Basuwaqi, A.

M 1
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Types of PLC Programming Language
a. Structured text programming (ST) - A high level language that has some
similarities to Pascal. Statements can be used to assign values to variables.

b. Logic diagram (LD) – A graphical language, and most widely used. Use Boolean
mnemonics to represent the process, before converting into logic diagram.

c. Functional Block Diagram Programming (FBD) – A graphical language. Used in

applications involving the flow of signals between control blocks.

d. Instruction List (IL) - A low level programming language, much like assembly
language programming.

e. Sequential Function Chart (SFC) - A graphical programming method. Very

useful for describing sequential type processes.
Basuwaqi, A. M 2
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Instruction lists (IL)

• A programming method, which can be considered to be the entering of a ladder program

using text, is instruction lists (IL).

• Instruction list gives programs which consist of a series of instructions.

• Each instruction being on a new line. An instruction consists of an operator followed by

one of more operands .

• Mnemonic codes are used, each code corresponding to an operator/ladder element. The
codes used differ to some extent from manufacturer to manufacturer

Basuwaqi, A. M 3
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
IL Language Instruction code mnemonics

Basuwaqi, A. M 4
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Instruction lists (IL)

Consider the following example

instructions

Operands
Comments
Basuwaqi, A. M 5
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Instruction lists (IL)

with there being the instruction earlier in the program to jump to PUMP_OK if a particular
condition is realized.

an N after it is used to negate its value. Thus the ANDN operator inverts the value of ladder
contacts and ANDs the result

Basuwaqi, A. M 6
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

1. whenever a rung is started, it must use a ‘start a rung code’. This might be LD, or perhaps
A or L, to indicate the rung is starting with open contacts.

2. LDI, or perhaps LDN or LD NOT or AN or LN, to indicate it is starting with closed

contacts.

3. All rungs must end with an output or store result code. This might be
OUT or = or ST

Basuwaqi, A. M 7
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

MITSUBISHI SIEMENS

Basuwaqi, A. M 8
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

Basuwaqi, A. M 9
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

Basuwaqi, A. M 10
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

Basuwaqi, A. M 11
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

Branch codes

ORB (OR branches/blocks together) Basuwaqi, A. M 12

PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

Basuwaqi, A. M 13
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

More than one rung

Basuwaqi, A. M 14
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

Example 1:
A B C

Basuwaqi, A. M 15
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Ladder programs and instruction lists

Answer Example1
A B C

Basuwaqi, A. M 16
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Sequential function charts (SFC)

The term sequential

function chart (SFC) is used
for a pictorial representation
of a system’s operation to
show the sequence of the
events involved in its
operation

SFC charts have the following elements

Basuwaqi, A. M 17
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Sequential function charts (SFC)

Part of an SFC and its equivalent

ladder program

Basuwaqi, A. M 18
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Structured text

• Structured text is a programming language that strongly resembles the programming

language PASCAL.

• Programs are written as a series of statements separated by semicolons (;).

• Assignment statements are used to indicate how the value of a variable it to be changed,
Light := SwitchA;

Consider:

Basuwaqi, A. M 19
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Structured text

Conditional statements

IF ... THEN ... ELSE is used when selected statements are to be executed when certain
conditions occur. For example:

Basuwaqi, A. M 20
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Structured text

Examples:

Programs have first to define the data types required to represent data

Basuwaqi, A. M 21
PROGRAMMING OF PLC
Structured text

signals from sensors and output signals to be used in a program,

Basuwaqi, A. M 22
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Electromagnetic Control Relays

• The PLC’s original purpose was the

replacement of electromagnetic relays
with a solid-state switching system that
could be programmed.

• The programmable controller is

designed to replace the physically small
control relays that make logic decisions
but are not designed to handle heavy
current or high voltage .

Basuwaqi, A. M 23
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Electromagnetic Control Relays Operation

Basuwaqi, A. M 24
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Contactors

• A contactor is a special type of

relay designed to handle heavy
power loads that are beyond the
capability of control relays.

• Unlike relays, contactors are

designed to make and break
higher powered circuits without
being damaged.

Three-pole
magnetic contactor
Basuwaqi, A. M 25
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Contactors

• PLC used in conjunction with a contactor

to switch power on and off to a pump

Contactor used in conjunction with a PLC output

Basuwaqi, A. M 26
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Motor Starters
A motor starter is designed to provide power to motors.
The motor starter is made up of a contactor with an
overload relay attached physically and electrically to it.

• Overload relays are designed to meet the special

protective needs of motor control circuits.

• They allow harmless temporary overloads that occur

when a motor starts.

• The overload relay will trip and disconnect power to

the motor if an overload condition persists.

• Overload relays can be reset after the overload

condition has been corrected Basuwaqi, A. M 27
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Motor Starters

Three-phase magnetic motor starter

Basuwaqi, A. M 28
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Motor Starters

PLC control of a motor

Basuwaqi, A. M 29
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Manually Operated Switches

Manually operated switches are controlled by hand. These include toggle switches,
pushbutton switches, knife switches, and selector switches.
Pushbutton switches are the most common form of manual control

Commonly used types of pushbutton switches

Basuwaqi, A. M 30
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Manually Operated Switches

Three-position selector switch

Dual in-line package (DIP) switches

Basuwaqi, A. M 31
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Mechanically Operated Switches

A mechanically operated switch is controlled automatically by factors such as pressure,

position, or temperature

Mechanically operated limit switch

Basuwaqi, A. M 32
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Mechanically Operated Switches

Temperature switch
Basuwaqi, A. M Pressure switch 33
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Sensors
• Sensors are used for detecting, and often measuring, the magnitude of something.

• They convert mechanical, magnetic, thermal, optical, and chemical variations into electric
voltages and currents

Proximity sensor: that detect the presence of an object (usually called the target) without
physical contact

Basuwaqi, A. M 34
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Sensors

Capacitive proximity sensors

Basuwaqi, A. M 35
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Sensors: Light Sensors

Through-beam scan

Basuwaqi, A. M 36
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Sensors: Ultrasonic Sensors

An ultrasonic sensor operates by sending

high-frequency sound waves toward the
target and measuring the time it takes for the
pulses to bounce back

Basuwaqi, A. M 37
PLC WIRING DIAGRAMS
Output Device Control

Solenoid

Basuwaqi, A. M 38
Basuwaqi, A. M 39