Tenzing and Hillary because he was ill and he could not climb.
3. Based on the text, answer the following questions in a paragraph of about 100–150 words each. (Page
116)
a) How did Hillary and Tenzing prepare themselves before they set off to the summit? (Para 1, 2 and 3)
The well-organized expedition to the Mount Everest peak was launched in the spring of 1953, from the
high camp to reach the summit of Mount Everest. After a pair of climbers failed to reach the top on May
27, Hillary and Tenzing set out for it early on May 29. By late morning they were standing on the
summit.Hillary and Tenzing drank lemon juice and got ready for the journey. They tested the oxygen
cylinders. Hillary’s boots were frozen with cold. He kept them over the fire to soften them. They put on
three pairs of gloves on their hands – silk, woollen and windproof over their body. At 6.30a.m, they
moved out of the tent with their oxygen cylinders on them. They kept the cylinders on their back,
connected the mask and turned the valves. They took a few good deep breaths and were ready for the
expedition.
b) Give an account of the journey to the South Col from 28,000 feet. (Para 4 to 8)
The well-organized expedition to the Mount Everest peak was launched in the spring of 1953. After a pair
of climbers failed to reach the top on May 27, Hillary and Tenzing set out for it early on May 29. By late
morning they were standing on the summit. Tenzing paved steps towards the ridge and they reached the
top of the ridge which was about 28000 feet. The snow was soft over the ridge and it made their route
dangerous. After several hundred feet, they came to a hollow. There they found two oxygen cylinders
which had been left by Evens and Bourdillon on their previous attempt. Hillary was happy to find that the
cylinders had hundreds of litres of oxygen which they could use for the downward journey. They
continued their journey, though the snow was little dangerous. With some difficulties, they reached firmer
snow higher up. They cut steps on the last steep slopes and walked on with their spike shoes to the South
Peak. It was then 9 a.m.
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c) Describe the feelings of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing as they reached the top of the Summit.(Para 18)
(PTA 5)
The well-organized expedition to the Mount Everest peak was launched in the spring of 1953, After a pair
morning they were standing on the summit.The ridge seemed to be never ending. They had to cut hump
after hump to move forward. Their original enthusiasm gave place to some great struggle. They saw a
narrow snow ridge going up to the top. They made few more beating of the ice axe and they reached the
top. They felt relieved from the troublesome journey. They shook hands and embraced each other. It was
11.30. They saw some unclimbed peaks like Makalu, Kanchenjunga and some more peaks in Nepal.
d) The ridge had taken us two and half hours, but it seemed like lifetime. Why? (Para 15 to 17)
morning they were standing on the summit.To their east side there was a large cornice and a crack was
between the cornice and the rock. Tenzing was holding Hillary with a rope and Hillary entered the crack
and lifted his body off the ground. Using the power of his whole body Hillary moved backward up the
crack. He moved slowly but steadily. Tenzing was leaving the rope and Hillary was moving inch by inch
to reach the top of the rock. Then slowly he came out of the crack and reached a wide ledge. Now he felt
that nothing would stop him from reaching the top. He stood on the ledge and signaled Tenzing to come
up. Tenzing somehow came through the crack and reached the ledge. The ridge seemed to be never
ending.
e) Describe the view from the top. What was the most important photograph? (Para 19 and 20)
morning they were standing on the summit. The most important photograph showed the North ridge,
showing the North Col and the old route which had been made famous by the struggles of those great
climbers of the 1920’s and 1930’s.
f) ‘There is no height, no depth that the spirit of man, guided by higher spirit cannot attain’. Discuss the
above statement in the context of the achievement of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing. (PTA 2)
The well-organized expedition to the Mount Everest peak was launched in the spring of 1953, By late
morning they were standing on the summit. From 1920 onwards many famous climbers tried to climb
Mount Everest. They went closer to the goal but they did not achieve this. But Hillary and Tenzing
reached Everest summit. At 11:30 a.m. on May 29, 1953, Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing
Norgay, a Sherpa of Nepal, became the first explorers to reach the summit of Mount Everest, which at
29,035 feet above sea level is the highest point on earth. They too had same difficulty and danger faced by
the previous climbers. Hillary and Tenzing with full hope moved forward facing all the hardships. In some
places they had soft snow and they might give way under their foot. But they proceeded further and
reached the top. This shows that if man has high spirit he can achieve anything in this world.
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Topic : The Summit

Author : Edmund Hillary
Genre : Travelogue
Theme : Achievements of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
Introduction
‘The Summit’ is a narration of achievement of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. They achieved
the rare feat of climbing the summit of the Mount Everest.
Departure for expedition
At 4 a.m, they began to get ready for the climb. Hillary dragged the oxygen cylinders into the tent. He
cleared the ice off them and retested them. They pulled three pairs of gloves on to their hands. At 6.30
a.m. they hoisted 30 lb. of oxygen gear on to their backs. They connected their masks and turned on the
valves to bring into their lungs.
Traverse
They traversed back to the ridges. The soft snow made a route on the top of the ridge. It was both
difficult and dangerous. As one person was belaying, the other person would go on cutting. They had to
escape the large overhanging cornices by cutting a line of steps down to where the snow met the rocks on
the west. The ridge seemed never ending.
Reaching the destination
Hillary looked upwards to see a narrow ridge running up to a snowy summit with a few more whacks
with an ice axe in the firm snow. They reached the destination. They were relieved and grinned at each
other. They looked all around them. They shook hands and thumped each other on the back until they
were breathless.
Contribution to God
Tenzing made a small hole in the snow and placed various small articles of food in it at 11.30 a.m.
Hillary also made a hole in the snow and placed crucifix there. It was given to him by John Hunt.
Returning to the base camp
They scrambled cautiously over the rock traverse. They moved one at a time over shaky snow
sections to reach the South Peak. They reached their tent at 2 p.m. Then they turned down towards safely.
They descended the ridge to the South Col. It was an unforgettable day for them. They had climbed to the
top. There were shouts of joy, handshakes and hugs for the two heroes.
Conclusion
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing overcame obstacles by determination and perfect execution of planning
and team work.
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AVERAGE PARAGRAPH
Topic : The Summit

Genre : Travelogue
Introduction
“The Summit” is a slightly adapted excerpt from “The Ascent of Everest” by John Hunt. It narrates
the struggles which Edmund Hillary and Norgay Tenzing faced during their expedition to the Mount
Everest.
Leaving for expedition
Hillary and Norgay Tenzing drank more lemon juice and ate sardines. Hillary completely tested the
oxygen sets. He heated his wet books to soften them. They left the camp at 6.30 am.
Reaching south peak
The soft snow was difficult and dangerous. The climbers struggled to move freely. They found two
oxygen bottles in a tiny hollow. Tenzing was unhappy about the snow conditions but he never
discouraged Hillary. They reached the south peak at 9.a.m.
Team work
At the south summit, the climbers changed the exhausted oxygen bottles. They involved in perfect
belay to cross the narrow crack between the cornice and the rocks.To escape the large cornices, Hillary
cut a line of steps down to where the snow joined the rocks. Their progress was slow and steady. Hillary
helped Tenzing reach the ledge.
Final hurdle
The climbers spent 2 and half hours to cross the seemingly endless ridge. On reaching the summit at
11.30 am, they were relieved and very happy. Tenzing made a little hole in the snow and placed
chocolate, biscuits and lollies to Gods. Hillary placed the crucifix in a hole. Finally the climbers
descended quickly to reach the tent. They met George Lowe and Wilfrid Noyce.
Conclusion
By sheer confidence, the mountaineers crossed all the unusual hurdles during their expedition. They
used their patience and mutual understanding perfectly to complete their great mission.
SLOW LEARNERS
Topic : The Summit

Genre : Travelogue
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Introduction
“The summit” is a slightly adapted excerpt from “The Ascent of Everest” by John Hunt. It reveals the
successful attempt of mountaineers- Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.
Climbers’ departure
After drinking lemon juice and eating sardines, Hillary and Tenzing Norgay left the camp at 6;30
a.m. Hillary had checked the oxygen sets.
Crossing hurdles
The climbers faced the following hurdles: soft snow, large cornices and ridge. They crossed the
hurdles successfully. They belayed perfectly.
Reaching the target
The climbers expressed their joy and relief, after reaching the summit. Having placed eatables and
the crucifix to the Gods, they descended quickly to the tent. Then, they replaced the exhausted oxygen
bottles.
Conclusion
The climbers completed their mission through team work and determination.
d) Each member of the team had all their responsibility

