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Contents in Brief
Module 1 Expressions
2 Equations in One Variable
3 Relations and Functions
4 Linear and Nonlinear Functions
5 Creating Linear Equations
6 Linear Inequalities
7 Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
8 Exponential Functions
9 Statistics
10 Tools of Geometry
11 Angles and Geometric Figures
12 Logical Arguments and Line Relationships
13 Transformations and Symmetry
14 Triangles and Congruence
iii_iii_RM_INT1_S_FM_CIB_700687.indd 3 17/04/19 9:44 AM

Reveal AGA Makes TM
Math Meaningful...
Check Example 2 Graph a Greatest Integer Function Talk About It!

⎧ -x + 1 if x ≤ -2
Watch Out! Part A Graph f(x) = ⎨ . Graph f(x) = 〚 x + 1〛. State the domain and range. What do you notice
⎩ -3x - 2 if x > -2
Circles and Dots Do about the symmetry,
not forget to examine First, make a table. Select a few values that are between integers. extrema, and end
the endpoint(s) of each behavior of the
piece to determine x x+1 〚∣x + 1∣〛 function?
whether there should −2 −1 −1 –1, –0.75, and –0.5 are greater than or equal to
be a circle or a dot. > −1.75 −0.75 −1 –1 but less than 0. So, –1 is the greatest integer
and < mean that a that is not greater than –1, –0.75, or –0.5.
−1.25 −0.25 −1
circle should be used,
while ≥ and ≤ mean −1 0 0 0, 0.5, and 0.75 are greater than or equal to 0
that a dot should be Part B Find the domain and range of the function. −0.5 0.5 0 but less than 1. So, 0 is the greatest integer
Learning on the Go!

used. −0.25 0.75 0 that is not greater than 0, 0.5, or 0.75.
0 1 1 1, 1.25, and 1.5 are greater than or equal to 1
0.25 1.25 1 but less than 2. So, 1 is the greatest integer
Study Tip that is not greater than 1, 1.25, or 1.5.
0.5 1.5 1
Piecewise-Defined Explore Age as a Function 1 2 2
Watch Out!
Functions When 2, 2.25, and 2.75 are greater than or equal to
Greatest Integer
1.25 2.25 2 2 but less than 3. So, 2 is the greatest integer
The flexible approach of Reveal

graphing piecewise- Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete an Explore. Function When finding
defined functions, 1.75 2.75 2 that is not greater than 2, 2.25, or 2.75.
the value of a greatest
there should be a dot integer function, do not
or line that contains INQUIRY When can real-world data be On the graph, dots represent y
round to the nearest
each member of the described using a step function?
Algebra 1, Reveal Geometry, and

included points. Circles represent integer. Instead, always
domain. points that are not included. The round nonintegers
domain is all real numbers. The range down to the greatest
O x
is all integers. Note that this is the integer that is not
Reveal Algebra 2 (Reveal AGA)

Go Online graph of f(x) = 〚 x 〛 shifted 1 unit to greater than the
Learn Graphing Step Functions the left. number.
You can watch a video
to see how to graph a A step function is a type of piecewise-linear function with a graph that
piecewise-defined is a series of horizontal line segments. One example of a step function Check
can work for you using digital

function on a graphing is the greatest integer function, written as f(x) = 〚 x 〛 in which f(x) is
calculator the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Graph f(x) = 〚 x - 2〛 by making a table. Copy and complete the table.
Then graph the function.
only or digital and your Student

Key Concept • Greatest Integer Function x x+1 〚x + 1〛
Type of graph: disjointed line Parent function: f(x) = 〚| x |〛 −1 −3
segments y −0.75 −2.75
Edition together.
The graph of a step function is a −0.25 −2.25 −3
series of disconnected horizontal 0 −2 −2
line segments. 0.25 −1.75 −2
O x
Domain: all real numbers; Because f(x) = [x] 0.5 −1.5
the dots and circles overlap, the
1 −1
domain is all real numbers.
1.25 −0.75 −1
Range: all integers; Because the
1.5 −0.5
function represents the greatest
integer less than or equal to x, the 2 0
range is all integers. 2.25 0.25
Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online. Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online.
260 Module 4 • Linear and Nonlinear Functions Lesson 4-6 • Piecewise and Step Functions 261
.
Interactive Student Edition

259_266_HSM_NA_S_A1M04_L06_695907.indd 260 08/03/19 8:21 PM 259_266_HSM_NA_S_A1M04_L06_695907.indd 261 07/03/19 3:49 PM
Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock, McGraw-Hill Education
Student Digital Center
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…to Reveal YOUR Full Potential!
Reveal AGA Brings Math to
TM
Go Online!
Life in Every Lesson my.mheducation.com
Reveal AGA is a blended print and digital
program that supports access on the go. Web Sketchpad® Powered by The Geometer’s
Use your student edition as a reference Sketchpad®- Dynamic, exploratory, visual
as you work through assignments in the activities embedded at point of use within the
Student Digital Center, access interactive lesson.
content, animations, videos, eTools, and
technology-enhanced practice questions. Animations and Videos – Learn by seeing
mathematics in action.
Interactive Tools – Get involved in the

content by dragging and dropping, selecting,
highlighting, and completing tables.
Personal Tutors – See and hear a teacher

explain how to solve problems.
eTools – Math tools are available to help you

solve problems and develop concepts.
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iv_v_RM_INT1_S_FM_MKT_700687.indd 5 26/04/19 3:09 PM

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 1
Expressions
What Will You Learn?...............................................................................1
1-1 Numerical Expressions...........................................................................3
Explore Order of Operations
1-2 Algebraic Expressions.............................................................................13
Explore Using Algebraic Expressions in the Real World
1-3 Properties of Real Numbers..................................................................23
Explore Testing the Associative Property
1-4 Distributive Property...............................................................................35
Explore Using Rectangles with the Distributive Property
Explore Modeling the Distributive Property
1-5 Expressions Involving Absolute Value...............................................45
Explore Distance Between Points on a Number Line
1-6 Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy...................................................49
Module 1 Review.......................................................................................59
vi Table of Contents
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Module 2
Equations in One Variable

2-1 Writing and Interpreting Equations....................................................65
Explore Writing Equations by Modeling a Real-World Situation
2-2 Solving One-Step Equations.................................................................75
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Solve One-Step Equations
Involving Addition or Subtraction
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Solve One-Step Equations
Involving Multiplication
2-3 Solving Multi-Step Equations................................................................85
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Model Multi-Step Equations
2-4 Solving Equations with the Variable on Each Side........................91
Explore Modeling Equations with the Variable on Each Side
2-5 Solving Equations Involving Absolute Value...................................101
Explore Modeling Absolute Value
2-6 Solving Proportions.................................................................................109
Explore Comparing Two Quantities
2-7 Using Formulas.........................................................................................117
Explore Centripetal Force
Explore Using Dimensional Analysis
Module 2 Review......................................................................................129
Table of Contents vii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 3
Relations and Functions

3-1 Representing Relations...........................................................................135
Explore Choosing Scales
3-2 Functions.....................................................................................................147
Explore Vertical Line Test
3-3 Linearity and Continuity of Graphs.....................................................157
Explore Representing Discrete and Continuous Functions
3-4 Intercepts of Graphs................................................................................167
3-5 Shapes of Graphs.....................................................................................179
Explore Line Symmetry
Explore Relative High and Low Points
3-6 Sketching Graphs and Comparing Functions.................................191
Explore Modeling Relationships by Using Functions
Module 3 Review......................................................................................203
viii Table of Contents

Module 4
Linear and Nonlinear Functions

4-1 Graphing Linear Functions....................................................................209
Explore Points on a Line
Explore Lines Through Two Points
4-2 Rate of Change and Slope.....................................................................219
Explore Investigating Slope
Expand 4-2 Proving the Slope Criteria (Online Only)
4-3 Slope-Intercept Form...............................................................................229
Explore Graphing Linear Equations by Using the
Slope-Intercept Form
Expand 4-3 Linear Growth Patterns (Online Only)
4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions.................................................239
Explore Transforming Linear Functions
4-5 Arithmetic Sequences.............................................................................251
Explore Common Differences
4-6 Piecewise and Step Functions.............................................................259
Explore Age as a Function
4-7 Absolute Value Functions......................................................................267
Explore Parameters of an Absolute Value Function
Module 4 Review......................................................................................281
Table of Contents ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 5
Creating Linear Equations

5-1 Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form......................................287
Explore Slope-Intercept Form
5-2 Writing Equations in Standard and Point-Slope Forms................295
Explore Forms of Linear Equations
5-3 Scatter Plots and Lines of Fit................................................................307
Explore Making Predictions by Using a Scatter Plot
5-4 Correlation and Causation.....................................................................315
Explore Collecting Data to Determine Correlation and Causation
5-5 Linear Regression.....................................................................................319
5-6 Inverses of Linear Functions.................................................................327
Explore Comparing a Function and its Inverse
Module 5 Review......................................................................................335
x Table of Contents

Module 6
Linear Inequalities
6-1 Solving One-Step Inequalities..............................................................341
Explore Graphing Inequalities
Explore Properties of Inequalities
6-2 Solving Multi-Step Inequalities............................................................351
Explore Modeling Multi-Step Inequalities
6-3 Solving Compound Inequalities...........................................................357
Explore Guess the Range
6-4 Solving Absolute Value Inequalities...................................................367
Explore Solving Absolute Value Inequalities
6-5 Graphing Inequalities in Two Variables.............................................375
Explore Graphing Linear Inequalities on the Coordinate Plane
Module 6 Review......................................................................................381
Table of Contents xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 7
Systems of Linear
Equations and Inequalities
7-1 Graphing Systems of Equations...........................................................387
Explore Intersections of Graphs
7-2 Substitution................................................................................................399
Explore Using Substitution
7-3 Elimination Using Addition and Subtraction...................................405
7-4 Elimination Using Multiplication..........................................................413
Explore Graphing and Elimination Using Multiplication
7-5 Systems of Inequalities...........................................................................419
Explore Solutions of Systems of Inequalities
Module 7 Review.......................................................................................425
xii Table of Contents

Module 8
Exponential Functions
8-1 Exponential Functions............................................................................431
Explore Exponential Behavior
Explore Restrictions on Exponential Functions
8-2 Transformations of Exponential Functions......................................439
Explore Translating Exponential Functions
Explore Dilating Exponential Functions
Explore Reflecting Exponential Functions
8-3 Writing Exponential Functions.............................................................451
Explore Writing an Exponential Function to Model
Population Growth
8-4 Transforming Exponential Expressions.............................................461
8-5 Geometric Sequences.............................................................................465
Explore Modeling Geometric Sequences
Expand 8-5 Exponential Growth Patterns (Online Only)
8-6 Recursive Formulas..................................................................................473
Explore Writing Recursive Formulas from Sequences
Module 8 Review......................................................................................481
Table of Contents xiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 9
Statistics
9-1 Measures of Center..................................................................................487
Explore Finding Percentiles
9-2 Representing Data....................................................................................495
9-3 Using Data..................................................................................................503
Explore Phrasing Questions
9-4 Measures of Spread.................................................................................509
Explore Using Measures of Spread to Describe Data
9-5 Distributions of Data................................................................................515
9-6 Comparing Sets of Data.........................................................................523
Explore Transforming Sets of Data by Using Addition
Explore Transforming Sets of Data by Using Multiplication
9-7 Summarizing Categorical Data............................................................533
Explore Categorical Data
Module 9 Review......................................................................................547
xiv Table of Contents

Module 10
Tools of Geometry
10-1 The Geometric System............................................................................553
Explore Using a Game to Explore Axiomatic Systems
10-2 Points, Lines, and Planes.......................................................................561
Explore Intersections of Three Planes
10-3 Line Segments...........................................................................................569
Explore Using Tools to Determine Betweenness of Points
10-4 Distance.......................................................................................................577
Explore Using the Pythagorean Theorem to Find Distances
10-5 Locating Points on a Number Line......................................................585
Explore Locating Points on a Number Line with
Fractional Distance
10-6 Locating Points on a Coordinate Plane.............................................593
Explore Applying Fractional Distance
10-7 Midpoints and Bisectors.........................................................................599
Explore Midpoints
Module 10 Review.....................................................................................609
Table of Contents xv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 11
Angles and Geometric Figures

11-1 Angles and Congruence.........................................................................615
Explore Angles Formed by Intersecting Lines
11-2 Angle Relationships.................................................................................625
Explore Complementary and Supplementary Angles
Explore Interpreting Diagrams
11-3 Two-Dimensional Figures......................................................................635
Explore Modeling Objects by Using Two-Dimensional Figures
11-4 Transformations in the Plane................................................................645
Explore Introducing Transformations
11-5 Three-Dimensional Figures...................................................................657
Explore Measuring Real-World Objects
11-6
Two-Dimensional Representations of
Three-Dimensional Figures...................................................................667
Explore Representing Three-Dimensional Figures
11-7 Precision and Accuracy..........................................................................679
Explore Precision and Accuracy in Basketball
11-8 Representing Measurements................................................................687
Explore Significant Figures
Module 11 Review.....................................................................................697
xvi Table of Contents

Module 12
Logical Arguments and

Line Relationships
12-1 Conjectures and Counterexamples....................................................703
Explore Using Inductive Reasoning to Make Conjectures
12-2 Statements, Conditionals, and Biconditionals................................711
Explore Truth Values
12-3 Deductive Reasoning..............................................................................721
Explore Applying Laws of Deductive Reasoning by
Using Venn Diagrams
12-4 Writing Proofs............................................................................................729
Explore Algebraic Proof
12-5 Proving Segment Relationships...........................................................739
Explore Segment Relationships
12-6 Proving Angle Relationships.................................................................747
Explore Angle Relationships
12-7 Parallel Lines and Transversals............................................................757
Explore Relationships Between Angles and Parallel Lines
12-8 Slope and Equations of Lines...............................................................765
Explore Equations of Lines
12-9 Proving Lines Parallel..............................................................................775
Explore Intersecting Lines
12-10 Perpendiculars and Distance................................................................783
Explore Distance from a Point to a Line
Module 12 Review.....................................................................................793
Table of Contents xvii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 13
Transformations and Symmetry

13-1 Reflections..................................................................................................799
Explore Developing the Definition of a Reflection
13-2 Translations................................................................................................803
Explore Developing the Definition of a Translation
13-3 Rotations......................................................................................................807
Explore Developing the Definition of a Rotation
13-4 Compositions of Transformations.......................................................811

Explore Reflections in Two Lines
13-5 Tessellations...............................................................................................819
Explore Creating Tessellations
13-6 Symmetry....................................................................................................825
Explore Symmetry in Figures
Module 13 Review.....................................................................................833
xviii Table of Contents

Module 14
Triangles and Congruence

14-1 Angles of Triangles...................................................................................839
Explore Triangle Angle Sums
14-2 Congruent Triangles................................................................................847
Explore Relationships in Congruent Triangles
14-3 Proving Triangles Congruent: SSS, SAS...........................................855
Explore Conditions That Prove Triangles Congruent
14-4 Proving Triangles Congruent: ASA, AAS..........................................863
14-5 Proving Right Triangles Congruent....................................................871
Explore Congruence Theorems and Right Triangles
14-6 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles....................................................875
Explore Properties of Equilateral, Isosceles, and Scalene Triangles
Explore Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
14-7 Triangles and Coordinate Proof...........................................................883
Explore Triangles and Coordinate Proofs
Module 14 Review.....................................................................................893
Selected Answers....................................................................................................................SA1
Glossary......................................................................................................................................G1
Index.............................................................................................................................................IN1
Table of Contents xix

Module 1
Expressions
Essential Question
How can mathematical expressions be represented and evaluated?
What Will You Learn?

How much do you already know about each topic before starting this module?
KEY Before After

— I don’t know. — I’ve heard of it. — I know it!
write numerical expressions

evaluate numerical expressions
use the order of operations
write algebraic expressions
evaluate algebraic expressions
identify properties of equality
apply the Identity and Inverse Properties to evaluate expressions
apply the Commutative, Associative, and Distributive Properties
to evaluate expressions
write and evaluate absolute value expressions
use descriptive modeling to describe real-world situations
choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on
measurements
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about expressions.
Begin with three sheets of notebook paper.
1. Fold three sheets of paper in half along the width. Then cut along the crease.
2. Staple the six half-sheets together to form a booklet.
3. Cut five centimeters from the bottom
of the top sheet, four centimeters from
the second sheet, and so on.
4. Label each tab with a lesson number.
1 2 3 4
Module 1 • Expressions 1
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What Vocabulary Will You Learn?
• absolute value • descriptive modeling • multiplicative identity
• accuracy • equivalent expressions • multiplicative inverses
• additive identity • evaluate • numerical expression
• additive inverses • exponent • order of operations
• algebraic expression • like terms • variable
• base • metric
Are You Ready?

Complete the Quick Review to see if you are ready to start this module.
Then complete the Quick Check.
Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
24 1 1
Write __
 40 in simplest form. Find 2__
  4 ÷ 1__
  2 .
1 1 9 3
Find the greatest common factor (GCF) of 24 and 40. 2 __ __ __ __
4 ÷ 1  2 =   4 ÷  2
Write mixed numbers as
improper fractions.
factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
9 2
factors of 40: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40 = __
  4 × __
  3 Multiply by the reciprocal.
18 1
The GCF of 24 and 40 is 8. = __
  12 or 1__
  2 Simplify.
24 ÷ 8
_____ 3
  40 ÷ 8 = __
  5 Divide the numerator and
denominator by their GCF, 8.
Quick Check
Write each fraction in simplest form. Evaluate.
24 34 2 7 1
1. __
  36 2.  __
85 5. 6 × __
  3 6.  __ __
8 -  6
5 64 3 1 1 3
3.  __
65 4.  __
88 7.  __ _
8 ÷   4 8.  _ _
3 +   4
How did you do?

Which exercises did you answer correctly in the Quick Check?
2 Module 1 • Expressions

Lesson 1-1
Numerical Expressions
Today’s Goals
● Write numerical
Explore Order of Operations expressions for verbal
expressions.
● Evaluate numerical
Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the Explore.
expressions.
Today’s Vocabulary
INQUIRY How can you evaluate a numerical
numerical expression
expression?
exponent
base
Learn Writing Numerical Expressions evaluate
order of operations
A numerical expression is a mathematical phrase that contains only
numbers and mathematical operations. For example, 6 + 2 ÷ 1 is a four-step problem-
numerical expression. solving plan
define a variable
Some numerical expressions contain multiplication. Multiplication can
be represented in several ways, including a raised dot or parentheses.
Here are some ways to represent the product of 2 and 3.
2•3 2(3) (2)3 (2)(3)
Example 1 Translate a Verbal Expression

Translate one plus eight divided by three into a numerical
expression.
one plus eight divided by three

Think About It!
Identify the factors of
the numerical
1 + 8 ÷ 3 expression 6(11).
The translation is 1 + 8 ÷ 3 .
Check Think About It!

Translate the verbal expression into a numerical expression. What verbal phrase
seven times fifteen minus two times nine represents addition?
subtraction?
multiplication? division?
Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online.
Lesson 1-1 • Numerical Expressions 3
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Example 2 Translate a Verbal Expression
with Grouping Symbols
Translate the sum of five and nine divided by two into a numerical
expression.
the sum of five and nine divided by two
(5 + 9) ÷ 2
5+9
The translation is _____
  2 .
Example 3 Write a Numerical Expression

BOWLING A person’s handicap in bowling is usually found by
subtracting the person’s average from 200, multiplying by 2, and
dividing by 3. Marley’s bowling average is 170. Write a numerical
expression for Marley’s handicap in bowling.
The first step to find the handicap is to subtract the average from 200.
Marley’s average is 170. 200 - 170
Next, multiply the difference by 2. 2(200 - 170)
2(200 - 170)
Finally, divide the result by 3.  _________
3
Check
TEMPERATURE To convert a temperature in degrees Celsius to
degrees Fahrenheit, multiply the temperature in degrees Celsius by 9,
divide by 5, and add 32. Which numerical expression below converts
37° Celsius to Fahrenheit?
37 · 9
Watch Out! A.  ____
5 + 32
The first step
mentioned in the
verbal expression does 37 · 9
not always mean it is B.  _____
5 + 32
the first step in writing
the numerical
expression.
37 · 9
C.  ____
5 · 32
37 · 5
D.  ____
9 +
32
003_012_RM_INT1_S_M01_L01_700687.indd 4 17/04/19 2:25 PM

Learn Evaluating Numerical Expressions Talk About It!
xn
An expression of the form is read “x to the nth power.” The word Explain how the order
power is used to refer to the expression, the value, or the exponent of of operations applies
the expression. when using the
1
When n is a positive integer, the exponent indicates the number of formula __
  2 h(b1 + b2) to
times a number is multiplied by itself. In a power, the base is the find the area of a
number being multiplied by itself. trapezoid.
To evaluate an expression means to find its value. If a numerical

expression contains more than one operation, then the rule that lets
you know which operation to perform first is called the order of
operations.
Key Concept • Order of Operations
Step 1 Evaluate expressions inside grouping symbols.
Step 2 Evaluate all powers.
Step 3 Multiply and/or divide from left to right.
Step 4 Add and/or subtract from left to right.
Example 4 Evaluate Expressions

Evaluate each expression.
a. 24
24 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 Use 2 as a factor 4 times.
= 16 Multiply.
b. 45
45 = 4 · 4 · 4 · 4 · 4 Use 4 as a factor 5 times.
= 1024 Multiply.
Think About It!

Example 5 Order of Operations
Write an expression
Evaluate 20 - 7 + 82 - 7 · 11. that uses exponents
and at least three
20 - 7 + 82 - 7 · 11 = 20 - 7 + 64 - 7 · 11 Evaluate 82. different operations.
= 20 - 7 + 64 - 77 Multiply 7 and 11. Explain the steps you
would take to evaluate
= 13 + 64 - 77 Subtract 7 from 20. the expression.
= 77 - 77 Add 13 and 64.
=0 Subtract 77 from 77.
003_012_RM_INT1_S_M01_L01_700687.indd 5 15/04/19 7:44 AM

Check
Write the steps of the order of operations in the correct order.
Step 1 ?
Step 2 ?
Step 3 ?
Step 4 ?
Use a Source
Example 6 Write and Evaluate a Numerical
Find data about the
Expression
scoring in a game of ARCADE Mellie is playing a bowling game at an arcade. She rolls
interest to you where two balls into the 30-point hole, four balls into the 20-point hole,
you can score different and three balls into the 50-point hole. Write and evaluate an
numbers of points for
expression to find Mellie’s total score.
different plays. Write
and evaluate an Part A C
omplete the table to write an expression for Mellie’s total
expression to represent score.
a possible score.
To find Mellie’s total score, find the number of points scored from each
hole and add the products.
Words two balls plus four balls plus three balls
rolled into rolled into rolled into
the 30-point the 20-point the 50-point
hole hole hole
Expression 2 · 30 + 4 · 20 + 3 · 50
Part B Evaluate the expression.
2 · 30 + 4 · 20 + 3 · 50 = 60 + 80 + 150 Multiply.
= 290 Add.
Mellie scored 290 points.
Check
COMPUTERS A computer technician charges a flat fee of $50 plus $25
per hour. On Monday, he worked on Aika’s computer for 2 hours. On
Tuesday, he worked on Aika’s computer for 3 hours.
Part A Which expression(s) represents Aika’s bill? Select all that apply.
A. 50 + 25(2) + 25(3)
B. 50 + 25(2 + 3)
C. 25(2 + 3)
D. 50 + 25(5)
E. 25 + 50(2 + 3)
Part B How much money does Aika owe the technician?
003_012_RM_INT1_S_M01_L01_700687.indd 6 15/04/19 7:44 AM

Example 7 Expressions with Grouping Symbols Think About It!
Evaluate each expression. Equivalent expressions
(4 + 5) 2
have the same value.
a. ______
  3 (7 - 4)
Are the expressions
(4 + 5)2 (9)2 (30 + 17) × 10 and
 ______ ___
3 (7 - 4) =   3(3)  Evaluate inside parentheses. 10 × 30 + 10 × 17
81
= ___
  3(3) Evaluate the power in the equivalent? Why or
why not?
numerator.
81
= __
  9 Multiply 3 and 3 in the
denominator.
=9 Divide 81 by 9.
b. 15 – [10 + (3 – 2)2] + 6
15 – [10 + (3 – 2)2] + 6 = 15 – [10 + (1)2] + 6

Evaluate innermost
parentheses.
= 15 – [10 + 1] + 6 Evaluate power.
= 15 – [11] + 6 Add.
=4+6 Subtract.
= 10 Add. Study Tip

Grouping symbols such
Check as parentheses ( ),
brackets [ ], braces { },
23 – 5
Evaluate _____
  15 + 9 ·   and fraction bars are
used to clarify or
change the order of
operations. So,
evaluate expressions
Learn Plan for Problem Solving inside grouping
Using a four-step problem-solving plan can help you make sense of symbols first. For
problems and persevere in solving them. fraction bars, evaluate
the numerator and
Key Concept • Four-Step Problem-Solving Plan denominator before
Step 1 Identify and understand the task. completing the division.
Read the task carefully, and make sure you understand what
question to answer or problem to solve.
Step 2 Plan your approach. Think About It!
Choose a strategy. Plan the steps you will use to complete How can using this
the task. four-step problem-
solving plan help you
Step 3 Solve the problem.
effectively solve
Use the strategy you chose in Step 2 to solve the problem. problems?
Step 4 Check the solution.
Make sure that your solution is reasonable and completes
the task.
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Apply Example 8 Write and Evaluate Expressions
MONEY Thursdays are Student Days at LSC Theaters. Student
tickets are $5 and popcorn refills are free. You will buy a ticket and
a 20-ounce bottle of water, and you will split the cost of a large tub
of popcorn and large candy with a friend. How much money should
you bring?
Popcorn Drinks Snacks
Mini Tub $3.00 20 oz $5.00 Fruit Snacks $3.00
Medium Tub $5.00 32 oz $5.50 Hot Dog $5.00
Large Tub $7.50 44 oz $6.00 Candy $3.50
1. What is the task?

Math History Minute Describe the task in your own words. Then list any questions that you
Hungarian may have. How can you find answers to your questions?
mathematician George Sample answer: We are given what you will buy, the cost of each item,
Pólya (1887–1985) is and the cost of the popcorn and candy that will be split with a friend.
known as the father of
We are asked to find the amount of money that will be spent.
mathematical problem
solving. One of his 2. H
ow will you approach the task? What have you learned that
books, How to Solve It, you can use to help you complete the task?
was a bestseller that
Sample answer: Write an expression to represent the total cost of the
was translated into
ticket, drink, and food. Evaluate the expression to find the cost.
17 languages. In it,
Pólya describes a four- 3. What is your solution?
step plan for problem Use your strategy to solve the problem.
solving. What expression represents the total cost in dollars?
1 1
5 + 5 + __
  2 · 7.50 + __
  2 · 3.50
What is the total cost in dollars?
$15.50
4. How can you know that your solution is reasonable?
Write About It! Write an argument that can be used to defend
your solution.
Sample answer: The cost of the ticket and water is $10. The total cost
of the popcorn and candy is $11. So half of that cost is $5.50. The total
is $10 + 5.50 or $15.50.
Check
PETS While she was on a 7-day
Service Cost
vacation, Ms. Hernandez boarded her
Board $24 per day
dog at a kennel. If her boarding budget
is $250, can Ms. Hernandez afford a Wash $45
daily extra walk and one wash and nail Extra walk $4 per day
trimming? Explain. Nail trimming $12
Vitamins $1 per day
003_012_RM_INT1_S_M01_L01_700687.indd 8 15/04/19 7:44 AM

Go Online You can complete your homework online.
Practice
Example 1
Write a numerical expression for each verbal expression.
1. two plus twelve divided by four 2. eighteen more than five
3. seven more than three times eleven 4. twenty-five less than one hundred
5. six minus three minus one 6. fourteen decreased by three times four
7. twenty-four divided by six plus seven 8. eight times six divided by two minus nine
9. one hundred sixteen divided by four plus twenty-eight minus thirty-three
10. two hundred fifty-nine minus eighty-five plus sixty-two divided by two
Example 2
11. the sum of three and seven divided 12. the difference of six and two divided by four
by two
13. the sum of four and nine times three 14. eighteen divided by the sum of two and seven
15. ten divided by the product of four 16. the difference of eleven and four times five
and five
17. the sum of one and two divided 18. the sum of two and four and six times eight
by twenty
19. the sum of twelve and sixteen divided by the sum of three and four  
20. the difference of twenty-two and six divided by the sum of five and three  
21. the sum of thirty-six and fourteen divided by the product of two and five  
22. the quotient of thirty-two and four divided by the sum of one and three  
23. the sum of six and fifteen divided by the difference of thirteen and nine  
24. the difference of thirty-one and seventeen divided by the product of ten and four  
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Example 3
25. SOLAR SYSTEM It takes Earth about 365 days to orbit the Sun. It takes Uranus
about 85 times as long. Write a numerical expression to describe the number of
days it takes Uranus to orbit the Sun.
26. TEST SCORES To find the average of a student’s test scores, add the scores and
divide by the number of tests. Suppose Ryan scored 85, 92, 88, and 98 on four
tests. Write a numerical expression to describe Ryan’s average test score.
27. HOMEWORK It took Carrie five less minutes than twice the amount of time as Hua
to complete her homework. It took Hua thirty-five minutes to complete her
homework. Write a numerical expression to describe the amount of time it took
Carrie to complete her homework.
28. PERIMETER The perimeter of Stephanie’s triangle is half the perimeter 5 ft 8 ft

of Juan’s triangle. Juan’s triangle is shown. Write a numerical
expression to describe the perimeter of Stephanie’s triangle. 12 ft
29. BEDROOM Shenandoah’s rectangular bedroom is 12 feet long and 7 feet wide.
Write a numerical expression to describe the area of Shenandoah’s bedroom.
Examples 4, 5, and 7
Evaluate each expression.
30. 72 31. 143 32. 26
33. 35 – 3 · 8 34. 18 ÷ 9 + 2 · 6 35. 10 + 83 ÷ 16
8 + 33 (1 + 6)9
36. [(63 - 9) ÷ 23]4 37.  _____
12 - 7 38.  ______
2
5 -4
1 1
39. 4(16 ÷ 2 + 6) 40. 13 –  _
3 (11 – 5) 41. (5 · 2 – 9) + 2 · __
  2
42. 62 - 32 · 8 + 11 43. 43 ÷ 8 44. 20 + 3(8 – 5)
2 · 82 - 22 · 8
45. 3[4 - 8 + 42(2 + 5)] 46.  __________
   2·8
47. 25 + [(16 - 3 · 5) + _____

  5 ]
12 + 3 2
48. 73 – __
  3 (13 · 6 + 9)4
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Example 6
49. BIOLOGY Lavania is studying the growth of a population of fruit flies in her
laboratory. After 6 days, she had nine more than five times as many fruit flies as
when she began the study. If she observes 20 fruit flies on the first day of the
study, write and evaluate an expression to find the population of fruit flies Lavania
observed after 6 days.
a. Write an expression for the population of fruit flies Lavania observed after 6 days.
b. Find the population of fruit flies Lavania observed after 6 days.
50. PRECISION The table shows how scores are calculated Calculating a Diving Score
at diving competitions. Each of the five judges scores
Step 1 Drop the highest and lowest
each dive from 1 to 10 in 0.5-point increments. Tyrell
of the five judges’ scores.
performs a dive with a degree of difficulty of 2.5. His
scores from the judges are 8.0, 7.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 7.0. Step 2 Add the remaining scores to
fine the raw score.
a. W
rite an expression to find Tyrell’s score for
Step 3 Multiply the raw score by
the dive. the degree of difficulty.
b. What was Tyrell’s score for the dive?
51. RAMP The side panel of a skateboard ramp is a trapezoid, as shown. 30 in.
a. W
rite an expression to find the amount of wood needed to build the
two side panels of a skateboard ramp. 24 in.
b. H
ow much wood is needed to build the two side panels of a
50 in.
skateboard ramp?
Example 8
52. SKIING The cost of a ski tip is shown. The Sanchez family wants to purchase lift
tickets for 2 adults and 3 children. They also need to rent 2 complete pairs of
skis. If they also buy a 16-ounce hot chocolate for each person, find the total cost
of the ski trip.
Lift Tickets Rentals Hot Chocolate
Children $34 Skis $32 12 oz $3
Seniors $36 Poles Only $10 16 oz $4
Adults $42 Snowboards $29 20 oz $5
Mixed Exercises
53. eight to the fourth power increased by six
54. the sum of three and five to the third power times five plus one
55. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Isabel wrote the expression 6 + 3 × 5 - 6 + 8 ÷ 2

and asked Tamara to evaluate it. When Tamara evaluated it, she got a value of 19.
Isabel told Tamara that her value was incorrect and said that the value should
have been 38. Who is correct? Justify your argument.
003_012_RM_INT1_S_M01_L01_700687.indd 11 15/04/19 7:44 AM

56. REASONING Write an expression that includes the numbers 2, 4, and 5, has a
value of 50, and includes one set of parentheses.
57. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Kelly buys 3 video games that

cost $18.96 each. She also buys 2 pairs of earbuds that
cost $11.50 each. She has a coupon for $2 off the price of
each video game. Kelly uses a calculator, as shown, to find
that the total cost of the items is $77.85. The cashier tells
her that the total cost is $73.85. Who is correct? Justify
your argument.
58. REASONING The expression 13.25 × 5 + 6.5 gives the

total cost in dollars of renting a bicycle and helmet for 5 days. The fee for the
helmet does not depend upon the number of days.
a. What does 13.25 represent?
b. How would the expression be different if the cost of the helmet were doubled?
Higher-Order Thinking Skills

59. PERSEVERE The figure shows a floor plan for a two-room apartment. 10 ft 8 ft
Write an expression for the area of the apartment, in square feet, by
first finding the area of each room and then adding. Then describe how
you can write the expression in a different way. 18 ft
60. CREATE Describe a situation that could be represented by each

expression.
a. 9.95 + 0.75 × 3
b. 15 × 6 - 5 × 6
c. 59 × 5 - 25 × 5 - 30
61. FIND THE ERROR A student was asked to evaluate an

expression. The student’s work is shown. Describe any errors
and find the correct value of the expression. Explain your 62 - 5 x 2 + 2(9-7)
= 62 - 5 x 2 + 2(2)
reasoning.
= 36 - 5 x 2 + 2(2)
= 36 - 10 + 4
= 36 - 14
62. PERSEVERE When is 4x < 4? Use a drawing to justify your
= 22
reasoning.
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Lesson 1-2
Algebraic Expressions
Learn Writing Algebraic Expressions Today’s Goals
● Write algebraic
A variable is a letter used to represent an unspecified number or expressions for verbal
value. expressions.
● Evaluate algebraic
An algebraic expression is an expression that contains at least one
expressions.
variable.
A term of an expression is a number, a variable, or a product or
variable
quotient of numbers and variables.
algebraic expression
A variable term is a term that contains a variable.
term
A constant term is a term that does not contain a variable. variable term
constant term
Example 1 Write a Verbal Expression Think About It!