to get all their ducks in a row.
e) We could not believe that with a few more whacks of
the ice axe in the firm snow we were round the
corner to the top.
a) Idioms
iii) Understand the meaning of the given idiomatic
i) Given below are some idiomatic expressions with
expression and choose the right one to complete
their meanings. Understand the meaning
the sentence.
a) wait for the dust to settle - to wait for a situation to
the icing on the cake – something extra and not
become clear or certain
essential, but is added to make it even better
b) get/have all your ducks in a row - to have made all
break the ice – to make people more relaxed,
the preparations needed to do something / to be well
especially at the beginning of the meeting
organized
a) The conference room was silent though packed. The
c) fetch and carry (for somebody) - to do a lot of little
chairman introduced an interactive session to break
jobs for somebody as if you were their servant
the ice.
d) do the math - to think carefully about something
b) Our headmistress not only promised us to take us for
before doing it, so that you know all the relevant
an excursion, but also announced that on return we
facts or figures
would get a holiday. It was like the icing on the
e) round the corner - very near
cake.
ii) Fill in the blanks with the right idioms. Choose
b) Phrasal Verbs
from the above given idioms.
i) Given below are the phrasal verbs with their
a) The Sherpas are cheerful, gallant men, who fetch
meanings. Use the given phrasal verbs in
and carry tents, oxygen, food etc., for climbers
sentences of your own.
during their ascent of the summit.
turn on - to open
b) The team does the math carefully so as to reach the
took over - took control of something / took lead
summit successfully.
set off - start a journey
c) When they had to climb through deep new snow the
put off - postpone
party sometimes had to wait for the dust to settle.
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1) My friend turned on a new account with the bank. land for a long period of time
2) The son took over the company from his father. ice-rink - specially prepared flat surface of ice,
3) During the last vacation, we set off to Shimla. where you can ice-skate;
4) The match was put off because of rain. d) Semantic Network
ii) Given below are some Phrasal Verbs which are i) Match the following with their right field choosing
frequently used in connection with travelling. appropriately from the box given.
Guess the meaning and match. Machinery, Sports, Transportation, Geography.
see off - start off / to begin a journey Weather, Travel
stop over - to go to station or airport to say good snow-board – sports snow-storm – weather
bye to some one snow-mobile – transportation snow-bird – travel
set off - to stay at a place for a short period of time snow-chains – machinery snow-belt – geography
when travelling to another place
Answer :
see off – to go to station or airport to say good bye First, read the following statements. Then, listen to
to some one the passage read aloud by your teacher or played on
stop over – to stay at a place for a short period of the recorder and complete the statements. You may
time when travelling to another place listen to it again, if required.
set off – start off / to begin a journey Complete the following.
get in - leave a bus or train etc. a) List any three aspects which contributed to the
get off - to go away from home for a vacation. success of the ascent of the summit.
get on - arrive inside train, bus etc. i) work of previous climbers
get away - enter a bus, train place ii) careful and thorough planning
Answer : iii) excellence of our equipment
get in – enter a bus, train place b) Without the help of Sherpas, nothing would have
get off – leave a bus or train etc. been possible.
get on – arrive inside train, bus etc. c) The main idea of the passage is requirement of
get away – to go away from home for a vacation. mountain climbing.
check in - pay the bill when leaving a hotel d) The biggest thing of all is working together.
check out - arrive and register at airport or hotel e) Edmund Hillary and Tenzing were cheerful and
Answer : gallant men.
check in – arrive and register at airport or hotel
check out – pay the bill when leaving a hotel
a) Group activity
c) Compound Words
i) Have you ever been on an adventurous trip? If so
i) Here are some compound words chosen from the
share your success story with your friend.
text.
ice-fall, knife-edge, wind-proof, sleeping-bags I am very much interested in an adventurous trip.
As I am a school student, I cannot have big
half-way, never-ending, partly-ful,l ice- axe
adventures. Once I had a chance to go on trekking
Let us learn a few more with their meaning.
to Yercaud. From Salem it is a 10 kilometre trip and
ice-berg - an extremely large mass of ice floating in
the height is 3000 feet. We had to walk through the
the sea
forest area. So we had to get permission from the
ice-cap - a layer of ice permanently covering parts
Forest Department. 15 students with one of our
of the earth, especially around North and South
teachers started our trip at 8. o’clock in the
Poles
morning. Certain areas were tough to climb. It was
ice-floe - a large area of ice floating in the sea
very exciting to go through the forest. On the way,
ice-sheet - a layer of ice that covers a large area of
we saw a small fall and we took a bath in it. We
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reached the top at 1pm. We had lunch there and achieved only by the people who have strong will
came down by bus. power and work hard with complete dedication.
ii) How will you organise or plan for a trip or an Will power is necessary to achieve the goal in life.
event? Do you have the habit of preparing a Most of us do not succeed in life as we don’t have
check-list? Discuss. strong determination and will towards achieving the
I have to meet the interested people for the trip and goal. The meaning of this English proverb ‘Where
decide the place and date. Then I should get there is a will, there is a way’ is when we have
permission from the authorities concerned. First I strong will to get something in life. Surely we
should talk to my Principal about the trip and achieve it in future. Most of the people who are not
request him to give permission. If I go into the sea, determined towards their goal generally tend to
I should get ready with proper dress and foot wear. curse their fate or misfortune. But the fact is that we
I have to get the boat of the required size for the don’t have will and dedication towards the task. We
trip. At least one or two good swimmers should should blame ourselves and our negligence only
accompany us. Not to miss any small item I will and not our misfortune. Having a desire to get
prepare a check list as per the need of the trip. One something is not enough. We have to work actively
day before the trip I will check the list to my in the right direction with strong will power.
satisfaction. c) Together we can achieve more
b) Individual Activity “Together we can achieve more”... This adage
Given below are a few proverbs. Prepare a short holds true to any organization. You might say it is a
speech of two minutes on one of the proverbs. simple phrase, but there is so much more to it. Let
a) Nothing is impossible me tell you how we achieve success. A team with
The word ‘impossible’ itself spells, ‘I’m possible’. good communication skill, commitment, and
Napoleon Bonaparte once remarked, “The word excellent teamwork will certainly succeed. There is
‘impossible’ is found only in the dictionary of no doubt. First, we have to envision our goals and
fools”. In this world, everything is possible on the make each member of the team understand the
basis of will power, dogged determination and common goal. Communication is vital in every
sacrifice. To accomplish the most difficult tasks, step. We should collaborate with others. Every
you need to put in a lot of hard work, extra member will be delegated a task. In delegating
perseverance and concentration on a single tasks, we should focus on individual strengths and
objective. You should have patience and faith in expertise. Each person puts his heart in his tasks
yourself. You should have determination, and creates and builds good working relationships
dedication and devotion to attain success. Never along the way. As long as we have the 4 C’s -
bother about the results. Keep on going even if the Communication, Commitment, Collaboration and
pace is slow. Just ensure it remains steady. You are Compassion, we will continue to succeed and
bound to face obstacles en route to success, but deliver quality service.
with courage and perseverance, you can master Giving Instructions (Page 120)
them. Your positive attitude and clear frame of Here are a few instructions given by a Health
mind determine your future. In this world, there is Inspector to a group of students, in order to prevent
no such thing as CHANGE. With your own ideas, malaria and dengue. Complete the series adding
will and ability, you can create a number of some more important instructions.
chances, circumstances and desired atmosphere to 1) Do not allow water to stagnate in and around
achieve the toughest goal. your house.
b) Where there is a will there is a way. 2) Keep your surroundings clean.
Generally, all of us have a goal in life which we 3) Wear long- sleeved shirts / blouses and long
work to achieve. However, the final goal is pants / skirts that cover your arms and legs.
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4) Do not litter the place with wastes.  Dress your group alike or in bright-colored,
5) Divide the waste into perishable and non- unique clothing.
perishable and put them in the proper place.  Remind younger children to avoid strangers,
Now, write a set of 8 to 10 instructions for the and help them identify police officers or
following situations. officials to go to when lost.
1) A doctor instructing a patient regarding a healthy  Place your phone number in your child’s
diet and proper care after a surgery. pocket in case you’re separated.
 Take vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and fat-  Keep your phone charged. Program it to vibrate
free or low-fat dairy products. as well as ring.
 Include lean meat, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts. 3) A mother to her children, on safety measures to
 Limit saturated and trans fats, sodium, and be taken before leaving home on vacation.
added sugars.  Close the doors properly.
 Control portion sizes.  Leave one or two lights on.
 Eat grains that contain 1,200–1,500 calories  Clean your garbage disposal.
each day that will help most women lose  Mute your phone’s ringer.
weight safely.  Unplug small appliances.
 Eat grains that contain 1,500–1,800 calories  Do a faucet check.
each day ideal for men and for women who  Clean standing toilet water.
weight  Leave the kitchen clean.
 more or who exercise regularly.
 Take plenty of water.
 Do not eat spicy food. Note Making
 Control your movements on the cot. On the basis of your understanding of the given
 Take prescribed medicine properly. passage, make notes in any appropriate format.
2) A traffic police personnel to the public, as to how Life of Sherpas
to move around in safety, in crowded public I. Nomadic Sherpas migrated from Tibet to Nepal
places during festival seasons. a) 600 years ago
 Make sure you know where the exits are. b) Shyarkhamba
 Don’t wear loose clothes or accessories that c) 4 Sherpa clans – Minyaagpa, Thimmi, Sertawa,
could become tangled. Chawa
 Avoid standing on or near structures that could II. Little contact beyond mountains
collapse. a) have their own language
 Walk around the crowd rather than pushing b) have no opportunity to reach the top
through them. c) carry things for others
 Leave early or late to avoid the rush when the d) Edmund Hillary the ‘Sherpa King’
event is over. III. Sherpas die in mountain casualties
 If you’re caught in a moving crowd, walk a) carry heaviest loads
sideways or diagonally across it to work your b) earn money from climbers
way. c) 1990s commercial guiding on Everest
 Try to carry only your identification cards, Grammar (Page 121)
cash, and one credit card. Kinds of sentences.
 Choose a purse with zipper, button, or clasp a) Simple Sentence
closures, and a strap that hangs across your A simple sentence has just one independent clause -
body. it has only one subject and one predicate.
 Keep a diligent eye on your children.
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Task 1 schoolmate.
Pick out the finite verbs in the following sentences. d) I believe that all men are basically good.
(Page 122) e) No one knows when he will return.
a) You can solve this problem in different ways. – can Task 2
solve Pick out the complex sentences in the following
b) The professor has been working on the last chapter of passage.
the book since March. – has been working A man saw a lion in the bush, as he was walking
c) Despite being a celebrity, Ravi mingles easily with through the forest. He did not know what to do. He
everyone. – mingles was helpless. He was too scared to turn around and
d) You must speak clearly to make yourself understood. run. He just knelt down as if he were getting ready
– must speak to pray. He closed his eyes, thinking that the lion
e) The chairman being away, the clerk is unable to would pounce on him anytime. Out of the corner of
approve the proposal. – is his eye, he saw the lion on its knees too. Shocked,
f) Getting down from the car, the Chief Guest walked he asked the lion what it was doing. The lion
towards the dais amidst applause. – walked replied that he was praying before he started his
g) The old man struggled to walk without support. – meal.
struggled c) Compound Sentence
h) In case of emergency, please contact this number. – Two Main clauses connected by a conjunction form
contact a compound sentence.
i) The sun having set, the temperature fell rapidly. – fell Task 1
j) But for your help, I could not have completed the Identify the two Main clauses and conjunction in
assignment. – could not have completed each of the following sentences.
Task 2 a) It started raining suddenly and people ran for
Read the following passage and identify the simple shelter.
sentences. I. It started raining suddenly
Sunflowers turn according to the position of the II. people ran for shelter conjunction – and
sun. In other words, they ‘ chase the light’. Have b) Understand the concept well, otherwise you
you ever wondered what happens on cloudy, rainy cannot solve the problem.
days when the sun is completely covered by I. understand the concept well
clouds? If you think the sunflower withers or turns II. you cannot solve the problem
its head towards the ground, you are completely conjunction – otherwise
mistaken. Do you know what happens? Sunflowers c) Fifty candidates appeared for the interview, but
turn to each other to share their energy. Learning only five were selected.
from Nature, we too should support and empower I. Fifty candidates appeared for the interview
each other. II. only five were selected conjunction – but
b) Complex Sentence d) Ramesh did not know Spanish, so he wanted a
A complex sentence has one main clause and one or translator.
more subordinate clauses. I. Ramesh did not know Spanish
Task 1 (Page 123) II. he wanted a translator conjunction – so
Look at the following complex sentences. Circle the e) He is a good actor, still he is not popular.
Main clauses and underline the Subordinate clauses. I. He is a good actor
a) Nobody knows when the power supply will II. he is not popular conjunction – still
resume. Task 2
b) Please tell me what the time is. Pick out the compound sentences in the following
c) The man who directed the film was my passage.
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The food we eat has to be digested and then thrown in the exam, she will not allow me to watch a
out of the body. The air we breathe in, has to be movie.
thrown out, to help us survive. But we hold j) If I had won the lottery, I would have donated
negative emotions like insecurity, anger and (donate) relief materials for the flood victims.
jealousy within ourselves for years. If these Task 2
negative emotions are not eliminated, the mind Rewrite the following sentences using ‘If’ without
grows corrupt and diseased. Let us do away with changing the meaning. (Page 125)
hatred and lead a healthy life filled with peace and Example : Unless you go for a walk regularly, you
joy. cannot reduce your weight. (Use ‘If’)
Task 3 (Page 124) If you do not go for a walk regularly, you cannot
Complete the sentences choosing the right endings. reduce your weight.
We were thoroughly disappointed – to find out his a) Sindhu would not have won the world
address championship, unless she had had single-minded
Hardly had he stepped out – we could not go further devotion.
They wanted – since our team did not get a prize Sindhu would not have won the world
Since we had run out of petrol – was his reckless championship, if she had not had single-minded
driving devotion.
The cause of his injury – when it began to rain b) You will not reach your goal, unless you chase
Answer your dream.
We were thoroughly disappointed since our team You will not reach your goal, if you do not chase
did not get a prize. your dream.
Hardly had he stepped out when it began to rain. c) Unless we plant more trees, we cannot save our
They wanted to find out his address. planet.
Since we had run out of petrol, we could not go If we do not plant more trees, we cannot save our
further. planet.
The cause of his injury was his reckless driving. d) The rescue team would not have saved the victims
Conditional Clauses unless they had received the call in time.
Task 1 The rescue team would not have saved the victims
Read the following sentences and fill in the blanks. if they had not received the call in time.
a) If I were (be) a spider, I would weave (weave) webs. e) The palace cannot be kept clean, unless we
b) If Raj were (be) a sculptor, he would make (make) appoint more people.
beautiful idols. (or) If Raj is a sculptor he will The palace cannot be kept clean, if we do not
make beautiful idols. appoint more people.
c) If Mary had an umbrella, she would lend (lend) it to f) The portraits would not have been so natural
me. unless the artist had given his best.
d) Rex would have played with me, if he had had (has) The portraits would not have been so natural if the
time. artist had not given his best.
e) If I were you, I would accept (accept) this offer. g) The manager would not have selected Nithiksha
f) We will select (select) story books for kids, if we unless she exhibited good accounting skill.
allot time for storytelling. The manager would not have selected Nithiksha if
g) The Education Minister will visit (visit) our school she had not exhibited good accounting skill.
tomorrow, if he goes by this way. h) The policeman would not have arrested the man
h) You will be rewarded by the wise, if you stand unless he had violated the rules.
(stand) for truth. The policeman would not have arrested the man if
i) If my mother knows (know) of my poor performance he had not violated the rules.
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i) Mr Kunaal would not sponsor my higher Interpreting non–verbal presentation

education unless I studied well. You have already learnt to present information or
Mr Kunaal would sponsor my higher education if I data in a visual form through tables, graphs etc.
studied well. Map reading also falls under this category. Now let
j) Kavin will not stop flying kites unless he us interpret a map as a part of non–verbal
understands the risk involved in it. presentation.
Kavin will not stop flying kites if he does not Reading a map
understand the risk involved in it. Nowadays though locations are traced easily using
k) Tanya would not know the answer unless she GPS, (Global Positioning System) one should know
referred to the answer key. what to look for in the map to reach the destination.
Tanya would know the answer if she referred to the Here are a few general instructions to be followed
answer key. while reading a map.
l) My village cannot achieve 100 % literacy rate,  Identify and understand the elements of the
unless the elders of the village cooperate with the map correctly.
education department.  Look out for the title to know what the map
My village cannot achieve 100 % literacy rate, if shows.
the elders of the village do not cooperate with the  Study the symbols / colours that are used on the
education department. map and find what they stand for.
 Look at the scale of the map. (whether to be
scaled or not to be scaled)
Summarizing  Look for the pointer to know the direction.
 Summarizing is to briefly sum up the various points Let us together scale the summit. Here is a drawing
from the notes made from the original passage. of the Everest showing the way to the summit, and
 Refer the reading passage. You must have the position of the camps with their heights. Trace
completed reading. Now go through the passage the trekking trail to reach the summit with the given
once again and refer to the notes made and do the detail and write an interesting paragraph in about
summarizing. 100 words.
Summary The Summit of Mount Everest
The Sherpas Khumbu Glacier was the base camp. It is at the height
The Sherpas were the first to migrate from Tibet and get of 17500 feet. We had a short stop at 19400 feet and
settled in the Solukhumbu District, Nepal. During 14th then proceeded to 20200. On the way we had ice fall
centrury, Sherpa ancestors migrated from Kham. The and it gave some trouble to us. We continued our
group of people from the Kham region were called trekking and reached Western CWM which is at the
“Shyar Khamba” and the inhabitants of ShyarKhamba height of 21200. This was our 4th stop. Then we took
were called Sherpas. Sherpas had little contact with the right turn and reached 22000. This led to our 6th place
world beyond the mountains. They were not allowed to which is at the height of 23000 feet. To reach the 7th
go to the top. They got a low salary. Today Sherpas get place we crossed Lhotse face. The 7th stop was 24000
good pay. The transformation began when the Sherpa feet high. We proceeded further and crossed Geneva
Tenzing Norgay and Hillary reached Everest in 1953. Spur and reached the 8th spot at the height of 26000
Life in Khumbu improved thanks to the efforts taken by feet. Then we further moved and reached the spot at the
Hillary and hence he was known as Sherba. Sherpas height of 27500 feet. With great difficulty we reached
workning on the Everst perish one by one because of South Summit which is at the height of 28700. Now we
natural disasters. In some ways Sherpas have benefitted were closer to their goal. Then we reached the top
from commercialisation of the Everest. They have taken which is above 29035 feet high. We were successful in
up jobs as guides. our mission.
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Rajanarayanan, popularly known by Tamil initials as Ki. Ra., is a Tamil

folklorist and a prolific author. The short story ‘The chair’ is written in 1969 and its
original title is ‘Naarkaali’ The novels Gopalla Grammam and its sequel
Gopallapurathu Makkal are among his most acclaimed; he won the Sahitya
Akademi award for the latter in 1991. As As a folklorist, Ki. Ra. spent decades
collecting folktales from the karisal kaadu and publishing them in popular
magazines. In 2007, the Thanjavur based publishing house Annam compiled these
folktales into a 944-page
page book, the Nattuppura Kadhai Kalanjiyam (Collection of
Country Tales). As of 2009, he has published around 30 books. A selection of these
were translated into English by Pritham K.Chakravarthy and published in 2009 as
where Are You Going, You Monkeys? - Folktales from Tamil Nadu.
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The Chair
A sub-judge’s fall from Discussion wood for the

A house without a chair
a stool chair
Black wood - final Bright chair excites the

Chair - used for corpre
choice fmily and the villagers
The narrator’s family was relieved

Maamanaar donated his chair to the
from the continuous disturbance of the
villagers
villagers
a) How responsible and capable are you at home?

b) Can you iron your clothes and arrange them? Can you replace a tube light?
We shouldn’t live a life of entitlement. We must share a few responsibilities to keep our house clean and perfect.
Solve the clues given below and complete the cross word
1 2 3
T e l e v i s i o n
9
a a o m
4 5 8
b e d s f w i
6 7
l e e a r m c h a i r
e s a r r
k t d o
s r r
10
s o
t b
11
c o t a l o g u e
o
12
l a m p
Across Down
1. You can watch programmes, matches and news on it. 1. Yu can sit around it
4. You can lie on this and sleep 2. You can put flowers in this
6. You can sit on this and relax by yourself 3. You can sit on this with two other people
comfortably
11. You can store all your books here 5. You can do your writing work on this
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12. This can give you light when it is dark 7. This can cover a small space and decorate the floor
8. You can put all your clothes in here
9. You can look into this to see yourself
10. You can sit on this, it has 3 legs.
Read the following story about a family that does not have a chair - (Perhaps, the entire village hasn’t seen a
chair). The narrator amusingly narrates their plan of actions and the aftermath humorous incidents that
happened after the arrival of the chair.
A house without a chair? ehw;fhyp ,y;yhj tPlh?
Suddenly everyone in our house began to feel this tPl;by; midthpd; kdjpYk;> ,ijg;gw;wpNa
way. That was it: it was put on the family “agenda” rpe;jidAk;> fye;Jiuahly;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd.
and discussions began.
The day before, a family friend had paid us a visit. Jiz ePjpgjpahf cs;s xU FLk;g ez;gh;> tPl;bw;F
He was a sub-judge. Couldn’t he have come like one tUif Ghpe;jhh;. mth; vq;fisg;Nghy; Nt\;b -
of us, in a veshti and shirt? No, he arrived in “suit- rl;ilapy;yhky;> #l; - Nfhl;by; tUif Ghpe;J
boot” and all. There was only a three-legged stool in ,Ue;jh;. vq;fsJ tPl;by; xU Kf;fhyp kl;LNk
our house. It measured a mere three-fourth foot; to ,Ue;jJ. Kf;fhy; mbapy; cs;s Kf;fhypapy;> cq;fs;
churn curd, Paati, our grandmother, would sit only ghl;b mijj; japh;fila kl;LNk
gad;gLj;Jthh;fs;. ghl;b> rw;W fdkhf ,Ue;j
on it. She was quite heavy. Our grandfather had
gbahy;> jhj;jh> mijj; jr;rhplk; nfhLj;J> rw;W
asked the carpenter to make it somewhat broader.
mfyg;gLj;jp ,Ue;jhh;.
The sub-judge too was a little portly. Since we didn’t Jiz ePjpgjpAk;> rw;W nfhOj;j Njf
possess any other furniture, we brought that for him. KilatuhfNt ,Ue;jhh;. xU Kidapy;> ifia
Placing one hand on its edge, he made to sit down. Cd;wp mjd; Nky; mkh;e;jhh;. ,e;jg; gioa fhyj;Jg;
One wretched thing about his stool: if you didn’t nghUspy;> rhpaha; mkuhtpl;lhy; ftpOk;
place the weight exactly above the legs, it would jd;ikAilaJ. cwpapy; ,Ue;J nea;ia jpULk;
topple over. Ever so many times we had fallen down Neuj;jpy; ftdkpd;ikahy;> epiwa Kiw fPNo
tpOe;jpUf;fpNwhk;. mijf; $wp Kbg;gjw;F Kd;Ng>
when we stood on it carelessly to steal ghee from the
Jiz ePjpgjp fPNo tpOe;J cUz;lhh;. ehDk;
ropenet. Poor thing-just as we were about to caution
vd;Dil rNfhjuDk;> jq;ifAk;> eifg;ig mlf;f
the sub-judge, he fell down with a thud and rolled
Kbahky; gpd;Gw Njhl;lj;jpw;F XbNdhk;.
over. Me, my brother and my littlest sister couldn’t vq;fSila ekl;L rphpg;G mlq;Fk; Kd; vd; jq;if
contain our giggles, so we ran to the back garden. mth; NghyNt fPNo cUz;L> ebj;Jf; fhl;bdhs;.
Just as we thought our chuckles and subsided, our
sister would mimic the sub-judge, leaning her hand
and rolling on the floor. Our laughter only
lengthened. There was another reason for our
giggles-the memory of our parents suppressing their
giggles in front of the guest who had tumbled over.
So when we finished laughing on everyone’s behalf rw;Nw rphpg;ig mlq;fpa gpd;G> G+id Nghy; gpd;
and pussyfooted into the house, the stout guest was fl;by; ,Ue;J> nkJthf cs;Ns Eioe;Njhk;. te;j
not to be seen. And neither was the stool. “Did he tpUe;jpdiuAk;> tpor;nra;j Kf;fhypiaAk;
take it away with him?” asked my sister to me. fhztpy;iy. ‘mijAk; ifAlNd vLj;Jf;nfhz;L
nrd;W tpl;lhuh?” vd;W jq;if vd;dplk;
tpdtpdhh;.
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After this incident, it was decided that a chair would ,e;j epfo;r;rpf;Fg; gpwF> tPl;bw;F xU ehw;fhyp
be made for our home. The one practical difficulty in nra;tnjdj; jPh;khdpj;Njhk;. ,jpy; cs;s
getting it made was that there wasn’t a single chair in eilKiwr; rpf;fy; vd;dntdpy;> khjphpf;Ff;
our village to show as a model. Besides, there wasn’t fhz;gpg;gjw;F vq;fs; fpuhkj;jpy; xU ehw;fhyp $l
a single carpenter either who knew how to make one. ,y;iy. ehw;fhyp ed;F nra;a njhpe;j jr;rUk;
,y;iy.
“No problem. We can buy one from the town,” ‘xU gpur;ridAk; ,y;iy. Ntz;Lnkd;why; ehk;
suggested my brother, Pedanna. Our father rejected gf;fj;J lTdpy; ,Ue;J xd;iw tpiyf;F
it, saying it wouldn’t be sturdy. thq;fyhk;” vd;whh; vd;Dil rNfhjuuhd
ngj;jz;zh. mJ mt;tsT cWjpahf ,Uf;fhJ”
vd;W kWj;jhh; mg;gh.
Athai, our aunt, said that there was a skilled vq;fsJ mj;ij> gf;fj;J fpuhkj;jpy;> xU Gfo;ngw;w
carpenter in the neighbouring village. That there Njh;e;j jr;rd; ,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhh;. mth;
wasn’t chair he hadn’t made. And that the governor MSehplNk Ngh; ngw;wth; vd;whh;.
himself had praised him.
When my mother heard my aunt’s second sentence, cld; mk;kh> Kfj;ijj; jpUg;gpf;nfhz;L
she turned her face, as if to say, “Yes, yes, she’s seen nrhd;dhs; ‘Mkhkh! ,t jhd; Nehpy; ghh;j;j
everything!” khjphp”.
My father called worker, dispatched him to the vdJ je;ij Ntiyahisg; gf;fj;J fpuhkj;jpw;F
carpenter’s village, and came and sat with us. Now jr;riu ghh;jJ; tu mDg;gp tpl;L> tPl;bDs;
there was discussion on the kind of wood to be used vq;fSld; te;J mkh;e;jhh;. mLj;J> ehw;fhypf;F
for the chair. vd;d kuk; thq;FtJ vd;W NgryhNdhk;.
“Teak is the best. That’s what wil be light to lift and vdJ ghl;b> ‘Njf;F kuNk> rpwe;jJ” vd;Wk;>
carry around and be sturdy at the same time”, said vq;NfAk; J}f;fpr; nry;tjw;Fk;> cWjpahfTk;
our grandmother, pressing her stretched legs. (Our ,Uf;Fk; vd;whh;.
paati was extremely fond of her legs. She was
forever stroking them).
At that moment, our maternal uncle, Maamanaar, me;Neuk;> vdJ khkdhh; tPl;bDs; gpuNtrpj;jhh;.
walked in. Pedanna ran and brought the stool. For a ngj;jz;zh> Xbr;nrd;W Kf;fhypiaf; nfhz;L
while, the whole house spluttered into giggles te;jhh;. rpwpJ Neuj;jpw;F tPNl rphpg;G ntbahy;
before things settled down. mjph;e;jJ.
Maamanaar himself had chosen a spot to sit khkh> vg;nghOJk;> cl;fhUtjw;F> ,lj;ij jhNd
whenever he visited our hosue. Chop off his head, Njh;T nra;thh;. ];Nlhh; &kpw;F njw;Nf> cw;w
and he’d still sit there and nowhere else. He would Rtw;wpy;> J}zpy; rha;eJ
; mkh;thh;. mkh;ej; Tld;>
lean against the pillar adjoining the wall to the south jdJ jiyKbia mtpo;j;J ed;F jiyia
of the storeroom. The first thing he would do as soon nrhwpe;J gpd;dh; kWgbAk; Nrh;j;Jf; fl;Lthh;.
,Wff;fl;ba gpd;> jiuia ed;F Ma;T nra;thh;.
as he sat down was to loosen his tuft, give it a good
‘cq;fs; jiyapy; ,Ue;J gzk; VJk; tpOe;J
shake, scratch his head and tie it back tightly. Then
tpltpy;iy” vd;W NfypAld; rphpg;ghh; mz;zh.
he would inspect the floor around him. “Didn’t see
any money falling from your head”, Anna would say
with an impudent smile.
He would always be pierced with such paper arrows vg;nghOnjy;yhk; - tPl;bw;F tUfpwhNuh mg;nghOJ
whenever he visited us. He would sit mum with a vy;yhk; - ,Nj Nghd;W - fhfpj mk;Gfshy; -
smile, like a stone Pillaiyaar, as if to say, “You are Jisf;fg;gLthh;. Mdhy; mth; xU
my relatives - if you don’t tease me, who will?” fy;Yg;gps;isahh; Nghy; Gd;ifAld; mkh;ej; pUg;ghh;.
When our ridicule overstepped the limits, Amma ‘ePq;fs; vdJ cwtpdh;fs; ePq;fs; vd;id Nfyp
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would pretend to chide us. The last word always nra;ahky; NtW ahh; nra;thh;?” vd;ghh;. rpy
ended in “you donkeys”. Neuq;fspy; ehq;fs; vy;iy kPWk; NghJ ‘fOijfsh!”
vd;gNjhL rhp
As soon as Maamanaar sat down, Amma went khkh mkh;e;jTld; mk;kh rikayiwia Nehf;fpr;
towards the kitchen. Like a lamb, Appa followed nrd;whs;. Ml;Lf; Fl;biag; Nghd;W> mk;khitg;
her. In a while Amma appeared in the passage, a gpd; njhlh;ej; hh; mg;gh. rpwpJ Neuj;jpy;>
silver tumbler of buttermilk seasoned with asafetida ngUq;fhaj;J}spd; kzk; fko> mk;kh xU rpy;th;
in her hand, followed by Appa, who, unseen by her, lk;shpy; Nkhh; nfhz;L te;jhs;. mtSf;F gpd;GwNk
mts; mwpahky; epd;W nfhz;bUe;j mg;gh
aped her movements for our benefit, as if to say,
vq;fsplk; ‘mtSila rNfhjud; te;jpUg;gjhy;
“Her brotrher has come, it seems. Look at her taking
vd;d mf;fiwAld; Nkhh; nfhz;L nry;fpwhs;
buttermilk for him with so much care”. The aroma of
ghUq;fs;” vd;whh;. kzk; fkOk; Nkhhpd; eWzkKk;>
the buttermilk and the asafetida made us want to
ngUq;fhaj;J}spd; kzKk;> clNd Fbf;f Ntz;Lk;
drink it right away. vd;d Mtiyj; Jz;bd.
We believed that Maamanaar visited us mainly to khkh> Nkhh; Fbg;gjw;nfd;Nw vq;fs; tPl;bw;F
drink buttermilk. The buttermilk from our cow was tUfpwhh; NghYk;. vq;fs; gRtpd; Nkhh;
that divine. Besides, we thought that our uncle was nja;tPfj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ. NkYk; ,e;j
the stingiest person in the village. We firmly fpuhkj;jpNyNa> mth; vJf;Fk;> ahUf;Fk;> cjthj
believed he never gave away anthing to anyone. kfh fQ;rd;.
He himself had gone to Kannaavaram to buy this mtNu fz;zhtuk; - vd;w CUf;Fr; nrd;W> fWg;G
famed black-tongued milchcow for his sister. My epw fwit khl;il - mtNu jdJ rNfhjhpf;F thq;fp
younger brother and sister doted on its calf. te;jhh;. vdJ ,isa rNfhjuDk; rNfhjhpAk;
Whenever he came over, and just before he left, he khl;bd; kPJ Nguz;G nfhz;bUe;jdh;. vg;nghOJ
always went around the cow, gave it a pat (he was te;jhYk; fpsk;Gtjw;F Kd;ghf> mjdplk; nrd;W
ciuahb tpl;L mjd; KJfpy; jl;bf; nfhLj;J
afraid his own evil eye would fall on it!), and uttered
tpl;Nl nry;thh;. khl;bd; ghy; tw;wpg; Ngha; tpl;lhy;>
words of praise, even if he was thrifty with them. My
khkh fd;Wf; Fl;bAld; khl;il Xl;br; nrd;W
little siblings always had this big fear that once the
tpLthNu - vd;W vd; cld; gpwe;jth; gae;jdh;.
milk dried up, the cow would be taken away to his
house, along with the calf.
The anticipation of this imagined separation only ,e;j vz;zNk> mth;fSf;F khl;bd; kPJ
increased their fondness for the calf and their Nguz;igAk;> khkhtpd; kPJ ntWg;igAk;
bitterness towards Maamanaar. Whenever he mth;fSf;F cz;lhf;fpd.
relished the buttermilk, these small children punched
and pinched with their very stares.
Maamanaar showed interest in the debate about the khkhTk; ehw;fhyp thq;Fk; fye;Jiuahlypy;
chair. He let it be known that he too would like one Mh;tKld; gq;Nfw;whh;. jdf;Fk; xU ehw;fhyp
to be made for him. We too were glad to have a nra;tjpy;> Mh;tk; ,Ug;gjhf khkh $wpdhh;. ,jpy;
partner in this enterprise. gq;Fjhuh; fpilj;jjpy; vq;fSf;Fk; xU re;Njh\Nk.
Mamanar said that the neem tree was the best. It khkh Ntk;G kuNk rpwe;jJ. clk;igf; Fsph;r;rpahf
would keep the body cool. itf;ff;$baJ vd;whh;.
When he expounded on the neem tree, Appa looked khkh Ntk;G kuj;ijg; gw;wpj; njspthf tpthpj;j
at him with round-eyed astonishment. Only the day NghJ> mg;ghtpd; fz;fs; tphpe;jd. mjw;F Ke;ija
before Appa had been talking to a farmhand about ehs; jhd; mg;gh xU gz;izahsplk;> goikahd
cutting down an ancient, diamond-hard neem tree in ituk; gha;e;j vq;fs; fhy;eilfs; NkAk; ,lj;jpy;
our cattle-pasture and laying it out to dry. Pedanna cs;s Ntk;G kuj;jpid ntl;LtJ Fwpj;J
NgrpapUe;jhh;. ngj;jz;zh - “G+tur kuNk rpwe;jJ.
said, “Making it out of poovarasu wood would be
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really good. It’s a fine-grained wood, without knots. typikahdJk;> totog;ghd kuj;ijAk; nfhz;lJ”
And glossy and strong too”. vd;whh;.
Our elder sister said, “All these are light-coloured vdJ nghpa rNfhjhp - ‘,it midj;JNk Nyrhd
woods. Ugly to look at! After a while, we’ll begin to epwk; nfhz;l kuq;fs;” fUk;G epwj;ijf;
even detest them. I’m saying it will be best to make nfhz;lNjh> vs;spd; epwk; nfhz;l Nff;
it the colour of ripe sugarcane or dark like sesame vJthapDk; rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;”. gpwF cq;fs;
oilcake. But it’s your wish...” The vision of a highly tpUg;gk;! vd;whs;. NkYk; xU trjpahd ehw;fhyp
comfortable chair - in black wood with a mirror-like vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> ey;y mlh;e;j
epwKk;> fz;zhbiag; Nghd;w gsgsg;Gk;> ed;whf
gleam, with perfectly shaped front legs, and curved
,iof;fg;gl;l Kd; fhy;fisAk; rw;Nw tise;j
back legs, yawning languorously, to match the
gpd;dq;fhy;fisAk;> Nrhh;thf cs;s NghJ> rha;e;J
recline of the chair-flashed before oru eyes.
cl;fhh;e;J nfhl;lhtpAld; fz; mah;tJ>
Rfkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whs;. vq;fs; Kd;
‘xU mofhd trjpahd rha;T ehw;fhyp” fz; Kd;
Njhd;wpaJ.
Every felt that she was right. So it was arranged for mts; nrhy;tJ Kw;wpYk; midtuhYk;> Vw;Wf;;
two chairs to be made immediately, one for us and nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L ehw;fhypfs; nra;a
the other for Maamanaar. gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. xd;W vq;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;Fk;>
,d;ndhd;W khkh mth;fSf;Fk;.
When the two chairs arrived, we didn’t know which mofhf ,uz;L ehw;fhypfs; nra;J tPL te;jd.
one to keep and which to send to Maamanaar. If you ,uz;Lk; xNu Nghy;> ,uhkd; - yl;Rkzidg;
look at one, you didn’t need to see the other-they Nghd;W xNu Njhw;wKilajhfj; jhd; ,Ue;jJ.
were like Rama-Lakshmana. We kept one and sent vij vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ> vd;w rpW Fog;gj;jpw;Fg;
the other to Maamanaar. We had a doubt: had we gpd;> xd;iw Njh;T nra;J> kw;nwhd;iw khkh
tPl;bw;F mDg;gpNdhk;.
sent the better one to him?
One by one, we took turns to sit on the chair. Never xt;nthUtuhf> ehw;fhypapy; mkh;e;Njhk;. vOe;J
felt like getting up from it. But had to because others nfhs;s kdNk tutpy;iy> ,Ue;jhYk;