Write an algebraic
There are common verbal phrases associated with operations. These expression that uses at
phrases can be used to interpret an algebraic expression. least two variables, one
Interpreting an Algebraic Expression constant, one product,
and one power. Identify
Operation Verbal Phrases
the terms, variables,
addition more than, sum, plus, increased by, added to constant, product,
subtraction less than, subtracted from, difference, decreased factors, and powers.
by, minus
multiplication product of, multiplied by, times
division quotient of, divided by
Write a verbal expression for 5x3 + 2.

five times x to the third power plus two
Check
2
Which verbal expression represents __
 5 m2?
A. two fifths times the product of m and two
B. the quotient of two and five times the product of m and two
C. two fifths of m squared
D. two fifths times m cubed
Lesson 1-2 • Algebraic Expressions 13
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Example 2 Write a Verbal Expression with Grouping
Symbols
6b
Write a verbal expression for a4 +  __
7 .
Go Online __ 6b
a4 +   7
An alternate method
is available for this a to the fourth power plus the quotient of 6 times b and 7
example. a to the fourth power plus the quotient of 6 times b and 7
Try an alternate method.

Watch Out!
__ 6b
When a verbal a4 +   7
expression refers to a a to the fourth power plus 6 times b divided by 7
quotient, the first term
mentioned is the a to the fourth power plus 6 times b divided by 7
numerator and the
second term mentioned Compare and contrast the methods.
is the denominator. For
Quotient implies division, so you can replace quotient with divided by.
example, “the quotient
Thus, the two methods have the same meaning but use a different
of 6 and t” is written
6 word to describe division.
as __
  t , while “the
quotient of t and 6” is
t
written as __   6 .
Example 3 Write an Algebraic Expression
Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.
a. 2 times the quantity y plus 11
The word times implies multiplication, the quantity implies
parentheses, and plus implies addition.
So, the expression is written as 2(y + 11).
Study Tip b. n cubed increased by 5
The exponents 2 and 3 The word cubed implies a power of 3, and increased by suggests
are frequently used in addition.
math and have special
verbal phrases The expression could be written as n3 + 5 or 5 + n3.
associated with them:
x2 is read “x squared,” Check
and x3 is read “x
Use the verbal phrase 18 increased by the product of 3 and d.
cubed.”
Part A T
he key verbal phrases in the expression are italicized. Identify
which operation each key phrase implies.
increased by implies ?
product of implies ?
Part B Write an algebraic expression for the verbal phrase.
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Example 4 Write an Expression
When writing an expression to represent a situation, choose a variable
to represent each unknown value in the problem. This is called
defining a variable.
SOCCER In the group play stage of the FIFA
Study Tip
World Cup, teams are placed in groups of 4,
When writing an
and they play each other. A team is awarded
expression to model a
3 points for a win, 1 point for a tie, and no
situation, begin by
points for a loss. Write an algebraic identifying the
expression that represents the number of important quantities
points accumulated by one team in the group and relationships.
play stage of the World Cup.
Define variables for the unknown values.
Let w be the number of wins, t be the number
of ties, and z be the number of losses for one
team.
So, the number of points awarded for wins is 3w, the number of points
awarded for ties is t, and the number of points awarded for losses is
0z. The number of points accumulated is 3w + t.
a. Write a verbal expression for the number of points accumulated
and interpret the meaning of the variables in the context of the
problem.
3w + t; 3 points times the number of wins plus the number of ties
b. What units are associated with the variables, the coefficients, and
the expression?
Red Fred/Alamy
The variables represent numbers of games, the coefficients

represent points per game, and the expression represents the total
number of points.
c. How would the expression change if a point were deducted for

each loss?
You would subtract z from the original expression; 3w + t − z.
Check
MUSIC A music festival offers one-day and three-day passes. A one-
day pass costs $100, and a three-day pass costs $250. Write an
expression for the total ticket sales if n one-day passes and t three-day
passes are sold.
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Explore Using Algebraic Expressions in the Real World
Think About It! Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the
Use the Substitution Explore.
Property to replace
each variable in the
INQUIRY How are algebraic expressions
expressions with the
useful in the real world?
appropriate value. Let
p = 6, q = 0.5, and
r = 10.
3p = 3 · 6 Learn Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
q2 = 0.52 Algebraic expressions can be evaluated for given values of the
4q + r = 4 · 0.5 + 10 variables. The Substitution Property allows us to evaluate an algebraic
pr3 = 6 · 103 expression by replacing the variables with their values.
Key Concept • Substitution Property

Words A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any
expression.
Symbols If a = b, then a may be replaced by b in any
Think About It! expression.
How would you evaluate Example If m = 11, then 4m = 4 · 11.
a[(b − c) ÷ d ] − f if you
were given values of a,
b, c, d, and f? How Example 5 Evaluate an Algebraic Expression
would you evaluate the
expression differently if After applying the Substitution Property to an algebraic expression,
the expression were you can find the value of the numerical expression by using the order
a · b − c ÷ d - f? of operations.
Evaluate a2(3b - a + 5) ÷ c if a = 2, b = 6, and c = 4.
a2(3b - a + 5) ÷ c =
22 (3 · 6 - 2 + 5) ÷ 4 a = 2, b = 6, c = 4
= 22(18 - 2 + 5) ÷ 4 Multiply 3 by 6.
= 22(21) ÷ 4 Subtract 2 from 18, add 5.
= 4(21) ÷ 4 Evaluate 22.
= 81 ÷ 4 Multiply 4 by 21.
= 21 Divide 84 by 4.
Watch Out!
Check
Remember that the b(9 - c)
order of operations has Evaluate ______
  2 if a = 4, b = 6, c = 8.
a
addition and subtraction
in one step, not addition
and then subtraction.
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Example 6 Write and Evaluate an Algebraic
Expression
WORLD RECORDS In 2004, Chad Fell set the record for the largest
bubblegum bubble blown. Assume that the bubble was spherical. Study Tip
The surface area of a sphere is four times π multiplied by the radius
Assuming that the
squared. bubble was spherical
Part A Complete the table to write an expression that represents allows us to use the
the surface area of a sphere. formula for the surface
area of a sphere to
Words four times π multiplied by radius squared estimate the surface
Variable Let r = radius area of the bubble.
Although the bubble
Expression 4 × πr2 or 4πr2
was not perfectly
spherical, using the
Part B The record-setting bubble had a radius of 25.4 centimeters.
formula for a sphere
Find the surface area of this bubble. allows for a reasonable
A = 4πr2 Surface area of a sphere estimate.
= 4π(25.4)2 Replace r with 25.4.
= 4π(645.16) Evaluate 24.52 = 645.16.
= 2580.64π Multiply 4 by 645.16.
≈ 8107.32 Simplify.
The surface area of the bubble is approximately 8107.32 cm2.
Check
FOOTBALL The seating capacities of team stadiums in the AFC East
Division of the National Football League are shown in the table.
Team Number of Seats
Miami Dolphins 65,326
New England Patriots 66,829
Buffalo Bills 71,608
New York Jets 82,500
Part A Write an expression that represents the maximum number of

attendees at Jets, Dolphins, and Patriots home games during
the season. Let j be the number of Jets home games, d be the
number of Dolphins home games, and p be the number of
Patriots home games.
Part B Suppose that after the sixth week of the season, the Jets had
played 4 home games, the Dolphins had played 3 home
games, and the Patriots had played 2 home games. Based on
your expression from Part A, find the maximum number of
attendees at the Jets, Dolphins, and Patriots games after the
sixth week of the season.
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Pause and Reflect
Did you struggle with anything in this lesson? If so, how did you deal with it?

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.
1
1. 4q 2.  __
8 y 3. 15 + r
r4
4. w - 24 5. 3x2 6.   __
9
7. 2a + 6 8. r 4 · t3 9. 25 + 6x2
3a5
10. 6f 2 + 5f 11.  ___
2 12. 9(a2 – 1)
13. 5g6 14. (c - 2)d 15. 4 - 5h
16. 2b2 17. 7x3 - 1 18. p4 + 6r
19. 3n2 - x 20. (2 + 5)p 21. 18(p + 5)
Example 3
Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.
22. x more than 7 23. a number less 35
24. 5 times a number 25. one third of a number
26. f divided by 10 27. the quotient of 45 and r
28. three times a number plus 16 29. 18 decreased by 3 times d
30. k squared minus 11 31. 20 divided by t to the fifth power
32. the sum of a number and 10 33. 15 less than the sum of k and 2
34. the product of 18 and q 35. 6 more than twice m
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Example 4
36. TECHNOLOGY There are 1024 bytes in a kilobyte. Write an expression that
describes the number of bytes in a computer chip with n kilobytes.
37. THEATER H. Howard Hughes, Professor Emeritus of Texas Wesleyan College, and
his wife Erin Connor Hughes attended a record 6136 theatrical shows. Write an
expression for the average number of shows they attended per year if they
accumulated the record over y years.  
38. TIDES The difference between high and low tides along the Maine coast one
week is 19 feet on Monday and x feet on Tuesday. Write an expression to show
the average difference between the tides for Monday and Tuesday.  
39. SALE The cost of a T-shirt is shown. Monica has a $10-off coupon. Write
an expression that describes the cost of t T-shirts, not including sales tax.
T-shirt
$ 19.95
40. GYM MEMBERSHIP Juliana wants to join a gym. The cost of a gym
membership is a one-time $100 fee plus $30 per month. Write an
expression that describes the cost of a gym member ship after m months.
41. BOWLING The cost for bowling is $5 per player for shoe rentals and $45 per hour
to book a lane. Suppose a group of f friends go bowling for h hours. Write an
expression for the total cost for the group of friends to go bowling.
Example 5
Evaluate each expression if g = 2, r = 3, and t = 11.
42. g + 6t 43. 7 - gr 44. r2 + (g3 - 8)5
45. (2t + 3g) ÷ 4 46. t2 + 8rt + r2 47. 3g(g + r)2 - 1
Evaluate each expression if a = 8, b = 4, and c = 16.

c2 b2 2b + 3c2
48. a2bc - b2 49.  __2 + __
  2 50.  _______
2
b a 4a - 2b
3ab + c2 a 2 c 2a - b2 c-a
51.  _______
a 52. (__
  b ) - ____
  a - b 53.  ______ ____
ab +   2
b
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Evaluate each expression if x = 6, y = 8, and z = 3.
54. xy + z 55. yz - x 56. 2x + 3y - z
57. 2(x + z) - y 58. 5z + (y - x) 59. 5x - (y + 2z)
y + xz 3y + x2
60. z3 + (y2 - 4x) 61.  _____
2 62.  ______
z
Example 6
63. SCHOOLS Jefferson High School has 100 less than 5 times as many students as
Taft High School. Write and evaluate an expression to find the number of
students at Jefferson High School if Taft High School has 300 students.
a. W
rite an expression to find the number of students at Jefferson High School if
Taft High School has t students.
b.
How many students are at Jefferson High School if Taft High School has 300
students?
64. GEOGRAPHY Guadalupe Peak in Texas has an altitude that is 671 feet more than
double the altitude of Mount Sunflower in Kansas.
a. W
rite an expression for the altitude of Guadalupe Peak if Mount Sunflower has
an altitude of n feet.
b. W
hat is the altitude of Guadalupe Peak if Mount Sunflower has an altitude of
4039 feet?
65. TRANSPORTATION The Plaid Taxi Cab Company charges a $1.75 base fee plus
$3.45 per mile. Deangelo plans to take a Plaid taxi to the airport.
a. W
rite an expression to find the cost for Deangelo to take a Plaid taxi m miles to
the airport.
b. How much will it cost for Deangelo to take a Plaid taxi 8 miles to the airport?
66. GEOMETRY The area of a circle is given by the product of π and the
square of the radius.
a. Write an expression for the area of a circle with radius r. 7 in.

b. What is the area of the circle shown at the right? Use 3.14 for π.
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Mixed Exercises
5x
67. Consider the expression __
 2 + y3.
5x
a. Write two verbal expressions for __
 2 + y3.
b. Evaluate the expression if x = 4 and y = 2.

7a + b
68. Evaluate  _____
b + c , if a = 2, b = 6, and c = 4.
69. Evaluate x2 + y2 + z, if x = 7, y = 6, and z = 4.
2b + c2
70. Evaluate ______
  a , if a = 2, b = 4, and c = 6.
71. Evaluate 2 + x(2y + z), if x = 5, y = 3, and z = 4.
72. STRUCTURE Write an algebraic expression that includes a sum and a product.
Write a verbal expression for your algebraic expression.
73. STRUCTURE Write a verbal expression that includes a difference and a quotient.
Write an algebraic expression for your verbal expression.
74. USE A MODEL A toy manufacturer produces a set of blocks, with edge b, that
can be used by children to build play structures. The production team is
b
analyzing the amount of paint they need for a block.
a. The production team decides to use one coat of paint for each block.
Write an expression representing the minimum amount of paint needed b
for one block with edge b. b
b. The production team decides one coat of paint is not enough, so they want to
use two coats of paint for each block. Write an expression representing the
minimum amount of paint needed for one block with edge b.
c. The production team purchases cans of paint that will cover 60 in3. Write an
inequality representing the maximum length of edge b, in inches, when the
block is covered with the minimum amount of paint needed for two coats of
paint.
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75. REASONING During a long weekend, Devon paid a total of x dollars for a rental
car so he could visit his family. He rented the car for 4 days at a rate of $36 per
day. There was an additional charge of $0.20 per mile after the first 200 miles
driven.
a. Write an expression to represent the amount Devon paid for additional
mileage.
b. Write an expression to represent the number of miles over 200 miles that
Devon drove.
c. How many miles did Devon drive overall if he paid a total of $174 for the car
rental?

76. PERSEVERE For the cube, x represents a positive whole number. Find the
value for x such that the volume of the cube and 6 times the area of one of
its faces have the same value.
77. WRITE Describe how to write an algebraic expression from a real-world situation.
Include a definition of algebraic expression in your own words.
78. WRITE Explain the difference between an algebraic expression and a verbal
expression.
79. CREATE Write a real-world situation that can be modeled by the inequality
10t + 5.25 ≤ 50.
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Lesson 1-3
Properties of Real Numbers

Learn Properties of Equality Today’s Goals
● Recognize the
There are several properties of equality that apply to the addition and properties of equality
multiplication of real numbers. and identiy.
Key Concept • Properties of Equality expressions by applying
Reflexive Property the Inverse and Identity
Properties.
Words Any quantity is equal to itself.
Symbols For any number a, a = a.
expressions by applying
Examples 3=3 the Commutative and
9+2=9+2 Associative Properties.
Symmetric Property
Words If one quantity equals a second quantity, then the additive identity
second quantity equals the first.
additive inverses
Symbols For any numbers a and b, if a = b, then b = a.
multiplicative identity
Example If 7 = 3 + 4, then 3 + 4 = 7.
multiplicative
Transitive Property inverses
Words If one quantity equals a second quantity and the second
quantity equals a third quantity, then the first quantity
equals the third quantity.
Go Online
Symbols For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b and b = c, You may want to
then a = c. complete the Concept
Example If 5 + 1 = 2 + 4 and 2 + 4 = 6, then 5 + 1 = 6. Check to check your
understanding.
Example 1 Identify Properties of Equality

Identify the property of equality used to justify each statement.
Explain your reasoning.
a. If 13 + 25 = 38, then 38 = 13 + 25. Think About It!

In part a if 13 + 25 =
Symmetric Property of Equality; 13 + 25 = 38 and 38 = 13 + 25 38 and 38 = 20 + 18,
b. y + 4 = y + 4 what do you know
about the expressions
Reflexive Property of Equality; y + 4 is equal to itself. 13 + 25 and 20 + 18.
What property of
equality did you use?
Check
a. 22 + 7 = 22 + 7 b. If 36 = 17 + 19, then 17 + 19 = 36.

Lesson 1-3 • Properties of Real Numbers 23
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Example 2 Interpret Properties of Equality
COOKING If the amount of sugar in a recipe is equal to the amount
of flour plus 2 tablespoons, and the amount of flour plus
2 tablespoons is equal to the amount of milk, then the amount of
sugar is equal to the amount of milk.
a. Write a verbal expression in the spaces below.
Talk About It!
Suppose the example flour flour
stated “If the amount of sugar = and , and and = milk , then
milk in a recipe is equal spoons spoons
to the amount of sugar
and the amount of
sugar is equal to the
amount of flour plus 2 sugar = milk .
tablespoons, then the
amount of milk is equal
to the amount of flour
plus 2 tablespoons.”
Would this example still Let a = the amount of sugar in the recipe, b = the amount of flour in
describe the Transitive the recipe plus 2 tablespoons, and c = the amount of milk in the
Property of Equality? recipe.
If we substitute a, b, and c for the verbal expressions, we can write the
following algebraic expression.
If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
b. This statement is an example of which property of equality?

This is an example of the Transitive Property of Equality.
Check
WEIGHT The weight of a bag of oranges plus 13 ounces is equal to
Watch Out! 5 pounds.
Choosing a Variable a. Which quantity is equivalent to 5 pounds?
Remember that any
letter can be used to
represent an algebraic
b. This statement is an example of which property of equality?
expression, not just a,
b, and c.
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Example 3 Use Properties of Equality
Use the given property of equality to complete each statement.
Think About It!
a. y − 21 = ? ; Reflexive Property of Equality
Avery says that in part b,
The Reflexive Property of Equality states that any quantity equals z = 35. Do you agree
itself, so y − 21 = y − 21. or disagree? Explain
your reasoning.
b. I f 24 + 11 = 9 + 26 and 9 + 26 = z, then 24 + 11 = ? ;
Transitive Property of Equality
The Transitive Property of Equality states that if one quantity

(24 + 11) equals a second quantity (9 + 26) and the second
quantity (9 + 26) equals a third quantity (z), then the first quantity
(24 + 11) equals the third quantity (z). So, 24 + 11 = z.
Check
a. If 43 + 9 = 10 + 42 and 10 + 42 = 52, then 43 + 9 = ? ;
Transitive Property of Equality
b. 2m - 1 = ? ; Reflexive Property of Equality
Learn Identities and Inverses

The sum of any number a and 0 is equal to a. Thus, 0 is called the
additive identity. If the sum of two numbers is equal to the additive
identity, like 4 + (-4) = 0, then the two numbers are additive inverses.
Key Concept • Addition Properties

Additive Identity
Words For any real number a, the sum of a and 0 is a.
Symbols a+0=0+a=a
Examples 5 + 0 = 5
0+5=5
Additive Inverse
Words A real number and its opposite are additive inverses
of each other.
Symbols a + (-a) = 0
Examples 2 + (-2) = 0
7-7=0
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The product of any number a and 1 is equal to a. Thus, 1 is called the
multiplicative identity.
The product of any number a and 0 is equal to 0. This is called the
Multiplicative Property of Zero.
Two numbers with a product of 1 are called multiplicative inverses or
reciprocals.
Key Concept • Multiplication Properties

Multiplicative Identity Property
Words For any real number a, the product of a and 1 is a.
Symbols a·1=a
1·a=a
Examples 4·1=4
1·4=4
Multiplicative Property of Zero
Words For any real number a, the product of a and 0 is 0.
Symbols a·0=0
0·a=0
Examples 12 · 0 = 0
0 · 12 = 0
Multiplicative Inverse Property
Study Tip a
Words For every real number __
 b where a, b ≠ 0, there is exactly
Recall that reciprocals
b a b
are two numbers with a one number __
  a such that __
 b · __
  a is 1.
product of 1. __ a b
Symbols   b · __
  a = 1
__ b a
  a · __   b = 1
__ 2 3
Examples   3 · __   2 = 1
__ 3 2
  2 · __
  3 = 1
Example 4 Evaluate Using the Addition Properties

Think About It! Evaluate 4 - 22 + 8(2).
If x - y is an example
4 - 22 + 8(2) = 4 - 4 + 8(2) Simplify 22.
of the Additive Inverse
Property, then what = 4 ‒ 4 + 16 Multiply 8 by 2.
must be true about the
relationship between x = 0 + 16 Additive inverses: 4 - 4 = 0
and y?
= 16 Additive identity: 0 + 16 = 16
Check
Evaluate 13 + 22 + 0 = ? .
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Example 5 Evaluate Using the Multiplicative Identity
and Multiplicative Inverse
3 2
Evaluate  __ __
2 ·   3 · 7 = 1 · 7. Think About It!
3 2 3 2 Why is the
 __ __
2 ·   3 · 7 = 1 · 7 Multiplicative inverses: __
  2 · __
  3 = 1
multiplicative identity 1
=7 Multiplicative identity: 1 · 7 = 7 and not the same value
as the additive
identity, 0?
Check
Identify the property used in each step of the evaluation process.
4∙1+0-4+3=4+0-4+3
=4-4+3
=0+3
=3
Example 6 Evaluate Using the Multiplicative Property

of Zero Watch Out!
Parentheses
Evaluate [4 - 3(2) + 7] · 0.
Before evaluating the
Notice that this expression is the product of an expression and 0. expression using the
Multiplicative Property
According to the Multiplicative Property of Zero, the product of any of Zero, pay close
number and 0 is 0. attention to
parentheses to see if
Therefore, [4 - 3(2) + 7] · 0 = 0.
the entire expression
or only part of it is
Check being multiplied by 0.
3
For example,
4 ?
Evaluate (13 - 1) · 0 + _
  4 · _
  3 = . (5 + 9 - 2) · 0 = 0,
but 5 + (9 - 2) · 0 =
5 + 0 = 5.
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Explore Testing the Associative Property
Go Online Online Activity Use a table to complete the Explore.
to practice what you've
learned about the
properties of real INQUIRY For what operations does the
numbers in the Put It Associative Property hold true? For what
All Together over operations does it not?
Lessons 1-1 through 1-3.
Learn Commutative and Associative Properties

An easy way to find the sum or product of numbers is to group, or
associate, the numbers using the Associative Property.
For the addition and multiplication of real numbers, the order does not
change their sum or product. This is called the Commutative Property.
Key Concept • Associative and Commutative Properties
Associative Property
Words The way you group three or more numbers when adding
or multiplying does not change their sum or product.
Symbols For any numbers a, b, and c,
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and (ab)c = a(bc).
Examples (2 + 9) + 4 = 2 + (9 + 4)
(3 · 6) · 5 = 3 · (6 · 5)
Commutative Property
Words The order in which you add or multiply numbers does not
change their sum or product.
Symbols For any numbers a and b,
a + b = b + a and a · b = b · a.
Examples 8 + 12 = 12 + 8
4·9=9·4
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Example 7 Evaluate Using the Associative Property
PERSONAL FINANCE Jalen wants to add up how much money he Think About It!
spent on gasoline in July. He grabs the four receipts he has for July
Why did you use the
and writes the expression that represents the total amount he Associative Property to
spent. Evaluate the expression to determine how much money Jalen evaluate this expression?
spent on gasoline in July.
Gas Station on Route 6
Total: $ 34.50 Total: $ 32.50 Total: $ 23.25 Total: $ 31.75
34.50 + 32.50 + 23.25 + 31.75 Original expression
= (34.50 + 32.50) + (23.25+31.75) Associative (+)
= 67.00 + 55.00 Simplify.
= 122.00 Add.
Jalen spent $122.00 on gasoline in July.
Check
Determine the property used for each step of the evaluation process.
114 + 71 + 19 + 26 = 114 + (71 + 19) + 26
= 114 + 90 + 26 Simplify.
= 114 + 26 + 90
= 140 + 90 Simplify.
= 230 Simplify.
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Watch Out!
Example 8 Evaluate Using the Commutative Property
5 6
Associative and Evaluate  __ __
6 · 9 ·   5 .
Commutative 5 6 5 6
Properties  __ __ __ __
6 · 9 ·   5 =   6 ·   5 · 9 Commutative (×)
Before you apply the 5 6
=1·9 Multiplicative inverses: __
  6 · __
  5 = 1
Associative or
Commutative Property, =9 Multiplicative Identity
make sure that only
one operation is
involved. For example, Check
in 3 + 5 · 2, you cannot 7
Josefina needs to evaluate _
 3 · 2 · 3. She wants to use the Commutative
group 3 + 5 or switch
the 3 and 5 because Property to more easily evaluate the expression. What should she do
that does not adhere to first?
the order of operations.
Example 9 Evaluate Using the Associative

and Commutative Properties
Think About It!
For which step(s) did GROCERIES Jade buys groceries once Groceries
Jade use the each week, and she wants to calculate Week Amount Spent ($)
Commutative Property? how much she spent on groceries over
1 32
For which step(s) did a 4-week period. Evaluate the
2 27
Jade use the expression to find how much Jade
Associative Property? spent at the grocery store. 3 28
4 33
32 + 27 + 28 + 33 = 32 + 28 + 27 + 33 Step 1
= (32 + 28) + (27 + 33) Step 2
= 60 + 60 Step 3
= 120 Step 4
Jade spent $120 on groceries over the 4-week period.
Check
Use the Commutative and Associative Properties to evaluate
5 9
 __ __
9 · 9 ·  5 · 4.
Go Online
to learn about
operations with rational
numbers in Expand 1-3.
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Practice
Examples 1–3
1. If 4 + 17 = 21, then 21 = 4 + 17. 2. x + 3 = x + 3

3. If 16 = 9 + 7, then 9 + 7 = 16. 4. If 6 + 2 = 4 + 4 and 4 + 4 = 8, then 6 + 2 = 8.

5. If 23 + 14 = 37, then 37 = 23 + ? ; 6. If a + 5 = b + 3 and a + 5 = 12, then b + 3 = ? ;
Symmetric Property of Equality Transitive Property of Equality
7. If 34 = 19 + 15, then 19 + 15 = ? ; 8. b + 5 + 12 = ? ;
Symmetric Property of Equality Reflexive Property of Equality
9. TOLL ROADS Some toll highways assess tolls based on where a car Entered Exited Toll
entered and exited. The table shows the highway tolls for a car
Exit 8 Exit 10 $0.25
entering and exiting at a variety of exits. Assume that the toll for the
reverse direction is the same. Exit 10 Exit 15 $1.00
Exit 15 Exit 18 $0.50
a. J ulio travels from Exit 8 to Exit 15. Which quantity is equivalent to
Exit 18 Exit 22 $0.75
Exit 8 to Exit 15?
b. What property would you use to determine the toll?
Examples 4–6
Evaluate each expression. Name the property used in each step.
2
10. 3(22 - 3 · 7) 11. [3 ÷ (2 · 1)] __
3 
1
12. 2(3 · 2 - 5) + 3 · __
 3   13. 2[5 - (15 ÷ 3)]
1
14. 6 + 9[10 - 2(2 + 3)] 15. 2(6 ÷ 3 - 1) · __
 2 
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Examples 7–9
Evaluate each expression using properties of numbers. Name the property used in
each step.
4 2
16. 25 + 14 + 15 + 36 17. 4 __ __
9 + 7  9
18. 4.3 + 2.4 + 3.6 + 9.7 19. 2 · 8 · 10 · 2
5 1 3 1
20. 1 __ __
6 · 24 · 3  11 21. 2 _ __
4 · 1  8 · 32
22. 16 + 8 + 14 + 12 23. 2 · 4 · 5 · 3
4
24. 6.4 + 2.7 + 1.6 + 5.3 25.  _
3 · 7 · 3 · 10
Evaluate each expression if a = -1, b = 4, and c = 6.

26. 4a + 9b - 2c 27. -10c + 3a + a
28. a - b + 5a - 2b 29. 8a + 5b - 11a – 7b
30. 3c2 + 2c + 2c2 31. 3a - 4a2 + 2a
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32. Name the property that is used in 5 · n · 2 = 0. Then find the value of n.
1
33. Name two properties used to evaluate 7 · 1 - 4 · _
  4 .
34. Evaluate 7 · 2 · 7 · 5 using properties of numbers.

Name the property used in each step.
Mixed Exercises
Find the value of x. Then name the property used.
35. 8 = 8 + x 36. 3.2 + x = 3.2
1 1
37. 10x = 10 38.  __ __
2 · x =   2 · 7
39. x + 0 = 5 40. 1 · x = 3
4 3
41.  _ _
3  ·   4  = x 42. 2 + 8 = 8 + x
3 3 1
43. x + _
  4 = 3 + _
  4 44.  _
3 · x = 1
45. MENTAL MATH The triangular banner has a base of

9 centimeters and a height of 6 centimeters. Using the
formula for area of a triangle, the banner’s area can be
1
expressed as __
  2 × 9 × 6. Gabrielle finds it easier to write h
and evaluate (__

  2 × 6) × 9 to find the area. Is Gabrielle’s
1
expression equivalent to the area formula? Explain.

b
46. FINANCE Felicity put down $800 on a used car. She took out a loan to pay off the
balance of the cost of the car. Her monthly payment will be $175. After 9 months,
how much will she have paid for the car?
47. ANATOMY The human body has 126 bones in the upper and lower extremities,
28 bones in the head, and 52 bones in the torso. Use the Associative Property to
write and evaluate an expression that represents the total number of bones in the
human body.
48. SCHOOL SUPPLIES At a local school supply store, a highlighter costs $1.25, a
ballpoint pen costs $0.80, and a spiral notebook costs $2.75. Use mental math
and the Associative Property of Addition to find the total cost if one of each item
is purchased.
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49. PERSEVERE Write two equations showing the Transitive Property of Equality.
Justify your reasoning.
50. ANALYZE Determine whether the following statement is sometimes, always, or

never true. Justify your argument. The Commutative Property holds for
subtraction.
51. ANALYZE Provide a counterexample to shows that there is no Commutative

Property or Associative Property for division. What is the relationship between
the results when the order of division of two numbers is switched?
52. WRITE Explain why 0 has no multiplicative inverse.
53. ANALYZE The sum of any two whole numbers is always a whole number. So, the
set of whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …} is said to be closed under addition. This is
an example of the Closure Property. State whether each statement is true or
false. If false, justify your reasoning.
a. The set of whole numbers is closed under subtraction.
b. The set of whole numbers is closed under multiplication.
c. The set of whole numbers is closed under division.
54. ANALYZE Explain whether 1 can be an additive identity. Give an example to justify
your reasoning.
55. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Identify the equation that does not belong with
the other three. Justify your conclusion.
x + 12 = 12 + x 7h = h · 7 1+a=a+1 (2j)k = (2jk)
56. CREATE Write an expression that simplifies to 160 using the Commutative and
Associative Properties.
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Lesson 1-4
Distributive Property
Today’s Goals
● Use the Distributive
Explore Using Rectangles with the Distributive Property to evaluate
expressions.
Property ● Use the Distributive
Property to simplify
nline Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the
O expressions.
Explore.
coefficient
INQUIRY What is the product of a and
(b + c)? like terms
simplest form
equivalent
Explore Modeling the Distributive Property expressions
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore.
INQUIRY How can you use algebra tiles to

find the product of two expressions?
Learn Distributive Property with Numerical Expressions

The expressions 3(4 + 2) and 3 · 4 + 3 · 2 are equivalent expressions
because they have the same value, 18. This concept shows how the
Distributive Property combines addition and multiplication.
Multiplying a number by a sum of numbers is the same as doing each
multiplication separately and then adding the products.
Key Concept • Distributive Property
Symbols For any numbers a, b, and c,
a(b + c) = ab + ac and (b + c)a = ba + ca and Think About It!
a(b − c) = ab − ac and (b − c)a = ba – ca. If a(b + c) = ab + ac,
Examples 4(9 + 3) = 4 ∙ 9 + 4 ∙ 3 then what does ab +
ac equal?
4(12) = 36 + 12
48 = 48
5(8 − 2) = 5 ∙ 8 − 5 ∙ 2
5(6) = 40 − 10
30 = 30
The Symmetric Property of Equality allows the Distributive Property to
also be written in the reverse order.
Lesson 1-4 • Distributive Property 35
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Example 1 Use the Distributive Property
SHOPPING Assume
When are you likely to do the
Think About It! that high school majority of back-to-school shopping?
Write an expression students spend an 46%
for the amount spent average of $180 on
on back-to-school back-to-school
shopping in June shopping during the 24%
22%
and September. months of June to
Then evaluate the September. Write an 8%
expression. expression to
June July Aug Sept
represent the amount
of money spent in August if the amount of money spent in August
is equal to the amount of money spent in July minus the amount
of money spent in June. Evaluate your expression using the
Distributive Property.
Step 1 Determine the percent of the total spent in June and July.
The amount spent in June is 24% of the total.
The amount spent in July is 46% of the total.
Step 2 Estimate the amount spent in August.
The amount spent is more than 20%, so spending is more than
0.2(180) or $36.
Step 3 Write an expression for the amount spent in August.
The amount spent in August is the product of the total
amount spent and the difference of the percents spent in
July and June.
180(0.46 - 0.24)
Step 4 Evaluate the expression.
Study Tip 180(0.46 - 0.24) = 180(0.46) - 180(0.24) Distributive Property
Making Sense
= 82.8 - 43.2 Multiply.
The four-step problem
solving plan is a tool = $39.6 Subtract.
for making sense of
any problem. When The total amount spent in August is $39.60.
making and executing
your plan, continually Check
ask yourself, “Does this
make sense?” Monitor How do you know your solution is correct?
and evaluate your
progress and change
course if necessary.
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Check
SWIMMING Verdell’s swim team practices 5 days a week. Each day they
spend 15 minutes stretching, 45 minutes swimming laps, and
30 minutes lifting weights.
Part A W
hich expression(s) represent the number of minutes Verdell’s
team spends in practice each week? Select all that apply.