too had to be given a chance. Pedanna sat and kw;wth;fSf;Fk; tha;g;Gj; ju vz;zpNdhk;.
exclaimed appreciatively, “Ah... ha!” He ran his ngj;jz;zh ‘iffis ehq;fhypapd; Nky; itj;J>
hands over the arms of the chair. He sat cross-legged fhy; Nky; fhy; Nghl;L mkh;e;J> M`h! vd;W
on it. Athai said, “We have to stitich a cover for it. Gfoe;jhh;. mj;ij ehw;fhypf;F ciw ijf;f
Ntz;Lk; ,y;iy vd;why; gOjhfp tpLk; vd;whh;.
Otherwise it will get soiled”.
My little sister and brother fought over it frequently. vd;Dila rpwpa rNfhuDk;> rNfhjupAk;> mbf;fb
She would hsout at him, “You’ve been sitting on it rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;th;. mts; rj;jkhf ‘ePNa!
for so long, get up. I want to sit now” vt;tsT Neuk; mkh;tha;” ehd; cl;fhu Ntz;Lk;.
vOe;jpU! vd;ghs;.
“Ayyo, I’ve just sat down. Look at her, Amma”, he mtNdh> ‘ma;Nah ehd; ,g;nghOJ jhd;
would say, his face puckering, as if about to cry. mkh;e;Njd;! mk;kh! vd;ghd;.
The nes of the arrival of the chair spread like fire ehw;fhypapd; tUif> Ch; KOtJk; gutpaJ.
around the village. People-children an dadults- Foe;ijfs; nghpath;fs; vd midtUk; te;jdh;.
arrived in hordes to see the chair. A few even xU Kjpath; ehw;fhypiaj; J}f;fpg; ghh;jj
; hh;. ‘ey;y
storked it. An old man lifted the chair. “Quite heavy. fdk; jr;rh; ed;whf cWjpahfj; jhd; nra;j
He’s made it sturdy”, he commended the carpenter. ,Uf;fpwhh;” vd;whh;.
A few days passed by. rpy ehl;fs; nrd;w gpwF.
One night, someone knocked on the door. Pedanna, ,uT Neuk; ahNuh> fjitj; jl;bdhh;fs;. xU
who was sleeping in the inner pial, opened the door. Kf;fpakhd egh;> ,we;J tpl;ljhff; $wp
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They said that an important person had just died in ehw;fhypiaf; Nfl;ldh;.
the village and that they needed the chair.
Since the deceased was also known to us, we too fpuhkj;jpy;> mth; gpuKfh; vd;gjhy;> ,Wjpr; rlq;fpy;
attended the funeral. It was on our chair that they ehq;fSk; gq;Nfw;Nwhk;. me;j ,we;J Nghd egh;>
had propped up the eminent person! vq;fs; ehw;fhypapNyNa mku itf;fg;gl;L>
midj;Jr; rlq;FfSk; Kbe;jd.
Till now in our village they always seated the corpse vq;fs; fpuhkj;jpy; ,J ehs; tiu> gpzj;ij
only on the floor. A grinding stone was laid on the jiuapNyNa fplj;jp ,Ug;gh;. xU khT miuf;Fk; fy;
floor and propped up to keep the corpse from rolling jiu kPJ itf;fg;gl;L> gpzj;ij mjd; kPJ rhh;jj ; p
away. A gunny sack stuffed with millet straw would Kl;Lf; nfhLg;gh;. xU itf;Nfhy; epug;gpa rhf;F
be rested against it. Against this bolseter, the corpse %l;ilia itj;J> gpzj;ij efh;e;J tplhky; mjd;
would be placed as if reclining on it. kPj rha;eJ
; ,Uf;fr; nra;th;.
From where out townspeople picked up this new fad Mdhy;> gpzj;ij ehw;fhypapy; mku itf;Fk;
of propping up a corpse on a chair, we had no clue, gof;fk;> efuj;jhUf;F vq;fpUe;J njhw;wpaNjh>
but from that day troubles began for our chair. (They njhpatpy;iy. Mdhy; md;wpypUe;J vq;fs;
had moved from floor-tickets to chair-tickets!) ehw;fhypf;F f\;lfhyk; Muk;gkhfpaJ. ‘mth;fs;
jiu bf;nfl;by; ,Ue;J ehw;fhyp bf;nfl;Lf;F
khw;wg;gl;ldh;”.
When the “occasion” in tha t household was over, mth;fSila rlq;F Kbe;jJk; ehw;fhypia vq;fs;
they left the chair in our front yard. The children of Kd; thrypy; itj;Jr; nrd;W tpl;ldh;. vq;fs;
the house were scared even to look at the chair. We tPl;Lf; Foe;ijfs; - ehw;fhypiaf; fz;Nl gae;jdh;.
had the servant take it to the well and give it a good, ehq;fs; xU Ntiyahisf; nfhz;L>
hard scurb with hay, and wash it down with fifteen itf;NfhyhYk;> ehhpdhYk; 15 thsp jz;zPiuf;
nfhz;L> fpzw;wbapy; itj;J ed;F Nja;jJ ; f;
big buckets of wate. Even after several days, no one
fOtr; nrhd;Ndhk;. ntF ehl;fs;> fope;j gpd;dUk;
had the guts to sit on it. We didn’t know how to
ahUf;Fk; ehw;fhypapy; mku ijhpak; tutpy;iy.
bring it back into use.
Fortuitiously, a guest visited our hose one day. We mjph;\;ltrkhf tPl;bw;F> xU tpUe;jpdh; te;jhh;.
had the chair brought for him. “Don’t brother, I’ll sit tPl;by; cs;s midtUk; mtiu ehw;fhypapy; ;mkur;
here”, he said, and went towards the cloth-mat. We nrhd;Ndhk;. ‘,y;iy jk;gp! ehd; ,e;jg; ghapy;
were afraid that he would sit on the floor. The whole mkUfpNwd;” vd;whh;. nkhj;j FLk;gFk; Nrh;eJ
; > xU
family persuaded him to sit on the chair. As soon as topahf> mtiu ehw;fhypapy; mkur; nra;Njhk;. vdJ
he sat down, my little brother and sister fled to the rpwpa rNfhjuDk;> rNfhjupAk; gpd;fl;bw;F tpiue;J
Xbdh;. mq;fpUe;J> ehw;fhypapy; mkh;e;J
garden in the backyard. Now and then, they peeped
,Ug;gth;fF ; vd;d epfo;fpwJ vd;W jiyia ePl;bg;
in to see what happened to the man on the chair.
ghh;j;jdh;.
The next day a local elder dropped by and chose to mjw;F kWehs;> Chpy; ,Uf;Fk; xU nghpath;
sit on the chair on his own, bringing us even more tPl;bw;F te;J> jhNd nrd;W mjpy; mkh;e;J
relief. (“He’s rehearsing on the chair now itself”, nfhz;lhh;. (‘ehw;fhypapy; ,g;nghONj cl;fhh;e;J>
whispered Pedanna in my ear!) This is how we xj;jpif ghh;ff ; pwhh; vd;W ngj;jz;zh vd;Dila
“seasoned” the chair. First, the elders in the family fhjpy; fpRfpRj;jh;”). ,g;gbNa ehw;fhyp mDgtk;
sat on it. The children were still afraid. My little ngw;wJ. Kjypy; tPl;Lg; nghpath;fs; mjpy;
mkh;ej; hh;fs;. tPl;Lf; Foe;ijfSf;F ,d;Dk; gak;
sister would beg my little brother, “Why don’t you
njspatpy;iy. vd;Dila rpwpa jq;if>
sit on it fist, da?” He would retort instantly, “Why
rNfhjudplk; ‘ePNa> Kjypy; cl;fhNud; lh!” vd;W
don’t you sit and see?”
nfQ;Rths;. mtd; gjpYf;F> ‘Vd;! eP jhd;
cl;fhh;e;J ghNud;!”
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Suganthi, from the neighboring street, came by and vq;fsJ gf;fj;J njUtpy; trpf;Fk; Rfe;jp> tPl;bw;F
put her baby brother on the chair. It was only from te;jhs;. mtSila rpwpa rNfhjuuhd Foe;ijia>
then on that the children of our house sat on the chair mjpy; mku itj;jhs;. mjw;Fg; gpwF jhd; -
without fear. tPl;bYs;s Foe;ijfs;> mjpy; gakpd;wp mkh;e;jdh;.
Again, one night someone died and they took away kWgbAk; Xh; ,uT> Jf;f epfo;Tf;fhf> ehw;fhyp
the chair. This happened ever so often We sent away nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ. ,J mbf;fb epfoTk;>
the chair with sadness. The mourners who came ehq;fs; mijf; ftiyAld; nfhLg;gJk; Mapw;W.
interpreted our sadness differently. They assumed Jf;f tPl;bw;fhuh;fs;> vq;fs; Jf;fj;ij>
that we too were mourning for the dead. ‘rhtpw;fhfj;jhd;” vd;W jtWjyhf Ghpe;J
nfhz;lhh;fs;.
We were irritated that our sleep was being thus ,g;gbNa> vq;fs; J}f;fk; nfLtJ thbf;if Mapw;F.
disturbed. Akka remarked one day, “God know vd;Dila mf;fh> xU ehs; - ,e;j Nkhrkhd kf;fs;
whey these wretched people have to go and die at Vd; jhd; ,g;gb ,utpNy nrj;J njhiyfpd;wdNu>
such unearthly hours!” Anna said exasperatedly, flTSf;Nf ntspr;rk;” vd;whh;. mz;zh
“Good chair we made. For the corpses of our village vhpr;rYld; - ‘ey;y ehw;fhyp nra;Njhk; ek;%hpd;
to sit on. Tchai!” gpzq;fs; cl;fhuth? r;ir! vd;whd;.
“All because the chair was ordered at an ‘ey;y Neuj;jpy;> ehw;fhyp nra;ag;gltpy;iy> mjhd;”
inauspicious time”, said our aunt. vd;whs; mj;ij.
Pedanna finally thought of an idea. We kept it to the ngj;jz;zh> xU Nahrid $wpdhh;. mJ vq;fs;
two of us. ,UtUf;F kl;LNk njhpAk;.
Amma sent me on an errand to Mamanar’s hose one mk;kh xU ehs; khkhtplk; ,Ue;J N`h]; igg;
day. When I entered his house, there he was, sitting thq;fp tur; nrhd;dhs;. ehd; mth; tPl;bw;F nrd;w
in splendor on his chair and popping betel leaves NghJ> ehw;fhypapy; fk;gPukhf mkh;eJ; > ntw;wpiyia
into his mouth. It was an interesting pastime in itself tha;epiwa Fjg;gpf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mth;
to see him prepare and chew the betel leaves. ntw;wpiyia kbj;Jg; NghLtijg; ghh;g;gNj> kpf
Rthu];akhdJ. ve;jr; NrjKk; Vw;gl;L tplhky;
Carefully, with utmost gentleness so as not to injure
ntw;wpiyg; ngl;bia kpf nkd;ikahfj; jpwg;ghh;.
it, he would open his beloved betel box. A span
jq;fj;ijg; Nghy; kpd;Dk;> Koq;if msT ePsKk;>
wide, an elbow long, and four fingers high, he would
ehd;F tpuy; mfyKk; nfhz;l jpdKk; Rj;jk;
clean and burnish it every day till it shone like gold.
nra;ag;gLfpd;w kpf mofhdnjhU ngl;b. ngl;bapy;
He would reverently take out his paraphernalia, as ,Ue;J G+i[ nghUl;fis vLg;gijg; Nghd;W> kpf
if taking out things from a pooja-box. Neh;j;jpahf mofhf> mjpypUe;J nghUl;fis
xt;nthd;whf vLj;J juk; gphpg;ghh;.
Though he wiped the betel leaves clean, he never xt;nthU ntw;wpiyiaAk; mofhf Jilg;ghNu
pinched off the stalk. (So thrifty was he!) If he found jtpu> mjDil fhk;Gfisf; fps;s khl;lhh;! Mdhy;
a coarse leaf, he would strip the veins off. Which Kw;wpd ,iyapy; ,Ue;J kl;Lk;> euk;Gfisj; jdpNa
always made us thing of the old riddle-chant about gphpj;njLg;ghh;.
betel leaves :
Catch hold of Muthappan, strip off his spine, ntw;wpiy NghLk; NghNj> Jfs;fis rpwpJ
%f;fpDs; gykhf rj;jj;Jld; cwpQ;Rth;.
Smear him with fresh butter... ghf;Ffis cilj;J CJthh;. mjpy; cs;s
Njitaw;w GOf;fis mJ mfw;Wk;. gpwNf thapy;
Nghl;L nky;Ythh;.
He would sniff the broken arecanut. Sniffing was xUth; vj;jid Rj;jkhd kdpjh; vd;gij njhpe;J
supposed to ward off ‘intoxication’. Then he would nfhs;tjw;F> mtUila ntw;wpiy> Rz;zhk;G
blow on the nut. To get rid of invisible arecanut lg;ghit ghh;jj
; hNy njhpAk;. khkhtpw;F ,J rw;Wk;
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worms, that’s why. This sniffing and blowing, slow nghUe;jhJ. tpuypy; cs;s mjpfg;gbahd
to begin with, would increase in speed, hand moving Rz;zhk;igf; $l. mth; mt;tsT vspjpy; vjpYk;
from nose to mouth, until with great noise, oomoosh, Jilj;Jtpl khl;lhh;. khpahijAld; mijf;
oomoosh, it was popped into the moth-tabak! fz;fspy; xj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;gb> Rz;zhk;G lg;ghit
Rj;jkhf itj;jpUg;ghh;.
To find out how tidy a person is, all one has to do is gjpide;J tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G thq;fpa mtuJ
to look at his lime-paste dabba. Where this was vtnub lhh;r;iyl; $l ,d;Dk; Gjpjha;>
concerned, Maamanaar was unmatched. Even the gspr;nrd;W> jw;nghOJ thq;fpaijg; Nghd;W
excess lime-paste on his finger wasn’t wiped off cs;sJ. mNj ehspy; vq;fs; tPl;by; thq;fpa lhh;r;
unnecessarily on other objects. You could press his iyl;Nlh> kQ;rs; epwj;Jld;> kq;fpg;Ngha;> ghh;f;fNt
ghpjhgkhf. ,d;W ,we;JtpLk; Nehahspiag; Nghy;
lime-paste dabba to your eyes with reverence. His
cs;sJ.
eveready torch, bought fifteen years ago, was still in
use, bright and spanking new, as if bought just now.
The one bought by our family at the same time had
sprung a leak. Dented, yellowing and pitiable, it
looked like a chronic patient about to die.
No one but him could use the chair in his house. The mtiuj; jtpu ehw;fhypia NtW ahUk; cgNahfg;
first thing he did as soon as he got up every morning gLj;jpaJ ,y;iy. jpdKk; fhiyapy;> mijj;
was to wipe it. Had it to be shiftd, he himself carried Jilg;gJ jhd; mtuJ Kjy; Ntiy> NtW vq;fhtJ
it and put it down carefully, as if placing down ehw;fhypiag; Nghl Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> Xh; ePh; epuk;gpa
gently a mud pot brimming with water. kz;ghidia nkJthf itg;gJ Nghy;> nkJthff;
nfhz;L nrd;W itg;ghh;.
As soon as he saw me, Maamanaar greeted me, vd;idg; ghh;j;j clNd> ‘th! kUkfNd! ntw;wpiy
“Welcome, dear nephew! Won’t you have some Nghl;Lf; nfhs;fpwhah?” vd;whh;. gpd;G mtNu> gs;sp
betel?” Then he himself answered, “If schoolboys nry;Yk; rpWth;fs;> ntw;wpiy Nghl;lhy;> Nfhop
start chewing betel, chickens will start butting!” nfhj;Jk;” vd;whh;.
I conveyed to him what Amma asked me to and mk;kh thq;fp tur; nrhd;dijf; $wpNdd;. thq;fpf;
returned home. nfhz;L tPl;bw;F tpiue;Njd;.
At an ungodly hour in the night, there was a knock ehd; ngj;jz;zhit vOg;gpNdd; cwtpdiu ,oe;J
on the door. Everyone at home was fast asleep. I tpl;l xU FLk;gj;jpdh;> ehw;fhypiaf; Nfl;L
woke up Pedanna. te;jdh;> ngj;jz;zh mth;fis njUtpw;Ff; $l;br;
nrd;whh;. ehDk; mtiug; gpd; njhlh;e;Njd;.
A few people from a houe of bereavement stood ‘ehw;fhyp jhNd! mJ vq;fs; khkh tPl;by; cs;sJ
outside for the chair. Pedanna took them into the Ngha; thq;fpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;” vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L
street. I too followed. When they finished telling us ,UtUk; cs;@u eKl;Lr; rphpg;Gld; tPl;bw;F
what they came for, Pedanna replied patiently, te;Njhk;.
“Chair only, no? It’s in our Maamanaar’s house. Go
and ask him, he will give it”. Afte sending them off,
we returned home, chuckling noiselessly.
Tossing, Appa asked sleepily, “Who was it?” ‘ahuJ?” vd;whh; mg;gh> cwf;fj;Jld; ngj;jz;zh.
“What else-some fellows want our bullocks for ekJ fhisfis fjpubf;ff; Nfl;fpd;wdh; vd;whh;.
threshing”.
Pulling the bedsheet tightly over him, Appa turned cld; mg;gh Nghh;itia ,Oj;J %b> cwq;fyhdhh;.
and went back to sleep.
Now it was raining in Maamanaar’s forest! ,g;nghOJ khkh tPl;by; kio nga;aj; Jtq;fpaJ.
After many days, when I visited Maamanaar, he was ehd; ntF ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF khkh tPl;bw;F nrd;w
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sitting on the floor preparing betel leaves. He greeted NghJ> khkh jiuapy; mkh;eJ ; ntw;wpiyiaf;
me with his usual smile and banter. Fjg;gpf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mNj Nfypr; rphpg;Gld;
vd;id tuNtw;whh;.
“What is this? You’re sitting on the floor! Where is vd;d khkh? jiuapy; mkh;e;J ,Uf;fpwPh;fs;?
the chair?” I searched around. Smearing the lime- ehw;fhyp vq;Nf? vd;Nwd;. ghh;itiar; Roy tpl;lgb
paste on the back of the betel leaf, he looked intently ntw;wpiyapy;> Rz;zhk;igj; jltpf; nfhz;Nl>
at me and smiled. He then said calmly, “I asked them mth; vd;idf; $h;e;J Nehf;fp> Gd;difAld;> ‘ehd;
to keep the chair for that purpose alone. Anyway, mij me;j fhuzj;jpw;fhfNt> nfhLj;J tpl;Nld;!”
you need one for that too, no?” vd;whh;. cq;fSf;Fk;> mJ xU ehs; Njitg;gLk;
,y;iyah vd;whh;.
I didn’t know what to say. I hurried home to convey vdf;F vd;d nrhy;tJ vd;Nw> njhpatpy;iy.
this news to Pedanna. But gradually, my steps ngj;jz;zhtplk; $w> tPl;bw;F tpiue;Njd;. Mdhy;
slowed to an ordinary gait. vd;Dila eil> rw;Nw jsh;e;jJ!.

Portly - stocky Exasperatedly - annoyingly
Spluttered - cackled, make a series of short Splendour - magnificence
sounds.
Impudent - disrespectful Paraphernalia - things, stuffs
Expounded - explained Bereavement - mourning, grief
Languorously - lethargically Gait - pace
Hordes - crowd, masses

Churn - stir - fpsWjy;
Caution - warn/ inform - vr;rhpf;ifapl;L / njhpT
Giggles - laughter - rphpg;G
Topple - tumble - cUz;L tpOjy;
Thud - clonk - rj;jk;
Pussyfooted - sneaked - ufrpakhf Eiojy;
Chuckle - chortle - rphpg;G
Suppressing - controlling - fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
Rejected - disagreed - kWj;jJ
Despatched - sent - mDg;gg;gl;lJ
Ridicule - tease - fpz;ly; nra;tJ
Hordes - crowd/masses - $l;lkhf
Chide - scold - jpl;LtJ
Stout - fat - Fz;lhd
Expounded - explained - tpsf;fpaJ
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Aped - imitated - fz;%bj;jdkhf gpd;gw;wpaJ

Languorously - lethargically - Nrhk;Ngwpj;jdkhf
Divine - holy - Gdpjkhd
Stingiest - miserly - fQ;rj;jdkhf
Firmly - certainly - fl;lhakhf
Exasperatedly - annoyingly - vhpr;rYld;
Thrifty - stingy - fQ;rj;jdkhf
Anticipation - expectation - vjph;ghh;g;G
Debate - discussion - fye;Jiuahly; / tpthjk;
Astonishment - surprise - Mr;rhpak;
Splendour - magnificence - rpwg;ghd
Detest - dislike/hate - ntWj;jy;
Commended - praised/appreciated - ghuhl;baJ
Deceased - dead - ,we;J Nghd
Eminent - famous - Gfo;tha;e;j
Fortuitously - accidentally/inadvertently - vjph;ghuhj tpjkhf / ftdf; Fiwthf
Persuaded - convinced - ,zq;fr; nra;jy;
Retort - respond - gjpy; mspg;gJ
Reverently - respectfully - kpFe;j khpahij cila
Coarse - rough - fbdkhf
Tidy - clean - Rj;jkhf
Brimming - filling - epuk;gp topAk;
Chronic - degenerative - ehs; gl;l
Banter - conversation - ciuahly;
Gait - pace - Ntfk;
a) Find out the synonym of the underlined word in c) disrespectful d) decent

each of the following sentences. 4. A silver tumbler of buttermilk seasoned with
1. Just as we thought our chuckles had subsided. asafetida.
a) diminished b) increased a) mixed b) garnished
c) completed d) submerged c) filled d) loosened
2. Our father rejected it, saying it wouldn’t be sturdy. 5. A few people from the house of bereavement stood
a) weak b) strong outside.
c) tall d) cgood a) rejoice b) celebration
3. Anan would say with an impudent smile. c) grief d) war
a) innocent b) fake
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Word Antonyms
Arrived (tUtJ) X departed (fpsk;GtJ)
Broader (mfykhd) X narrower (FWfyhd)
Subsided (Fiwf;fg;gl;l) X increased (cah;j;jg;gl;l)
Lengthened (ePlb ; f;fg;gl;l) X shortened (Fiwf;fg;gl;l)
Stout (Fz;lhd) X thin (xy;ypahd)
Sturdy (cWjpahd) X weak (gytPdkhd)
Maternal (mk;kh top) X paternal (mg;gh top)
Impudent (khpahij nfl;l) X respectful (khpahij cila)
Chide (jpl;Ljy;) X praise (Gfo;tJ)
Stingiest (fQ;rj;jdkhd) X generous (ngUe;jd;ikahd)
Bitterness (frg;ghd) X sweetness (,dpg;ghd)
Glad (kfpo;thf) X sad (Nrhfkhf)
Ancient (goq;fhy) X modern (etPd)
Detest (ntWg;gJ) X love (tpUk;GtJ)
Frequently (mbf;fb) X rarely (vg;NghjhtJ)
Guest (tpUe;jhsp) X host (cgrhpg;gth;)
Irritated (vhpr;ryile;j) X calm (mikjpahd)
Reverently (khpahijAld;) X disrespectfully (khpahijapd;wp)
Coarse (fbdkhd) X smooth/gentle (kpUJthd)
Invisible (fz;Zf;Fj; njhpahj) X visible (fz;Zf;Fj; njhpe;j)
Thrifty (fQ;rj;jdkhd) X generous (ngUe;jd;ikAila)
Gradually (gbg;gbahf) X rapidly (Ntfkhf)
Ordinary (rhjhuz) X special (rpwg;ghd)
b) Find out the antonym fo the underlined word in 3. There he was sitting in splendor on his chair.
each of the following sentences. a) magnificence b) pomp
1. The anticipation of this imagined separation only c) effulgence d) simplicity
increases their fondness for the calf. 4. Maamanaar was unmatched.
a) expectancy b) contemplation a) inferior b) incomparable
c) outlook d) ignorance c) excellent d) supreme
2. Fortuitously, a guest visited our house. 5. He greeted me with his usual smile and banter.
a) luckily b) peacefully a) flattery b) small talk
c) unfortunately d) happily c) chitchat d) repartee.
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1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each based on your understanding of the
story.
a) What was put on the family agenda?
“A house without a chair” was put on the family agenda.
b) Who visited the family?
The author’s family friend visited the family. He was a sub-judge.
c) Describe the stool that the narrator’s family had.
The stool that the narrator’s family had was three-legged. It was three-fourth foot.
d) What was Pedanna’s suggestion to their father?
Pedanna’s suggestion to their father was that they should buy a chair from the town.
e) What was offered to Maamanaar by their mother?
Buttermilk was offered to Maamanaar by their mother.
f) Why were the two chairs compared to Rama-Lakshmana?
The two chairs were compared to Rama-Lakshmana because they looked exactly the same.
g) When did the children shy away from the chair?
The children shied away from the chair because they were afraid of sitting on the chair which was
used for the corpses.
h) How did Maamanaar handle the chair at home?
Maamanaar handled the chair very carefully.
2. Answr the following questions in three or four sentences each.
a) What happened to the visitor when he sat on the stool?
The visitor fell down and rolled over when he sat on the stool.
b) Why did the family find it difficult to make a chair?
The family found it difficult to make a chair because there was not a single chair to show as a model
in the village, and there was not a carpenter to make the chair.
c) What was grandmother’s suggestion of wood? Why?
Grandmother’s suggestion of wood was teak wood because it would be easy to lift and strong.
d) How was the chair made and how did the villagers react to it?
The chair was heavy. It was made perfectly. The villagers reacted happily and surprisingly to the
chair.
e) When did the children got over the fear of sitting on the chair?
When the narrator’s neighbour Suganthi placed her baby brother on the chair, the children got over
the fear of sitting on the chair.
f) Why did Maamanaar hand over the chair to the villagers to retain it?
The villagers wanted to place the corpse on the chair. Maamanaar wanted his chair to be used for that
purpose. He did not want the narrator’s chair to be used by the villagers. So, he handed over the chair
to the villagers to retain it.
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3. Answer the following in a paragraph of 100-150 words each.