A. 5(15 + 45 + 30) B. 5(15) + 45 + 30

C. 5(15) + 5(45) + 5(30) D. 5(15) + 5(45) +30
Part B H
ow much time does Verdell’s team spend in practice each
week?

A. 90 minutes B. 150 minutes

C. 330 minutes D. 450 minutes
Example 2 Mental Math

Use the Distributive Property to rewrite and evaluate each Think About It!
expression.
How can you use the
a. 5 · 99 Distributive Property to
rewrite and evaluate
5 ∙ 99 = 5(100 - 1) Think: 99 = 100 - 1 the expression 8(1100)?
= 5(100) – 5(1) Distributive Property
= 500 – 5 Multiply.
= 495 Subtract.
b. 4 ∙ 1002
4 ∙ 1002 = 4(1000 + 2) Think: 1002 = 1000 + 2
= 4(1000) + 4(2) Distributive Property
= 4000 + 8 Multiply.
= 4008 Add.
Check
Part A Estimate the value of the expression 7(51).
7( ? ) = 350, so 7(51) will be a little ? than 350.
Part B W
hich expression(s) use(s) the Distributive Property to rewrite
and find the exact value of the expression 7(51)?
A. 51(7 - 3); 204 B. 7(50 + 1); 357 C. 51(7 + 3); 510

D. 51(7) - 51(3); 204 E. 7(50) + 7(1); 357 F. 51(7) + 51(3); 510
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Learn Distributive Property with Algebraic Expressions
The coefficient is the numerical factor of a term.
Like terms are terms with the same variables, with corresponding
variables having the same exponent.
An expression is in simplest form when it is replaced by an equivalent
expression having no like terms or parentheses.
The Distributive Property and the properties of equality can be used to
show that 6x + 2x = 8x. In this expression, 6x and 2x are like terms.
6x + 2x = (6 + 2)x Distributive Property
= 8x Substitution
The expressions 6x + 2x and 8x are called equivalent expressions

because they represent the same value for any value of the variable.
Example 3 Distribute an Algebraic Expression from

the Left
Rewrite 4(5x – 7) using the Distributive Property. Then simplify.
4(5x - 7) = 4 · 5x - 4 · 7 Distributive Property
= 20x - 28 Multiply.
Check
Simplify the expression.
-6(r + 3g - t)
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Example 4 Distribute an Algebraic Expression from
the Right
Rewrite (3y 2 + y - 8)6 using the Distributive Property. Then simplify. Talk About It!
Emilio says you can
add 18y2 and 6y to get
(3y2 + y - 8)6 = 3y2(6) + y(6) - 8(6) Distributive Property 24y3. Do you agree or
disagree? Justify your
= 18y2 + 6y - 48 Multiply. answer.
Example 5 Combine Like Terms

Simplify each expression.
a. 14a + 18a
14a + 18a = (14 + 18)a Distributive Property
= 32a Substitution Problem Solving Tip

Make a Model
It can be helpful to
b. 4b2 + 9b - 3b visualize a problem
using algebra tiles or
4b2 + 9b - 3b = 4b2 + (9 - 3)b Distributive Property
folded paper.
= 4b2 + 6b Substitution
Think About It!

What are the like terms
in part a and part b?
Check
Simplify the expression. If not possible, choose simplified.
b2 + 13b + 13
Watch Out!
Like Terms
4b2 and 6b are not like
terms because they
have different
exponents.
035_044_RM_INT1_S_M01_L04_700687.indd 39 15/04/19 9:01 AM

Think About It!
Example 6 Write and Simplify Expressions
Caitlyn is using the Part A Complete the table to write an algebraic expression for three
Distributive Property to times the sum of 2x and 3y decreased by twice the difference of 4x
simplify -4(3k + 7p). and y.
She got -12k + 28p.
Do you agree or Words three times the decreased twice the difference
disagree? Justify your sum of 2x and 3y by of 4x and y
answer. Expression 3(2x + 3y) - 2(4x - y)
Part B Simplify the expression and indicate the properties used.
3(2x + 3y) - 2(4x - y)
= 3(2x) + 3(3y) - 2(4x) - 2(-y) Distributive Property
= 6x + 9y - 8x + 2y Multiply.
= 6x - 8x + 9y + 2y Commutative (+)
= (6 - 8)x + (9 + 2)y Distributive Property
= –2x + 11y Simplify.
Check
Study Tip Which expressions are equivalent to 4 times the sum of 2 times x
Distributive Property and 6?
Remember, when
simplifying the • 8(x - 3) • 4(2x + 6)
expression 3(2x + 3y), • (4 + 2x)6 • 4(2 + x + 6)
you must distribute the
3 to both terms inside • 8x + 24 • 4(2x) + 4(6)
the parentheses.
Equivalent Not Equivalent
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Practice
Example 1
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate.
1. (4 + 5)6 2. 7(13 + 12)
3. 6(6 - 1) 4. (3 + 8)15
5. 14(8 - 5) 6. (9 - 4)19
7. OPERA Aran’s drama class is planning a field trip to see Mozart’s famous
opera Don Giovanni. Tickets cost $39 each, and there are 23 students and
2 teachers going on the field trip.
a. Write an expression to find the group’s total ticket cost.
b. What is the group’s total ticket cost?
8. SALARY In a recent year, the median salary for an engineer in the United States
was $55,000 and the median salary for a computer programmer was $52,000.
a. W
rite an expression to estimate the total cost for a business to employ an
engineer and a programmer for 5 years.
b. E
stimate the total cost for a business to employ an engineer and a
programmer for 5 years.
9. COSTUMES Isabella’s ballet class is performing a spring recital for which they
3
need butterfly costumes. Each butterfly costume is made from 3 __
5 yards of fabric.
a. W
rite an expression to find the number of yards of fabric needed for
10 costumes.
b. U
se the Distributive Property to find the number of yards of fabric needed for
10 costumes. Show your work. (Hint: A mixed number can be written as the
sum of an integer and a fraction.)
10. REASONING Letisha and Noelle each opened a Checking Savings College
checking account, a savings account, and a college
Letisha $125 $75 $50
fund. The chart shows the amounts that they deposit
Noelle $250 $50 $50
into each account every month.
a. W
rite an expression to find the amount in Letisha’s checking, savings, and
college accounts after 12 months.
b. H
ow much is in Letisha’s checking, savings, and college accounts after
12 months?
035_044_RM_INT1_S_M01_L04_700687.indd 41 17/05/19 9:01 AM

Example 2
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite and evaluate each expression.
11. 7 · 497 12. 6(525)
14. (4 __
  7 )21
1 2
13. 36 · 3 _
4
15. 5 · 89 16. 9 · 99
18. 15(2 __
  3 )
1
17. 15 · 104
19. 12 · 98 20. 8 · 1.5
22. 5(4 __
  5 )
1
21. 3 · 10.2
Examples 3 and 4
Rewrite each expression using the Distributive Property. Then simplify.
23. 2(x + 4) 24. (5 + n)3
25. (4 - 3m)8 26. -3(2x - 6)
27. (2 - 4n)17 28. 11(4d + 6)
29. (_
  3  - 2b)27
1
30. 4(8p + 16q - 7r)
31. 6(2c - cd2 + d) 32. 7(h - 10)
33. 3(m + n) 34. 2(x - y + 1)
35. (__
  2 + 6a)14
1
36. -2(7m - 8n - 5p)
1
37. (0.3 - 6x)9 38. -4(4a + 2b - __
  2 c)
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Example 5
Simplify each expression. If not possible, write simplified.
39. 13r + 5r 40. 3x3 - 2x2 41. 7m + 7 - 5m
42. 5z2 + 3z + 8z2 43. 7m + 2m + 5p + 4m 44. 6x + 4y + 5x
45. 3m + 5g + 6g + 11m 46. 4a + 5a2 + 2a2 + a2 47. 5k + 3k3 + 7k + 9k3
48. 6x2 + 14x - 9x 49. 17g + g 50. 2x2 + 6x2
51. 7a2 - 2a2 52. 3y2 - 2y + 9 53. 3q2 + q - q2
Example 6
Consider each verbal expression.
a. Write an algebraic expression to represent the verbal expression.
b. Simplify the expression and indicate the properties used.
54. The product of 9 and t squared, increased by 3 times the sum of

2 and t squared
55. The product of 3 and a, plus 5 times the difference of a and b
56. 3 times the sum of r and d squared increased by 2 times the sum of
r and d squared
Mixed Exercises
Simplify each expression.
57. 3x + 7(3x + 4) 58. 4(fg + 3g) + 5g 59. 6d + 4(3d + 5)
a 2
60. 2(6x + 4) + 7x 61. 4y3 + 3y3 + y4 62. a + __
  5 + __
  5 a
63. 4(2b - b) 64. 2(n + 2n - 5) 65. 7(2x + y) + 6(x + 5y)
035_044_RM_INT1_S_M01_L04_700687.indd 43 15/04/19 9:01 AM

66. REASONING A theater has m seats per row on the left side of the aisle and
n seats per row on the right side of the aisle. There are r rows of seats.
m seats n seats
Aisle
••• •••
••• •••
r rows
•••
••• •••
a. E
xplain how you can use the Distributive Property to write two different
expressions that represent the total number of seats in the theater.
b. S
uppose you double the number of seats in each row on the left side of the
aisle. Does this double the number of seats in the theater? Use one of the
expressions you wrote in part a to justify your answer.
67. FENCES Demonstrate the Distributive Property by writing two equivalent m

expressions to represent the perimeter of the fenced dog park.
Dog Park n

68. PERSEVERE Use the Distributive Property to simplify 6x2[(3x - 4) + (4x + 2)].
69. FIND THE ERROR Ariana is shipping 8 bags of granola to a customer.

Each bag weighs 22 ounces and the maximum weight she can ship in 80(22) = 8(20 + 2)
one box is 10 pounds 5 ounces. She makes the calculations at the right
= 8(20) + 2
and decides that she can ship the bags in one box. Do you agree?
Explain your reasoning. = 160 + 2
= 162 ounces
70. ANALYZE Determine whether the following statement is true or false. Justify your
argument. The Distributive Property is a property of both addition and
multiplication.
71. WRITE Why is it helpful to represent verbal expressions algebraically?
72. CREATE Write an expression that simplifies to 2a + 14 using the Distributive Property.
035_044_RM_INT1_S_M01_L04_700687.indd 44 15/04/19 9:01 AM

Lesson 1-5
Expressions Involving Absolute Value

Today’s Goal
Explore Distance Between Points on a Number Line ● Evaluate absolute value
expressions.
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the Explore. Today’s Vocabulary
absolute value
INQUIRY How can you find the distance
between any two values x and y on a
number line?
Learn Evaluating Expressions Involving Absolute Value

The absolute value of a number is its distance from 0 on a number line. Study Tip
Interpreting -x
Key Concept • Absolute Value of Variables
Do not read -x as
Words For any real number x, if x is positive or zero, then negative x but as the
the absolute value of x is x. If x is negative, then opposite of x. Because
the absolute value of x is the opposite of x. x represents a negative
Symbols For any real number x, |x| = x if x ≥ 0, and number whenever
|x| = −x if x < 0. x < 0, the expression
Examples If x = 12, then |x| = 12. -x represents a
If x = −7, then |x| = −(−7) = 7. positive number.
Example 1 Write an Absolute Value Expression

Think About It!
THERMOMETERS The precision of a meat thermometer is the
Is the expression -x
positive difference between the temperature reading on the always a negative
thermometer t and the actual temperature of the meat m. Complete value? If not, for what
the statements about which expressions are and are not equivalent values of x is -x
to the precision of a meat thermometer. positive?
|m - t|
This expression is equivalent to the precision of a meat
thermometer because it represents the difference between
the measurements, and is always positive because it is the
absolute value of the difference.
This expression is not equivalent to the precision of a meat
|m| - |t|
thermometer in all cases, because if t > m, then |m| − |t| Think About It!
is negative. Give three pairs of
|t - m|
This expression is equivalent to the precision of a meat values for c and d for
which |c + d| is not
thermometer because it represents the difference between
equal to |c| + |d|.
the measurements, and it is always nonnegative because it
is the absolute value of the difference.
This expression is not equivalent to the precision of a meat
|t| - |m|
thermometer in all cases because if m > t, then
|t| − |m| is negative.
Lesson 1-5 • Expressions Involving Absolute Value 45
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Check
AMUSEMENT PARKS At an amusement park, a vendor attempts to
Study Tip
guess a person’s weight. If they are not within 3 pounds, the person
Opposites If a and b will win a prize. If a person weighs 168 pounds and the vendor makes
are real numbers and
a guess of x pounds, which expression represents the number of
a ≠ b, the difference
pounds a winning guess is away from the actual weight?
a - b is the opposite of
b - a. The absolute A. |3 - x| B. |x + 3|
values of opposites are C. |168 - x| D. |3 - 168|
always equal.
Think About It! Example 2 Evaluate the Absolute Value of an

How would you Algebraic Expression
evaluate the
expression Evaluate |-2xy + 5y| if x = 6 and y = -3.
|-2(xy + 5y)| ? |-2xy + 5y| = |-2(6)(−3) + 5(−3)|
Replace x with 6 and y
with -3.
= |36 - 15| Multiply.
= |21| Subtract 15 from 36.
= 21 |21| = 21
Check
Evaluate -|5a + 3(2ab - 1)| if a = -2 and b = -3.
Study Tip
Order of Operations
Apply the order of Example 3 Evaluate an Expression Involving
operations when Absolute Value
evaluating an
expression inside When evaluating algebraic expressions, absolute value bars act as a
grouping symbols. grouping symbol. Perform any operations inside the absolute bars first.
Perform all the Evaluate 23 − |3 + 4x| if x = 2. Select a statement below to justify
multiplication from left each step.
to right and then do the
Replace x with 2. Multiply. 3 + 8 = 11
addition and subtraction
from left to right. |11| = 11 Simplify.
23 - |3 + 4x| = 23 - |3 + 4(2)| Replace x with 2.

= 23 - |3 + 8| Multiply.
Watch Out!
= 23 - |11| 3 + 8 = 11
Additive Inverses
= 23 - 11 |11| = 11
Although |-2| = |2|,
replacing x with -2 will = 12 Simplify.
not give the same value
as replacing x with 2. Check
The evaluation of the
Evaluate 1.4 - 2.5|5y + 0.6| if y = -3.
expression will be the
same only if 3 + 4x
equals -11 for some
other value of x.
045_048_RM_INT1_S_M01_L05_700687.indd 46 15/04/19 9:02 AM

Practice
Example 1
1. POOLS The precision of a pool thermometer is the positive difference between the
temperature reading on the thermometer t and the actual temperature of the pool
p. Write two absolute value expressions equivalent to the precision of a pool
thermometer.
2. ROLLERCOASTER At a theme park, a person must be a certain height to ride a

rollercoaster. A person must be h inches tall, plus or minus 1.5 inches. Anoki says
the absolute value expression |1.5 - h| represents an acceptable height. David
says the absolute value expression |h - 1.5| represents an acceptable height. Who
is correct? Explain.
3. WATER DEPTH An echo sounder is a device used to determine the depth of water
by measuring the time it takes a sound produced just below the water surface to
return, or echo, from the bottom of the body of water. The precision of an echo
sounder is the positive difference between the depth of water reading on the echo
sounder r and the actual depth of water w. Write two absolute value expressions
equivalent to the precision of an echo sounder.
4. GOLF A certain company designs and ships boxes of golf balls. Each box must
weigh 540 grams. Write two absolute value expressions that represent the number
of grams a box weighing g grams is away from the desired weight.
Example 2
Evaluate each expression if m = -4, n = 1, p = 2, q = -6, r = 5, and t = -2.
5. |-n - 2mp| 6. |12 + 2t| 7. |q - 2mt|
8. |3r + 6m| 9. |p + 4q - 3r| 10. |16 + 4(3q + p)|
11. |2m + 6(q - t)| 12. -|10 - 7r + 8m + 2p| 13. -|14 - 6n + 7(q + 2t)|
Example 3
Evaluate each expression if a = 2, b = -3, c = -4, h = 6, y = 4, and z = -1.
14. |2b - 3y| + 5z 15. 15 - |2 - 3a| 16. |a - 5| - 1
17. |b + 1| + 8 18. 5 - |c + 1| 19. |a + b| - c
20. 5 + |2b| 21. |4 - h| - b 22. |2 - b - h| - h
Lesson 1-5 • Expressions Involving Absolute Value 47
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Evaluate each expression if a = -2, b = -3, c = 2, x = 2.1, y = 3, and z = -4.2.
23. |2x + z| + 2y 24. 4a - |3b + 2c| 25. -|5a + c| + |3y + 2z|
26. -a + |2x - a| 27. |y - 2z| - 3 28. 3|3b - 8c| - 3
1 3 2
Evaluate each expression if a = -  __ __ __
2 , b = 4 , and c = - 3.
29. -|6c - 16b| + 1 30. 14 + 2|3c + 10a| 31. |-2a - 20b| - 12c
32. 12a - |-16b| 33. |5 - 15c| + a 34. |2 - (a - 6b)| + 18c
Mixed Exercises
35. PRECISION A golf GPS is a device that can be used to determine the distance a
golf ball is from a pin. The precision of a golf GPS is the positive difference
between the distance a golf ball is from a pin on the golf GPS g and the actual
distance a golf ball is from a pin d.
a. Write two absolute value expressions equivalent to the precision of a golf GPS.
b. E
valuate the expression if the actual distance from the golf ball to the pin is
70 yards and the distance the golf ball is from the pin on the golf GPS is
75 meters.
36. STRUCTURE The students in Mrs. Mangione’s class attempt to guess the number
of marbles in a jar to earn 2 extra credit points on their next exam. Suppose there
are 1206 marbles in a jar and a student makes a guess of m marbles.
a. W
rite two absolute value expressions that represent the difference between
the guess and the actual number of marbles in the jar.
b. Evaluate the expression if a student guesses there are 1100 marbles in the jar.

37. CREATE Describe a real-world situation that could be represented by the
absolute value expression |x - 89|.
38. FIND THE ERROR The precision of a rain gauge is the positive difference between
the amount of rain in the rain gauge g and the actual amount of rain r. Sam says
the absolute value expression |g| - |r| is equivalent to the precision of a rain
gauge. Is Sam correct? Explain your reasoning.
39. ANALYZE Diaz claims that if a and b are real numbers, then |a + b| is always equal to |a| + |b|.
Determine whether his claim is true or false. Justify your argument.
045_048_RM_INT1_S_M01_L05_700687.indd 48 15/04/19 9:02 AM

Lesson 1-6
Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy

Learn Descriptive Modeling Today’s Goals
● Define and use
Descriptive modeling is a way to mathematically describe real-world appropriate quantities
situations and the factors that cause them. A metric is a rule for for the purpose of
assigning a number to some characteristic or attribute. descriptive modeling.
● Choose a level of
Metrics can be used to make comparisons. In sports, earned run accuracy appropriate to
average is used to compare baseball pitchers, and the quarterback limitations on
rating compares the performance of football quarterbacks. In banking, measurements when
a person’s debt-to-income ratio can determine whether the person reporting quantitites.
qualifies for a loan. In a good metric, factors that are important in the Today’s Vocabulary
situation are considered and included in the metric. For example, the descriptive modeling
quarterback rating includes measures of passing, running, penalties,
metric
and other factors that make a quarterback effective.
accuracy
Example 1 Use Descriptive Modeling

COLLEGE ATHLETICS Some
G.P.A. G.P.A. Value
universities use a metric called the
4.0 80
Academic Index to qualify high
school athletic recruits. A student 3.9 79
athlete with a 3.1 G.P.A. received 3.8 78
Think About It!
scores of 610 in reading, 640 in 3.7 77
Some universities
writing, and 700 in math on the SAT. 3.6 75 require student
Use the expression to determine 3.5 73 athletes to take the
whether the student athlete SAT twice and then use
3.4 71
qualifies at a university that both scores when
requires an Academic Index 3.3 70
determining their
of 186 or greater. 3.2 69 Academic Index. How
3.1 68 do you think this could
3.0 67 affect the score?
[ (   )
]
Reading Score + Writing Score
_____________________
 
    2 + Math Score
2 ______________________________
 
        + G.P.A. Value
20
Step 1 Find all values for the metric.

Use the table to determine the G.P.A. value. For a 3.1 G.P.A.,
the value is 68.
(continued on the next page)
Lesson 1-6 • Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy 49
049_058_RM_INT1_S_M01_L06_700687.indd 49 15/04/19 9:07 AM

Step 2 Substitute values in the metric.
[ (_____________________
  ) + Math Score
]
Reading Score + Writing Score
 
    2
______________________________
2     
     + G.P.A. Value
20
[ 
(
610 + 640
________
  2 
= 2 _____________
   20 
) + 700
]
+ 68 Reading 610, writing 640,
math 700, and G.P.A. 68
Think About It! [ (   2 ) + 700

1250
____
= 2 __________
    20 ] + 68 Add 610 and 640.
= 2[ ________] + 68
What other attributes 625 + 700
20 Divide by 2.
of high school recruits
= 2[____
  20 ] + 68
do you think 1325
Add 625 and 700.
universities might
consider when creating = 2(66.25) + 68 Divide by 20.
metrics to determine
= 132.5 + 68 Multiply by 2.
qualification?
= 200.5 Simplify.
The Academic Index is 200.5.
Step 3 Evaluate by using the metric.

Because the Academic Index is greater than 186, this student
would be qualified to attend the university as an athlete.
Check
PARKS Rachelle wants to determine the best state park for hiking and
fishing.
Part A Use the metric to calculate a score for each park. Round to the
nearest tenth.
Park Score = 100[0.2(_________) + 0.4( 
online rating
) +
____________ miles of trails
  5  25 
0.4(________)]
fish weight
  10 
Online Star Hiking Trails Best Fish

State Park Park Score
Rating (mi) (lb)
Gooseberry
4.8 20 9.8
Falls
Lake Maria 4.3 14 8.2
Maplewood 4.9 25 7.3
Camden 4.3 15.8 101
Part B How might someone who enjoys hiking much more than
fishing change this metric?
049_058_RM_INT1_S_M01_L06_700687.indd 50 15/04/19 9:07 AM

Example 2 Compare Metrics
HEIGHT A child’s adult height can be predicted using several
metrics. Given the height of the mother, father, and their son at
2 years old, use the metrics to predict the son’s height as an adult.
USE A SOURCE
Find information to
create a metric to
72” measure something
65” that is important to you.
Explain how your
35” metric includes the
factors that you think
are important to
measure.
Method 1 The Gray Method
The Gray Method uses the average heights of the parents, adjusted by
the gender of the child. For a boy, the mother’s height is multiplied
13 12
by __
  12 , and for a girl, the father’s height is multiplied by __
 13 .
13 __
  12  · mother’s height + father’s height
________________________
        
2
13 __
  12 ⋅ 65 + 72
= _________
  2 mother’s height 65, father’s height 72
70.42 + 72 13
= ________
  2 Multiply __
  12 and 65.
142.42
= _____   2 Add 70.42 and 72.
= 71.21 Simplify.
Using the Gray Method, the boy will be about 71 inches tall as an adult.
Method 2 The Doubling Method
The Doubling Method multiplies the height of a child by 2 at a specific

age to predict the child’s height as an adult. Height at 24 months is
used for boys, and height at 18 months is used for girls.
2 · height of child
= 2 · 35 Boy’s height of 35 inches
= 70 Simplify.
Using the Doubling Method, the boy will be 70 inches tall as an adult.
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Check
LOANS Elan is applying for a home loan. At National Road Bank, Elan’s
debt-to-income ratio must be 0.36 or less to qualify for a loan, and at
New Savings Bank his mortgage-to-income ratio must be 0.28 or less.
Part A U
se the two metrics and the information provided to determine
whether Elan qualifies for a home loan at each bank. Round to
the nearest hundredth.
Monthly Income Monthly Debt Monthly Mortgage
$3650 $1165 $1068
National Road Bank: Debt-to-Income Ratio

Monthly Debt
___________
   
  
Monthly Income =
?
New Savings Bank: Mortgage-to-Income Ratio

Monthly Mortgage
 _____________
  
  
Monthly Income =
?
Part B C
ompare the results of the two metrics. How effective are each
of the metrics as measures of whether Elan can afford to buy a
house?
Learn Accuracy
All measurements are approximations. When you measure something,
Study Tip you are limited by the measurement tool that you are using. Accuracy
Fractions Fractions is the nearness of a measurement to the true value of the measure.
may be more accurate
The accuracy needed for baking cookies, timing the final seconds of a
than rounded decimals.
basketball game, and determining the gold medalist of a 100-meter
For example, the sum
of _
3
  7 + __
2
  3 is more dash are very different.
accurately reported Whether measurements should be rounded depends on how the
23
as __   21 than 1.095. measurement will be used and the limitations of the units in which the
measurement is taken.
049_058_RM_INT1_S_M01_L06_700687.indd 52 15/04/19 9:07 AM

Example 3 Decide Where to Round
ROAD TRIP Damien and two of his friends are taking a road trip.
They plan to share the responsibility of driving and will each drive Think About It!
an equal distance. Damien’s GPS shows that the total distance is The total cost of fuel
172 miles. Determine the exact distance that each person should for the trip was $20. If
drive. Then determine a more appropriate driving distance for each they split the cost
person given the limitations of the situation. equally, how much
should each person
To determine the exact distance each person should drive, divide the pay? What unit of
total distance by 3. measure limits the
¯ accuracy of the
172 miles ÷ 3 = 57. 
3 miles
solution?
Because Damien and his friends cannot measure exactly 57. ¯ 3 miles
while driving, it is more accurate to report that each driver will drive
about 57 miles.
Check
VACATION Inchiro has saved $400 to spend on his 7-day vacation. He
plans to budget his $400 by spending the same amount each day of
the vacation. Determine the appropriate amount he should spend
each day.
$ ?
Example 4 Find an Appropriate Level of Accuracy

Talk About It!
SPACE SHUTTLE In 2012, NASA’s space shuttle Endeavor traveled Why is it unreasonable
approximately 897 miles from the Kennedy Space Center to to say that it took 17.168
Houston, Texas, by a shuttle carrier aircraft. Then it traveled about hours for Endeavor to
1381 miles to the Los Angeles International Airport. Finally, a truck reach the science
pulled Endeavor 12 miles through the streets of Los Angeles to the center?
California Science Center.
If the shuttle carrier aircraft flew at an average speed of 287 miles
per hour and the truck pulled Endeavor at an average speed of
1.3 miles per hour, determine the total amount of time it took
Endeavor to travel from the Kennedy Space Center to the California
Science Center with a reasonable level of accuracy.
Because the parts of the space shuttle’s journey from the Kennedy
Space Center to Houston and then from Houston to Los Angeles are at
the same speed, add those two distances, 897 + 1381 or 2278.
2278 miles 12 miles
 ________
____
______ ≈ 7.937 hours + 9.231 hours
miles +   miles
____
287  hours 1.3  hours
≈ 17.168 hours
The total travel time for Endeavor from the Kennedy Space Center to
the California Science Center was about 17 hours.
049_058_RM_INT1_S_M01_L06_700687.indd 53 15/04/19 9:07 AM

Check
POSTAGE A school is hosting a marching band competition and plans
to mail postcards, fliers, and large information packets to other
schools. The school will mail 150 postcards, which cost $0.34 in
postage, and between 75 to 100 fliers, which cost $0.49 in postage.
Forty-three information packets will be mailed. The cost of mailing the
information packets varies, but the average is $1.59. Determine the
total mailing cost that represents the most reasonable level of
accuracy.
Example 5 Determine Accuracy

POPULATION The U.S. Census
Bureau Web site shows a counter
that displays the population of the United States on a certain day as
329,158,023. How accurate is the reported population? Explain your
reasoning.
Because there is no way to count United States Population
every person in the United States 3 2 9, 1 5 8,0 2 3
at any given moment, giving an
exact population does not make COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE
sense. The number of births, One birth every 7 seconds
deaths, and immigrations varies, One death every 13 seconds
so the population does not One international migrant (net) every 29 seconds
increase at a steady rate. The Net gain of one person every 11 seconds
Web site uses averages to
estimate the population at a specific time.
It would be more appropriate for the Web site to report the population
as 329.2 million.
Check
BIOLOGY A science magazine reported that there are, on average,
37 trillion cells that make up the human body. Select the option that
best describes the accuracy of the magazine.
A. The magazine is accurate because scientists can count every cell.
B.
The magazine is probably accurate because the number is not
very specific.
C.
The magazine is not accurate because there is no way to count all
of the cells of a person.
D.
The magazine is not accurate because the number of cells is
always changing.
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Practice
Example 1
1. TEST SCORES A teacher compares the ratio of the number of questions answered
correctly to the total number of questions on a test as a metric. For a student to
earn an A or B on a test, the ratio must be greater than or equal to 0.8. The last
test given by the teacher had a total of 40 questions. Using this metric, what is
the least number of questions a student can answer correctly to earn an A or B
on the test?
number of questions answered correctly
  ___________________________
       
total number of questions
2. DRIVER’S TEST The Department of Motor Vehicles, DMV, uses a 38 40 41 45 39

metric to determine whether a person earns a driver’s license. In one
state, the total number of possible points on the written portion of 35 40 46 43 37
the driver’s exam is 46. A person will pass the written portion of the 41 42 44 41 46
driver’s exam by scoring 84% or greater. The table shows the number 40 38 32 44 45
of points different people earned on the written portion of the
39 40 30 43 45
driver’s exam. How many people passed the written portion of the
driver’s exam?
3. TRACK A college track coach compares the ratio of time it takes a runner to run
100 meters to 12 seconds. For a runner to be on the team, the ratio must be less
than or equal to 0.95. What is the slowest time 100 meters can be run to make
the team?
Example 2
4. DEBT-TO-INCOME RATIO Find Jada’s debt-to-income ratio if her monthly expenses
are $1850 and her monthly salary is $2500.
5. DEBT-TO-INCOME RATIO Find Victoria’s debt-to-income ratio if her monthly

expenses are $1280 and her monthly salary is $2500.
6. PLUMBING Raven is deciding between two plumbing services. Service Provider A

multiplies the average number of hours spent at a residence by $50, where the
average number of hours spent at a residence is 1.5 hours for a new house and
3.75 hours for an old house. Service Provider B multiplies the exact number of
hours spent at a residence by $60. Suppose Raven has a new house and needs a
plumber for 1.75 hours. Find the cost of service charge using both methods.
7. INVESTING Hector is deciding how much he should invest each year. The
Automatic Method multiplies the average income by 10%, where the average
income is $50,000 for an employee that has been at the same company for
10 years or less and $60,000 for an employee that has been at the same
company for more than 10 years. The Exact Method multiplies the exact income
by 7.5%. Suppose Hector has been at the same company for 12 years and his
income last year was $75,000. Find the amount Hector should invest using both
methods.
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Example 3
8. MONEY Jordan has $20 to share among 3 people. Jordan types 20 ÷ 3 into his
calculator and gets 6.666666667. How much should he give to each person?
9. SNACKS Ms. Miller has 14 snack bars to share among 6 students. Ms. Miller types
14 ÷ 6 into her calculator and gets 2.333333333. How many snack bars should
she give each student?
10. VOLUME The measurements of a box are 3.25 centimeters, 1.4 centimeters, and
2.1 centimeters. The product 9.555 gives the measure of the volume. To what
digit should the volume be rounded?
11. GARDEN Emily calculates that the area of a flower garden is 28.125. She measured
the length of the flower garden to be 4.5 feet and the width to be 6.25 feet.
Determine where the rounding should occur and give the rounded answer.
12. LEMONADE Justin has 60 ounces of lemonade to divide among 9 people. When
he types 60 ÷ 9 into his calculator, the number that appears is 6.666666667.
How much lemonade should he give to each person?
13. MONEY Darnell has $1000 he wants to divide among his 3 children. How much
should Darnell give each of his children?
Example 4
14. FUNDRAISING At a bake sale, the golf team sold all 50 cupcakes for $1.50 each.
They sold almost all of the 100 cookies for $1.00 each. The team also received
donations from 7 people averaging $4.25 per donation. Determine the total
amount of money the golf team collected from the bake sale with a reasonable
level of accuracy.
15. EXPENSES Santino spends an average of $125 per month on clothing, not
including sales tax. He also spends about $180 per month going out to eat and
an average of $130 per week on groceries. If the tax rate is 7.25%, find the total
amount he spends on food and clothing in a year, including sales tax, with a
reasonable level of accuracy.
16. TIME MANAGEMENT Ava spends about 45 minutes studying each day. She also
practices the piano for an average of 20 minutes per day, and she practices
soccer 1.5 hours three times a week. If Ava decides to reduce the time she does
1
each activity by __
  6 , find the total number of hours she spends studying and
practicing in a year with a reasonable level of accuracy.
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Example 5
17. SCHOOLS The superintendent at Hartgrove High School says there are 3103
students enrolled at the school. How accurate is the reported enrollment? Explain
your reasoning.
18. POPULATION The U.S. Census Bureau Web site shows that the population of
Texas on July 1, 2016 was 27,862,596. How accurate is the reported population?
19. TRAFFIC LIGHTS A map maker reported that there were about 12,000 traffic lights
in New York City. How accurate is the report? Explain your reasoning.
20. SAND A mathematician reported that there are 1,578,932 grains of sand in one
cubic foot. How accurate is the report? Explain your reasoning.
Mixed Exercises
21. USE A SOURCE A coach compares the ratio of the number of free throws made to
the total number of attempted free throws as a metric. For a player to be selected
as a free throw shooter when the other team is given a technical foul, the ratio
must be greater than or equal to 0.82. Find the number of free throws made and
the number of free throws attempted for three former NBA players. Using the
metric, which players would and would not be selected as a free throw shooter
when the other team is given a technical foul?
22. REASONING A carpenter is measuring the length of a living room. Should the
carpenter measure the length in feet, inches, meters, or kilometers to be most
accurate? Explain.
23. REGULARITY Measure the length of your desk to the nearest half-inch. Measure
the width of your desk to the nearest quarter-inch. Calculate the area of your desk.
Generalize how to determine where the rounding should occur. Then give the
rounded answer.
24. POPULATION Juanita and Trevor are doing research about the deer population in
Ohio. Juanita says there are over 750,000 deer in Ohio. Trevor says there are
734,928 deer in Ohio. Who is more accurate? Explain your reasoning.
049_058_RM_INT1_S_M01_L06_700687.indd 57 15/04/19 9:07 AM

The graph shows how the number of visitors at a local zoo is Zoo Visitors
related to the average daily temperature. The line shown is
450
the line that most closely approximates the data in the scatter
400
plot. Use the graph for Exercises 25–27. 350
25. STRUCTURE Describe the line in terms of accuracy. 300
Visitors
250
200
150
26. USE ESTIMATION Use the line to approximate the number of 100
visitors at the zoo for an average daily temperature 50
of 50°F. Compare this to the actual number of visitors given 0 20 40 60 80
by the point on the graph for an average daily temperature Average Daily Temperature (°F)
of 50°F.
27. REASONING Explain why some points are above the line and some points are
below the line.
28. METRICS Suppose two mortgage companies compare the ratio of the monthly
mortgage payment to the total monthly income as their metric. Suppose 0.3 is the
ideal metric for the debt-to-income ratio for Company A, and 0.28 is the ideal metric
for the debt-to-income ratio for the Company B. Provided the target mortgage
payment is the same for either company, then which of these mortgage companies
requires a greater monthly income? Explain.