a) Narrate the humorous incidents that happened in the author’s home before and after the arrival of
the chair.
The narrator’s family had only one stool. It did not have a chair. One day, a sub-judge visited the
narrator’s home. While he was sitting on the stool, he fell down with a thud and rolled over. As a result,
the author, his brother and sister could not control their giggles. They ran back to the ground. The memory
of the narrator’s parents to suppress their giggles was a reason of humour. The author’s sister tried to
mimic the sub-judge. That lengthened their laughter.
Bringing the stool for the narrator’s uncle created short humour. The careful sitting on the floor by the
narrator’s uncle made the narrator’s brother remark “Didn’t see any money falling from your head?”
The visit of everyone in the village to see the newly made chair in the narrator’s house creates humour.
Everyone’s attempt to sit on the newly made chair for a long time causes humour.The narrator’s uncle was
thrifty. The narrator’s comparison of a 15 year old Eveready torch to a chronic patient nearing death
creates humour.
b) Write character sketches of Maamanaar and Pedanna.
Maamanar is the narrator’s maternal uncle. He is a simple person. He usually sits on the floor
whenever he visits the narrator’s home. He has a special way of sitting. It creates humour. His sportive
attitude is clear, when he responds to his relatives’ humour, “You are my relatives- if you don’t tease me,
who will?” He bought a ‘famed black-tongued milchcow’ for his sister. He wanted to have the chair for
himself, like the narrator’s family.
He was tidy. He was considered stingy. He expressed it while eating betel leaves. He maintained the
Eveready torch perfectly for fifteen years. He was generous to hand over his chair to the villagers for
placing corpses. By this act, he stopped his sister’s family to give their chair for placing corpses.
Pedanna
Pedanna was a very active person. He was an extrovert. He was the first person to suggest buying the
chair from the town. He was obedient to the elders. When his uncle scratched his head and tied it back
tightly, he said humorously, “Didn’t see any money falling from your head.” He favoured poovarasu wood
for making of the chair. He justified his choice with the reason that poovarasu is fine grains without knots.
It is glossy and strong. He was selfish. He informed the villagers to make use of Mamanar’s chair for
placing the corpse.
Topic : The Chair

Author : Ki. Rajanarayanan
Theme : Sacrifice is a noble virtue
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Introduction
Rajanarayanan wrote a short story “The Chair” in 1969. The short story is about the newly made chair
at the narrator’s home.
Need of the chair
One day, the narrator’s family friend visited the narrator’s home. He was a sub-judge. While he was
sitting on the stool, he fell down and rolled over. The narrator, his brother and sister ran to the garden
because they could not contain their giggles.
Practical difficulty
The narrator’s family decided to have a chair. The practical difficulty was that there was neither a
model for the chair nor an experienced carpenter to make the chair.
Various suggestions
The narrator’s brother wanted to buy the chair from the town. The narrator’s aunt recommended a
skilled carpenter. The narrators’ grandmother recommended teak for the chair. The narrator’s uncle
preferred neem tree wood since it cools the body. The narrator’s brother preferred poovarasu wood for
shine and strength. The narrator’s elder sister preferred black wood for its brightness. Every one accepted
her choice.
Excitement
The narrator’s family was excited to sit on the chair. The villagers had a surprise look at the chair.
Unexpectedly, they used the chair for placing the dead bodies. The chair was not used for some time.
After a few guests sat on the chair, the elders at home sat on the chair. Thereafter, a neighbour called
Suganthi placed her baby on the chair. So, the children at the narrator’s home sat on the chair fearlessly.
Generous act
Everyone was worried by the villagers’ frequent use of chair for placing the corpse. The narrator’s
brother suggested the villagers to use Maamanaar’s chair. Maamanar was generous to donate his chair to
the villagers for helping his sister’s family to get away from the villagers’ frequent disturbance.
Conclusion
The chair played a vital role in the plot construction of the short story.
FOR AVERAGE STUDENTS
Topic : The Chair

Introduction
Rajanarayanan wrote a short story “The Chair” in 1969. The short story is about the newly made chair
at the narrator’s home.
Need of the chair
One day, the narrator’s family friend visited the narrator’s home. He was a sub-judge. While he was
sitting on the stool, he fell down and rolled over. So, the narrator’s family decided to have a chair. The
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non-availability of a model for the chair and of an experienced carpenter to make the chair was their
problem. The narrator’s aunt recommended a skilled carpenter.
Perfect choice
After different views, the narrator’s elder sister suggested black wood for the newly made chair for its
brightness. Every one accepted her choice. The newly made chair excited the members of family and the
villagers. Unfortunately, the chair was used for placing the corpses during the funeral in the village.
Maamanaar offered his chair to the villagers for placing the corpse. By this act, the narrator’s family was
freed from the villagers’ frequent disturbance.
Conclusion
The newly made chair has played an important role in the short story “The Chair”. Maamanaar has
been a role model with impressive virtues.
SLOW LEARNERS
Topic : The Chair

 “The Chair” is a short story.

 It was written by Rajanarayanan in 1969.
 The narrator’s family had no chair.
 One day, a sub-judge visited the narrator’s home.
 There , while sitting, he fell down from a stool .
 The narrator’s family decided to have a newly made chair after discussion.
 Everyone was happy to sit on the newly made chair.
 The villagers were excited to see the chair.
 They used the chair frequently for placing the corpse.
 The narrator’s uncle his chair to the villagers for placing the corpse.
 By this act, the narrator’s uncle helped the narrator.
 The short story glorified the narrator’s uncle for his timely help.
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world famous - world famous

N + adj
d. Look at the following sentence from the text.
“The whole house spluttered into giggles
before things settled down”.
c. Words can be combined to form compound nouns.
The word “spluttered” is the blended form of
Compound nouns often have a meaning that is
splash and sputter.
different, or more specific, than the two separate
A portmanteau is a type of blend word in which
words. The elements in a compound noun are
the beginning of one word is combined with the
very diverse parts of speech.
final part of another word. Let’s take a look at some
Some compound words from the story have been
of the most common portmanteaus in English.
listed below.
alphanumeric = alphabetic + numeric
Compound elements Words brunch = breakfast + lunch
Noun + Noun Storeroom, buttermilk camcorder = camera + recorder
Noun + Adjective Diamond-hard mechatronics = mechanics + electronics
Adjective + Noun Grandmother, milchcow newscast = news + broadcast
Adverb + verb overstep smog = smoke + fog.
Now, Blend the following words.
Identify the correct combination of the following 1. binary + digit - bit
compound words. 2. electronic + mail - e-mail
Haircut, headmaster, waterfall, swimming pool, 3. foreign + exchange - forex
drawback, public speaking, output, software, show 4. motot + pedal - moped
cause, world famous. 5. parachute + troop - paratroop
Hair cut - Hair cut e. The term euphemism refers to polite, indirect
N V expressions that replace words and phrases
headmaster - head master considered harsh and impolite, or which suggest
N N something unpleasant.
waterfall - water fall When we wish to refer to a person as an old,
N V We use the term “senior citizen” instead of ‘old’.
swimming pool - swimming pool Replace the underlined word / expressions with
Gerund N possibly polite forms.
drawback - draw back a) The culprit was sent to jail. -
N Ad correctional facility
Public speaking - public speaking b) Dheeraj is unemployed. - between
N Gerund jobs
output - out put c) I saw a disabled man. - differently
Ad V abled
software - soft ware d) Subsidies are given to the poor. -
Adj N underprivileged
show cause - show cause e) Elambrathi has a second-hand car. - pre-loved /
N N pre-owned
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Alfred George Gardiner was a British journalist and author. He was a prolific
essayist and his style and subject matter easily qualified him to be categorized as
what the English would call a very civilized gentleman. His essays include “On
Habits”, “On Being Tidy” and “On Talk and Talkers”. “On the Rule of the Road”,
was included in one of the Gardiner’s compilations titled “Leaves in the Wind”
and was published under his pseudonym “Alpha of the Plough”. In this thought
provoking essay he not only stresses the rules of the road but also defines the
meaning of the liberty and the relation between individual liberty and social liberty
which are the main bases for a good living.
Walking in the middle of the

ETHICAL HACKING road-causes commotion in the Zebra crossing
street
Quotes of Jefferson
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On the Rule of the road
Personal Liberty Public Liberty
Colouring hair, climbing mountain, Talking loudly over cell phone

cycling for a long distances Talking other mobile while riding
Causing great Walking in the middle

commotion in the street of the road
Liberty Be accommodating on Make the life mature

your liberty
Not only a personal
liberty But also a social contract
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a. From the pictures given below, identity the actions that may cause inconvenience and discomfort to others.
Discuss.
The action that many cause inconsistence and discomfort to others are an follows.
a) Talking over a mobile phone in public places
b) Using mobile phase while driving.
b) Classify these pictures to show what they depict–Personal
depict Personal freedom/Public liberty. Talking over the phase in
ic places using a mobile while driving.
public
Personal freedom
colouring the hair red
Hearing the music
Skating
Cycling
A.G. Gardiner in his thought provoking essay “On the Rule of the Road” not only stresses the rules of the road but
also defines the meaning of the liberty and the relation between individual liberty and social liberty which are the main
bases for a good living. To the great confusion of the traffic in Petrograd, a stout old lady was walking in the middle of
the road with no peril to herself.
rself. It was pointed out to her that as a pedestrian she had to use the pavement. The lady
replied that having got the liberty then, she was going to walk where she liked. The lady did not realize that if liberty
permitted the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal confusion.
Everybody would be getting into other’s way and nobody would get anywhere. The individual liberty would have also
become social anarchy. There is a danger of the world getting liberty
liberty drunk like the old lady. So it is good to remind us
of the real meaning of the road rules. The author points out that curtailing liberty leads to preserving liberty. When the
policeman steps into the middle of the road of Piccadilly Circus to control
control the traffic, he is a symbol of liberty but not of
tyranny. You, being in hurry, feel your liberty has been outraged when the policeman stops your car. A reasonable
person will react positively and sensibly to the policeman’s crucial act. Liberty is not a personal affair only but it is also a
social contract and an accommodation of interests. I may be as free as I like until I don’t disturb anybody’s liberty. None
can object my going down the road dressing gown. You have the liberty to laugh at me but I ha have the liberty to be
indifferent to you. I don’t need anyone’s permission to follow my fancy like dyeing my hair or waxing my moustache or
wearing an overcoat and sandals or going to bed late or getting up early. I won’t ask you if I may eat mustard with m my
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mutton and you won’t ask me for your following any religion or preferring Ella Wheeler Wilcox or Wordsworth, or
champagne to shandy. You and I please ourselves in thousands of details without the consent of others. We have a whole
kingdom, in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. On
our stepping out of it, our liberty becomes qualified by other people’s liberty. If I went onto the top of Everest, I might
play the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. My family will object me to do it in my bedroom. If I do it out
in the streets, the neigbours will remind me that my liberty to play the trombone must not interfere their liberty to sleep
in quiet. I have to accommodate my liberty to the liberties of a lot of people in the world. We are much more conscious
of the imperfection of others than ours. A reasonable consideration for the rights of others is the foundation of social
conduct. Our small matters of conduct and our observance of the rules of the road declare that we are civilized or
uncivilized. Chances for our great heroic act and sacrifice are rare. The little habits of commonplace intercourse make up
the great sum of our life and also make our life journey sweet or bitter.

A stout old lady was walking with her basket fLk; neUf;fbAk;> Fog;gKk; kpFe;j Nghf;Ftuj;J
down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the nfhz;l ngl;Nuhl;fpuhl; (Petrograd - xU u\;a efuk;)
great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to efur; rhiyapd; eLNt vt;tpj Mgj;Jkpd;wp
herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement $ilAld; xU jbj;j tajhd ngz;kzp ele;J
was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: ‘I’m nrd;whs;. mg;ngz;kzpaplk;> eilghij
going to walk where I like. We’ve got liberty now’. It ghjrhupfSf;FupaJ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nghOJ ‘ehd;
tpUk;Gk; ghijapy; elg;Ngd;. mjw;F ehq;fs;
did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled
jw;nghOJ Rje;jpuk; ngw;Ws;Nshk;”> vdg;
the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road,
gjpYiuj;jhs;. rhiyapd; eLNt elg;gJ jq;fspd;
then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos.
chpik vdg; ghjrhupfs; vLj;JF;nfhz;lhy;
mr;Rje;jpuj;jpd; KbT cyfshtpa Fog;gkhFk; vd;w
vz;zk; mt;tpdpa ngz;kzpf;F Vw;gltpy;iy.
Everybody would be getting in everybody else’s way xt;nthUtUk; gpwupd; ghijapy; nry;y
and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;. MfNt xt;nthUtUk; ve;j xU
would have become social anarchy. There is a danger ,lj;jpw;Fk; nrd;wila KbahJ. NkYk; jdpkdpj
of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the Rje;jpuk; r%f tpNuhjkhf khwptpLk;. ,d;iwa
old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ehl;fspy; $il itj;jpUe;j mt;tajhd ngz;kzp
ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means Nghy; Rje;jpu kaf;fj;jhy; ,t;Tyfk; Ml;nfhs;Sk;
Mgj;J cs;sJ MfNt rhiy tpjpKiwfspd; nghUs;
that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved,
vd;d vd;gij ehk; epidTg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ ekf;F
the liberties of verybody must be curtailed. When the
ey;yjhFk;. mjd; nghUs; vd;dntdpy;> ek;
policeman, say, at Piccadilly Circus, steps into the
midtupd; Rje;jpuk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l> ek; midtupd;
middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the Rje;jpuk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpf;fby;yp ru;f];
symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty. You may not (Piccadilly Circus - yz;ldpy; kf;fs; neUf;fb kpFe;j
think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your gFjpfspy; xd;W) rhiyapd; eLNt nrd;W
car pulled up by his insolence of office, feel that your Nghf;Ftuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j irif nra;Ak; fhtyu;
liberty has been outraged. “How dare this fellow nfhLq;Nfhd;ikapd; milahsky;y. mth;
interfere with your free use of the public highway?” Rje;jpuj;jpd; milahsk;. gzp mtruj;jpYs;s ePq;fs;>
The, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect cq;fs; kfpOe;J (Car) mf;fhtyuhy; Kwl;Lj;jdkhf
that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere epWj;jg;gLk; nghOJ> cq;fs; Rje;jpuk; fLikahf
with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly ghjpf;fg;gLtjhf czu;fpwPh;fs;. ePq;fs; mwpTg;
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Circus would be G+u;tkha; ,Ug;gpd;> mth; cq;fSf;F ,ilA+W

a maelstro that you would never cross at all. You have nra;ahjpUg;gpd;> NtnwhUtUf;Fk; ,ilA+whf
submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order ,Ue;jpUf;f khl;lhu;. mjd; tpisthf gpf;fby;yp
that you may enjoy a social order which makes your ru;f];]py; fLk; neUf;fb (maelstrom) Vw;gl;L mjid
liberty a reality. ePq;fs; xUNghJk; flf;f ,ayhj R+oy; Vw;gl;L
,Uf;Fnkd czu;e;jpUg;gPu;fs;. cq;fs; Rje;jpuj;jpid
cz;ikahf;Fk; r%f xOq;if ePq;fs;
mDgtpg;gjw;fhf cq;fs; jdpkdpjh; Rje;jpuk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gLtij ePq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social Rje;jpuk; jdpkdpj chpik kl;Lky;y mJ xU r%f
contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In xg;ge;jk;. NkYk; mJ nghJ eyd;fis
matters which do not touch anybody else’s liberty, of Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; epiy. mLj;jtupd; Rje;jpuj;ijj;
course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go njhlhjtiu ehd; tpUk;gpathW Rje;jpukhf
down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say me ,Uf;fpNwd;. mq;fp mzpe;J rhiyapy; elf;f
nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have Ntz;Lnkd;w vd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F ahuhy; kWg;G
njhptpf;f KbAk;?. mijf;fz;L Nfypahfr; rphpf;f
liberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy
cq;fSf;F Rje;jpuKz;L. Mdhy;> mf;Nfypia
for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache (which
epuhfhpf;f vdf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; cz;L. vd; jiyKbapy;
heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or
rhak; G+Rtjw;F my;yJ vd; kPiria mfw;w my;yJ
going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my mq;fpAk;> kpjpabAk; mzptjw;F my;yJ gLf;iff;Ff;
fancy and ask no man’s permission. I shall not inquire fhy jhkjkhf nry;y my;yJ mjpfhiy vOtjw;F
of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. ehd; vd; tpUg;gg;gb ele;J nfhs;Ntd;. NkYk;
And you will not ask me whether you may follow this ahUila mDkjpiaAk; ehd; Nfl;f khl;Nld;. Gyhy;
religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler cztpy; fLFj;J}s; Nru;jJ ; ehd; rhg;gplyhkh vd
Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy. In all cq;fisf; Nfl;l khl;Nld;. ehd; ,e;J kjk; my;yJ
these and a thousand other details you and I please gpwkjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wyhkh> Vyh tPyu; tpy;fhf;]; (ella
ourselves and has no one’s leave. Wheeler Wilcox) my;yJ Nthu;l;];nthu;j;ij
(Wordsworth) gpd;gw;wyhkh my;yJ rhk;ngapDf;F
gjpyhf vypkpr;irr; rhW mUe;jyhkh vd ePq;fs;
vd;idf; Nfl;f KbahJ. ePq;fs; kw;Wk; ehd;
,itfspy; kw;Wk; Mapuk; gpwr; nray;ghLfspy; ek;ik
jpUg;jpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpNwhk;. mjw;Fg; gpwupd;
fhyKk;> mDkjpAk; Njitapy;iy.
We have a whole kingdom in which we rule ehk; Ms;tjw;F Xu; murhl;rpNa cs;sJ. mjpy; ehk;
alone, can do what we choose, be wise or jdpahf Ml;rp GhpfpNwhk;. mq;F ehk; tpUk;Gtijr;
ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. nra;fpnwhk;. mt;Tyfpy; mwpTg;G+u;tkhf my;yJ
But when we step out of that kingdom, our Kl;lhs;jdkhf> Kul;Lj;jdkhf my;yJ ,ay;ghf>
personal liberty of action becomes qualified Kiwg;gb my;yJ tof;fj;jpw;F khwhf ,Uf;fpNwhk;.
by other people’s liberty. I might like to Mdhy; ehk; mt;Tyfj;ijj; jhz;br; nry;Yk;nghOJ
ekJ jdp kdpjr;Rje;jpuk; gpwkf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;jhy;
practice on the trombone from midnight till
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ehd; vtnu];l; (Everest) rpfuk;
three in the morning. If I went onto the top of
nrd;why; es;spuT Kjy; mjpfhiy %d;W kzptiu
Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if
l;uhk;Nghid (Trombone) ,irf;Fk; vd;tpUg;gj;ijg;
I do it in my bedroom my family will object,
G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;. mjid vd; gLf;if
and if I do it out in the streets the neighbours
miwapy; nra;tjw;F vd; FLk;gj;jpdu; Ml;Nrgpg;gu;.
will remind me that my liberty to blow the mr;nraiyj; njUtpy; nra;a tpUk;gpdhy;> ehd;
trombone must not interfere with their liberty l;uhk;Nghid ,irg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf mz;il
to sleep in quiet. tPl;lhu; mikjpia cwq;Ftjw;Fupa Rje;jpuj;jpw;F
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,ilA+W nra;af;$lhJ vd epidTg;gLj;Jtu;.

There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to cyfpy; Vuhskhd kf;fs; cs;sdu;. MfNt mtu;fspd;
accommodate my liberty to their liberties. W are all Rje;jpuj;Jld; vd; Rje;jpuj;ij xUq;fpizf;f
liable to forget this, and Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ehk; mjid kwe;J tpLfpNwhk;.
unfortunately we are much more conscious of the NkYk; ek; FiwghLfis kwe;Jtpl;L gpwupd;
imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. FiwghLfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; ftdkhf
A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of ,Uf;fpNwhk;. kw;wth;fspd; chpikfSf;Fk;>
czu;TfSf;Fk; rhpahf kjpg;gspg;jNj r%ff;
others is the foundation of social conduct. It is in the
fl;likg;gpd; mbj;jskhFk;. rpW nray;fspy; ek;
small maters of conduct, in the observance of the rules
mZFKiwAk;> ehk; rhiy tpjpKiwfisf;
of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and
filg;gpbgj;jYk;> ek;ik gw;wpa Ra jPu;khdq;fSk; ehk;
declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great ehfuPfkhdtu;fsh my;yJ ehuPfkw;wtu;fsh vd
moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the mwptpf;fpd;wd. ngUQ;rhjidf;fhd> R+oYf;Fk;
little habits of commonplace intercourse that make up mu;gzpg;gpw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; mupjhdit. nghJ
the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the ,lq;fspy; ekJ rpwpa mZFKiwfs; ekJ
journey. tho;f;ifia KOikahf;Ffpd;wd. NkYk; mit ek;
tho;f;ifg; gazj;ij ,dpikahfNth my;yJ
frg;ghdjhfNth khw;Wfpd;wd.
Hard word Meaning jkpo; mu;j;jk;

accommodate - fit in with mDrhpj;Jg; NghtJ
pedestrians - persons who walk on the streets ghjrhhpfs;
shandy - lemonade vYkpr;ir gor;rhW
trombone - large music instrument xU nghpa ,irf;fUtp

Accommodation compromise (,zf;fk;) disagreement (cld;ghbd;ik)
Affair matter/thing (tp\ak;> tptfhuk;)
Anarchy lawlessness/ rebellion (muh[fk;> Gul;rp) peace/order (mikjp> xOq;F)
Bitter sour (frg;ghd) sweet (,dpg;ghd)
Chaos confusion (Fog;gk;) orderliness (xOq;fhd)
Confusion mess (Fog;gk;) calm (mikjpahd)
Conscious aware unaware (mwpTWj;jy;) / unconscious
Consideration scrutiny (ghprPyid) disregard (myl;rpak; nra;jy;)
Contract commitment (cWjpnkhop> flik) disagreement (xj;Jtuhik)
Conventional normal (tof;fkhd) unusual/ strange (tprpj;jpukhd)
Curtailment reduction (Fiwj;jy;) extension (ePl;bg;G)
Curtailed reduced/ restricted (Fiwf;fg;gLjy;) extended (ePl;bj;jy;)
Declare state/ announce (mwptpj;jy;) deny (kWj;jy;)
Entitled permitted (mDkjpj;jy;) banned (jil nra;jy;)
Fancy desire (Mir) hatred (ntWj;jy;)
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Forbid ban (jil) allow (mDkjp)

Hurry rush (tpiuT> Ntfk;) delay (jhkjk;)
Indifferent unconcerned (mf;fiw my;yhJ) concerned (mf;fiw)
Inquire ask (Nfl;ly;) respond (gjyspj;jy;)
Insolence rudeness (Kul;Lj;jdk;) modesty (mlf;fkhd)
Interfere hinder (jiyaPL> FWf;fL
P ) assist/ aid (cjTjy;)
Judgment wisdom (mwpT) misjudgment (jtwhf fzpj;jy;)
Liable likely (rhj;jpaf;$W) unlikely (rhj;jpakw;w)
Liberty freedom (Rje;jpuk;) slavery (mbikj;jdk;)
Maelstorm utter confusion (Kw;wpYk; Fog;gk;)
Nay No (,y;iy) Yes (Mk;)
Object protest/ oppose (vjph;j;jy;) agree/accept (Mjhpj;jy;> Gf;nfhs;sy;)
observance compliance (filg;gpbj;jy;) violation (kPWjy;)
outraged infuriated (nfhe;jspj;jy;) rectified, calmed (rkhjhdg;gLj;Jjy;)
pavement footpath / sidewalk (eilghij)
pedestrians persons who walk on the streets (njUtpy;
elg;gth;)
peril risk (Mgj;J) safety (ghJfhg;G)
preserved maintained (filgpbj;jy;) destroyed (mopj;jy;)
pulled towed (,Oj;J nry;yy;) pushed (js;Sjy;)
qualified capable (jFjpahd) incompetent (jFjpaw;w)
rare unusual (Mh;tk;) normal (rhjhuzkhd)
remind remember (epidT $Wjy;) forget (kwj;jy;)
ridiculous comical (Nfypf;Fhpa) serious (jPtpukhd)
stout fat (gUkd;) thin (xy;yp)
tyranny autocracy (nfhLq;Nfhd;ik) democracy ([dehafk;)

stout - fat traffic - movement
pointed out - indicated pavement - way for pedestrians
liberty - freedom occur - happen
entitled - permitted/allowed universal - of the world
individual - personal social - civil
just - honest pulled up - stopped
remind - recall outraged - annoyed
Piccadily Circus - One of the crowded areas of Submitted - surrendered
London
Maelstrom - restless/ disordered, Curtailment - reduction
Private - individual Reality - truth
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Accommodation - adjustment Nay - no

Dyeing - colouring Forbid - prevent
Mustard - a hot spice Mutton - sheep meat
Religion - faith in God Prefer - select
Ella Wheeler Wilcom - An American author and Wordsworth - an English Poet
poet
Please - delight Kingdom - empire, country
Wise - prudent Champagne - a sparkling white French
wine
Conventional - traditional Odd - strange/unusual
Trambone - a musical instrument Liable - likely
Conscious - sensible Reasonable - acceptable
Rights - privileges Foundation - base
Observance - conforming to/ obeying Judgment - understanding
Civilized - cultured/ refined Heroism - boldness
Sacrifice - offering Intercourse - communication / personal
relations
Interfere - intrude Sweeten - make pleasant

accommodate X unfit accommodation X interruption
anarchy X legal anywhere X nowhere
bitter X sweet chaos X harmony / calm
civilized X uncivilized confusion X clarity
conscious X unconscious consider X disregard
conventional X odd curtailed X increased
curtailment X increase / enlargement danger X safety
everybody X nobody everywhere X nowhere
1) Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each. (Text page 179)
a) Why did the lady think she was entitled to walk down the middle of the road?
The lady thought that she had the liberty to walk where she liked.
b) What would be the consequence of the old lady’s action?
Universal chaos would be the consequence of the old lady’s action.
c) What does the ‘rule of the road” mean? (PTA 3, 5)
The “Rule of the Road” means that the liberties of everybody must be curtailed to preserve
everybody’s liberty.
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d) Why should individual liberty be curtailed?

One should preserve the liberties of all. So the individual liberty should be curtailed.
e) How would a reasonable person react when his action affect other person’s liberty?
A reasonable person would react positively ans sensibly when his action affects other person’s liberty.
f) Define Liberty as perceived by the author. (PTA 6)
Liberty is not a personal affair but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. This is
perceived by the author.
g) According to the author, what are we more conscious of?
According to the author, We are more conscious of the imperfections of others than our own.
h) What is the foundation of social conduct?
A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.
i) How can we sweeten our life’s journey?
We can sweeten our life’s journey by cultivating the little habits of common place intercourse.
j) What does the traffic policeman symbolize?
The traffic policeman symbolizes liberty.
2) Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each. (Text page 180)
a) What is ‘liberty’ according to the old lady? (PTA 1, 4)
According to the old lady, liberty was only a personal affair and a basic right. She believed that liberty
could be exercised according to her wish.
b) How would ‘liberty’ cause universal chaos?
There should be limits to liberty of an individual. If it crosses the limitations like the pedestrian who
feels entitled to walk down the middle of the road, it will cause universal chaos.
c) Why is there a danger of the world getting ‘liberty drunk’?
According to the author, liberty is not a personal affair but a social contract. But the people fail to
understand the real meaning of liberty. They try to use it according to their whims and fancies. So
there is a danger of the world getting ‘liberty drunk’.
d) ‘Curtailment of private liberty is done to establish social order’ – Do you agree? (PTA 2)
Yes, I agree the thought provoking statement of A.G. Gardiner. The author emphasizes this with a
note that I have to climb the Everest to fulfill my wish of playing the trombone from midnight till
three in the morning. My family will object me to do it in my bedroom. If I do it out in the streets, the
neigbours will remind me that my liberty to play the trombone must not interfere their liberty to sleep
in quiet. So the author insists that ‘Curtailment of private liberty is done to establish social order’.
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Answer each of the following in a paragraph of 100 -150 words. (Text page 180)
a) What do you infer from Gardiner’s essay ‘On the Rule of Road’? (PTA 3, 4)
A.G. Gardiner in his essay ‘On the Rule of Road’ talks about the relation between individual liberty and
social liberty. The balance between the two is necessary for a good living. He says that if liberty is
misused like the stout lady,then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. So the individual liberty
would turn to be social anarchy if it crosses the limit. He points out that policeman is not a symbol of
tyranny but of liberty. He emphasizes to enjoy social order. Everyone should be prepared to curtail their
private liberty. He says that liberty is not a personal affair but a social contract. The consideration for the
rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.
b. Explain in your own words, “What freedom means”. (PTA 1, 6)
Freedom stands not only for the right to act but also for securing to everyone an equal opportunity for life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. These activities ensure one the expected momentum until his or her
choices start to infringe the freedom of another person and the society in general. Hence one’s crossing the
boundary would certainly result in social anarchy and spoil the true meaning of freedom.
c. “My right to swing my fist ends, where your nose begins”. Elucidate with reference to, ‘On the rule of
the road’.
A.G. Gardiner’s thought provoking statement “My right to swing my fist ends, where your nose begins”
points out a deep philosophical issue. It gives a clear physical image to the challenging question of where
one person’s rights to action infringe on another person’s right to safety. Here the author makes it clear
that why the issue of rights in society is so important. People innately have a feeling of fairness about how
they are treated and what they should be free to do. If society does not manage this, or manages it poorly,
individuals will take action. When that happens, people take things into their own hands, and the rule of
law is weakened or lost. The author refers to the stout lady’s liberty to walk in the middle of the road.
d. Civilization can only exist when the public collectively accepts constraints on its freedom of action. –
Explain.
According to A.G. Gardiner, ‘Liberty should help us experience and enjoy the real freedom in
democracy”. He reiterates that liberty means the right or power to do things as one pleases. But it does not
mean that our liberty should interfere with the liberty of others. There are lots of people in this world. We
have to accommodate our liberty to their liberties. People simply forget about their self introspection. Here
the author stresses that a reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of
social conduct.
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Topic : On the Rule of the Road