29. WRITE Suppose you start your own company. When hiring employees, you want
to set certain metrics, such as typing speed. What other attributes of employees
do you think you might consider when creating metrics to determine hiring
qualifications?
30. FIND THE ERROR Mr. Moreno’s students are weighing materials for a chemistry
experiment. Four students weigh the same sample using different scales:
100 g 104 g 105 g 103.5 g
Mr. Moreno tells the students that they each weighed the amount correctly.
Explain how this is possible.
9
31. WRITE Lamont stops at a gas station that sells gasoline at $3.29 __
10 per gallon. He
pumps 8.618 gallons of gasoline into the tank. How much will Lamont pay for gas?
How much accuracy is possible? How much accuracy is necessary? Explain.
049_058_RM_INT1_S_M01_L06_700687.indd 58 15/04/19 9:07 AM

Module 1 • Expressions
Review
Essential Question
How can mathematical expressions be represented and evaluated?
You can represent mathematical expressions verbally, numerically, and algebraically. They can
be evaluated by applying properties and rules. For example, you can translate a sentence to a
numerical or algebraic expression and use the order of operations to simplify or evaluate the
expression.
Module Summary • The Distributive Property states that multiplying

a number by a sum of numbers is the same as
Lessons 1-1 and 1-2 doing each multiplication separately and then
Numerical and Algebraic Expressions adding the products.
• A numerical expression contains only numbers
and mathematical operations. Lesson 1-5
• To evaluate an expression means to find its
Expressions Involving Absolute Value
value. If a numerical expression contains more
than one operation, the rule that lets you know • The absolute value of a number is its distance
which operation to perform first is called the from 0 on the number line.
order of operations. • Absolute value is always greater than or equal to
• The Substitution Property allows you to evaluate zero.
an algebraic expression by replacing the
variables with their values. Lesson 1-6
Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy

Lessons 1-3 and 1-4 • Descriptive modeling is a way to mathematically
Properties of Real Numbers and describe real-world situations and the factors
Distributive Property that cause them.
• The Reflexive Property states that any quantity is • A metric is a rule for assigning a number to a
equal to itself. characteristic or attribute.
• The Symmetric Property states that if one • Accuracy is the nearness of a measurement to
quantity equals a second quantity, then the the true value of the measure.
second quantity equals the first.
• The Transitive Property states that if one quantity Study Organizer
equals a second quantity and the second
quantity equals a third quantity, then the first Foldables
quantity equals the third quantity. Use your Foldable to
• The Associative Property states that the way review the module.
you group three or more numbers when adding Working with a partner
or multiplying does not change their sum or can be helpful. Ask
product. for clarification of
concepts as needed.
• The Commutative Property states that the order
in which you add or multiply numbers does not
change their sum or product.
Module 1 Review • Expressions 59
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Test Practice
1. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which is equivalent to 2⁵? 4. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of the
(Lesson 1-1) expression 9x2 + 4x - 11 when x = 3.2?
A. 10 Express your answer as a decimal, rounded
to the nearest hundredth. (Lesson 1-2)
B. 16
A. 20.232
C. 24
B. 30.6
D. 32
C. 59.4
D. 93.96
2. MULTI-SELECT The table shows the prices
of several items at a movie theater. Which
expressions represent the total cost of 5. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which algebraic
4 movie tickets, 2 popcorns, and 1 bottled expression represents the verbal
water? Select all that apply. (Lesson 1-1) expression the product of five and a
number, decreased by eleven? (Lesson 1-2)
Item Cost
A. 5n - 11
Ticket $9.75
Popcorn $6.25 B. 11 - 5n
Soda $5.50 C. 5(n - 11)
Water $4.75 D. 11 - (n + 5)
Box of Candy $3.50
A. 4(9.75) + 2(6.25) + 4.75 6. OPEN RESPONSE Evaluate the expression

5[13 - (32 + 22)]. (Lesson 1-3)
B. 4(9.75) + 2(5.50) + 4.75
C. 39.00 + 12.50 + 4.75
D. 54.75 7. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression is NOT
5 1
a way to represent 2 ∙ 3 __ __
6 + 2 ∙ 12 + 2∙ 1  6 ?
E. 56.25 (Lesson 1-3)
A. 2(3 __
6 + 12 + 1  6 )
5 __ 1
3. OPEN RESPONSE Write an algebraic
expression that represents five times the B. 2 ∙ 5 + 12
quantity x increased by seven, minus four C. 2(5 + 12)
cubed. (Lesson 1-2)
D. 34
60 Module 1 Review • Expressions

8. OPEN RESPONSE Ayumi, a chef, wants to 10. MULTI-SELECT Which expressions could be
determine how many meals she cooked in used to evaluate 418(27)? (Lesson 1-4)
one evening. The table shows the four meals
A. 418(20 − 7)
she made and the number of people that
were served each meal. (Lesson 1-3) B. (420 − 2)(27)
Meal Number of People C. (400 − 18)(27)

Lasagna 27 D. (418)(20 + 7)
Spaghetti & Meatballs 21 E. (418)(30 − 3)
Steak & Potatoes 19
Shrimp Scampi 13 11. MULTI-SELECT Indicate whether each
expression represents the verbal expression
She uses the following steps to determine negative seven times the quantity triple m
how many total meals she cooked. minus eleven. (Lesson 1-4)
A. -7(m3 − 11)
Step 1: 27 + 21 + 19 + 13
Step 2: 27 + 13 + 21 + 19 B. −7(3m) − 7(−11)
Step 3: (27 + 13) + (21 + 19) C. -21m − 77
Step 4: 40 + 40
D. −21m + 77
Step 5: 80
E. −21m − 11
Which property did Ayumi use in Step 3?
F. -7m3 + 77
9. OPEN RESPONSE Indicate whether each of
the statements is true or false. (Lesson 1-3) 12. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which is the simplified
A. 4(6 - 2 × 3) = 0 expression of -8(2m + 9k - 13)? (Lesson 1-4)
B. 11(32 - 9) + 2(__
  21 ) = 0 A. −16m + 9k − 13
C. 4 · 0 + 42 - 23 - (2 + 2 · 3) = 0 B. −16m − 72k + 104
C. −16m − 72k − 104
D. 16m − 72k − 104
Module 1 Review • Expressions 61

13. MULTI-SELECT A group of 8 artists plans to 15. OPEN RESPONSE What is the value of the
attend a quilting class and purchase lunch. expression 42 + 3|4x − 9| when x = −2?
(Lesson 1-4) (Lesson 1-5)
Quilting
C l as s e s 16. OPEN RESPONSE A player’s secondary
average (SecA) is a way to look at the extra
bases gained without regard to batting
average. The formula for SecA is
T-H+B+S-C
SecA = _____________
    A , where T is total
bases, H is hits, B is bases from balls or
walks, S is stolen bases, C is number of
times caught stealing, and A is times at bat.
Each class $10 Player T H B S C A
Each lunch $14 Altuve 186 116 39 22 3 330
Murphy 183 110 17 2 3 315
Ortiz 187 94 45 2 0 279
Which expression(s) represents the total cost
for all 8 artists? Ramos 139 84 23 0 0 251
A. 8(10) + 14 Find each player’s SecA. Round to the

nearest hundredth if necessary. (Lesson 1-6)
B. 10(8 + 14)
C. 8(10 + 14)
D. 80 + 140
E. 80 + 112 17. OPEN RESPONSE A marketing manager

bought 4 advertisements for $1345 each.
She reported to her supervisor that she
spent about $4000 out of her budget. Did
the marketing manager report her spending
to a reasonable level of accuracy? Explain.
14. MULTI-SELECT If x and y are both integers, (Lesson 1-6)
which expression(s) are equivalent to
|x - y|? (Lesson 1-5)
A. |y - x|
B. |y + x|
C. |y| - |x| if x ≤ y and x ≥ 0
D. |x| - |y| if y > x
E. |y| + |x| if y > x
62 Module 1 Review • Expressions

Module 2
Equations in One Variable
Essential Question
How can writing and solving equations help you solve problems in the real world?

KEY Before After

write equations to represent relationships

interpret equations that represent relationships
solve one-step equations by using addition and subtraction
solve one-step equations by using multiplication and division
solve multi-step equations
solve equations with variables on each side
solve equations by applying the Distributive Property
solve equations that involve absolute value
solve proportions
solve an equation with more than one variable for a specific
variable
convert units of measure by using dimensional analysis
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize

1
your notes about equations. Begin with four sheets of
grid paper.
1. Fold four sheets of grid paper in half along the width. 2
2. Unfold each sheet and tape to form one long piece.
3. Label each piece with the lesson number as shown. 3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 vocab
Label the last piece for vocabulary. Refold to form

a booklet.
vo
2.1 2.3 2.5 2.6vocabcab
Module 2 • Equations in One Variable 63

• constraint • formula • proportion
• dimensional analysis • identity • solution
• equation • literal equation • solve an equation
• equivalent equations • multi-step equation
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
42
Write an algebraic expression for the phrase the Evaluate 9 + __
  2 - 2(5 × 2 - 8).
quotient of five and w decreased by eight. 42
9 + __
  2 - 2(5 × 2 - 8) Original expression
the quotient of five and w decreased by eight 42
= 9 + __
  2 - 2(2) Evaluate inside the parentheses.
5
 __
w − 8
5 = 9 + 8 - 2(2) Evaluate the power and divide.
The expression is __
 w - 8.
=9+8-4 Multiply.
= 13 Add and subtract.
Quick Check
Write an algebraic expression for Evaluate each expression.
each verbal expression.
4. (7 + 3)2 -4 5. 4(11 - 5) ÷ 3
1. six times a number n increased by two
1 1
6.  _ __
3 (21) +  8 (32) 7. 3 · 23 + 64 ÷ 8
2. a number d squared minus three
11 - 3
3. the sum of four times b and nine 8.  ____
2 + 9 9. 6[(5 - 3)2 + 8] ÷ 2
How did you do?

64 Module 2 • Equations in One Variable

Lesson 2-1
Writing and Interpreting Equations

Today’s Goals
● Translate sentences
Explore Writing Equations by Modeling a into equations.
Real-World Situation ● Translate equations into

sentences.
nline Activity Use a real-world situation to complete

O Today’s Vocabulary
the Explore. equation
constraint
INQUIRY What steps can you use to write
equations to represent a real-world
situation?
Learn Writing Equations

A mathematical statement that contains two expressions and an
Think About It!
equals sign, =, is an equation.
What distinguishes an
Key Concept • Writing Equations expression from an
Step 1 Identify each unknown and assign a variable to it. equation?
Step 2 Identify the givens and their relationships.
Step 3 Write the sentence as an equation.
Example 1 Write an Equation for a Sentence

Write an equation for the sentence.
Twenty minus the quotient of 7 and x is the same as twice x.
Recall that a quotient is the result of division.
Twenty minus the quotient of 7 and x is the same as twice x.

_ 7
20 -   x = 2x
7 Study Tip
The equation is 20 - _
  x = 2x.
When writing the verbal
form of an equation, is
Check and equals can be
used interchangeably.
Write an equation for the sentence.
Four times a number less 10 is equal to 16.
A. 4x - 10 = 16 B. 4(x - 10) = 16
C. 10 - 4x = 16 D. 4x + 10 = 16
Lesson 2-1 • Writing and Interpreting Equations 65
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Example 2 Write an Equation
LIFE ONLINE Of 799 teens surveyed Social Teens Mostly
about what they do online, some use a Kind Online
social network. Of those on a social
network, 430 say people their age are
“mostly kind” online and the remaining
193 do not. Write an equation to find Not
the number of teens surveyed who are “Mostly Kind”
not on a social network. 193
Step 1 Identify each unknown and “Mostly Kind”

Think About It! 430
assign a variable to it.
Is there only one
equation that represents Let n = the number of teens
the situation? Justify surveyed who are not on a social
your argument. network.
Step 2 Identify the givens and their relationship.

The givens are:
• 799 teens were surveyed.
• Some number of the teens use a social network.
• 430 of those on a social network say people their age are
“mostly kind” online. The other 193 do not.
The 430 and 193 make up the group on a social network. The
rest of the 799 surveyed are not on a social network.
Step 3 Write the sentence as an equation.

The sum of the teens on a social network and those not on a
social network is 799.
(430 + 193) + n = 799
Check
READING Etu has read 12 of the 32 chapters in his assigned book. He
plans to finish the book by reading c chapters each for 8 days until the
book is due. Which equation best represents the situation?
A. 12 - 8c = 32
c
B. 12 + __
  8 = 32
C. 12 + 8c = 32
c
D. 12 - __
  8 = 32
065_074_RM_INT1_S_M02_L01_700687.indd 66 15/04/19 9:31 AM

Example 3 Write an Equation with Multiple Variables
GEOMETRY Translate the sentence into a formula.
Think About It!
The perimeter of a rectangle is twice the sum of the length and
Why is it helpful to
the width.
identify all the
Step 1 Identify unknowns. unknowns before
perimeter, the length, and the width writing an equation?
Step 2 Assign variables.

Let P = perimeter, ℓ = length, and w = width.
Step 3 Identify the givens and their relationships.

Twice means two times.
Twice the sum means you add first, then multiply .
Step 4 Write an equation.

The formula for the perimeter of a rectangle is P = 2(ℓ + w).
Check
Translate the sentence into a formula.
MOTORS The horsepower of a motor is the product of the motor speed
and the torque divided by 5252.
M MT
A. H = _____
  5252T B. H = ____
  5252
5252 5252M
C. H = ____
  MT D. H = _____
  T
Talk About It!
BAGELS Plain and cinnamon raisin bagels are the most popular flavors.
What is an example of
Each year, 24 million more than twice as many packages of plain a real-life constraint?
bagels are sold as cinnamon raisin. There were 136 million packages of Explain.
plain bagels sold last year. Create an equation that can be used to find
the number of millions of packages of cinnamon raisin bagels, c, sold
last year.
136 = 2c + 24 OR 136 = 24 + 2c OR 2c + 24 = 136 OR 24 + 2c = 136
Learn Interpreting Equations

Look for the relationships in an equation by interpreting each part of
the expressions in the equation.
As you interpret an equation that represents a real-life situation,
consider that the equation may be viewed as a constraint in the
situation. In mathematics, a constraint is a condition that a solution
must satisfy. These conditions limit the number of possible solutions.
The solutions of the equation meet the constraints of the problem.
065_074_RM_INT1_S_M02_L01_700687.indd 67 15/04/19 9:31 AM

Example 4 Write a Sentence for an Equation
Write a sentence for the equation.
Think About It!
2z - 1 = 5
What words
communicate grouping One less than twice the number z is 5.
symbols in an
expression or equation?
Check
a. 6z - 15 = 45
A. Six times a number z, minus fifteen equals forty-five.
B. Six times the quantity of a number z minus fifteen equals forty-five.
C. Six times the difference of a number z and fifteen equals forty-five.
D. Six plus z minus fifteen equals forty-five.
b. ( y + 3)² = 25
A. y plus 3 squared is 25.
Watch Out! B. y squared plus 3 is 25.
Parentheses When C. The quantity y plus 3 squared is 25.
writing a sentence for
an equation with D. y plus 3 is 25.
parentheses, the phrase
the quantity should be
written immediately
before the terms that
are contained in the
Example 5 Write a Sentence for an Equation with
parentheses, not at the Grouping Symbols
beginning of the
sentence.
3(y + 1) = 12
The parentheses tell us that 3 is three times the expression in the
parentheses.
The parentheses can be written as the quantity.
Write y + 1 as y plus 1 or the sum of y and one.
Go Online
Write = 12 as equals twelve or is twelve.
An alternate method
is available for this One of the sentences that represents the equation 3(y + 1) = 12 is:
example.
Three times the quantity y plus one equals twelve.
065_074_RM_INT1_S_M02_L01_700687.indd 68 15/04/19 9:31 AM

Check
Select the sentence(s) that represent(s) the equation.
7(p + 23) = 102
A. Seven times the sum of p and twenty-three is the same as one
hundred two.
B. Seven times p plus twenty-three equals one hundred two.
C. Seven times the quantity p plus twenty-three equals one
hundred two.
D. The quantity seven times p plus twenty-three is the same as one
hundred two.
Example 6 Interpret an Equation

GEOMETRY Write a sentence for the formula Think About It!
for the surface area of a rectangular prism h What did you already
S = 2ℓw + 2ℓh + 2wh. Then interpret the know that helped you
equation in the context of the situation. w interpret the formula?

From the equation, we see that the surface area
of a rectangular prism depends on the length,
width, and height.
S= 2ℓw + 2ℓh + 2wh
Surface area two times Two times two times
equals length times length times width times
width plus height plus height Go Online
• The first term, 2ℓw, is two times the area of a rectangle . In the to see how to use
prism above, the area of the bottom face is ℓw. The top is the algebra tiles with this
same shape, so it has the same area. This term represents the example.
sum of the areas of the bottom and top faces.
• The second term, 2ℓh, is the sum of the areas of the front and
back faces.
• The third term, 2wh, is the sum of the areas of the left and right
faces.
So, the surface area of the rectangular prism is the sum of the areas
of the faces.
065_074_RM_INT1_S_M02_L01_700687.indd 69 15/04/19 9:31 AM

Check
r
FINANCE The formula for a loan balance is b = p (   12 ) - d if the
1 + __
previous balance is p, the annual interest rate is r, and a payment
of d is made.
Part A Write a sentence for the formula.

A. The balance equals the previous balance multiplied by the quantity
one plus the annual interest rate divided by 12 minus the payment.
B. The balance equals the previous balance multiplied by the annual
interest rate divided by 12 minus the payment.
C. The balance equals the previous balance multiplied by the sum of
one and the annual interest rate minus the payment.
D. The balance equals the previous balance minus the payment.
Part B S
elect each sentence that is a correct interpretation of the
equation in the context of the situation. Select all that apply.
r
A. The expression  __
12 represents the monthly interest rate.
r
B. The expression p(1 + __
  12 )represents the previous balance plus
interest.
C. If no payments are made, then d = 0 and the balance is the same
as the previous balance.
r
D. The expression (   12 )represents the monthly interest rate.
1 + __
Pause and Reflect

Did you struggle with anything in this lesson? If so, how did you
deal with it?
065_074_RM_INT1_S_M02_L01_700687.indd 70 15/04/19 9:31 AM

Practice
Example 1
Write an equation for each sentence.
1. Two added to three times a number m is the same as 18.
2. The product of five and the sum of a number x and three is twelve.
3. The quotient of 24 and x equals 14 minus 2 times x.
4. Nine times a number y subtracted from 85 is seven times the sum of four and y.
Example 2
5. WALKING Lily has walked 2 miles. Her goal is to walk 6 miles. Lily plans to reach
her goal by walking 3 miles each hour h for the rest of her walk. Write an equation
to find the number of hours it will take Lily to reach her goal.
6. MATH Paulina has completed 24 of the 42 math problems she was assigned for
homework. She plans to finish her homework by completing 9 math problems
each hour h. Write an equation to find the number of hours it will take Paulina to
complete her math homework assignment.
7. ATHLETICS Of 107 athletes surveyed about what sport they play, some play
basketball. Of those that play basketball, 48 play baseball and the remaining 33
do not play baseball. Write an equation to find the number of athletes surveyed
who do not play basketball.
8. SALES Cars and trucks are the most popular vehicles. Last year, the number of
cars sold was 39,000 more than three times the number of trucks sold. There
were 216,000 cars sold last year. Write an equation that can be used to find the
number of trucks, t, sold last year.
Example 3
Translate each sentence into an equation or formula.
9. Twice a increased by the cube of a equals b.
10. Seven less than the sum of p and t is as much as 6.
11. The sum of x and its square is equal to y times z.
12. Four times the sum of f and g is identical to six times g.
13. The area A of a square is the length of a side ℓ squared.
14. The perimeter P of a triangle is equal to the sum of the lengths of

sides a, b, and c.
065_074_RM_INT1_S_M02_L01_700687.indd 71 15/04/19 9:31 AM

15. The perimeter of a rectangle is equal to 2 times the length plus twice the width.
16. The density of an object is the quotient of its mass and its volume.
17. Simple interest is computed by finding the product of the principal amount p, the
interest rate r, and the time t.
18. The surface area of a rectangular prism is 2 times the sum of the width, w, times
height, h, and length, l, times width and length times height.
Examples 4 and 5
Write a sentence for each equation.
19. j + 16 = 35 20. 4m = 52
21. 7(p + 23) = 102 22. r2 - 15 = t + 19
2 3 2 1 4 4
23.  __ _ __ 2
5 v +   4 =   3 x 24.  _ __ _ 3
3 -   5 z =   3 y
25. g + 10 = 3g 26. 2(t + 4q) = 2q + 4t
27. 4(a + b) = 9a 28. 8(2y - 6x) = 4 + 2x
1
29.  __
2 (f + y) = f - 5 30. k2 - n2 = 2b
Example 6
Write a sentence for each formula. Then interpret the equation in the context of the
situation.
31. GEOMETRY The formula for the volume of a cylinder is V = πr 2h, where V is the
volume, r is the length of the radius of the base, and h is the height of the cylinder.
32. GEOMETRY The formula for the volume of a cube is V = s3, where V is the
volume and s is the side length.
33. FINANCE The simple interest formula is given by I = Prt, where I = interest,
P = principal, r = rate, and t = time.
r nt
34. FINANCE The compound interest formula is given by A = P(1 + _   n )  , where A is
the amount, P is the principal, r is the rate, n is the number of times interest is
compounded per year, and t is the time in years.
065_074_RM_INT1_S_M02_L01_700687.indd 72 15/04/19 9:31 AM

35. SCIENCE Newton’s second law of motion is F = ma, where F is the force acting
on an object, m is the mass of the object and a is the acceleration of the object.
36. SCIENCE The formula d = rt relates the distance traveled d, the rate of travel r,
and the time spent traveling t.
Mixed Exercises
For Exercises 37–40, match each sentence with an equation.
1
A. g2 = 2(g - 10) B.  __
2 g + 32 = 15 + 6g C. g3 = 24g + 4 D. 3g2 = 30 + 9g
37. One half of g plus thirty-two is as much as the sum of fifteen and six times g.
38. A number g to the third power is the same as the product of 24 and g plus 4.
39. The square of g is the same as two times the difference of g and 10.
40. The product of 3 and the square of g equals the sum of thirty and the product of
nine and g.
Translate each sentence into an equation.

41. The difference of the square of y and twelve is the same as the product of five
and x.
42. The difference of f and five times g is the same as 25 minus f.
43. Three times b less than 100 is equal to the product of 6 and b.
44. Four times the sum of 14 and c is a squared.
Translate each equation into a sentence.

45. 4n = x(5 - n) 46. 2b - 10 = 4 47. y + 3x2 = 5x
Translate each sentence into a formula.

48. The area A of a circle is pi times the radius r squared.
49. The volume V of a rectangular prism equals the product of the length ℓ, the width
w, and the height h.
50. REASONING The area of a kitchen is 182 square feet. This is 20% of the area of
the first floor of the house. Let F represent the area of the first floor. Write an
equation to represent the situation. Face
51. REASONING Katie is twice as old as her sister Mara. The

sum of their ages is 24. Write a one-variable equation to
represent the situation.
Vertex Edge
52. GEOMETRY The formula F + V = E + 2 shows the
relationship between the number of faces F, edges E, and
vertices V of a polyhedron, such as a pyramid. Write the
formula in words.
065_074_RM_INT1_S_M02_L01_700687.indd 73 15/04/19 9:31 AM

53. STRUCTURE A recycling company charges business owners $10 for each cubic
yard of waste removed from their facility plus a 10% fuel charge based on the total
monthly bill. Let w represent the number of cubic yards of waste removed during
the month. Write an equation to describe the total cost c of the recycling service
per month.
Higher Order Thinking Skills

54. WRITE Determine whether the two sentences describe the same equation.
Explain.
The product of x and y plus z equals w.
The product of x and the sum of y and z equals w.
55. ANALYZE Determine whether the equation is an accurate translation of the

sentence. Explain.
a. The square of the product of 4 and a number is equal to 8 times the sum of
the number and 6. (4n)2 = 8(n + 6)
b. Three more than one-half a number is equal to 2 less than the number.
n
 __
1 + 3 = n - 2
__
  2
b1 + b2
56. PERSEVERE Translate the formula A =  _____2 · h in to words. Let base 1 (b1)
A represent the area. List any constraints on the variables.
height (h)
57. CREATE Write a scenario for the equation 12a + 10(a - 1) = 188. base 2 (b2)
58. CREATE Write a problem about your favorite television show that uses the
equation x + 8 = 30.
59. ANALYZE The surface area of a three-dimensional object is the sum of the area
of the faces. If ℓ represents the length of the side of a cube, write a formula for
the surface area of the cube.
60. ANALYZE Given the perimeter P and width w of a rectangle, write a formula to
find the length ℓ.
61. WRITE How can you translate a verbal sentence into an algebraic equation?
Explain.
065_074_RM_INT1_S_M02_L01_700687.indd 74 15/04/19 9:31 AM

Lesson 2-2
Solving One-Step Equations

Today’s Goals
● Solve equations by
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Solve One-Step using addition and
subtraction.
Equations Involving Addition or Subtraction
using multiplication and
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore. division.
INQUIRY How can you model and solve
solve an equation
addition and subtraction equations?
solution
equivalent equations
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Solve One-Step

Equations Involving Multiplication
INQUIRY How can you algebra tiles to solve Think About It!
multiplication equations? What happens if you
add 5 to each side of
x − 5 = 15? Which
Property of Equality are
Learn Solving One-Step Equations Involving Addition you using?
or Subtraction
To solve an equation means to find all values of the variable that make
the equation true. Each value that makes an equation true is a solution.
Equivalent equations have the same solution.
Key Concept • Addition Property of Equality
Words If a number is added to each side of a true equation, the
resulting equivalent equation is also true.
Symbols For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then
a + c = b + c.
Key Concept • Subtraction Property of Equality

Words If a number is subtracted from each side of a true
equation, the resulting equivalent equation is also true.
Go Online
Symbols For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then
You may want to
a − c = b − c.
complete the Concept
Check to check your
understanding.
Lesson 2-2 • Solving One-Step Equations 75
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 75 15/04/19 9:37 AM

Example 1 Solve by Adding
Use the Addition Property of Equality to solve g − 25 = 113.
Horizontal Method Vertical Method
g − 25 = 113 Original equation g − 25 = 113
g − 25 + 25 = 113 + 25 Add 25 to each side. + 25 + 25

g = 138 Simplify. g = 138
CHECK
g − 25 = 113 Original equation
?
Watch Out! 138 − 25 = 113 Substitute 138 for g.
Equivalent Equations 113 = 113 True
Do not forget to add
the same number to
each side of the Check
equation so the result is 2 1
Solve __
  3 + w = 1 __
  2 . State which property of equality you used.
an equivalent equation.
1
A. − __
6 ; Subtraction Property of Equality
5
B. − __
6 ; Addition Property of Equality
13
C. __
  6 ; Addition Property of Equality
5
D. __
  6 ; Subtraction Property of Equality
Talk About It!

Example 2 Solve by Subtracting
Ann says that you
could also solve Use the Subtraction Property of Equality to solve 27 + k = 30.
27 + k = 30 by using Horizontal Method Vertical Method
the Addition Property
of Equality. Explain 27 + k = 30 Original equation 27 + k = 30
Ann’s reasoning. Subtract 27 from
27 - 27 + k = 30 - 27 each side. - 27 - 27
k=3 Simplify. k=3
CHECK
27 + k = 30 Original equation
?
27 + 3 = 30 Substitute 3 for k.
30 = 30 True
Study Tip
Solving Equations Check
When solving equations, Solve a + 26 = 35. Check your solution.
you can use either the
a= ?
horizontal method or the
vertical method. Both
methods will produce
the same answer. Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online.
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 76 15/04/19 9:37 AM

Example 3 Write a One-Step Equation Use a Source
TENNIS In tennis, the Grand Slam tournaments Choose another men’s
singles tennis player
are the four most prestigious annual events. At
and research the
one point in his career, Roger Federer had won
number of Grand Slam
three more Grand Slam singles titles than Rafael
singles titles he has
Nadal. If at that time Roger Federer held the won. Write your own
record for the most Grand Slam singles titles won equation relating the
with 17, how many Grand Slam singles titles had number of Grand Slam
Rafael Nadal won? singles titles he has
won to the 17 titles of
Complete the table to write an equation that
Roger Federer.
represents the number of Grand Slam singles titles
Rafael Nadal won.
Words Roger won three more Rafael

Federer than Nadal
Variable Let n = the number of singles Rafael Nadal won.
Equation 17 = n + 3
17 = n + 3 Original equation
17 - 3 = n + 3 - 3 Subtract 3 from each side.
14 = n Simplify.
Rafael Nadal had won 14 Grand Slam singles titles.
Check
lev radin/Shutterstock.com
DOGS On average, a male bulldog weighs 15 pounds less than a male

golden retriever. If the average male bulldog weighs 50 pounds, write
and solve an equation to find the average weight of a male golden
retriever.
A. 50 = w − 15; 65 pounds
B. 50 = w + 15; 35 pounds
C. 50 = w - 15; 35 pounds
D. 50 = 15 − w; 65 pounds
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 77 15/04/19 9:37 AM

Think About It!
Learn Solving One-Step Equations Involving
What happens if you
Multiplication or Division
divide each side of You can also use the Multiplication Property of Equality and the
8x = 32 by 8? Which Division Property of Equality to solve equations.
property of equality
does this demonstrate? Key Concept • Multiplication Property of Equality
Words If an equation is true and each side is multiplied by the
same nonzero number, then the resulting equation
is equivalent.
Symbols For any real numbers a, b, and c, c ≠ 0, if
a = b, then ac = bc.
Example If x = 3, then 8x = 24.
Think About It!