Author : A.G. Gardiner
Genre : Essay
Theme : Personal Liberty Vs Public
In this essay, author A.G. Gardiner points out what constitutes the true liberty. A stout old lady was
walking down in Petrograd street. Her walk caused the great confusion there. When it is pointed out to
her, she says coolly that she has the rights to walk wherever she wishes to roam. She does not know that a
pedestrian should use only the pavement but not the middle of the road. The effect of such liberty will
result in total confusion. A. G. Gardiner points out that such kind of liberty will result in social anarchy.
The rules of the road are that in order to preserve all the liberties, the liberties of individual must be
curtailed. When a traffic cop performs his duty , we should not think that our liberty has been violated by
him. We have to consider his action reasonable and we should not think that he has interfered in our
personal liberty. We have submitted to a curtailment of liberty so that we may enjoy a social order. This
makes our liberty a reality. The author points out that liberty is not a private affair but a social contract. It
is an adjustment of interests. He lists out some instances like wearing a gown , keeping the hair long,
walking bare-foot, colouring the hair or waxing the hair, going to bed early and getting up late. These are
a few things that no one needs to ask anyone’s permission. If one practises the Trombone until three in the
early morning at Mount Everest, none will ask or bother about it. But if one plays the same in the
premises of house, the family will certainly raise objections. If the same has been practised in the street,
the neighbors will remind one that blowing the trombone interferes their liberty of sleeping quietly. The
author also points out that his liberty has to accommodate with others’ liberties. Everyone has to preserve
individual as well as personal liberty. It is in the small matter of conduct in the observance of the rule of
the road that we pass the judgment over ourselves and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. These
little habits of common place of intercourse make up the great sum of life. These may sweeten or bitter
our journey of life. Blessed be the memory of Him who gave the world this immortal game
AVERAGE PARAGRAPH

Author : A.G. Gardiner
Genre : Essay
Theme : Personal Liberty Vs Public
In this essay the author tells the readers that there will often be times when we have to submit to a
curtailment of personal liberty or private liberty if we really want to live in a social order where we truly
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have liberty. In return for doing this, the society has to protect our truly important rights. This is one
major point the author trying to make us understand through this essay. He says that people have to give
up some liberties such as the liberty to walk in the middle of the road or the liberty to play the trombone
loudly in the mid night. When we give up these kinds of liberties, we create a society in which our
important liberties are protected.
SLOW LEARNERS

Author: A.G. Gardiner
Genre : Essay
Theme : Personal Liberty Vs Public Freedom
 The author points out what constitutes true liberty.

 A fat lady was walking in the middle of the road she caused a great confusion.
 Such kind of liberty would become social anarchy.
 When the police man put out his hand in a street, we must not think that our liberty
has been violated.
 We have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty to enjoy social order.
 The rights of small and quiet people are as important to preserve as the rights of
small nationalities.
 We must be a judicious mixture of both anarchist and socialist.
‘address ad’dress
C. Some Bristish English words are given in column

Pronunciation - Functional Stress ‘A’. Write their corresponding American English
There are many English words with the same spelling Words in Column ‘B’.
but pronounced in two different ways. Usually, when British English American English
the first syllable is stressed, the word is a Noun and pavement side walk
when the second syllable is stressed, the word is a Verb. pull over pull away
NOUN VERB waistcoat vest
‘contract con’tract crisps potato chips
‘conduct con’duct flat apartment
‘object ob’ject ground floor first floor
‘subject sub’ject underground subway
‘present pre’sent queue line
‘desert de’sert wind screen windshield
‘project pro’ject indicator turn signal
‘refuse re’fuse
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timetable schedule a) track b) line

post mail c) road d) path
holiday vacation 5) To realize our full potential, we should
autumn fall a) obey our elders b) follow a set of rules
lift elevator c) work hard d) plan well
happy pleased 6) Taking freedom in our own hands will lead to
fully full a) self-discipline b) chaos
loo restroom c) a code of conduct d) freedom
sweets candies 7) The main idea of the passage is
bin trash can/ container a) the art of flying kites
b) father’s advice to his son
d. Similarly there is a difference in the spelling of c) the importance of discipline
certain words between American and British d) the right to freedom
English. In Column ‘A’ words are spelled in
American. Write down the corresponding British
English Spelling for those words in Column ‘B’.
a) Everybody enjoys holidays but, when it comes to
American English British English safety ‘There is no holiday for Safety’. Discuss in
‘A’ ‘B’ groups what safety measures one should take while
odor odour driving a car/ two wheeler.
program programme The journey of a person by a car or a two wheeler
parlor parlour should always be termed a ‘Happy Riding’. Hence
apologize apologise following all safety measures have become
color colour mandatory to ensure safety not only to one who
check cheque drives the vehicle but also to others. The following
theater theatre safety tips should strictly be adhered to.
gray grey 1) First the vehicle must be checked to ensure
behavior behaviour everything in working order.
humor humour 2) You must ensure that you are well trained and have a
labor labour driving license to drive the vehicle.
3) If you are new to a vehicle, first get familiar with its
working condition and the operating system in
order to avoid fishing around during the ride.
Listen carefully to the story being read out and
4) You should never drink and drive and also never use
answer the questions.
mobiles while driving. Drinking and using mobiles
1) According to the father what kept the kite up?
would distract your attention and might cause
a) the kite itself b) air
danger for everyone.
c) the string d) father’s skills
5) Motor cyclists always wear a helmet of highest safety
2) The string helped the kite to
standard to defense yourself from serious head
a)withstand the pressure
injuries and the one who drives a car never forget to
b) break free c) crash
wear seat belts.
d) soar high
6) On busy roads, slow down your vehicle expecting the
3) To realize our full potential, we should
vehicle preceding might be stopped any time.
a) obey our elders b) follow a set of rules
7) Also never tailgate the vehicle ahead. Leave enough
c) work hard d) plan well
space at least 10 feet to prevent accidents.
4) A train should go on the _________ to reach its
8) Always use your turn signals to indicate others to b
destination.
aware of your next move.
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9) Dim your headlights when you pass other vehicles at transport and cycling.
night so as to not blinding the opposite drivers We will celebrate Road Safety Week at regular
especially the motor cyclists. intervals throughout the year in which we will make the
10) Beware of your blind spots especially right and left public know the new policies and procedures introduced
turns. Be sure to make a visual check as well as use time to time. We will also organize quiz programs for
reverse mirrors before turning or switching lanes. students with prizes. We will encourage the students to
11) Beware of the changes in weather. Torrential rains contribute their active participation in road safety
and slippery roads can cause you to lose control. programs organized making them permanent volunteers.
Always be prudent about what to do if the weather
worsens.
12) Finally never forget to obey the rules of the road. Questions
b. Your school has arranged for a road safety 1) Which of the following should one avoid while
campaign, Share a few ideas with your classmates using social media? Tick against the correct
which can be used during the campaign. For options.
example ‘Speed thrills but kills’.  Interacting with strangers on social media.
We have planned to organize a road safety  Avoid posting your picture as profile picture.
campaign with the theme caption “Speed Thrills but  Forwarding Whatsapp messages without
Kills”. We will encourage the students involve in verifying facts.
making a newsletter and a magazine with their views on  Use a secure browser.
Road Safety. They will be encouraged to focus in their  Entering passwords while using public
articles the facts and figures pertaining to road accidents network.
occurred in around their area and personally 2) How can we identify insecure websites?
experienced. We have planned to organize a special A website with URL starting with https:// is a
gathering along with our family members and discuss secure website.
elaborately on road safety and the benefits of abiding by If the website URL starts only as http://, it is
the rules of the road for the health and happiness of unsecure.
everyone. Game shows related to the theme will be 3. Mention any three details that should not be
organized and the active participation of public will be revealed in public domain.
encouraged. i) Any Passwords
We will print and put up posters on road safety in ii) Bank account /credentials
our school premises and in the region nearby our iii) Credit card/Debit card details
school. We will also organize a road rally and make the iv) Personal mobile number
people beware of the road rules and safety with the v) Date of Birth
slogans like ‘Hurry makes you worry’, ‘Start Early, vi) Any details which would help to track your
reach safely’, ‘Better Late Than Never Arrive At All’, routine activities
‘Safe Driving, Saves Lives’, ‘Mountains are pleasure if 4) What should parents do to ensure cyber safety for
you drive with leisure’. their wards ? (Any three points)
We will run road safety presentations or workshops i) Set a fixed time during which children are
with our teachers, parents and local professions drivers allowed to surf the internet.
in which we will explore the topics such as vehicle ii) Always place the computer in that part of the
maintenance, speed, distractions, avoiding drunk and house, which is visited most often by everyone.
driving, awareness on road rules and driver tiredness. Don’t keep the computer in a secluded part.
We also encourage the public to leave their cars at iii) Talk with the children and educate them on the
home and use an alternative mode of transport for a day websites that they are allowed / not allowed to visit.
or two in a week and encourage them to use public iv) Be “Friends” with the children’s social media
account so that their activities are monitored.
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v) Install an Anti Virus with parental control in the 2. Each of these boys has (has, have) passed.
computer. 3. Neither Lekha nor Leela has (has, have) been
vi) Make it a habit to check browsing selected.
history/hidden files, apps installed etc., on the 4. Every man, woman and child was (was, were) happy.
computer/ device to monitor activity of the 5. One of the machines is (is, are) defective.
children. 6. A number of books are (is, are) missing.
5) Why is it not advisable to play online games? 7. Sekar or his brothers have (has, have) done it.
i) It would reduce children’s playing outdoor games 8. To make a promise and then not to keep it are (is,
which are important factors for their best mental are) dishonesty.
and physical health. 9. One or the other of those men has (has, have) lodged
ii) It would get children addicted to playing games a complaint.
for long hours and decrease their academic activity. 10. Each leaf and each flower was (was, were) stripped
iii) It would curtail their time to be spent with their off the tree.
family. It would also cause them physical illness Task 2 :
like headaches, lack of sleep or sore eyes etc. II. Identify the errors in each of the following
iv) It would lead to their loss of interest in things sentences and rewrite them correctly.
they have previously enjoyed. 1. Either Shyam or Ram has to pay the fine.
6) Pick out words which mean the same as 2. Abdul as well as Karim deserves praise.
a) stop doing something (para 1) - desist 3. Ten thousand rupees a month is an insufficient
b) place or fix (para 2) - keep income.
c) not protected (para 2) - unsecure 4. Many a students was awarded at the function.
d) keep a check on (para 3) – monitor 5. Neither Veena nor her sisters have been informed of
Grammar the accident.
Agreement of the Subject with the verb - Concord : 6. Mithra as well her daughters enjoys singing.
Task 1 : 7. You, who are my friend, should help me.
I. Choose the correct option and complete the 8. My scissors are missing.
sentences. 9. A variety of pleasing objects charms the eye.
1. Manoj was (was, were) present along with his 10. Sixty miles is a long distance.
parents. ***__________****

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Namma Kalvi 12th English Penguin Guide 218988

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Namma Kalvi

Based on the New syllabus and

Everything is possible if God's touch is these. - Sri Aurobindo.

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S. No. LESSON PAGE NO.

S. No. LESSON PAGE NO.

S. No. LESSON PAGE NO.

Q. No. TOPIC MARKS PAGE NO.

Field Words 5 471

Archibald joseph Cronin (1896-1981)

Nicola and Jacopo polish the

Nicola and Jacopo with their

Nicola Jacop Lucia

Hard working Affected by TB of

Did various jobs Author wondered at

Gave a new hope

PROSE ENGLISH ghlk; jkpo;

money?” ePq;fs; ntWk; fUg;G nuhl;bAk; mj;jpg;goKk; kl;LNk

Word Meaning Word Meaning

Hard Words Meaning jkpo; mu;j;jk;

tangled (h) - twisted/ messy rPuhf ,y;yhj

Words Synonyms (,izr;nrhy;) Antonyms (vjph;nrhy;)

slackened reduced (Nkhrkhd cil mzpjy;) increased (kjpg;ghd cil mzpjy;)

Word Synonyms jkpo; mu;j;jk;

extremely - greasy - kpf mjpfkhf

Word Antonyms Word Antonyms

remarkable X ordinary frequently X rarely

1. How did the narrator look at the boys?

3. Answer the following in a paragraph of 100–150 words each. (Text page: 5)

HIGH LEVEL PARAGRAPH

Topic : Two Gentlemen of Verona

Topic : Two Gentlemen of Verona

Topic : Two Gentlemen of Verona

 Nicola and Jacopo were two brothers.

(I) Given below is a list of common confusables.

Illegible - that cannot be understood/ unclear – night knight

normal speech. “When you read aloud to your Grammar

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903–21

Machines at preparation of tea

Tea kettle Easy steps of making tea

George Orwell framed 11 Indian Tea is “A nice cup

Choose Indian or Ceylonese Tea Should be made in small quantities

Pot should be warmed beforehand Tea should be strong

Drink without sugar

PROSE ENGLISH ghlk; jkpo;

my own argument is unanswerable. This is that, by fUj;Jf;fs; Nghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU rpy

Word Meaning Word Meaning

etiquette - socially acceptable behavior

Hard Words Meaning jkpo; mu;j;jk;

Words Synonyms (,izr;nrhy;) Antonyms (vjph;nrhy;)

Dangling hanging freely/suspended (njhq;Fjy;) rigid (Mlhky;> mirahky;> jplkhf)

Wringing extremely wet (<ukpFe;j) extremely dry (kpf cyh;e;j)

Word Synonyms jkpo; mu;j;jk;