How could you use the Key Concept • Division Property of Equality
Division Property of
Words If an equation is true and each side is divided by the
Equality to simplify
32 same nonzero number, the resulting equation is
ax = 32 to x = __
  a ?
equivalent.
How does this relate to
using the Division Symbols For any real numbers a, b, and c, c ≠ 0, if
a b
Property of Equality to a = b, then = __
  c = __
  c .
solve 8x = 32? x
  7 = ____
Example −35
If x = −35, then __   7 or −5.
Example 4 Solve Equations by Multiplying or Dividing

Solve the equation.
Think About It! __ 3 9
  8 x = __
  4
Describe a method you
3 9
could use to check  __ __
8 x =   4 Original equation
your solution for part a.
(__
  3 ) __
  8 x = (__
  3 ) __
8 3 8 9 8 3
  4 Multiply each side by __
 3 , the reciprocal of __
  8 .
x=6 Simplify.
Check
Solve the equation 6y = 54.
y= ?
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 78 15/04/19 9:37 AM

Apply Example 5 Solve by Multiplying
SURVEY Kenji took a survey of
the sophomore class. If 96 Think About It!
sophomores, or two-thirds of How would your
the class, said they were going equation change if the
to the football game on 96 sophomores
Saturday, how many planning to attend the
sophomores were in the game represented
survey? three-fourths of the
class? What would you
multiply each side of the
1. What is the task? equation by to solve the
Describe the task in your own words. Then list any questions that you new equation?
may have.
2
96 sophomores are going to the game on Saturday. They make up  __3 of
the class. How many sophomores were surveyed?
2. H ow will you approach the task? What have you learned that you
can use to help you complete the task?
I will write an equation to represent the situation and then solve it. I
have learned how to translate a sentence to a mathematical equation.
I have learned how to solve equations.
3. What is your solution?

What equation represents the number of sophomores surveyed?
2
 __
3 n = 96 where n = the number of sophomores surveyed
How many sophomores were in the survey?

144

Write About It! Write an argument that can be used to defend your
solution.
Sample answer: It makes sense that the number of sophomores
surveyed is greater than the number of sophomores attending the
football game, because the number of sophomores attending the
football game is only part of the total number of sophomores
surveyed. So, the whole (144) should be greater than the part (96).
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 79 15/04/19 9:37 AM

Check
FASHION Imani is making costumes for a play. She spent $146.58 on
21 yards of fabric. Write and solve an equation to find how much
Imani paid for each yard of fabric.
A. 21p = 146.58; $6.98 per yard
B. 146.58p = 21; $0.14 per yard
C. 146.58(21) = p; $3078.18 per yard
D. 21p = 146.58; $3078.18 per yard
Pause and Reflect

deal with it?
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 80 15/04/19 9:37 AM

Practice
1. v − 9 = 14 2. 44 = t − 72 3. −61 = d + (−18)
4. 18 + z = 40 5. −4a = 48 6. 12t = −132
1
7. 18 − (−f ) = 91 8. −16 − (−t) = −45 9. _
  3 v = −5
u a k 7
10. __
  8 = −4 11.  __
6 = −9 12. − __ __
5 =   5
3 2 1 5 t 1
13.  _ __
4 = w +   5 14. − __ __
2 + a =   8 15. − _7 = __
  15
5
16. − __
7 = y − 2 17. v + 914 = −23 18. 447 + x = −261
1 2 3
19. −_
  7 c = 21 20. − __
3 v = −22 21.  __
5 q = −15
n _1 c 9 2 4
22.  __
8 = −  4 23.  _ __
4 = −  8 24.  __ __
3 + r = −  9
25. y − 7 = 8 26. w + 14 = −8 27. p − 4 = 6
28. −13 = 5 + x 29. 98 = b + 34 30. y − 32 = −1
31. n + (−28) = 0 32. y + (−10) = 6 33. −1 = t + (−19)
34. j − (−17) = 36 35. 14 = d + (−10) 36. u + (−5) = −15
37. 11 = −16 + y 38. c − (−3) = 100 39. 47 = w − (−8)
40. x − (−74) = −22 41. 4 − (−h) = 68 42. −56 = 20 − (−j)
43. 12z = 108 44. −7t = 49 45. 18f = −216
46. −22 = 11v 47. −6d = −42 48. 96 = −24a
c a d
49.  _
4 = 16 50.  __
16 = 9 51. −84 = __
  3
d t 1
52. −__
  7 = −13 53.  _
4 = −13 54. 31 = − __
  6 n
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 81 15/04/19 9:37 AM

Examples 3 and 5
55. SUPREME COURT Chief Justice William Rehnquist served on the Supreme Court
for 33 years until his death in 2005. Write and solve an equation to determine the
year he was confirmed as a justice on the Supreme Court.
56. SALARY In a recent year, the annual salary of the Governor of New York was $179,
000. During the same year, the annual salary of the Governor of Tennessee was
$94,000 less than that. Write and solve an equation to find the annual salary of the
Governor of Tennessee in that year.
57. WEATHER On a cold January day, Kiara noticed that the temperature dropped 21
degrees over the course of the day to −9ºC. Write and solve an equation to
determine what the temperature was at the beginning of the day.
1
58. FARMING The Rolling Hills Farm is 126 acres. This is _
  4 the size of the Briarwood
Farm. Write and solve an equation to determine the number of acres of the
Briarwood Farm.
59. SOCCER During the season, 13% of the players who signed up for the soccer
league dropped out. A total of 174 players finished the season.
a. Assign a variable. Write an expression for the number of players who finished
the season. Explain your reasoning.
b. Write an equation to find the number of players who signed up for the soccer
league.
c. Solve the equation to find the number of players who signed up for the soccer
league.
Mixed Exercises
Write an equation for each sentence. Then solve the equation.
60. Six times a number is 132.
61. Two thirds equals negative eight times a number.
62. Five elevenths times a number is 55.
63. Four fifths is equal to ten sixteenths of a number.
64. Three and two thirds times a number equals two ninths.
65. Four and four fifths times a number is one and one fifth.
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 82 15/04/19 9:37 AM

Solve each equation. Check your solution.
x b 3 c
66.  __
9 = 10 67.  __
7 = −11 68.  _ __
4 =   24
2 1 2 3
69.  __ __
3 =   8 y 70.  __
3 n = 14 71.  __
5 g = −6
1 1 1
72. 4 __
  5 = 3p 73. −5 = 3 __
  2 x 74. 6 = − __
2 n
2 z g 5 v
75. − __ __
5 = −  45 76. − __ __
24 =   12 77. − __
5  = −45
2 2 5
78. −6 = __
  3 z 79.  __
7 q = −4 80.  __
9 p = −10
a 2
81.  __ __
10 =   5 82. d − 8 = 6 83. −28 = p + 21
t
84. −7x = 63 85. − __
  5  = −8 86. y + (−16) = −12
3 3 8
87.  __
5 y = −9 88. −8d = −64 89. −  __ __
4 y =   20
90. VACATION The Lopez family is on vacation in

Tennessee. They drove 210 miles from Memphis
81
75
Nashville
40
40
to Nashville and continued driving to Knoxville. By

155
Knoxville
40
the time they reached Knoxville, they had

24 75
TENNESSEE 65
Memphis
travelled a total of 390 miles. Chattanooga
a. Define the variable and write an equation that represents the distance from
Nashville to Knoxville.
b. Which property of equality could you use to isolate the variable in your
equation? Explain your reasoning.
c. How far is Knoxville from Nashville? How can you verify that your solution is
accurate?
d. If the Lopez family drives from Nashville to Chattanooga instead of Nashville

to Knoxville, they will drive 47 fewer miles. Write an equation that represents
the distance from Memphis to Chattanooga through Nashville. How far is
Chattanooga from Nashville?
91. TICKETS Julian and Makayla order season tickets for the local soccer team. The
ticket package they choose costs $780 and includes tickets to 12 games.
a. Write and solve an equation that represents the cost per game.
b. Single game tickets cost $85. How much do they save per game by using
season tickets?
92. TACOS Orlando spent $18 at a taco truck. He ordered 4 tacos and a drink. If the
drink cost $2, write and solve an equation to find the cost of each taco.
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 83 15/04/19 9:37 AM

STRUCTURE Solve each equation. State the Property of Equality used.
x
93.  __
9 = 24
94. m − 183 = −79
95. 972 + y = 748
4
96. −  __
5 p = 32
97. 135 = 9b
3
98. 45 = __
  2 z

99. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG Identify the equation that does not belong with
the other three. Justify your conclusion.
n + 14 = 27 12 + n = 25 n – 16 = 29 n–4=9
100. PERSEVERE Determine the value for each statement below.

a. If x − 9 = 12, what is the value of x + 1?
b. If n + 7 = −4, what is the value of n + 1?
101. CREATE Write an equation that you would use the Addition Property of Equality
to solve.
102. ANALYZE Determine whether each sentence is sometimes, always, or never true.
Justify your argument.
a. x + x = x b. x + 0 = x
103. ANALYZE How would you solve 5x = 35? How would you solve 5 + x = 35? How
are the methods similar and how are they different?
104. WRITE Consider the Multiplication Property of Equality and the Division Property
of Equality. Explain why they can be considered the same property. Which one
do you think is easier to use?
075_084_RM_INT1_S_M02_L02_700687.indd 84 15/04/19 9:37 AM

Lesson 2-3
Solving Multi-Step Equations

Today’s Goal
● Solve equations
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Model involving more than
one operation.
Multi-Step Equations
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore. multi-step equation
INQUIRY How can you model and solve a

multi-step equation?
Learn Solving Multi-Step Equations

A multi-step equation is an equation that uses more than one
operation to solve it. To solve this type of equation, you can undo each
operation using properties of equality. Working backward in the order
of operations makes this process simpler. Each step in this process Think About It!
results in equivalent equations.
In 4x - 2 = 5, which
Operation Opposite Operation two operations are
being used? Which
Addition Subtraction
operations would you
Subtraction Addition use to work backward
Multiplication Division in the order of
Division Multiplication operations to solve the
equation?
Example 1 Solve Multi-Step Equations

Use properties of equality to solve each equation. Check your
solutions.
a. 2a - 6 = 4
2a - 6 = 4 Original equation.
2a - 6 + 6 = 4 + 6 Add 6 to each side.
2a = 10 Simplify.
__ 2a 10
  2 =  __
2 Divide each side by 2.
a=5 Simplify.
Lesson 2-3 • Solving Multi-Step Equations 85
085_090_RM_INT1_S_M02_L03_700687.indd 85 15/04/19 9:40 AM

CHECK
Check your solution by substituting the result back into the original
equation.
2a - 6 = 4 Original equation
2(5) - 6 ≟ 4 Substitute 5 for a.
10 - 6 ≟ 4 Simplify.
4=4 True
n+1
 ____
b. -2 = 15
n+1
 ____
-2 = 15 Original equation.
-2 (____
  -2 ) = -2(15)
n+1
Multiply each side by -2.
n + 1 = -30 Simplify.
Study Tip n + 1 - 1 = -30 - 1 Subtract 1 from each side.
Assumptions To solve
an equation, you must n = -31 Simplify.
assume that the Check your solution by substituting the result back into the original
original equation has a
equation.
solution.
Check
Solve 3m + 4 = -11. Check your solution.
Go Online m= ?
x-5
You can watch a video Solve 8 = ____
  7 . Check your solution.
to see how to use a
graphing calculator x= ?
with this example.
Example 2 Write and Solve a Multi-Step Equation

Study Tip FUNDRAISING The
2
Multiplicative Inverse student council raised __
 5 
A number multiplied by of the money they need
its reciprocal is 1. to cover the cost of the
school dance with a bake
sale. They raised an
Jupiterimages/liquidlibrary/Getty Images
additional $150 selling

Talk About It! raffle tickets. If the
Would it work to first student council has raised
5
multiply each side by __
 2 ? $630, what is the cost of
Explain your reasoning. the dance? Write an
equation for the problem. Then solve the equation.
085_090_RM_INT1_S_M02_L03_700687.indd 86 15/04/19 9:40 AM

Complete the table to write an equation for the cost of the dance.
Words Two fifths of the cost plus 150 is 630.

Variable Let c = the cost of the dance.
__ 2
Equation   5 •c + 150 = 630
2
 __
5 c + 150 = 630 Original equation
__ 2
  5 c + 150 - 150 = 630 - 150 Subtract 150 from each side.
__ 2
  5 c = 480 Simplify.
2(   5 )c =  __

5 __ 2 5 5
 __ 2 (480) Multiply each side by __
 2 .
c = 1200 Simplify.
The dance costs $ 1200 .
Check
2
BASKETBALL A sporting goods store sold __
 3 of its basketballs, but 8 were
returned. Now the store has 38 basketballs. How many were there
originally? Write an equation for the problem. Then solve the equation.
2
A. __
  3 b + 8 = 38; 45
2
B. __
  3 b - 8 = 38; 69
1
C. _
  3 b + 8 = 38; 90
1
D. _
  3 b - 8 = 38; 138
Example 3 Solve Multi-Step Equations with Letter

Coefficients Think About It!
Why do you have to
Some equations have coefficients that are represented by letters. To assume that a ≠ 0
solve these equations, apply the process of solving equations to when solving the
isolate the variable. equation?
Solve ax + 7 = 5 for x. Assume that a ≠ 0.
ax + 7 = 5 Original equation
ax + 7 - 7 = 5 - 7 Subtract 7 from each side.
ax = -2 Simplify.
__ ax
  a = ___
-2
  a Divide each side by a.
x = ___
-2
  a Simplify.
085_090_RM_INT1_S_M02_L03_700687.indd 87 15/04/19 9:40 AM

Check
Watch Out!
Solve 2 - ax = -8 for x. Assume a ≠ 0.
Isolate the Variable
10
Make sure that you are A. x = - __
a
isolating x in the 6
equation. Remember B. x = - __
a
that a represents a 6
C. x = __
  a
coefficient, not the
10
variable. D. x = __
  a
Pause and Reflect

deal with it?

Practice
Examples 1
Use properties of equality to solve each equation. Check your solution.
1. 3t + 7 = -8 2. 8 = 16 + 8n 3. -34 = 6m - 4
y f
4. 9x + 27 = -72 5. __
  5 - 6 = 8 6. ___
  -7 - 8 = 2
r k n-2
7. 1 + __
  9 = 4 8. _
  3 + 4 = -16 9. ____
  7 = 2
6+z a-5 22 - w
10. 14 = ____
  -2 11. -11 = ____
  6 12. ______
  3 = -7
Example 2
13. SHOPPING Ricardo spent half of his paycheck on school supplies. Then he
bought a snack for $5.25. When he arrived home, he had $22.50 left. Write and
solve an equation to find the amount of Ricardo’s allowance a.  
14. SHOPPING Liza earned some money by taking care of her neighbor’s pet. She
bought a drink for $1.95, and a concert ticket for $30. She bought a ring for $7.20,
and then spent two-thirds of the remaining money on a wireless speaker. If Liza
has $38.50 left, write and solve an equation to find the amount of money m Lisa
earned by taking care of her neighbor’s pet.  
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15. PET SHELTERS Henry works at a pet shelter after school. He purchases a large
package of dog treats. He sets aside 10 treats and distributes the rest equally
among the 15 dogs in the shelter. If each dog received 4 treats, write and solve
an equation to find the number of treats t that were in the original package.
16. BASKETBALL The average number of points a basketball team scored for three
games was 63 points. In the first two games, they scored the same number of
points, which was 6 points more than they scored in the third game. Write and
solve an equation to find the number of points the team scored in each game.
 
17. HUMAN HEIGHT Micah’s adult height is one less than twice his height at age 2.
Micah’s adult height is 71 inches. Write and solve an equation to find Micah’s
height h at age 2.
Example 3
Solve each equation for x. Assume a ≠ 0.
18. ax + 3 = 23 19. 4 = ax - 14 20. ax - 5 = 19
8
21. 6 + ax = -29 22.  __
ax - 5 = -3 23. 18 - ax = 42
5
24. 5 = __
  ax + 1 25. -3 = ax + 11 26. -7 = -ax - 16
Mixed Exercises
a 5r
27. 3x + 8 = 29 28.  __
6 - 5 = 9 29.  __
2 - 6 = 19
n x h
30.  __3 – 8 = -2 31. 5 + _
  4 = 1 32. - __
  3 - 4 = 13
a
33. 5(1 + n) = -5 34. -27 = -6 - 3p 35. –  __
6 + 5 = 2
REASONING Write and solve an equation to find each number.
36. A number is divided by 2, and then the quotient is increased by 8. The result is 33.
37. Two is subtracted from a number, and then the difference is divided by 3. The
result is 30.
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38. PERSEVERE The sum of 4 consecutive odd integers is equal to zero.
a. Write an equation to model the sentence.
b. Solve the equation to find the numbers. Check your solution.
1 17
39. FIND THE ERROR Kadija and Jorge are solving  __ __
2 n + 5 =   2 . Jorge uses the
Subtraction Property of Equality followed by the Multiplication Property of
Equality. Kadija also uses the Subtraction Property of Equality, but because n is
1
multiplied by __
  2 , Kadija claims that the Division Property of Equality can be used to
isolate the variable. Which student is correct? Explain your reasoning.
40. CREATE Write a problem that can be represented by the equation 11.9p + 23.1 = 273.
Define the variable and solve the equation.
41. ANALYZE Solve each equation for x. Assume that a ≠ 0.

1
a. ax + 7 = 5 b. __
a  x - 4 = 9 c. 2 - ax = -8
42. ANALYZE Determine whether each equation has a solution. Justify your answer.
a+4
____ 1+b c-5
a.
  5 + a = 5 b. ____
  1 - b = 1 c. ____
 5 - c = 1
43. ANALYZE Determine whether the following statement is sometimes, always, or never
true. Justify your argument.
The sum of three consecutive odd integers equals an even integer.
44. WRITE Write a paragraph explaining the order of the steps that you would take to
solve a multi-step equation.
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Lesson 2-4
Solving Equations with the
Variable on Each Side
Today’s Goals
● Solve equations with the
Explore Modeling Equations with the variable on each side.
Variable on Each Side ● Solve equations by

applying the Distributive
Property.
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the
● Prove that equations
Explore.
are identities or have
no solution.
INQUIRY How can you solve an equation with
the variable on each side?
identity
Learn Solving Equations with the Variable on Each Side Think About It!
Which property of
Sometimes, the variable will appear on each side of an equation. To equality would you use
solve these equations, use the Addition or Subtraction Property of to move all of the
Equality to write an equivalent equation with the variable terms on one variable terms to the left
side and the numbers without variables, or constants, on the other side. side of the equation?
Which Property of
Equality would you use
Example 1 Solve an Equation with the Variable on to move all of the
Each Side constants to the right
side of the equation?
Solve 5 + 7a = 4a – 13. Check your solution.
5 + 7a = 4a − 13 Original equation
- 4a = − 4a Subtract 4a from each side.
5 + 3a = −13 Simplify.
−5 = −5 Subtract 5 from each side.

Think About It!
3a = −18 Simplify. Leon says that when
3a you solve 5 + 7a =
 __ ___ −18
3 =   3 Divide each side by 3. 4a - 13, you can just
a = −6 Simplify. combine 7a and 4a
because they are like
terms. Explain whether
CHECK 5 + 7a = 4a − 13 Original equation Leon is correct.
5 + 7(−6) ≟ 4(−6) − 13 Substitution, a = –6
5 + −42 ≟ −24 − 13 Multiply.
−37 = −37 True
Lesson 2-4 • Solving Equations with the Variable on Each Side 91
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Example 2 Write an Equation with the Variable on
Each Side
Study Tip CONTEST The results of the
Solving an Equation 2014 Nathan’s Hot Dog Eating Hot Dog
You may want to Contest are shown. Eating Contest
combine the terms with
Suppose the men’s and Winner Hotdogs Eaten (Including Buns)
a variable on one side
women’s winners, Matt and Matt Stonie
62
before isolating a (Men)
constant. Miki, decide to compete
Miki Sudo
against each other. To make (Women) 34
the competition more Contest Duration 10 minutes
interesting, Matt will not start

until Miki has eaten 20 hot dogs. Assume that Matt and Miki eat at a
constant rate throughout the competition. Based on the number of
hot dogs eaten in 10 minutes by Matt and Miki, how many minutes
after Matt starts eating will they have eaten the same number of hot
dogs?
Read the Item
We want to find the number of minutes m for which Joey and Miki have
eaten the same number of hot dogs.
Matt eats 62 hot dogs in 10 minutes, which is a rate of 6.2 hot dogs per
minute. The number of hot dogs he has eaten m minutes after starting
is 6.2m.
Miki eats 38 hot dogs in 10 minutes, which is a rate of 3.8 hot dogs per
minute. She is given a 20-hot dog head start, so the number of hot
dogs she has eaten m minutes after Joey starts is 3.8m + 20.
The equation 6.2m = 3.8m + 20 represents this situation.

Solve the Item
6.2m = 3.8m + 20 Original equation
6.2m - 3.8m = 3.8m + 20 - 3.8m Subtract 3.8m from each side.
2.4m = 20 Simplify.
2.4m 20
 ____ ___
2.4 =   2.4 2.4 Divide each side by 2.4.
m ≈ 8.3 Simplify.
1
After approximately 8 __
3 minutes, Matt and Miki will have eaten the
same number of hot dogs.
091_100_RM_INT1_S_M02_L04_700687.indd 92 15/04/19 9:43 AM

Check
BASKETBALL Nolan and Victor were two of the top scoring freshman
players in a college basketball conference last season. The table shows
how many points Nolan and Victor scored and how many games they
played last season. The points Nolan and Victor score this season will
be combined with their points from last season to give their total career
points. This season, Nolan is hoping to catch up to Victor and have the
same number of career points. Assume that Nolan and Victor play every
game and score at the same constant rate as last season.
Player Games Played Points

Nolan 30 750
Victor 34 782
Part A
Based on each player’s average scoring rate, write an equation that
represents the number of games it will take Nolan to accumulate the
same number of career points as Victor.
25p + ? = ? p+ ?
Part B
Based on your equation in Part A, after how many games this season Think About It!
will Nolan and Victor have scored the same number of career points? Describe the steps you
? games would take to solve
2(1 + t) = 8t.
Learn Solving Equations Involving the Distributive

Property
Some equations contain grouping symbols. Grouping symbols can
include parentheses ( ), brackets [ ], and fraction bars.
The steps for solving an equation can be summarized as follows.
Step 1 S
implify the expressions on each side. Remove any grouping
symbols. Use the Distributive Property as needed.
Study Tip
Step 2 U
se the Addition and/or Subtraction Properties of Equality to Grouping Symbols
get the variable terms on one side of the equation and the Some expressions, like
constant terms on the other side. Simplify. 2 – [11 + 5(p – 8)],
Step 3 U
se the Multiplication and Division Properties of Equality to contain grouping
solve. symbols inside of
grouping symbols. To
simplify these
expressions, work from
the inside out by first
simplifying the
expression within the
innermost grouping
symbol.
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Example 3 Solve an Equation with Grouping Symbols
Solve 7(n − 1) = −2(3 + n).
Watch Out! 7(n − 1) = −2(3 + n) Original equation
Keep the negative
Do not forget to 7n − 7 = −6 −2n Distributive Property
distribute –2 to each 7n − 7 + 2n = −6 −2n + 2n Add 2n to each side.
term on the right side
of the equation. 9n – 7 = –6 Simplify.
9n – 7 + 7 = –6 + 7 Add 7 to each side.
9n = 1 Simplify.
__ 9n 1
  9 = __
  9 9 Divide each side by 9.
1
n = __   9 9 Simplify.
Check
Solve 7(n − 2) + 8 = 3(n − 4) − 2.
n= ?
Example 4 Solve an Equation with a Fraction Bar

12y + 16
Solve 5y =  ______
4 .
12y + 16
5y =  ______
4 Original equation
Math History Minute
4(5y) = 4(______)
12y + 16
Multiply each side by 4.
During the short life of 4
Indian mathematician 20y = 12y + 16 Simplify.
Srinivasa Ramanujan
(1887–1920), he 20y - 12y = 12y + 16 - 12y Subtract 12y from each side.
compiled nearly 3900
results, which included 8y = 16 Simplify.
proofs of theorems, 8y 16
 __ __
8 =   8 Divide each side by 8.
equations, and
identities, nearly all of y=2 Simplify.
which have been
proven correct.
Ramanujan was known
as a genius and an
autodidact, which is a
person who is self-
taught.
091_100_RM_INT1_S_M02_L04_700687.indd 94 15/04/19 9:43 AM

Example 5 Write an Equation with Grouping
Symbols
GEOMETRY Find the value of x Go Online to
so that the figures have the practice what you’ve
learned about solving
same area.
2x - 6 linear equations in
5 the Put It All Together
over Lessons 2–1
x+4 12
through 2–4.
The area of the rectangle is 5(x + 4), and the area of the triangle is
__ 1 1
  2 (12)(2x - 6). The equation 5(x + 4) = __
  2  (12)(2x - 6) represents the
situation where the areas of the figures are the same.
1
5(x + 4) = __
  2  (12)(2x - 6) Original equation
1
5(x + 4) = 6(2x - 6) Multiply __
  2  and 12.
5x + 20 = 12x - 36 Distributive Property
5x + 20 + 36 = 12x - 36 + 36 Add 36 to each side.
5x + 56 = 12x Simplify.
5x + 56 - 5x = 12x - 5x Subtract 5x from each side.
56 = 7x Simplify.
__ 56 7x
  7 = __
  7 Divide each side by 7.
8=x Simplify.
Check
GEOMETRY Find the value of x so that the figures have the same area.
10 cm
6 cm
x cm
3 cm x cm
x= ? or ?
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Think About It!
Learn Identities and Equations with No Solutions
Look at the One solution No solution Identity
expressions on each Words
side of the equals sign An equation has one An equation has no An identity is an
for the different types solution if exactly one solution if there is no equation that is true
of equations. What do value of the variable value of the variable for all values of the
you notice about makes the equation that makes the variable.
identities? equations true. equation true.
with no solution?
Example 6 Solve an Equation with No Solution

Solve 6(y - 5) = 2(10 + 3y).
6(y - 5) = 2(10 + 3y) Original equation
6y - 30 = 20 + 6y Distributive Property
6y - 30 - 6y = 20 + 6y - 6y Subtract 6y from each side.
-30 ≠ 20 Simplify.
Since -30 ≠ 20, this equation has no solution.
Example 7 Solve an Identity

Talk About It! Solve 7x + 5(x - 1) = 12x - 5.
Could you tell that the 7x + 5(x - 1) = 12x - 5 Original equation
equation was an
identity before the final 7x + 5x - 5 = 12x - 5 Distributive Property
step? Explain your
12x - 5 = 12x - 5 Simplify.
reasoning.
0=0 Subtract 12x ‒ 5 from each side.
Since the expressions on each side of the equation are the same, this
equation is an identity. It is true for all values of x.
Check
Solve each equation and state whether the equation has one solution,
has no solution, or is an identity.
A. 8(g + 6) = 5g + 3(g + 16)
Go Online
to practice what you’ve B. 5x + 5 = 3(5x - 4) - 10x
learned in Lessons 2-1
C. 3w + 2 = 7w
through 2-4.
D. 3(2b - 1) - 7 = 6b - 10
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Practice
1. 7c + 12 = -4c + 78 2. 2m - 13 = -8m + 27
3. 9x - 4 = 2x + 3 4. 6 + 3t = 8t - 14
b-4 b 5v - 4 4
5.  ____ __
6 =   2 6.  _____ __
10 =   5
7. 8 = 4(r + 4) 8. 6(n + 5) = 66
4
9. 5(g + 8) - 7 = 103 10. 12 - __
  5 (x + 15) = 4
11. 3(3m - 2) = 2(3m + 3) 12. 6(3a + 1) - 30 = 3(2a - 4)
13. 7n + 6 = 4n - 9 14. -6(2r + 8) = -10(r - 3)
15. 5 - 3(w + 4) = w - 7 16. 2x - 5(x - 3) = 2(x - 10)
Example 2
17. OLYMPICS In the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, the United States won 1 more than
4 times the number of gold medals France won. The United States won 7 more
gold metals than France. Write and solve an equation to find the number of gold
medals each country won.
18. REASONING Diego’s sister is twice his age minus 9 years. She is also as old as
half the sum of the ages of Diego and both of his 12-year-old twin brothers. Write
and solve an equation to find the ages of Diego and his sister.
19. NATURE The table shows the current heights and average growth rates of two
different species of trees. Write and solve an equation to find how long it will take
for the two trees to be the same height.
Tree Species Current Height Annual growth
A 38 inches 4 inches
B 45.5 inches 2.5 inches
20. WEIGHT A dog weighs two pounds less than three times the weight of a cat. The
dog also weighs twenty-two more pounds than the cat. Write and solve an
equation to find the weights of the dog and the cat.
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Example 5
21. GEOMETRY Supplementary angles are two angles with measures that have a sum
of 180º. Complementary angles are two angles with measures that have a sum of
90º. The measure of the supplement of an angle is 10º more than twice the
measure of the complement of the angle. Let 90 - x equal the degree measure
of the complement angle and 180 - x equal the degree measure of the
supplement angle. Write and solve an equation to find the measure of the angle.
22. GEOMETRY Write and solve an equation to

find the value of x so that the figures have
the same area.
x+4
3
8 x+6
23. GEOMETRY Write and solve an equation to
find the value of x so that the figures have the
same area.
3
15 7 ft
9 ft
5 ft x ft
x ft
x in.
24. GEOMETRY Write and
solve an equation to find
the value of x so that the 6 in. x in.
figures have the same
area. The area of a
1 12 in.
trapezoid is __
  2 h( b1 + b2). 12 in.
Examples 6 and 7
Solve each equation and state whether the equation has one solution, no solution,
or is an identity.
1 1
25. -6y - 3 = 3 - 6y 26.  __ __
2 (x + 6) =   2 x - 9
27. 8q + 12 = 4(3 + 2q) 28. 21(x + 1) - 6x = 15x + 21
29. 12y + 48 - 4y = 8(y - 6) 30. 8(z + 6) = 4(2z + 12)
1 1
31. 2a + 2 = 3(a + 2) 32.  _ _
4 x + 5 =   4 x
1
33. 7(c + 9) = 7c + 63 34. 4k + 3 = _
  4 (8k + 16)
1 1 1
35. 3b - 13 + 4b = 7b + 1 36.  __ __ _
2 (  2 m - 8) =   4 (m - 16)
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Mixed Exercises
2 12
37. 2x = 2(x - 3) 38. __
  5 h - 7 = __
  5 h - 2h + 3
2
39. -5(3 - q) + 4 = 5q - 11 40. 2(4r + 6) = __
  3 (12r + 18)
3 1 1 3 5 5
41.  __ __
5 f + 24 = 4 -   5 f 42.  __ __ __ __
12 +   8 y =   12 +   8 y
43. 6.78j - 5.2 = 4.33j + 2.15 44. 14.2t - 25.2 = 3.8t + 26.8
45. 3.2k - 4.3 = 12.6k + 14.5 46. 5[2p - 4(p + 5)] = 25
2m - 12 3d - 2 1
47. m - 9 = ______
  3 48.  _____ _
8 = -d + 16  4
49. Twice the greater integer of two consecutive odd integers is 13 less than three
times the lesser integer.
a. Write an equation to find the two consecutive odd integers.
b. What are the integers in ascending order?
50. Two times the quantity of eight times a number plus two is equal to three times
the quantity of two times the same number minus seven.
a. Write an equation to find the number.
b. Solve the equation to find the number.
51. USE A MODEL The perimeter of Figure 1 is four times a number minus three. The
perimeter of Figure 2 is two times the same number plus five. The perimeter of
Figure 1 and Figure 2 are the same.
a. Write an equation to find the number.
b. Solve the equation to find the number.
c. What is the perimeter of Figure 2? Explain.
d. Find the perimeter of Figure 1. Compare the perimeter of Figure 1 to the

perimeter you found for Figure 2 to justify the value of k is correct. Show
your work.
52. STRUCTURE Find two consecutive even integers such that twice the lesser of two
integers is 4 less than two times the greater integer.
a. Write and solve an equation to find the integers.
b. Does the equation have one solution, no solution, or is it an identity? Explain.
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53. WRITE Explain how to solve the equation y - m = ym + 1 for y. What, if any,
constraints are there on the value of m? Explain.
54. PERSEVERE Write an equation with variables on each side of the equals sign, at
least one fractional coefficient, and a solution of -6. Discuss the steps you used.
55. CREATE Create an equation with at least two grouping symbols for which there
is no solution.
56. WRITE Compare and contrast solving equations with variables on both sides of
the equation to solving one-step or multi-step equations with a variable on one
side of the equation.
57. ANALYZE Determine whether each solution is correct. If it is incorrect; find the
correct solution. Justify your argument.
a. 2(g + 5) = 22 b. 5d = 2d - 18 c. -6z + 13 = 7z
2g + 5 = 22 5d - 2d = 2d - 18 - 2d -6z + 13 - 6z = 7z - 6z
2g + 5 - 5 = 22 3d = -18 13 = z
2g = 17 d = -6
g = 8.5
58. PERSEVERE Find the value of k for which each equation is an identity.
a. k(3x - 2) = 4 - 6x b. 15y - 10 + k = 2(ky - 1) - y
59. CREATE Write an equivalent equation to x = 8 that has the variable x on both
sides.
60. ANALYZE Solve 5x + 2 = ax - 1 for x. Assume a ≠ 5. Describe each step.
091_100_RM_INT1_S_M02_L04_700687.indd 100 15/04/19 9:43 AM

Lesson 2-5
Solving Equations
Involving Absolute Value
Today’s Goal
● Solve absolute value
Explore Modeling Absolute Value expressions.
Online Activity Use an infographic to complete the Explore.
INQUIRY How is margin of error related to

absolute value?
Learn Solving Equations Involving Absolute Value

Absolute value equations have the form |x| = n. Since absolute value
represents distance, you must consider the case where the solution is
x units from zero in the negative direction and the case where the
solution is x units from zero in the positive direction.
Key Concept • Solving Absolute Value Equations
Words When solving equations that involve absolute values, there
are two cases to consider.
Case 1 The expression inside the absolute value symbol is
positive or zero.
Case 2 The expression inside the absolute value symbol is
negative.
Symbols For any real numbers a and b, if |a| = b and b ≥ 0, then
a = b or a = -b.
Examples |d| = 3, so d = 3 or d = -3.
Consider the equation |x| = 3. This means that the two points on the
number line where the distance between 0 and x is 3 are solutions to
the equation. The distance between 0 and -3 is 3, so -3 is a solution Think About It!
to the equation. The distance between 0 and 3 is 3, so 3 is also a Clark says that the
solution to the equation. solution set for |x| = 8
is 8. Is he correct? Why
3 units 3 units or why not?
-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
If |x| = 3, then x = -3 or x = 3. Thus the solution set is {-3, 3}. You can
graph the solution set by graphing each solution on the number line.
For each absolute value equation, you must consider both cases. To
solve an absolute value equation, first isolate the absolute value on
one side of the equals sign if it is not already by itself.
Lesson 2-5 • Solving Equations Involving Absolute Value 101
101_108_RM_INT1_S_M02_L05_700687.indd 101 15/04/19 9:48 AM

Example 1 Solve an Absolute Value Equation
When n > 0
Solve | y + 2| = 4. Then graph the solution set.
Case 1 Case 2
If y is nonnegative, then |y| = y If y is negative, then |y| = -y
y+2=4 Original equation y + 2 = -4
y + 2 - 2 = 4 - 2 Subtract 2 from each side. y + 2 - 2 = -4 - 2
y=2 Simplify. y = -6
The solution set is {-6, 2}.
CHECK
Substitute -6 and 2 into the original equation.
|y + 2| = 4 Original equation |y + 2| = 4
|-6 + 2| ≟ 4 Substitute. |2 + 2| ≟ 4
|-4| ≟ 4 Simplify. |4| ≟ 4
4=4✓ Take the absolute value. 4=4✓
Graph the points -6 and 2 on the number line.
Study Tip
-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Scale Keep in mind
the values that you will
need for graphing. If Check
the values are very Graph the solution set of |2t - 4| = 8.
large, use a number
line and scale that are
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
reasonable for the
situation.

When n < 0
Solve | 3x - 4| = -1.
Talk About It!
|3x - 4| = -1 means that the distance between 3x and 4 is - 1.
Would the solution
Since distance cannot be negative, the solution is the empty set Ø.
change if the equation
The solution set is Ø.
were changed to |ax -
4| = -n, where n > 0?
Check
Which statement must be true for the solution of |ax + b| = c to be Ø?
A. If a is negative, the solution will be Ø.

B. If b is negative, the solution will be Ø.
C. If c is negative, the solution will be Ø.
D. If c is positive, the solution will be Ø.
101_108_RM_INT1_S_M02_L05_700687.indd 102 15/04/19 9:48 AM

MUSIC Depending on the size of
11:00
each song, Luna’s phone holds an
average of 2000 songs, give or take
250 songs. Write and solve an
equation involving absolute value to
find the maximum and minimum Your Music
number of songs that Luna’s phone Library
can hold. is at
The maximum and minimum number FULL CAPACITY
of songs will differ from the average Flickering Lights
2000 songs
Matador and Mastodon
by 250 songs. Complete the table to Red–Yellow Blues
write an equation that represents the Corso Girl
Ghostways 3:25
maximum and minimum number of Orbital Think About It!
songs. Warp Spasm
Does the solution set
Titans of Mars
Words The difference between 17 Years mean that Luna's
Where Did You Go?
the number of songs phone can hold only
Buried Under the Subway
and 2000 is 250. Songs Playlists Artists 1750 or 2250 songs? If
Variable Let x = the number of not, how many songs
songs on Luna’s phone. can it hold?
Equation |x - 2000| = 250
Case 1 Case 2
x - 2000 = 250 Original x - 2000 = -250
equation
+ 2000 + 2000 Add + 2000 + 2000

2000.
x = 2250 Simplify. x = 1750
The solution set is {1750, 2250}. The maximum and minimum number
of songs are 2250 and 1750, respectively.
Check
SKYDIVING It takes approximately 6 minutes for a skydiver to land after
she jumps out of a plane, give or take 30 seconds. What is the range of
time, in seconds, it could take the skydiver to land?
[ ? , ? ]
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Example 4 Write an Absolute Value Equation
Write an equation involving absolute value for the graph.
Study Tip
Find the Midpoint
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
To find the point
midway between two Find the point that is the same distance from 17 and from 27 on the
points, add the values number line. This is the midpoint between 17 and 27, which is 22.
together and divide
by 2. For the example, 5 units 5 units
17 + 27 = 44, and
44 ÷ 2 = 22. So 22 is
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
the point halfway
between 17 and 27. So an equation is |x
- 22| = 5.
Check
Label each graph with the correct equation.
Think About It!
|x + 3| = 6 |x - 1| = 3 |x - 1| = 6 |x - 3| = 5
Write a general rule
that can be used for
exercises similar to
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Example 4.
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Pause and Reflect

deal with it?
101_108_RM_INT1_S_M02_L05_700687.indd 104 15/04/19 9:48 AM

Practice Go Online You can complete your homework online.
Examples 1 and 2
Solve each equation. Then graph the solution set.
1. |n – 3| = 5 2. |f + 10| = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3. |v - 2| = -5 4. |4t - 8| = 20
5. |8w + 5| = 21 6. |6y - 7| = -1
7. |x + 5| = -3 8. |-2y + 6| = 6
|
9. _
3
|
  4 a - 3 = 9 10. |2x - 3| = 7
Solve each equation.

11. |7 - 2q| = 3
12. |4x - 2| = 26
13. |w + 1| = 5
14. |n + 2| = -1
15. |m - 2| = 2
16. |5c - 3| = 1
17. |2t + 6| = 4
18. |8k - 5| = -4
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Example 3
19. ENGINEERING Tolerance is an allowance made for imperfections in a
manufactured object. The manufacturer of an oven specifies a temperature
tolerance of ±15ºF. This means that the temperature inside the oven will be within
15ºF of the temperature to which it is set. Write and solve an absolute value
equation to find the maximum and minimum temperatures inside the oven when
the thermostat is set to 400ºF.
20. POLLS Candidate A and Candidate B are running for mayor. A poll was taken to
determine which candidate would likely win the election. The poll is accurate
within ±5%. Write and solve an absolute value equation to find the maximum and
minimum percent of voters who will vote for Candidate A if 38% of the voters in
the poll voted for Candidate A.
21. STATISTICS The most familiar statistical measure is the arithmetic mean, or
average. A second important statistical measure is the standard deviation, which
is a measure of how far the data are from the mean. For example, the mean score
on the Wechsler IQ test is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. This means that
people within one standard deviation of the mean have IQ scores that are 15
points higher or lower than the mean.
a. One year, the mean mathematics score on the ACT test was 20.9 with a
standard deviation of 5.3. Write an absolute value equation to find the
maximum and minimum scores within one standard deviation of the mean.
b. What is the range of ACT mathematics scores within one standard deviation of
the mean? within two standard deviations of the mean?
22. AVIATION The graph shows the The Next Frontier for Flight
results of a survey that asked 4300
Finding new Exploring other
students ages 7 to 18 what they resources for Earth planets in our solar
thought would be the most 21% system for signs of life
important benefit of air travel in the 43%
future. There are about 40 million
Flying faster
students in the United States. If the from one
margin of error is ±3%, what is the continent
range of the number of students to another
ages 7 to 18 who would likely say 10%
that “finding new resources for
Earth” is the most important Scientific
benefit of future flight? experiments
in space
26%
23. MANUFACTURING A hardware store
Source: The World Almanac
sells bags of rock salt that are labeled
as weighing 35 pounds. The equipment used to package the salt produces bags with a
weight that is within 8 ounces of the label weight. Write and solve an absolute value
equation to determine the maximum and minimum weights for the bag of rock salt.
Justify each step in the solution.
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Example 4
Write an equation involving absolute value for each graph.
24. 25.
-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
26. 27.
-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -7-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3
28. 29.
-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -7-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3
30. 31.
-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Mixed Exercises
Solve each equation. Then graph the solution set.
1
32. |- __
2 b - 2| = 10 33. |-4d + 6| = 12
34. |5f - 3| = 12 35. 2|h| - 3 = 8
4
36. 4 - 3|q| = 10 37.  __
|p| + 12 = 14
Write an equation involving absolute value for each graph.

38. 39.
-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
40. 41.
-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
42. 43.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
44. REGULARITY For tropical fish, aquarium water should be set to 76°F with an
allowance of 4°.
a. Explain how to write an absolute value equation to represent this situation.
b. Explain the steps to solve the absolute value equation. What do the solutions
represent?
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45. REASONING The temperature of a refrigerator is 38°F give or take 2°.
a. Write an equation to find the maximum and minimum temperatures of the
refrigerator.
b. Solve the equation to find the maximum and minimum temperatures of the
refrigerator.
46. STRUCTURE A quality control inspector at a bolt factory examines random bolts
that come off the assembly line. All bolts being made must be a tolerance of 0.04
mm. The inspector is examining bolts that are to have a diameter of 6.5 mm. Write
and solve an absolute value equation to find the maximum and minimum
diameters of bolts that will pass his inspection.
47. SWIMMING POOL Chlorine is added to a swimming pool to sanitize the water and
make it safe for swimming. The chlorine should be in the range of 2–4 ppm (parts
per million). Write an equation that represents the maximum and minimum
chlorine concentration.
48. FISH TANK Tom has a 10 gallon fish tank that he wants to fill with Method Number of Fish
neon tetra fish. Tom calculates the number of fish that will fit in the
Method 1 5
tank using three different methods. Write an equation to represent
the maximum and minimum number of fish that will fit in the tank. Method 2 9
Method 3 8
49. PERSEVERE If three points a, b, and c lie on the same line, then b is between a
and c if and only if the distance from a to c is equal to the sum of the distances
from a to b and from b to c. Write an absolute value equation to represent the
definition of betweenness.
50. ANALYZE Translate the sentence x = 5 ± 2.3 into an equation involving absolute
value. Explain.
51. FIND THE ERROR Chris and Cami are solving |x + 3| = -6. Is either of them
correct? Explain your reasoning.
Chris Cami
|x + 3| = 6 or |x + 3| = -6 |x + 3| = -6
x + 3 = 6 or x + 3 = -6 The solution is Ø.
x = 3 or x = -9
52. WRITE Explain why an absolute value can never be negative.
53. CREATE Describe a real-world situation that could be represented by the

absolute value equation |x - 4| = 10.
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Lesson 2-6
Solving Proportions
Today’s Goal
● Solve proportions.
Explore Comparing Two Quantities Today’s Vocabulary
proportion
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the Explore.
INQUIRY How can you solve for an unknown

value if two quantities have a proportional
relationship?
Learn Solving Proportions

A proportion is an equation stating that two ratios are equivalent.
Example 1 Solve a Proportion

Solve the proportion. If necessary, round to the nearest hundredth.
__ x 15
  45 = __
  25
x 15
 __ __
45 =   25 Original proportion
45 ) = 45(  25 )

45( __
x __ 15
45(15)
x = _____
  25 Simplify.
675
x = ___
  25 Multiply.
x = 27 Divide.
Think About It!
CHECK What is another
Check your solution by substituting into the original proportion and equation that you
check to see if the fractions are equal. could write to solve the
x 15 proportion? Explain
 __ __
45 =   25 Original proportion your reasoning.
27 15
 __ __
45 ≟   25 Substitute.
__ 3 3
  5 = __
  5 True.
Lesson 2-6 • Solving Proportions 109
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Check
n-4 3
Solve ____
  8 = __
  2 . If necessary, round to the nearest hundredth.
A. 16
B. 9.33
C. 8
D. 4.75
Example 2 Solve a Proportion with Two Missing

Quantities
x 2x - 3
Solve __
  9 =   _____
24 . If necessary, round to the nearest tenth.
x 2x - 3
 __ _____
  9 ) = 9(_____
9(__   24 )
x 2x − 3
9(2x − 3)
x = _______
  24 Simplify.
Think About It! 18x − 27

x = ______
  24 Distributive Property.
How would the problem
differ if the second ratio
24x = 24 (______
  24 )
18x − 27
were 24 over 2x - 3?
24x = 18x − 27 Simplify.
24x – 18x = 18x – 18x − 27 Subtract 18x from each side.
6x = −27 Simplify.
__ 6x
  6 = ____
−27
x = −4.5 Simplify.
Check
x 2x - 5
Solve __
  12 = _____
  18 . If necessary, round to the nearest tenth.
A. -10
B. -3.75
C. 0.83
D. 10
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Example 3 Solve a Proportion by Using
a Constant Rate
GEOGRAPHY Parts of Mexico City are sinking at a rate of
140 centimeters every 5 years. If this rate remains constant, how
many centimeters will the city sink in the next 12 years?
Step 1 Estimate the
solution.
In 10 years, Mexico
City will sink
140(2) or 280
centimeters.
Because 10 years is
slightly less than 12
years, Mexico City
will sink more than
280 centimeters in
12 years.
Step 2 Write a proportion.
Let c represent the number of centimeters.
city sinks 140 cm
____________ city sinks c cm
  in 5 years = __________
     in 12 years
  
Step 3 Solve the proportion.

140 c
 ___ __
  5 ) = 12(__
12(___   12 )
140 c
Talk About It!
12(140)
 _____
5 = c Simplify. Would you really
expect the rate of
1680
 ____
5 = c Simplify. sinking to remain
constant over the
336 = c Divide. entire time period?
Explain.
CHECK
Jess Kraft/Shutterstock
How do you know your solution is reasonable?

Sample answer: A rate of 140 centimeters every 5 years is a unit rate
of 28 centimeters per year. In 12 years Mexico City would sink
18 centimeters
12 years· __________
 
   1 year or 336 centimeters. This makes sense with our
estimate of 280 centimeters.
Check
MIXTURE Oscar makes fruit punch to sell from his food truck by mixing
8 parts cranberry juice to 3 parts pineapple juice. How many cups of
pineapple juice would Oscar need to mix with 48 cups of cranberry
juice to make his punch? ? cups
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Example 4 Solve a Percent Problem by Using
a Proportion
MIXTURES A guide company makes a trail mix of raisins and mixed
Study Tip nuts. How many pounds of raisins does the guide company need to
Setting Up Ratios mix with 14 pounds of mixed nuts to make the trail mix 30% raisins?
It is a good idea to
write the ratio in words METHOD 1 : raisins : trail mix
to start the problem. Let r represent the number of pounds of raisins.
Then read the problem Let r + 14 represent the number of pounds of the trail mix.
to find the numbers or Write and solve a proportion.
expressions to write  ______
raisins
___ 30
each of the two ratios trail mix =   100 30% of the trail mix is raisins.
r 30
in the proportion.  _____ ___
r + 14 =   100 Substitute r + 14 for the
amount of the trail mix.
(r + 14)(____
  r + 14 ) = (r + 14) ___
r 30
  100 Multiply each side by r + 14.
3
r = (r + 14) __ 10 Simplify.
Think About It!
3 14.3
Raja wrote 100r = 30r + r = __   10 r + ___
  10 Distributive Property.
14 to solve for r using
3 3 3 14.3 3
Method 1. What error r − __ __ __
10 r =   10 r −   10 r +
___
  10 Subtract __
  10 r from each side.
did Raja make? 7 42
 __ __
10 r =   10 Simplify.
10 r) =   7 (  10 )

  7 ( __
__10 7 __ 10 __ 42 10
Multiply each side by __
  7 .
42
r = __
  7 or 6 Simplify.
METHOD 2 : raisins : mixed nuts

Let r represent the number of pounds of raisins, when the number of
pounds of mixed nuts is 14.
Write and solve a proportion.
raisins 30
 ________ __
mixed nuts =   70 The ratio of raisins to mixed nuts is 30 : 70.
__ r 30
  14 = __
  70 Substitute 14 for the amount of mixed nuts.
  14) = 14(__
14(__   70 )
r 30
14.30
r = ____   70 Simplify.
420
r = ___   70 or 6 Simplify.
Check
MIXTURE Ayita is making a plant food mixture to use in her garden.
Themixture is to be 20% plant food and 80% water. She needs to make
12 gallons of the mixture to cover her entire garden. Which proportions
can be used to find the amount of plant food p she will need? Select all
that apply.
20 p 20 p
A. __
  80 = __
  12 B. ___
  100 = __
  12
80 p 12 - p 80
C. ___
  100 = __
  12 D.  _____ ___
12 =   100
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Practice
Example 1
Solve each proportion. If necessary, round to the nearest hundredth.
3 15 t 6 4 13
1.  __ __
8 =   a 2.  __ __
2 =   12 3.  __ __
9 =   q
15 g 7 m 8 v
4.  __ __
35 =   7 5.  __ __
10 =   14 6.  __ __
13 =   21
w 4.5 1 12 2 8
7.  __ ___
2 =   6.8 8.  ___ __
0.19 =   n 9.  ___ __
0.21 =   n
2.4 k t 1.7 7 z
10.  ___ __
3.6 =   1.8 11.  ___ ___
0.3 = 0.9
  12.  ____ ____
1.066 =   9.65
x-3 6 7 21 10 4
13.  ____ __
5 =   10 14.  ____ __
x + 9 =   36 15.  __ ____
15   =   x - 5
6 7 7 f-4 3-y 1
16.  __ ____
14 =   x - 3 17.  _ ____
4 =   8 18.  _____ __
4 =   9
Example 2
4v + 7 6v + 2 9b - 3 5b + 5
19.  _____ _____
15 =   10 20.  _____ _____
9 =   3
2n - 4 3n + 3 2 4
21.  _____ _____
5 =   10 22. ____
  g + 6 = ______
  5g + 10
x 3x + 2 w+3 w-1
23.  _ _____
3 =   6 24.  _____ ____
7 =   8
4q - 3 2q + 1 5 2
25. _____
  5 = _____
  7 26.  _____ _____
7k + 4 =   2k - 3
m+1 m+2 j-5 j+8

27.  ____ _____
9 =   2 28. ____
  2 = ____
  7
9f + 3 2f - 4 2c - 1 c+2
29.  _____ _____
10 =   5 30.  _____ ____
3 =   4
5n - 2 n+8 h-7 2h + 1
31.  _____ ____
8 =   3 32.  ____ _____
4 =   3
14 3 p + 10 2p - 7
33.  _____ _
3y + 5 =   y 34. _____
  8 = _____
  4
7 3 2z - 4 3z + 3
35.  _____ _____
14 - d =   18 + d 36.  _____ _____
5 =   10
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Example 3
37. BOATING Dedra’s boat used 5 gallons of gasoline in 4 hours. At this rate, how
many gallons of gasoline will the boat use in 10 hours?
38. WATER A dripping faucet wastes 3 cups of water every 24 hours. How much
water is wasted in a week?
39. PRECISION In November 2010 the average cost of 5 gallons of regular unleaded
gasoline in the United States was $14.46. What was the average cost for 16
gallons of gasoline?
40. SHOPPING Stevenson’s Market is selling 3 packs of stylus pens for $5.00. How
much will 10 packs of stylus pens cost at this price?
41. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION During basketball practice, Brent made 36 free throws
in 3 minutes.
a. How many free throws will Brent make in 5 minutes?
b. What assumption did you make in part a? Explain.
42. NAILS Human fingernails grow at an average rate of 3.47 millimeters per month.
How much will they grow in 20 months?
43. PICTURE Jasmine enlarged the size of a picture to a height of 15 inches. What is
the new width of the picture if it was originally 6 inches wide by 4 inches tall?
44. TRAVEL Roscoe is exchanging $121 for Euros for his upcoming trip to Germany. If
$2 can be exchanged for 1.78 Euros, how many Euros will Roscoe have?
Example 4
45. FUNDRAISER Owen is organizing a fundraiser. The proceeds will be split between
a charity and the expenses from the fundraiser. Owen would like the cost of the
fundraiser to be 15% of the proceeds. If the fundraiser will cost $500, how much
money do they need to raise at the fundraiser?
46. COFFEE A barista is mixing a house blend of coffee that is 25% light roast. If there are
8 pounds of the light roast available, how much of the blend can the barista make?
47. CHEMISTRY A chemistry teacher needs to mix an acid solution for an experiment.
How much hydrochloric acid needs to be mixed with 1500 milliliters of water to
make a solution that is 12% acid?
48. LEMONADE Laronda wants to make fresh lemonade. The recipe she finds online
recommends that the fresh lemon juice should be 20% of the total volume. She
has 18 ounces of fresh lemon juice. How much water should she mix with the
lemon juice?
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Mixed Exercises
9 15 3 1 6 3
49.  __ __
g =   10 50.  __ __
a =   6 51.  __z = __
  5
5 35 12 36 6 y
52.  __f = __
  21 53.  __ __
7 =   m 54.  __ __
23 =   69
42 6 7 1 10 30
55.  __ __
56 =   f 56.  __ __
b =   9 57.  __ __
14 =   m
3 n 6 x 33 15
58.  _ __
4 =   20 59.  __ __
4 =   18 60.  __ __
b =   45
m-2 5 9 3 5 3
61.  _____ __
4 =   20 62.  __ ____
5 =   x + 7 63.  __ ____
b =   b - 6
2p + 3 4p - 7 3y + 4 y-1 2 7
64.  _____ _____
3 =   2 65.  _____ ____
5 =   4 66.  __ _____
w =   w + 5
7n - 2 3n - 2 -a - 8 -a + 3 c+2 4
67.  _____ _____
6 =   4 68.  ______ ______
10 =   2 69.  ____ __
c - 2 =   8
70. USE A SOURCE Find the heights of Willis Tower and the John Hancock Center in
Chicago including the tip. Suppose you build a scale model of each building. If you
make the model of the Willis Tower 3 meters tall, what would be the approximate
height of the John Hancock Center model? Round to the nearest hundredth.
Ross
71. USE TOOLS A map of Waco, Texas and TEXAS
35
neighboring towns is shown.
China Spring
a. Use a metric ruler to measure the distances
between Robinson and Neale on the map.
b. If the scale on the map is 1 cm = 5 mi, find the Bellmead

actual distance between Robinson and Neale.
Waco 484
6
c. How many square miles are shown on this map?
Neale
84
72. BUDGET Shawnda spent $259.20 on a scooter. Robinson
This was 80% of her budget for a new scooter. Hewitt
How much was the total budget?
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73. USE TOOLS On average, 8 potatoes cost $1.50 at a farmer’s market. Fernando
needs to buy 22 potatoes.
a. Estimate the cost of 22 potatoes. Explain.
b. How much will it cost Fernando to buy 22 potatoes? How does this compare
to your estimate?
c. How many potatoes could Fernando buy with $7?
d. What is the unit cost per potato?
74. USE A MODEL Kina and Aiesha started walking from the same location at the
same time. Kina walked 6 miles. Aiesha walked 8 miles and walked 1 mile per
hour faster than Kina. They each walked for the same amount of time.
a. Describe how a proportion could be used to find the rate that each person
walked.
b. Solve the proportion. Explain the meaning of the solution.
a+1 5 a-1 1 b
75. PERSEVERE If  ____ __ ____ _ __
b - 1 =   1 and   b + 1  =   1 , find the value of  a . (Hint: Choose values of
b
a and b for which the proportions are true and evaluate __  a .).
76. CREATE Describe how a business can use ratios. Include a real-world situation in
which a business would use a ratio.
77. WRITE Compare and contrast ratios and rates.
17 a a b
78. PERSEVERE Find b if  __ __ __ __
34 =   32 and   40 =   60 .
79. PERSEVERE A survey showed that x% of the students at Hoover High school
have a job. Write a proportion to find the number of students that have a job, z, if
there are y students at Hoover High school.
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Lesson 2-7
Using Formulas
Today’s Goals
● Solve equations for
Explore Centripetal Force specific variables.
● Convert units of
Online Activity Use a video to complete the Explore. measure.
formula
INQUIRY Why might you want to solve a
formula for a specified value? literal equation
dimensional analysis
Learn Solving Equations for Given Variables

A formula is an equation that expresses a relationship between certain Think About It!
quantities. A formula or equation that involves several variables is How do you solve an
called a literal equation. equation for a specific
variable?
Example 1 Solve for a Specific Variable

Solve 5a - 2b = 15 for a.
5a - 2b = 15 Original equation
5a - 2b + 2b = 15 + 2b Add 2b to each side.
5a = 15 + 2b Simplify.
5a 15 + 2b
 __ ______
15 2b
a = __
  5 + __
  5 Simplify.
2b
a = 3 + __
  5 Simplify.
Think About It!
Describe how you
would solve for b
instead of a. How
would the answer
change?
Lesson 2-7 • Using Formulas 117
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Example 2 Solve for a Specific Variable When the
Variable Is on Each Side
Solve 4p - 7r = pq + 16 for p.
4p - 7r = pq + 16 Original equation
4p - 7r + 7r = pq + 16 + 7r Add 7r to each side.

Talk About It! 4p = pq + 16 + 7r Simplify.
Would the solution be
the same if the variable 4p - pq = pq + 16 + 7r - pq Subtract pq from each side.
p were isolated on the
4p - pq = 16 + 7r Simplify.
right side of the
equation instead of the p(4 - q) = 16 + 7r Distributive Property
left? Explain your p(4 - q) 16 + 7r
reasoning.  ______ _____
4 - q =   4 - q Divide each side by 4 - q.
16 + 7r
p = _____
  4 - q Simplify.
Check
w+v
Solve 2v = ____
  t for v.
v= ?
Example 3 Solve Literal Equations for

a Given Variable
h(b1 + b2)
GEOMETRY The area of a trapezoid is A =  _______
2 . A represents
the area, h represents the height, b1 represents the length of one
base, and b2 represents the length of the other base.
Part A
Solve the formula for h.
h(b1 + b2)
A = _______
  2 Area Formula
h(b1 + b2)
2A = 2 _______
2 Multiply each side by 2.
2A = h(b1 + b2) Simplify.
2A h(b1 + b2)
 _____ _______
b + b =   b + b Divide each side by b1 + b2.
1 2 1 2
2A
 _____
b + b = h Simplify.
1 2
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Part B
Find the height of a trapezoid with an area of 70 square feet and
bases that are 22 feet and 18 feet.
Watch Out!
2A
h = ______
  (b + b ) Formula for height Dividing by a Quantity
1 2
Do not forget to divide
2(70)
h = _______
 (22 + 18) A = 70, b1 = 22, b2 = 18 each side by the entire
quantity b1 + b2.
140
h = ___
  40 Simplify.
h = 3.5 Divide.
The height of the trapezoid is 3.5 feet. Think About It!

How would the height
Check of the trapezoid
change if the area
BUSINESS A Mason jar company wants to increase the volume of its
were doubled and all
cylindrical jars by 8 cubic inches. The company’s designer wants a other measures
formula that states the height h of a jar given its volume V and radius r. remained the same?
The volume of a cylindrical jar is modeled by the equation V = πr2h.
Part A
What formula should be used to find the
height h?
___
B. h = √
V
A. h = π · r2 __
  πr  
h
Study Tip
V V Solving for a Specific
C. h = ___
  2 D. h = __
  2 Variable
πr r
When an equation has
Part B more than one
If the radius of the jar is 1.5 inches and the original r variable, it can be
helpful to highlight the
volume is 30 cubic inches, then what height should
variable for which you
the company make the height of its new
are solving on a piece
jar to increase the volume by 6 cubic inches? of paper.
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 119 26/04/19 3:22 PM

Example 4 Use Literal Equations
PARTY The total amount of Pepperoni
money Kishi spends on pizza $15.49
Cheese
for a party is T = 13.49c + $13.49
15.49p. T represents the total
amount of money she spends,
c represents the number of
cheese pizzas she buys, and p
represents the number of
pepperoni pizzas she buys.
Part A
If Kishi has $85 to spend on pizza, describe the constraints on
T = 13.49c + 15.49p.
• The maximum number of cheese pizzas Kishi can buy is 6,
because she can buy 6 cheese pizzas and no pepperoni pizzas
without exceeding $85.
• The maximum number of pepperoni pizzas Kishi can buy is
5, because she can buy 5 pepperoni and no cheese pizzas
without going over her budget.
• The minimum number of each type of pizza she can buy is 0,
because you cannot buy a negative number of pizzas.
Part B
Solve T = 13.49c + 15.49p for c.
T = 13.49c + 15.49p Original equation
T - 15.49p = 13.49c + 15.49p - 15.49p Subtract 15.49p.
T - 15.49p = 13.49c Simplify.

Think About It! T - 15.49p 13.49c
 ________ = _____
  13.49 Divide by 13.49.
Why did you round your 13.49
answer in Part C to 2 T - 15.49p
 ________
13.49 = c Simplify.
instead of 3?
Part C
If Kishi has $85 to spend on pizza and she needs to buy 3 pepperoni
pizzas, find the maximum number of cheese pizzas she can buy.
T - 15.49p
c = ________
  13.49 Original equation solved for c
85 - 15.49(3)
c = __________
  13.49  T = 85, p = 3
38.53
c = ____
  13.49 Simplify.
c ≈ 2.86 Divide.
Kishi can buy a maximum of 2 cheese pizzas.
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 120 15/04/19 10:05 AM

Check
VIDEO GAMES Ella makes a video game that becomes very popular.
She creates a formula, P = 40c - 300, to model her profit P given the
number of copies sold c, taking into account the $300 fee that she has
paid a retailer to sell her game. Which equation would model how
many copies c must be sold to yield a specific amount of profit? Think About It!
P + 40 P Why might you want to
A. c = _____
  300 B. c = __
  40 + 300
convert units?
P P + 300
C. c = __
  40 - 300 D. c = ______
  40
Explore Using Dimensional Analysis

Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete
the Explore.
INQUIRY Why might you want to convert

the units for a given quantity or
measurement?
Learn Dimensional Analysis

When using formulas, you may want to use dimensional analysis.
Dimensional analysis or unit analysis is the process of performing
operations with units.
As you plan your solution method, think about
• what units were given,
• what units you need for the solution, and
• the step(s) you need to take to convert your units from what you
are given to what you will need for the solution.
Example 5 Multiply by a Conversion Factor

POOLS Mark is purchasing an above-ground swimming pool. The
salesperson says that the pool will hold 97,285 liters of water. If Study Tip
1 gallon = 3.785 liters, determine approximately how many gallons Precision
of water Mark’s pool will hold. Notice that the question
1 gallon asks for an estimate, not
Two ratios can be used to compare liters and gallons, ________
 3.785 liters
1 gallon an exact answer.
3.785 liters
and ________
  1 gallon . To convert from liters to gallons, multiply by ________
 3.785 liters .
Number of liters the pool will hold × gallons to liters
1 gallon
97,285 liters × ________
  3.785 liters
1 gallon
97,285 liters × ________
  3.785 liters ≈ 25,703 gallons
Mark’s pool will hold approximately 25,703 gallons of water.
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 121 15/04/19 10:05 AM

Check
COOKING For the chefs to prepare the dishes for the next hour,
Adelina needs to provide them with 96 cloves of garlic. However, she
can only purchase bags of whole heads of garlic. If each bag of garlic
contains 3 heads and each head has about 8 cloves, then how many
bags of garlic should she purchase?
Part A
What assumption must Adelina make when calculating how many bags
Avoid a Common of garlic to buy?
Error
A. Each head of garlic has exactly 8 cloves.
Remember that a unit
will only cancel when B. The chefs need 96 heads of garlic.
you divide it by itself.
C. The chefs need 96 cloves of garlic.
What error does this
solution make? D. Each bag has 3 heads of garlic.
3.785 liters
97,285 liters × ________
  1 gallon Part B
≈ 368,224 gallons How many bags of garlic should Adelina purchase?
A. 4 B. 12
C. 32 D. 96
Example 6 Use
Think About It! Dimensional Analysis to RECIPE
Convert Units PU DDING
When you are BREAD
converting, how do you p. butt
er
know which unit goes COOKING A recipe calls for 20 fluid 1.5 tbs read Milk
b
12 oz. . milk
in the numerator and ounces of milk. If Nita buys a half 20 fl. o
z
which unit goes in the g s
gallon of milk, how many batches of 3e g
vanilla
denominator? 1 tbsp. sugar
that recipe can she make? 2 cups
(Hint: 8 fluid ounces = 1 cup)
First, convert gallons to fluid ounces.
total amount × gallons to × quarts to × pint to × cups to
of milk quarts pints cups fluid ounces
4 quarts 2 pints 2 cups 8 fl. oz.
0.5 gallon × ______
  1 gallon × _____
  1 quart × _____
  1 pint × _______
  1 cups  = 64 fl. oz.
Use the following conversion factors to change gallons to ounces.
1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 quart = 2 pints
1 pint = 2 cups 1 cup = 8 fluid ounces
Nita has 64 ounces of milk. Each batch calls for 20 fluid ounces, so to
find the number of batches she can make, divide by 20 fluid ounces.
1 batch
64 fl. oz. × _____
  20 fl. oz.  = 3.2 batches
Nita has enough milk to make 3 batches with some milk left over.
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 122 15/04/19 10:05 AM

Check
AGRICULTURE On average, a dairy cow produces 832 ounces of milk
a day. About how many gallons of milk does a dairy cow produce
each year? (Hint: 1 cup = 8 ounces, 1 quart = 4 cups, and 1 gallon =
4 quarts)
A. 6.5 gallons per year
B. 303,680 gallons per year
C. 2372.5 gallons per year
D. 4357.2 gallons per year
Example 7 Use Dimensional Analysis

to Convert Rates
SPEED In a novel, the main character, Aiko, can run long distances
at 16.5 kanejaku per second. Carla knows that the Olympic record
for running a marathon distance of 26.2 miles is about 126.5 minutes.
She wonders if Aiko could beat that record. Find how far Aiko could
run, in miles, in that amount of time. (Hint: 1 mile ≈ 1609.344 meters)
Use the formula d = rt that relates distance d, rate r, and time t to find
the distance Aiko could run in 126.5 minutes.
d = rt Distance equation
d=( ) • t
16.5 kanejaku
__________
  1 second  Substitute Aiko’s rate.
In order to compare Aiko to the Olympic runner, convert Aiko’s rate in
kanejaku to miles per minute.
Step 1 Convert distance.
You want distance in miles, but Aiko’s distance is in kanejaku. Use the
given conversion rates that relate to distance to convert Aiko’s rate in Watch Out!
kanejaku per second to miles per second. Canceling Units
10
__ Do not forget to cancel
16.5 kanejaku   33 meters 1 mile 5 miles
__________ ________
  ____________ _____________
1 second × 1 kanejaku ×   1609.344
   meters  =  1609.344
   seconds your units as you
multiply so that you
Step 2 Convert time. can see what units are
You want time in minutes, but Aiko’s time is in seconds. Use the left. The units that are
resulting rate from step 2 to convert seconds to minutes. left are the units of
your final answer.
5 miles
_____________ 60 seconds
________ 300 miles
____________
  1609.344
   seconds ×   1 minute =  1609.344
   minutes
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 123 15/04/19 10:05 AM

Step 3 Substitute.
Substitute Aiko’s rate in miles per minute and the given time into the
formula and simplify.
300 miles
Go Online d = ____________
  
  1609.344 minutes = 126.5 minutes ≈ 23.6 miles
An alternate method
Aiko would run approximately 23.6 miles in the time it took the
is available for this
Olympic runner to complete 26.2 miles. So, Aiko would not beat the
example.
Olympic marathon record time.
Pause and Reflect

deal with it?
Practice
Examples 1
Solve each equation or formula for the variable
indicated.
1. x - 2y = 1, for y 2. d + 3n = 1, for n
3. 7f + g = 5, for f 4. 3c - 8d = 12, for c
5. 7t = x, for t 6. r = wp, for p
7. q - r = r, for r 8. 4m - t = m, for m
9. 7a - b = 15a, for a 10. -5c + d = 2c, for c
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 124 15/04/19 10:05 AM

Example 2
Solve each equation or formula for the variable indicated.
11. u = vw + z, for v 12. x = b - cd, for c
13. fg - 9h = 10j, for g 14. 10m - p = -n, for m
2 5
15. r = __
  3 t + v, for t 16.  __
9 v + w = z, for v
10ac - x df + 10
17.  ______
11 = -3, for a 18.  _____
6 = g, for f
Example 3
19. RECTANGLES The formula P = 2ℓ + 2w represents the perimeter of a rectangle.
In this formula, ℓ is the length of the rectangle and w is the width.
a. Solve the formula for ℓ.
b. Find the length when the width is 4 meters and the perimeter is 36 meters.
h
20. BASEBALL The formula a = __   b can be used to find the batting average a of a
batter who has h hits in b times at bat.
a. Solve the formula for b.
b. If a batter has a batting average of 0.325 and has 39 hits, how many times has
the player been at bat?
21. SHOPPING Thomas went to the store to buy videogames for $13.50 each and
controllers. The total amount Thomas spent can be represented by c = 13.50g + p,
where c is the total cost, g is the number of games he bought, and p is the cost of
the controllers. The controllers cost $55 and Thomas spent $136 total.
a. Solve the equation for g.
b. Find how many games Thomas bought.
22. GEOMETRY The volume of a box V is given by the formula V = ℓwh, where ℓ is
the length, w is the width, and h is the height.
a. Solve the formula for h.
b. What is the height of a box with a volume of 50 cubic meters, length of 10

meters, and width of 2 meters?
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 125 15/04/19 10:05 AM

Example 4
23. COFFEE SHOP Consuelo is buying flavored coffee and plain coffee. The total
amount of money she spends on coffee is T = 5.50p + 7f, where p represents
the cost of a package of plain coffee and f represents the cost of a package of
flavored coffee.
a. If Consuelo has $40 to spend on coffee, describe the constraints on the
formula.
b. Solve for f.
c. If Consuelo needs to buy 3 packages of plain coffee, what is the maximum

number of packages of flavored coffee she can buy?
24. SHOPPING Kimberly is ordering bath towels and washcloths for the inn where
she works. The total cost of the order is T = 6b + 2w, where T is the total cost,
b is the number of bath towels, and w is the number of washcloths.
a. Her budget is $85. Describe the constraints.
b. Solve for b.
c. She needs to order at least 20 washcloths. How many bath towels can she
order and stay under budget?
Examples 5–7
25. ENVIRONMENT The United States released 5.877 billion metric tons of carbon
dioxide into the environment through the burning of fossil fuels in a recent year. If
1 trillion pounds = 0.4536 billion metric tons, how many trillion pounds of carbon
dioxide did the United States release in that year?
26. EUROS Trent purchases 44 euros worth of souvenirs while on vacation in France.
If $1 U.S. = 0.678 euros, find the cost of the souvenirs in United States dollars.
27. LENGTH A pencil is 13.5 centimeters long. If 1 centimeter = 0.39 inch, what is the
length of the pencil in feet, to the nearest hundredth?
28. TRACK If a track is 400 meters around, how many laps around the track would it
take to run 3.1 miles? Round to the nearest tenth. (Hint: 1 foot = 0.3048 meter)
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 126 15/04/19 10:05 AM

29. BIKING Imelda rode her bicycle 39 kilometers. If 1 meter = 1.094 yards, find the
distance Isabella rode her bicycle to the nearest mile. (Hint: 1 mi = 1760 yd)
30. MANUFACTURING Aluminum, Inc. produces cans at a rate of 0.04 per hundredth
of a second. How many cans can be produced in a 7-hour day?
31. WATER USAGE Each minute, 8.8 quarts of water flow from a shower. If the
average person spends 8.2 minutes in the shower, how many gallons of water will
the average person have used after taking five showers?
32. TRAVEL The swim team is going to finals. If the meet is in 85 days, determine
how many seconds there are until the meet.
33. PRECISION The chemistry teacher set out a 5-pound jar of salt at the beginning
of the day. If each student needs 27.6 grams of salt for an experiment, how many
students can perform the experiment before the jar is empty? (Hint: 1 lb = 454 g)
Mixed Exercises
Solve each equation for the variable indicated.
34. rt - 2n = y, for t 35. bc + 3g = 2k, for c
36. kn + 4f = 9v, for n 37. 8c + 6j = 5p, for c
x-c x-c
38.  ____
2 = d, for x 39.  ____
2 = d, for c
40. -14n + q = rt - 4n, for n 41. 18t + 11v = w - 13t, for t
42. ax + z = aw - y, for a 43. 10c - f = -13 + cd, for c
44. STRUCTURE Jethro used dimensional analysis to convert from one rate of speed
5280 ft 1 hr
to another. Two of the conversion factors he used are  _____ _____
1 mi  and   60min . What
could be the units of the initial rate of speed and final rate of speed? Justify your
answer.
45. REASONING The formula A = P(1 + r) represents the amount of money A in an

account after 1 years, where P is the amount initially deposited and r is the
interest rate. Note that the interest rate is written as a decimal. Dennis deposits
$2150 into a savings account. After 1 year, he has $2182.25 in his account. Solve
the equation for r, and determine the interest rate. Show your work.
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 127 15/04/19 10:05 AM

46. REASONING The regular octagon shown is divided into 8 congruent
triangles. Each triangle has an area of 21.7 square centimeters. The
perimeter of the octagon is 48 centimeters.
a. What is the length of each side of the octagon?
b. Solve the formula for the area of a triangle for h.

h
c. What is the height of each triangle? Round to the nearest tenth.
ry + z
47. Consider the equation  _____
m – t = x.
a. Solve the equation for y.
b. Would there be any restrictions on the value of each variable? If so, explain the
restrictions.

48. CREATE Think about the area formula of some geometric figures that involve a
fraction.
a. Write a formula for A, the area of a geometric figure that includes a fraction.
b. Solve the formula for a variable other than A.
49. FIND THE ERROR The formula represents the relationship between
temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit F and degrees Celsius C. Sasha solves Sasha
the formula for C. Her solution is shown at the right. Is Sasha’s solution 9
F = __
 5 C + 32
__ 5
  9 F = C + 32
9
C = __  5 F - 32
50. PERSEVERE The formula A = P(1 + r)t represents the amount of money A in an
account after t years, where P is the amount initially deposited and r is the
interest rate. Patricia currently has $1839.79 in an account that has an interest
rate of 2.5%. She opened the account 8 years ago and has made no additional
deposits since then.
a. Solve the formula for P and find the amount of Patricia’s initial deposit.
b. Nia says that for the formula in part a, A is always greater than P when r is
positive and t is a positive integer. Do you agree? Why or why not?
117_128_RM_INT1_S_M02_L07_700687.indd 128 15/04/19 10:05 AM

Module 2 • Equations in One Variable
Review
Essential Question
How can writing and solving equations help you solve problems in the real world?
Equations can be written to describe the relationship between quantities in the real world.
Solving these equations provides information about unknown quantities.
Module Summary
Lesson 2-1, 2-2 Lesson 2-5, 2-6
One-Step Equations Absolute Value Equation and Proportions

• To write an equation, first identify each unknown • When solving equations that involve absolute
and assign a variable to it. Then identify the values, there are two cases to consider.
givens and their relationships. Finally, write the Case 1: The expression inside the absolute value
sentence as an equation. symbol is positive or zero.
• Solving an equation is the process of finding all Case 2: The expression inside the absolute value
values of the variable that make the equation true. symbol is negative.
• If a number is added to or subtracted from each • A proportion is a statement that two ratios are
side of a true equation, the resulting equivalent equivalent.
equation is also true.
• If an equation is true and each side is multiplied
Lesson 2-7
or divided by the same nonzero number, the
resulting equation is equivalent. Formulas
• A formula is an equation that expresses a
relationship between certain quantities.
Lesson 2-3 and 2-4 • A formula or equation that involves several
Multi-Step Equations variables is called a literal equation. To solve a
• To solve a multi-step equation, you can undo literal equation, solve for a specific variable.
each operation using properties of equality. • Dimensional analysis is the process of
Working backward in the order of operations performing operations with units.
makes this process simpler. Each step in this
process results in equivalent equations.
Study Organizer
• To solve an equation with the variable on each
side, write an equivalent expression with all of Foldables
the variable terms on one side and the constants Use your Foldable to review the vo
2.1 2.3 2.5 2.6vocabcab
on the other side. module. Working with a partner can
• When a grouping symbol appears in an equation, be helpful. Ask for clarification of
it must first be removed before continuing to concepts as needed.
solve the equation.
Module 2 Review • Equations in One Variable 129

Test Practice
1
1. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which equation 5. MULTIPLE CHOICE Solve for __
  5  t = 10
represents this sentence? (Lesson 2-1) for t. (Lesson 2-2)
The sum of 5 times a number m and 12 is A. 2
equal to 27.
B. 5
A. 5m + 12 = 27
C. 15
B. 5(m + 12) = 27
D. 50
C. 5 + 12m = 27
D. 5(12m) = 27 6. OPEN RESPONSE Solve z + 12 = −3 for z.

Explain. (Lesson 2-2)
2. OPEN RESPONSE A concert venue surveyed

680 concert attendees about the concession
stand. Of those that visited the concession
stand, 527 say the concession stand prices
7. MULTIPLE CHOICE If 3x − 6 = 42, what
are excessive and the remaining 44 did not.
is the value of x? (Lesson 2-3)
Write an equation to find the number of
attendees, a, who do not visit the concession A. 8
stand. (Lesson 2-1)
B. 12
C. 16
D. 20
3. MULTIPLE CHOICE Write a verbal sentence
for the algebraic equation 5x2 + 2 = 22. 8. OPEN RESPONSE Solve 8 = 11 − 3v.
(Lesson 2-1) (Lesson 2-3)
A. 5 times x squared less 2 is 22. v= ?

B. Five plus x squared plus 2 is 22.
9. MULTI-SELECT Jaime bought a notebook and
C. The product of 5 times x squared
a box of pencils for $5.00. The notebook
and 2 is 22.
cost $3.00 and there are 10 pencils in a box.
D. Five times x squared plus 2 is 22. The equation 3 + 10p = 5 can be used to
find the cost of one pencil. Select all
equations that are equivalent. (Lesson 2-3)
4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Solve n - 8 = 5. (Lesson 2-2)
A. 10p = 8
A. n = -13
B. 10p = 2
B. n = -3
C. p = 0.80
C. n = 3
D. p = 0.20
D. n = 13
E. 10p = 5
130 Module 2 Review • Equations in One Variable

10. MULTIPLE CHOICE Solve the equation 14. MULTI-SELECT Select all the values of x that
3x + 1 = 4x − 8 for x. (Lesson 2-4) are solutions of |3x − 6| = 12. (Lesson 2-5)
A. x = -9 A. −18
B. x = -1 B. −6
C. x = 1 C. −2
D. x = 9 D. 2
E. 6
11. MULTIPLE CHOICE Solve the equation
-2(x + 4) + 3x = x - 8. (Lesson 2-4) F. 18
A. x = 2
15. MULTIPLE CHOICE A thermometer is
B. x = 4 accurate to ±2°F. Which absolute value
equation can be used to find the greatest
C. all real numbers
and least possible temperatures if the
D. no solution thermometer reading is 17°F? (Lesson 2-5)
A. |t − 17| = 2
12. MULTIPLE CHOICE Solve the equation
B. |t + 17| = 2
5(2y + 1) = 4y + 10. (Lesson 2-4)
A. y = __ 5
  6  C. | t − 2| = 17
B. y = __ 3
  2  D. | t + 2| = 17
15
C. y = __
  14 
16. OPEN RESPONSE Solve the absolute value
5
D. y = __
  2  equation -5| x + 1| + 2 = 12. If there is no
solution, state no solution. (Lesson 2-5)
13. OPEN RESPONSE A park has a ginkgo tree, a

dogwood tree, and 2 blue spruce trees. The
blue spruce trees are 8 years old. The
ginkgo tree is 2 years less than three times
b 10
the age of the dogwood tree. The ginkgo 17. OPEN RESPONSE Solve __
  12 = __
  15 . (Lesson 2-6)
tree is also half the sum of the ages of the
dogwood tree and both of the blue spruce
trees. Write and solve an equation to find the
ages of the ginkgo and dogwood trees.
(Lesson 2-4)
Module 2 Review • Equations in One Variable 131

3 2
18. MULTIPLE CHOICE Solve ____
  x + 4  = ___
  x − 4 . 21. MULTIPLE CHOICE If 1 foot ≈ 0.305 meter,
(Lesson 2-6) approximately how many feet are in
8 meters? (Lesson 2-6)
A. x = -4
A. 2.44
B. x = 4
B. 2.62
C. x = 8
C. 24.4
D. x = 20
D. 26.2
19. MULTIPLE CHOICE A biologist estimated that
5% of the seagulls in a flock have been 22. OPEN RESPONSE Solve the formula for the
banded. There were 22 seagulls that have circumference of a circle, C = 2πr, for r.
been banded. Which equation and solution (Lesson 2-7)
represent the approximate number of
seagulls, g, that were in the flock? (Lesson 2-6)
A. 0.005g = 22; g = 4400
B. 0.05g = 22; g = 440 23. OPEN RESPONSE The volume of a right
1
C. 22g = 500; g = 22 pyramid is given by the formula V = _
  3 Bh,
5
where B is the area of the base and h is
D. __
  g = 22; g = 227 the height. (Lesson 2-7)
20. MULTIPLE CHOICE On a map of Texas, the

distance between Dallas and Houston is
4.8 inches. If 1 inch = 50 miles, what is the
distance, in miles, between the two h
cities? (Lesson 2-6)
A. 96 miles
B. 104 miles
C. 240 miles
D. 250 miles Part A S

olve the formula for h.
Part B F
ind the height, in inches, of a right
pyramid with a volume of 900 cubic
inches and a base area of 225 square
inches.
132 Module 2 Review • Equations in One Variable

Module 3
Relations and Functions
Essential Question
Why are representations of relations and functions useful?

KEY Before After

represent relations using ordered pairs, tables, graphs, and

mappings
analyze graphs of relations
choose and interpret the scale on a coordinate graph
determine whether relations are functions
use function notation
determine whether a graph is discrete, continuous, or neither
determine whether a function is linear or nonlinear
write linear functions in standard form
find x- and y-intercepts of graphs
interpret intercepts of graphs of functions
determine whether a graph has line symmetry
identify where a graph is increasing and where it is decreasing
find extrema of a function
describe the end behavior of a function
sketch graphs of functions
solve equations by graphing
Begin with one sheet of 11″ × 17″ paper.
1. Fold the short sides to meet in the middle.
2. Fold the booklet in thirds lengthwise. 1 2 3 4 Less on
o
3-1 n Less
3. Open and cut the booklet in thirds 3-4
Less
lengthwise. o
3-2 n Less
3-5
on
4. Label the tabs as shown. Les

so
3-3 n Less
3-6
on
Module 3 • Relations and Functions 133

• continuous function • function • mapping
• dependent variable • independent variable • nonlinear function
• discrete function • line symmetry • range
• domain • linear equation • relation
• extrema • linear function • relative maximum
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Graph and label the point A(3, 5) on the Evaluate 5x + 13 for x = 4.
coordinate plane. Substitute the known value for x. Then follow the
Start at the origin. Since the y order of operations.
x-coordinate is positive, A(3, 5)
5x + 13 Original expression
move 3 units to the right.
Then move 5 units up since = 5(4) + 13 Substitute 4 for x.
the y-coordinate is positive. = 20 + 13 Multiply.
Draw a dot and label it A. O x
= 33 Add.
Quick Check
Graph and label each point on the Evaluate each expression for the
coordinate plane. y given value.
1. B(4, 2) 5. 3x – 1 for x = 7
1
2. C(0, 3) 6. __
  2 x for x = 12
O x
3. G(3, 1) 7. 5x + 2 for x = −1
4. H(2, 0) 8. 2x − 9 for x = −3
How Did You Do?

134 Module 3 • Relations and Functions

Lesson 3-1
Representing Relations
Today’s Goals
● Represent relations.
Learn Relations ● Interpret graphs of
relations.
You can use math to represent the relationship between two sets of
numbers. For example, suppose you recorded the number of minutes ● Choose and interpret
appropriate scales for
you spent driving for your driver's training course each day for a week.
the axes and origins of
You may use the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} to represent the days and the graphs.
set {30, 45, 20, 40, 45, 90, 60} to represent the minutes. The
relationship between the sets pairs each day with the time driven that Today’s Vocabulary
day. This pairing of the numbers is called a relation. The set of days is relation
the domain of the relation and the set of times is the range. domain
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The set of the first numbers of the range
ordered pairs in a relation is called the domain. The set of second mapping
numbers of the ordered pairs in a relation is called the range. independent variable
A relation can be represented in multiple ways. A mapping illustrates dependent variable
the relationship between the domain and range by showing how each
element of the domain is paired with an element in the range. An
equation shows the relationship between the domain and range of a Think About It!
relation where substituting each value in the domain for x results in the
Compare the table and
corresponding y-value of the range. The x-values in the domain and mapping of the relation.
the resulting y-values can be written as ordered pairs and are called What conclusions can
solutions of the equation because they make the equation true. you draw about the
Below is a mapping, table, graph, and equation of the relation {(3, 5), x- and y-coordinates
(-4, -2), (0, 2)}. and the domain
and range?
mapping table
Domain Range x y
3 5
3 5 −4 −2
−4 −2
0 2 0 2
graph equation
y
y=x+2
O x
Lesson 3-1 • Representing Relations 135
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Example 1 Representations of a Relation
Use {(2, 0), (0, 4), (3, −5), (−3, −5)}.
Part A Express the relation as a table, a graph, and a mapping.
table x y
−3 −5
0 4
2 0
3 −5
graph y
O x
mapping Domain Range
2 0
0 4
3 −5
−3
Part B Determine the domain and the range of the relation.

The domain of the relation is {−3, 0, 2, 3}.
The range of the relation is {−5, 0, 4}.
Check
List the ordered pairs in each relation.
y Domain Range
x y
−1 −5 1 5
4 7 5 −1
−2 3 −6
O x
Table: ?
Graph: ?
Mapping: ?
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Learn Analyzing Graphs of Relations
Graphing the total time driven during your
driving course can help you visualize the
Driving Time
progress.
A relation can be graphed without a scale
on either axis to show the relationship
between the independent and dependent
variables. These graphs can be Days
interpreted by analyzing their shapes.
The values in the domain correspond to the independent variable in a
relation. The independent variable, usually x, has a value that is subject
to choice. In the graph above, the independent variable is the days.
The values in the range correspond to the dependent variable of the
relation. The dependent variable is the variable in a relation, usually y,
with values that depend on x. In the graph above, the dependent
variable is the driving time.
Example 2 Analyze Graphs

TEXTING The graph represents the number
Text Messaging
of text messages sent by Nora throughout Text Messages Sent Think About It!
the day.
What can you conclude
Part A Identify the independent and from the graph about
dependent variables of the the rates at which Nora
relation. independent variable: sent text messages
time dependent variable: throughout the day?
number of text messages sent Time
Part B Describe what happens in the graph.
As you move from left to right along the graph, time increases
and the number of text messages sent increases until the graph
becomes a horizontal line.
The horizontal line means that time is increasing, but the
number of text messages sent remains constant. During this
time, Nora stopped sending text messages.
Then she continued to send text messages until she stopped
again for a period of time.
Finally, Nora began sending text messages again.
Check
Identify the independent and dependent variables of each relation.
a. The average price of a ticket to an amusement park has steadily
increased over time.
The average price of a ticket is the ? variable.
Time is the ? variable.
b. The air pressure inside a soccer ball decreases with time.
Time is the ? variable.
Air pressure is the ? variable.
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Check
AIRPLANES After an airplane takes off, its altitude increases rapidly.
Once it reaches the desired altitude, it continues to fly at that level for
a short period of time. Then the plane’s altitude fluctuates slightly due
to turbulence. Finally, the altitude decreases quickly as the plane
lands. Which graph best represents this situation?
A. Flight B. Flight
Altitude
Altitude
Time Time
C. Flight D. Flight
Altitude
Altitude
Time Time
TRAFFIC Kane notices that traffic congestion

on his street on weekday mornings depends
Congestion
on the time of day. He draws a graph to

Traffic
represent the relationship between the time

of day and the volume of traffic congestion
on his street on a weekday morning.
Analyze the orange segment. Select the
Time
statement that describes what is happening
during this time.
A. Traffic congestion is steadily increasing at a very fast rate.
B. Traffic congestion is constant and very light.
C. Traffic congestion is constant and very heavy.
D. Traffic congestion is decreasing at a steady rate.
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Explore Choosing Scales
nline Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the
O
Explore.
INQUIRY How can you tell if an appropriate

scale is being used to represent a
relationship?
Learn The Coordinate System

Talk About It!
When graphing on the coordinate system, the scale of a graph refers Describe a real-world
to the distance, or interval, between tick marks on the x- and y-axes. situation in which it
For example, if one tick mark represents 5 units, then the scale of the might be easier to count
graph is 5. Each axis may have a different scale. by a value other than 1.
A scale of 1 tick mark = 1 unit is frequently used in mathematics.

However, using a different scale may make it easier to graph a given
set of ordered pairs.
Example 3 Use Appropriate Scales

Graph (5, 80), (−36, 48), (25, −91), (38, 95), (−10, –50), and (1, 22).
Step 1 The x-coordinates are between -36 and 38.
The y-coordinates are between -91 and 95.
Watch Out!
Step 2 The x-axis should include values from about -40 to 40.
Be careful not to
The y-axis should include values from about -100 to 100.
choose scales that are
A scale of 5 on the x-axis is appropriate. too large. If a scale is
A scale of 10 on the y-axis is appropriate. too large, it can be
difficult to accurately
Step 3 Graph.
graph points.
y
80
60 Think About It!

40 Gwen used a scale of
4 on the x-axis. Is her
20 scale appropriate?
–30 –20 –10 O 10 20 30 x
–20
–40
–60
–80
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Check
When graphing (16, 32), (−10, 11), (4, −27), and (−7, −5), select the
most appropriate scale for
a. the x-axis b. the y-axis
A. −20 to 20; scale: 1 A. −30 to 35; scale: 1
B. −12 to 18; scale: 2 B. −30 to 30; scale: 5
C. −12 to 18; scale: 6 C. −30 to 35; scale: 5
D. −20 to 20; scale: 10 D. −30 to 40; scale: 10
Example 4 Choose an Appropriate Origin

WEATHER The table shows the total snowfall in January for Boston.
Total Snowfall
Year
(inches)
2005 43.30
2006 8.10
2007 1.00
2008 8.30
2009 23.70
2010 13.20
2011 38.30
2012 6.80
2013 5.00
2014 21.80
2015 34.30
Study Tip Part A Choose an appropriate origin.

When choosing an Let the x-axis represent the years since 2005 and the y-axis
appropriate origin, you
represent the total snowfall. Then the origin (0, 0) represents
are still using the point
the year 2005 and 0 inches of snow.
(0, 0) as the origin, but
are changing what it
represents.
Part B Choose an appropriate scale.
The total snowfall is between 1.00 and 43.30 inches, so the
y-axis should include values from 0 to 45 and have a scale of
5 inches.
135_146_RM_INT1_S_M03_L01_700687.indd 140 15/04/19 10:18 AM

Part C Graph the data points on the coordinate plane.
Think About It!
January Snowfall in Boston Describe another
45
y situation where it might
40 be necessary to choose
Snowfall (inches)
35 a different meaning for
30
25
the axes and origin.
20
15
10
5
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Years Since 2005
Example 5 Interpret Scales and Origins

SOCIAL MEDIA The average number of posts per day on a social
media site each year is given in the table. Interpret the meaning of
the axes, scale, and origin of the corresponding graph of the data.
Average
Year Posts Per Day
(millions) Use a Source
Social Media Posts
2008 15 650 y Find data about the
Average Posts Per Day (millions)
2009 20
600 number of participants
550
in a sport or other
2010 35 500
450 activity of interest to
2011 50 400 you in recent years. If a
350
2012 100 300
graph is provided,
2013 200 250 interpret the scales of
200 the axes. If no graph is
2014 340 150
provided, create one
100
2015 500 with appropriate
50 x
2016 560 0 scales.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2017 625 Years Since 2008
x- and y-axes
The x-axis represents the number of years since 2008, because it is
not appropriate to start at the year 0.
The y-axis represents the average number of posts per day (in millions)
on the social media site.
Scale
The x-axis has a scale of 1 mark = 1 year.
The y-axis has a scale of 1 mark = 50 million posts.
Origin
The origin (0, 0) represents the year 2008 and 0 posts per day.
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Check
MONEY The United States Mint is
responsible for producing and
distributing circulating coins that
are used by people every day to
buy and sell goods. Facilities in
Denver and Philadelphia produce
billions of coins each year. The
table and graph show how many
circulating coins were produced
each year at these facilities from
2001 to 2011.
Circulating Coins Production
Circulating
y
Year Coins Produced 20
(billions) 18
16
2001 19.4 14
2002 14.4 12
10
2003 12 8
6
2004 13.2 4
2005 15.3 2 x
0
2006 15.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2007 14.4
2008 10.1
2009 3.5
2010 6.4
2011 8.2
Part A
Interpret the meaning of the x- and y-axes in the context of the
situation.
Colin Smith/Alamy
The x-axis represents ? and has a scale of
1 mark = ? .
The y-axis represents ? and has a
scale of 1 mark = ? .
Part B
Interpret the meaning of the origin in the context of the situation.
The origin (0, 0) represents the year ? and ? coins produced.
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Practice
Example 1
Express each relation as a table, a graph, and a mapping. Then determine the
domain and range.
1. {(–1, –1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 2)}
2. {(0, 4), (– 4, – 4), (–2, 3), (4, 0)}
3. {(3, –2), (1, 0), (–2, 4), (3, 1)}
Example 2
4. PAYCHECK The graph represents the amount of Seth’s y
paycheck for different numbers of hours he works.
Paycheck ($)
a. Identify the independent and dependent variables
of the relation.
b. Describe what happens in the graph.

Hours x
y
5. DEMAND The graph represents the price of an item and the number of
Items Purchased
items purchased.
Number of
a. Identify the independent and dependent variables of the relation.
Price of Item ($) x

6. AIRPLANES The graph represents the number of hours of a flight and the
distance an airplane is from the ground. y
Distance from
a. Identify the independent and dependent variables of the relation. Ground
Hours x
Examples 3 and 4
7. HEALTH The American Heart Association recommends that your
target heart rate during exercise should be between 50% and 75%
of your maximum heart rate. Use the data in the table below to graph
the approximate maximum heart rates for people of given ages.
Source: American Heart Association
Age (years) 20 25 30 35 40
Maximum Heart Rate 200 195 190 185 180
(beats per minute)
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8. USE TOOLS The following ordered pairs give the length in
feet and the weight in pounds of five snakes at the reptile
house at a zoo. Graph the data. {(5.5, 4.5), (3, 0.5), (3, 2),
(8, 4.5), (2, 0.5)}
Example 5
9. ELEVATOR The height of an elevator above the ground is Height of an Elevator
100
given in the table. Interpret the meaning of the axes, scale, and
origin of the corresponding graph of the data. 80
Height (ft)
Time (s) Height (ft) 60
0 0
40
1 20
2 40 20
3 60
0
4 80 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
10. SUPERMARKET The number of items that eight customers Supermarket Costs
bought at a supermarket and the total cost of the items is 20
given in the table. Interpret the meaning of the axes, scale,

16
and origin of the corresponding graph of the data.
Total Cost ($)
12
Number of Items Total Cost ($)
2 2 8
3 6
4
5 8
5 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
6 16
Number of Items
8 12
8 18
9 14
Mixed Exercises
For Exercises 11–14, express the relation in each table, graph, or mapping as a
set of ordered pairs.
11. x y 12. Domain Range
-5 -10
1 7
-2 5
3 45 0 8
5 11 4
13 15
135_146_RM_INT1_S_M03_L01_700687.indd 144 15/04/19 10:18 AM

13. y 14. x y
11
10
4 2
9
8 7 -7
7
6 15 9
5 12 0
4
3
2
1
x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
15. NATURE Maple syrup is made by collecting sap from sugar Maple Sap to Syrup
maple trees and boiling it down to remove excess water. The 320
graph shows the number of gallons of tree sap required to 280
Gallons of Sap
240
make different quantities of maple syrup. Express the relation
200
as a set of ordered pairs. Interpret the meaning of the axes, 160
scale, and origin of the corresponding graph of the data. 120
Source: Vermont Maple Sugar Makers’ Association 80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Gallons of Syrup
16. TRAVEL Omari drives a car that gets 18 miles per gallon of gasoline. The
car’s gasoline tank holds 15 gallons. The distance Omari drives before x y
refueling is a function of the number of gallons of gasoline in the tank.
0 8
Identify a reasonable domain for this situation. 1 11
2 12
17. DATA COLLECTION Rafaella collected data to determine the number of 3 23
books her schoolmates were bringing home each evening. Her data is 4 28
shown in the mapping. She let x be the number of textbooks brought 5
home after school, and y be the number of students with x textbooks.
a. Express the relation as a set of ordered pairs.
b. What is the domain of the relation?
c. What is the range of the relation?
18. C
OOKIES Identify the graph that best represents the relationship between
the number of cookies and the equivalent number of dozens.
y
Graph A y
Graph B y
Graph C
Number of cookies
Number of cookies
Number of cookies
x x x
Number of dozens Number of dozens Number of dozens
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19. MOWING Cordell is mowing his front lawn. His mailbox is on the edge of
the lawn. Draw a reasonable graph that shows the distance Cordell is
from the mailbox as he mows. Let the horizontal axis show the time and
the vertical axis show the distance from the mailbox.
20. STRUCTURE Express the relation in the mapping as a set of ordered pairs. X Y
3 5
−4 6
2 8
Tim and Lauren use their cars to deliver pizzas. The graph represents their 1 4
distance from the pizzeria starting at 6 p.m. Use the graph for Exercises 21–24. 3
21. Describe what happens in Tim’s graph. Pizza Deliveries

Lauren
from Pizzeria
Tim
Distance
22. Describe what happens in Lauren’s graph.
23. A student said that Tim’s and Lauren’s graphs intersect, so their cars must
have crashed at some time after 6 p.m. Do you agree or disagree? Explain. Time
24. After 6 p.m., which delivery person was the first to return to the pizzeria? How do you know?

25. ANALYZE Cameron said that for any relation, the number of elements in the domain must be
greater than or equal to the number of elements in the range. Do you agree? If so, explain why.
If not, give a counterexample.
26. CREATE Think of a situation that could be modeled by this graph. Then label y
the axes of the graph and write several sentences describing the situation.
27. C
REATE Use the set {−1, 0, 1, 2} as a domain and the set {−3, −1, 4, 5}
as a range.
a. Create a relation. Express the relation as a set of ordered pairs.
x
b. E
xpress the relation you created in part a as a table, a graph,
and a mapping.
28. ANALYZE Describe a real-life situation where it is reasonable to have a negative number included
in the domain or range.
29. WRITE Compare and contrast dependent and independent variables.
135_146_RM_INT1_S_M03_L01_700687.indd 146 15/04/19 10:18 AM

Lesson 3-2
Functions
Today’s Goals
● Determine whether
Explore Vertical Line Test relations are functions.
● Evaluate functions in
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the function notation for
Explore. given values.
INQUIRY How can you tell whether a relation function
is a function? vertical line test
function notation
Learn Functions
Talk About It!
A function is a relationship between input and output. In a function, there
Describe a way, other
is exactly one output for each input. The relation shown is a function
than using the vertical
because each element of the domain is paired with exactly one element
line test, that you could
in the range. use to determine that a
relation is not a function.
y
Domain Range
-6 8
-3 5 O x
1 0
4 -2
You can use the vertical line test to see if a graph represents a function.
Key Concept • Vertical Line Test
function not a function

A relation is a function if it passes A relation is not a function if it fails
the vertical line test, meaning a the vertical line test, meaning that
vertical line intersects the graph no a vertical line intersects the graph
more than once. more than once.
y y
O x
O x
Lesson 3-2 • Functions 147
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Example 1 Identify Functions
Determine whether each relation is a function. Explain.
a. Domain Range
Think About It! -4 -1
Suppose the last -2 3
2 6
element in the domain
5
in part b was 4 as
shown in the table
below. Would this For each element of the domain, there is only one element of the
relation be a function? range. So this mapping represents a function.
Domain 2 6 8 4 b. Domain 2 6 8 2
Range 3 5 5 −3 Range 3 5 5 −3
The element 2 in the domain is paired with both 3 and –3 in the

range. This relation is not a function.
c. (2, 5), (4, 7), (8, 11), (4, 13)
The element 4 in the domain is paired with both 7 and 13 in the

range. This relation is not a function.
Check
Which of these relations are functions?
I. Domain Range
8 6
5 5
3 1
2
II. Domain 0 2 4 0 −2
Range 8 6 3 −1 −3
III. {(−4, 5), (−2, 1), (1, −5), (−2, −7), (5, −13)}
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II
D. I, II, and III
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Example 2 Analyze Data
LONG JUMP Five schools are competing in the long jump portion of
a track meet. The distances of the players with the best jump on Think About It!
each team are as follows: Team 1, 20.6 feet; Team 2, 21.5 feet; Explain why the
Team 3, 20.9 feet; Team 4, 19.4 feet; Team 5, 20.2 feet. domain and range of
the function are not all
TEAM 1
TEAM 4 20.6 TEAM 3 real numbers.
19.4 TEAM 5 20.9
20.2
TEAM 2
21.5
18 ft 19 ft 20 ft 21 ft 22 ft
Part A Make a table.
Team Number 1 2 3 4 5
Best Jump (ft) 20.6 21.5 20.9 19.4 20.2
Part B Determine the domain and range of the relation.

Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range: {20.6, 21.5, 20.9, 19.4, 20.2}
Part C Determine whether the relation is a function.
For each element of the domain, there is only one element of Study Tip
the range. So, this relation is a function. Remember the domain
is related to the
independent variable,
Check and the range is
HEIGHT Bailey recorded the heights of five of her friends. The heights, in related to the
inches, are as follows: Hunter, 62; Ling, 66; Ela, 65; Omar, 66; Alma, 67. dependent variable.
Part A Find the domain and range of the relation.

A. D: {Hunter, 62, Ling, 66, Ela}; R: {65, Omar, 66, Alma, 67}
B. D: {65, Omar, 66, Alma, 67}; R: {Hunter, 62, Ling, 66, Ela}
C. D: {Hunter, Ling, Ela, Omar, Alma}; R: {62, 65, 66, 67}
D. D: {62, 65, 66, 67}; R: {Hunter, Ling, Ela, Omar, Alma}
Part B Is the relation a function? Explain your reasoning.

A. Yes; for each element of the domain, there is only one
element of the range.
B. No; it fails the vertical line test.
C. No; an element in the domain is paired with more than one
element in the range.
D. No; the domain and range are all real numbers.
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Example 3 Equations as Functions
Think About It! Determine whether 6x + 2y = 14 is a
Find the domain and function. Explain. y
12
range of the function. or any value x, the vertical line passes
F 10
8
through no more than one point on the
6
graph. So, the graph and the equation 4
represent a function. 2
-4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4x
-4
Study Tip
Vertical Line Test You Check
can also perform the
vertical line test by Which relations described in the chart represent functions? Write Yes
placing a pencil at the or No.
left of the graph and Yes No
slowly moving it across
the graph to represent A. T
he relation passes the vertical line
a vertical line. test.
B. A
n element of the domain is paired
with only two elements of the range.
C. A
vertical line passes through more
than one point on the graph.
D. T
he domain represents each student
in class, while the range represents
the age of each student.
E. T
he domain represents the number
rolled on a die, while the range
represents the high temperature for
the day.
F. The relation is of the form y = x2 + b.
Learn Function Values

Equations that are functions can be written in a form called function
notation. Function notation is a way of writing an equation so
that y = f(x).
In a function, x represents the elements of the domain, and f(x)
represents the elements of the range. The graph of f(x) is the graph
of the equation y = f(x).
147_156_RM_INT1_S_M03_L02_700687.indd 150 15/04/19 10:24 AM

Example 4 Find Function Values
For f(x) = −2x + 9, find each value.
f(4) + 3
f(4) + 3 = [−2(4) + 9] + 3 x=4
= (−8 + 9) + 3 Multiply.
=1+3 Add. Think About It!
Is f(3) − f(−2) the same
=4 Add.
as f(3) + f(2)? Justify
f(5) − f(1) your argument.
f(5) − f(1) = [−2(5) + 9] − [−2(1) + 9] Substitute for x.
= (−10 + 9) − (2 + 9) Multiply.
= −1 − 7 Add.
= −8 Subtract.
Check
For f(x) = −3x + 2, find each value.
a. f(−4) = ? b. f(5) + 8 = ? c. f(3) − f(6) = ?
Example 5 Evaluate Functions

Think About It!
For h(x) = −6x2 + 18x + 36, find each value.
Find h(3). Then find
a. h(2) h(−3). What was similar
h(2) = −6(2)2 + 18(2) + 36 x=2 and what was different
about finding these
= −24 + 36 + 36 Multiply. values?
= 48 Add.
b. h(4) − h(1)
h(4) − h(1) = [−6(4)2 + 18(4) + 36] − [−6(1)2 + 18(1) + 36]
= (−96 + 72 + 36) − (−6 +18 + 36) Multiply.
= 12 − 48 Add.
= −36 Subtract.
c. h(5) − 7
h(5) − 7 = [−6(5)2 + 18(5) + 36] − 7 x=5
= (-150 + 90 + 36) − 7 Multiply.
= -24 − 7 Add.
Subtract.
= -31
147_156_RM_INT1_S_M03_L02_700687.indd 151 15/04/19 10:24 AM

Check
For g(x) = 2x2 − 8x − 10, find each value.
a. g(2) = ?
b. g(5) + 12 = ?
c. g(8) − 18 = ?
d. g(−3) − g(4) = ?
Example 6 Interpret Function Values

EMPLOYMENT Mason works at the movie theater after school. The
function g(x) = 9.25x represents the amount of money he makes
before taxes for each hour that he works. Evaluate and interpret the
function for each value.
a. g(8)
g(x) = 9.25(8) = 74
This means that if Mason works for 8 hours, he will make $74
Think About It! before taxes.
Find g(−4). What does b. g(14)
it mean in the context g(x) = 9.25(14) = 129.5
of the situation?
This means that if Mason works for 14 hours, he will make $129.50
before taxes.
c. g(27.5)
g(x) = 9.25(27.5) = 254.375
This means that if Mason works for 27.5 hours, he will make $254.38
before taxes.
Check
POOLS A swimming pool that holds 10,000 gallons of water is being
filled at a rate of 600 gallons per hour. The function h(x) = 600x
Watch Out!
represents the amount of water in the pool after x hours.
Remember, it is
possible for Mason to Part A Find h(3.25).
work for zero hours and h(3.25) = ?
make no money, but it
is not possible for him Part B Describe the meaning of h(3.25) in the context of the situation.
to work a negative After ? the total amount of water in the pool will be
number of hours. ? .
147_156_RM_INT1_S_M03_L02_700687.indd 152 15/04/19 10:24 AM

Practice
Examples 1 and 3
Determine whether each relation is a function. Explain.
1. X Y 2. X Y 3. X Y
-6 4 5 4 4 2
-2 1 2 1 6 -1
1 -3 0 -2 7 3
3 -5 -3 5
4. x y 5. x y 6. x y
4 −5 2 7 3 7
−1 −10 5 −3 −1 1
0 −9 3 5 1 0
1 −7 −4 −2 3 5
9 1 5 2 7 3
7. {(2, 5), (4, –2), (3, 3), (5, 4), (–2, 5)} 8. {(6, –1), (–4, 2), (5, 2), (4, 6), (6, 5)}
9. y = 2x − 5 10. y = 11
11. y 12. y 13. y
O x O x O x
147_156_RM_INT1_S_M03_L02_700687.indd 153 15/04/19 10:24 AM

Example 2
14. T
URNPIKE The cost for each car entering President George Bush Turnpike at
Beltline Road is related to the number of cars entering the turnpike at Beltline
Road. The costs of different numbers of cars entering the turnpike at Beltline Road
are as follows: 1 car, $0.75; 2 cars, $1.50; 3 cars, $2.25; 4 cars, $3.00; 5 cars, $3.75.
a. Make a table.
b. Determine the domain and range of the relation.
c. D
etermine whether the relation is a function.
15. HOME VALUE The average value of a house changes over time. The average
values of a house in January in Denver, Colorado, for different years are as
follows: 2014, $254,000; 2015, $293,000; 2016, $338,000; 2017, $372,000.
a. Make a table.
b. Determine the domain and range of the relation.
c. D
etermine whether the relation is a function.
Examples 4 and 5
If f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = x2 − x, find each value.
16. f(4) 17. f(8) 18. f(−2)

19. g(2) 20. g(−3) 21. g(−6)
22. f(2) + 1 23. f(1) − 1 24. g(2) − 2
25. g(−1) + 4 26. f(x + 1) 27. g(3b)
Example 6
28. C
ELL PHONES Many cell phone plans have an option to include more than one
phone. The function for the monthly cost of cell phone service from a wireless
company is f(x) = 25x + 200, where x is the number of phones on the plan. Find
and interpret f(3) and f(5).
29. GEOMETRY The area for any square is given by the function f(x) = x2, where x is
the length of a side of the square. Find and interpret f(3.5).
30. TRANSPORTATION The cost of riding in a cab is $3.00 plus $0.75 per mile. The
equation that represents this relation is y = 0.75x + 3, where x is the number of
miles traveled and y is the cost of the trip. Find and interpret f(17).
31. GYM MEMBERSHIP The cost of a gym membership is $75 plus $30 per month.
The equation that represents this relation is y = 30x + 75, where x is the
number of months and y is the cost. Find and interpret f(12).
147_156_RM_INT1_S_M03_L02_700687.indd 154 15/04/19 10:24 AM

Mixed Exercises
32. U
SE A MODEL Mario collected data about some of the players Stats from Last Game
on a women’s basketball team. The data are shown in the 20
table, mapping, and graph. Is each relation a function? Why or
Total Points Scored

16
why not?
Team History 12
Years on Team Games Played Age and Height 8

1 24 Age Height (in.)
4
2 45 22 70
3 82 23 71
25 72 0 2 4 6 8 10
3 88 73 Number of Free Throws Made
5 120 74
If f(x) = −2x − 3 and g(x) = x2 + 5x, find each value.
33. f(−1) 34. f(6) 35. g(2)

36. g(−3) 37. g(−2) + 2 38. f(0) − 7
39. f(4y) 40. g(−6m) 41. f(c − 5)
42. f(r + 2) 43. 5[f(d)] 44. 3[g(n)]
y
45. FINANCIAL LITERACY Aisha has $40 to spend for her ornithology club. 40
She spends some of it buying birdseed and saves the rest. Her savings 35
Savings ($)
30
is given by f(x) = 40 − 1.25x, where x is the number of pounds of 25
birdseed she buys at $1.25 per pound. 20
15
a. Graph the equation. 10
5
b. Is the relation a function? Explain. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 x

Birdseed Purchased
c. Find f(3), f(18), and f(36). What do these values represent?
d. How many pounds of birdseed can Aisha buy if she wants to save $30?
46. U
SE A MODEL A recipe for homemade pasta dough says that
the number of eggs you need is always one more than the
number of servings you are making.
a. M
ake a graph that shows the relationship between the
number of servings and the number of eggs.
b. Is the relation a function? Explain.
c. W
hat is the domain of the function? Describe its meaning in
the context of the situation.
147_156_RM_INT1_S_M03_L02_700687.indd 155 15/04/19 10:24 AM

47. REASONING The height h of a balloon, in feet, t seconds after it is released is
given by the function h(t) = 2t + 6.
a. What is the value of h(20), and what does it mean in the context of the
situation?
b. E
xplain how to use the function to find the height of the balloon 2 minutes
after it is released.
c. What is the height of the balloon just before it is released? How do you know?
d. Are there any restrictions on the values of t that can be used as inputs for the
function? If so, how would this affect the graph of the function? Explain.

48. C
ONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS The following set of ordered pairs represents a
function, but one of the values is missing: {(–4, –1), (–3, –1), (3, 2), (5, 2), (?, 2)}.
What conclusions can you make about the missing value? Justify your arguments.
49. WRITE How can you determine whether a relation represents a function?
50. A
NALYZE Feng says that set of ordered pairs {(0, 1), (3, 2), (3, -5), (5, 4)}
represents a function. Determine whether his statement is true or false. Justify
your argument.
51. P
ERSEVERE Consider f(x) = -4.3x - 2. Write f(g + 3.5) and simplify by
combining like terms.
52. R
EASONING For the function y = 15x - 4, assume the domain is only values of x
from 0 to 5. What is the range of the function?
53. PERSEVERE If f(3b - 1) = 9b - 1, find one possible expression for f(x).
147_156_RM_INT1_S_M03_L02_700687.indd 156 15/04/19 10:24 AM

Lesson 3-3
Linearity and Continuity
of Graphs
Today’s Goals
Explore Representing Discrete and Continuous functions are continuous,
discrete, or neither.
Functions
functions are linear or
nonlinear.
INQUIRY How can you use the graph of a Today’s Vocabulary

function to determine whether it is discrete? discrete function
continuous function
linear function
linear equation
Learn Discrete and Continuous Functions
standard form
Discrete Function Continuous Function Neither Discrete nor
nonlinear function
Continuous
Points are not Points are connected Some points are
connected. to form a line or curve. connected by a line
or curve, but it is not
continuous Think About It!
everywhere. Can a function be
y y y
both discrete and
8 8 8 continuous? Justify
6 6 6
4 4 4
your answer.
2 2 2
−8 −6 −4 −2 O2 4 6 8 x −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
-8 -8 -8
Domain: set of Domain: all real Domain: varies

individual values numbers
Range: set of Range: one interval of Range: varies
individual values real numbers
Lesson 3-3 • Linearity and Continuity of Graphs 157
157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 157 15/04/19 10:30 AM

Example 1 Determine Continuity
BOOKS The Bargain Book Barn
sells young adult novels on a
sliding scale. That is, the more The Bargain
books you buy, the cheaper they Book Barn
are. Let f(x) model the store’s
prices for given quantities. Is f(x) Number of Books Price ($)
discrete or continuous? Explain 1 1.50
Think About It! your reasoning.
If Bargain Book Barn 2 2.90
did not use a sliding Use the table and context of the 3 4.30
scale, that is, situation. The quantity and price
4 5.70
1 book costs $1.50 and correspond to ordered pairs like
5 7.10
2 books cost $3.00, (1, 1.50) which can be graphed.
then would the Because books are not sold in
function still be fractional quantities, the number of
discrete? Explain your books and their corresponding prices y
7
reasoning. cannot be between the points given. 6
Price ($)
So the points should not be 5
4
connected and the function is 3
discrete. The domain and range are 2
1
sets of individual values.
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
Number of Books
Example 2 Determine Continuity by Using Graphs

Determine whether f(x) and g(x) are continuous, discrete, or neither.
a. f(x) b. g(x)
y y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
-8 -6 -4 -2O 2 4 6 8x -8 -6 -4 -2 O2 4 6 8 x
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
Because f(x) is graphed Because g(x) has continuous

with a single curve, it is a sections, but is not a single
continuous function. The line or curve, it is neither
domain and range are discrete nor continuous. The
both all real numbers. domain and range are
intervals of values.
157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 158 15/04/19 10:30 AM

Check
Determine whether f(x) is discrete, continuous, or neither.
y
8
6
4
2
-8 -6 -4 -2O 2 4 6 8x
-4
-6
-8
The function is ? .
Example 3 Apply Discrete and Watch Out!

Continuous Functions Recall that a function
can have a continuous
DETECTIVE As a private investigator, Tia y interval, but the
1250
charges $25 per hour for any amount of function itself is not
Total Fee
time up to eight hours and then a flat rate 750 continuous unless it is
of $250 per day. Use the graph to 250
continuous over its
x
determine if the function that models this entire domain.
O 1 2 3 4 5
situation is discrete, continuous, or Days Billed
neither.
Discrete? Think About It!
How could Tia alter her
No; the function is not made up entirely of individual points. pricing model to make
Continuous? it a discrete function? a
continuous function?
No; the function cannot be drawn with a straight line or smooth curve.
Neither
Yes; the function is neither continuous nor discrete.
Check
PLANTS Circadian rhythms are cycles y
Percent of Flowers Open
of behavior that occur over twenty-four 80

hours, based on a day-night cycle. One
aspect of a plant’s circadian rhythm is 60
the percentage of its flowers that are 40

open or closed.
20
If f(x) is represented by the curve, then x
is f(x) discrete, continuous, or neither? O 20 40 60 80 100
Time (hours)
The function is ? .
157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 159 15/04/19 10:30 AM

Learn Linear and Nonlinear Functions
A linear function is a function that has a graph that is a line. If
the domain of the function is all real numbers, then the function is
continuous.
A linear equation can be used to describe a linear function.
Linear equations are often written in standard form.
Think About It!
Key Concept • Standard Form of a Linear Equation
Can a function be both
linear and nonlinear? Words The standard form of a linear equation is Ax + By = C,
Explain your where A ≥ 0, A and B are not both zero, and A, B, and
reasoning. C are integers with a greatest common factor of 1.
Examples In 2x + 5y = 7, A = 2, B = 5, and C = 7.
In x = −3, A = 1, B = 0, and C = −3.
A nonlinear function has a graph with a set of points that cannot all lie
on the same line. An equation that represents a nonlinear function
cannot be expressed in the form Ax + By = C.
The function values of a linear function change at a constant rate for
every equivalent change in the x-values. The change in the function
values for a nonlinear function will vary for equivalent changes in x.
Example 4 Linear and Nonlinear Functions

Determine whether y = 4x2 - (2x)2 + 3x - 5 is an equation for a
Think About It!
linear or nonlinear function.
Can y = −5x2 be
written in standard Step 1 Simplify the equation.
form? If so, write the y = 4x2 − (2x)2 + 3x − 5 Original equation
standard form of the
equation. = 4x2 − 4x2 + 3x − 5 Simplify exponents.
= 0 + 3x − 5 Subtract.
= 3x − 5 Simplify.
Step 2 Rewrite the equation.
y = 3x − 5 Simplified equation
y − 3x = 3x − 3x − 5 Subtract 3x from each side.
y − 3x = 5 Simplify.
3x − y = 5 Multiply each side by −1.
Because 3x − y = 5 is in the form Ax + By = C, where A = 3,
B = −1, and C = 5, y = 4x2 − (2x)2 + 3x − 5 is linear.
Check
__
The function 3x2 − √9 x2 − y = 17 is ? .
157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 160 15/04/19 10:30 AM

Example 5 Identify Linear and Nonlinear Functions Think About It!
Determine whether y = 3x3 − x3 + 3x + 6 is an equation for a linear Is the function
or nonlinear function. represented by 2x + 9
= 5y − 3xy a linear or
Step 1 Simplify the equation.
nonlinear function?
y = 3x3 − x3 + 3x + 6 Original equation Justify your argument.
= 2x3 + 3x + 6 Subtract.
y = 2x3 + 3x + 6 Simplified equation
y -2x3 - 3x = 2x3 + 3x + 6 -2x3 - 3x
Subtract 2x3 and 3x from each side.
y − 2x3 − 3x = 6 Simplify.
2x3 + 3x − y = −6 Multiply each side by –1.
Because 2x3 + 3x − y = −6 is not in the form Ax + By = C,
2x3 + 3x − y = −6 is nonlinear.
Check
Think About It!
The function 4x − (2y)2 = 3 is ? . What do you notice
about the height of the
soccer ball over time
Example 6 Functions in Table Form that might indicate that
the function is not
SOCCER Salina kicks a soccer ball. The Time (s) Height (ft) linear?
height of the ball after each half second is 0 2
recorded in the table. Is the function that 0.5 28
models the height of the ball a linear or
1 46
nonlinear function?
1.5 56
First Half-Second Interval 2 58
During the first half-second interval, the 2.5 52
ball goes from a height of 2 feet to a height of 3 38
28 feet. That is an increase of 26 feet. 3.5 16
Second Half-Second Interval
During the first half-second interval, the ball goes from 28 feet to
46 feet. That is an increase of 18 feet.
Since the change in the height varies over the two equivalent intervals,
the height of the soccer ball must be modeled by a nonlinear function.
157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 161 15/04/19 10:30 AM

Check
Watch Out!
The numbers in the Determine whether the values in x y x y
table represent a each table are best modeled by a
−5 −15 0 0
discrete function. The linear or nonlinear function.
amount of water in the −1 −3 1 −1
pool can be measured 0 0 2 −8
for any time between 2 6 3 −27
the listed times, so the 3 9 5 −125
function that models
the measurements may 7 21 7 −343
or may not be linear.
The pool could be
filling at a constant rate
or Fernando could be Example 7 Identify Linear Functions by Graphing
adjusting the rate at
which the pool is filling POOL Fernando uses a garden hose to Time (min) Water (gal)
so that the pool is filling fill his empty pool. The table shows the
5 60
at an average rate of amount of water in the pool after every
five minutes. 10 120
60 gallons per every
five minutes. Filling at 15 180
Part A Determine linearity.
a constant rate would 20 240
be modeled by a The amount of water in the pool 25 300
continuous linear increases by 60 gallons during the
function over the first 5 minutes. It also increases by 60 gallons during each
interval from 0 to following 5-minute intervals up to 25 minutes. Since the
25 minutes. change in the amount of water is constant for every equivalent
interval of 5 minutes, the numbers in the table can be modeled
by a linear function.
Filling the Pool
Talk About It! Part B Graph. 300
After 25 minutes,
Fernando turns off the The points on the graph can be 240
hose. He takes 5 connected by a straight line.

Water (gal)
180
minutes to remove any
wrinkles from the pool Check 120
liner. Then he returns to MINIMUM WAGE The table shows the
filling the pool at the federal minimum wage rates during years 60
same rate. Would the
in which the wage increased. Which
function that represents 0
statement best describes the function that 10 20 30 40
filling the pool from 0
models the wages over time? Time (min)
to 40 minutes be a
linear function? Explain Year 1990 1991 1996 1997 2007 2008 2009
your reasoning.
Wage (dollars) 3.80 4.25 4.75 5.15 5.85 6.55 7.25
A. The function is linear because the increase is $0.70 between 1997
and 2007 and $0.70 between 2008 and 2009.
B. The function is nonlinear because the increase is $0.45 between
1990 and 1991 and $0.70 between 2007 and 2008.
C. The function is linear because it is constantly increasing.
D. The function is nonlinear because it is discrete.
157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 162 15/04/19 10:30 AM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Determine whether the function is discrete, continuous, or neither. Explain.
1. y 2. y
O x O x
3. y 4. y
O x O x
5. y 6. y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
−4 −4
−6 −6
−8 −8

7. y 8. y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
−4 −4
−6 −6
−8 −8

157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 163 15/04/19 10:30 AM

Example 3
9. EMPLOYMENT Kylie records the number of hours she Hours Worked
works in her after-school job each week and then graphs 10
the function that models the situation. Use the graph to
Time Worked (hours)

8
determine if the function that models this situation is
discrete, continuous, or neither. 6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Week
10. BAKING Kalynda keeps track of the number of cups of flour she Baking Supplies
has after baking batches of cookies and then graphs the function 20
that models the situation. Use the graph to determine if the

16
function that models this situation is discrete, continuous, or
neither.
Flour (c)
12
0 4 8 12
Batches of Cookies
11. HOMEWORK Nayati records the number of hours of homework 5

he has each day and then graphs the function that models the
Hours of Homework
4
situation. Use the graph to determine if the function that models
this situation is discrete, continuous, or neither. 3
0 2 4 6 8
Day
Determine whether each function is linear or nonlinear.
1 __
12. y − _
  x = 11 13. x + (√2 x)2 + y − 2x2 = 11
14. y = 2x + 5 15. y = 3x2 − x + 5

x
16. 2y + _
  3 = −6 17. 9x − (9x)2 = 19 − y
__
18. −9x + (√4 x)2 + y = −4 + 7x2 19. y = −x3 + 2x
157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 164 15/04/19 10:30 AM

20. x y 21. x y
1 100 1 3
2 125 2 5
3 150 3 11
4 175 4 21
5 200
5 35
22. x y 23. x y
−5 −10 5 35
−2 −4 6 41
0 0 7 47
2 4 8 53
3 6
9 59
Example 7
24. ENDURANCE Tamika wants to improve her running endurance and
thus tries to run for longer periods of time each day. The distance
she runs given the day is provided in the table.
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Distance 2 2.25 2.75 3.5 4 4.5 5
a. Determine linearity.
b. Graph.
25. SCUBA DIVING Marco wants to know his elevation compared to

sea level for periods of time each minute while scuba diving. His
elevation is provided in the table.
Minute 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Elevation −3 −4.5 −6 −7.5 −9 −10.5 −12
a. Determine linearity.
b. Graph.
157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 165 15/04/19 10:30 AM

Mixed Exercises 150
135
26. EXERCISE Rashona keeps track of the total number of minutes
Minutes of Exercise
120
she exercises and then graphs the function that models the 105
situation. Use the graph to determine if the function that models 90
this situation is discrete, continuous, or neither. 75
60
27. HOT AIR BALLOON The elevation of a hot air balloon, in feet, 45
compared to sea level for periods of time each minute is 30
provided in the table. 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Minute 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of Days
Elevation 10 15 12 18 25 45 40 42
50
45
a. Determine linearity. 40
b. Graph. 35
Elevation (ft)
30
25
Determine whether the function is discrete, continuous, or neither. 20
Then determine whether each function is linear or nonlinear. 15
10
28. y − 14x = 3 29. (2x)2 − 4y = 2
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
30. y 31. y Time (min)
O x O x
32. y 33. y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
−8 −6 −4−2 O 2 4 6 8x −8 −6 −4−2 O 2 4 6 8x
−4 −4
−6 −6
−8 −8

34. ANALYZE If f(x) is a linear function, then is f(x + a), where a is a real number,
sometimes, always, or never a continuous function? Justify your argument.
35. WRITE Describe a real-world situation where the function that models the
situation is neither discrete nor continuous.
36. ANALYZE A function that consists of a finite set of ordered pairs is sometimes,
always, or never continuous? Justify your argument.
157_166_RM_INT1_S_M03_L03_700687.indd 166 15/04/19 10:30 AM

Lesson 3-4
Intercepts of Graphs
Learn Intercepts of Graphs of Functions Today’s Goals
● Identify the intercepts of
The intercepts of graphs are points where the functions and intervals
graph intersects an axis. where functions are
positive and negative.
The x-intercept is the x-coordinate of a point y
where a graph crosses the x-axis. graphing.
The y-intercept is the y-coordinate of a point
O x Today’s Vocabulary
where a graph crosses the y-axis. x-intercept
A function is positive when its graph lies y-intercept
above the x-axis. positive
A function is negative when its graph lies negative
root
below the x-axis.
zero
Example 1 Intercepts of the Graph of a Study Tip:

Linear Function Notice that intercept
Use the graph to estimate the x- and y-intercepts of the function can be used to refer to
either the point where
and describe where the function is positive and negative.
the graph intersects
The x-intercept is the point where the y the axis or the nonzero
graph crosses the x-axis, (3, 0). coordinate of the point
where the graph
The y-intercept is the point where the intersects the axis.
graph crosses the y-axis, (0, 6).
A function is positive when its graph lies x Think About It!
above the x-axis, or when x < 3. O
Explain why this
A function is negative when its graph function is linear.
lies below the x-axis, or when x > 3.
Check
Use the graph to estimate the x- and y-intercepts of the function and
describe where the function is positive and negative.
Study Tip
A.
x-intercept: (-2, 0); y-intercept: (0, -6); y
To help remember the
x
positive: x > -2; negative: x < -2 difference between the
O
B.
x-intercept: (0, −6); y-intercept: (-2, 0); x- and y-intercepts,
positive: x < -2; negative: x > -2 remember that the
x-intercept is where the
C.
x-intercept: (-2, 0); y-intercept: (0, -6);
graph intersects the
positive: x < -2; negative: x > -2 x-axis, and the
D.
x-intercept: (0, -6); y-intercept: (-2, 0); y-intercept is where the
positive: x > -2; negative: x < -2 graph intersects the
Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online. y-axis.
Lesson 3-4 • Intercepts of Graphs 167
167_178_RM_INT1_S_M03_L04_700687.indd 167 15/04/19 10:39 AM

Example 2 Intercepts of the Graph of a
Nonlinear Function
Think About It! Use the graph to estimate the x- and y-intercepts of the function
Explain why this and describe where the function is positive and negative.
function is nonlinear. y
4
2
x
-4 -3-2 -1 O 1 2 3 4
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
Watch Out!
The graphs of x-intercepts: -4 and 3.
nonlinear functions y-intercept: -12.
can have more than
one x-intercept. positive: when x < -4 and when x > 3.
negative: x is between −4 and 3.
Check
Use the graph of the function to determine key features.
y
x
O
Part A D
etermine whether each ordered pair represents an
x-intercept, a y-intercept, or neither.
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
Part B Describe where the function is positive and negative.
A. positive: x < 1 and x > 4; negative: x is between 1 and 4
B. positive: x > 1 and x < 4; negative: x is between 1 and 4
C. positive: x is between 1 and 4; negative: x > 1 and x < 4
D. positive: x is between 1 and 4; negative: x < 1 and x > 4
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Example 3 Find Intercepts from a Graph Think About It!
SPORTS The graph shows the height of Height of the Ball The function is only
a ball for each second x that it is 10 y graphed from 0 to 9
9
airborne. Use the graph to estimate the 8 seconds. What can you
x- and y-intercepts of the function, 7 assume about the
Height (ft)
where the function is positive and
6 function when x > 9?
5
Interpret this meaning.
negative, and interpret the meanings in 4
3 Does it make sense in
the context of the situation. 2 the context of the
1
The x-intercept is 9. That means that the x situation?
0
ball will hit the ground after 9 seconds. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s)
The y-intercept is 4. This means that at
time 4, the ball was at a height of 0 feet.
The function is positive when x is between 0 and 9, which means that
the ball is in the air for 9 seconds.
No portion of the graph shows that the function is negative.
Check
FITNESS The graph shows the number of people y at a gym x hours after
the gym opens.
Gym Occupancy
200 y
Number of People
160
120
80
40
x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (hours)
Part A Use the graph to estimate the x- and y-intercepts.

x-intercept: ( ? , ? )
y-intercept: ( ? , ? )
Part B Which statements describe the meaning of the x- and

y-intercepts in the context of the situation? Select all
that apply.
A. There were 20 people at the gym when it opened.
B. The gym closed after 20 hours.
C. The gym closed after 12 hours.
D. There were 12 people at the gym when it opened.
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Example 4 Find Intercepts from a Table
LUNCH Violet starts the semester with
Time (Days) Balance ($)
$150 in her student lunch account. Each
x y
day she spends $3.75 on lunch. The table
shows the function relating the amount of 0 150
money remaining in her lunch account to 2 142.50
the number of days Violet has purchased 5 131.25
lunch. 10 112.50
Part A Find the intercepts. 15 93.75
The x-intercept is where y = 0, 30 37.50

so the x-intercept is 40. 40 0
The y-intercept is where x = 0, so the y-intercept is 150.

Part B Describe what the intercepts mean in the context of the situation.
The x-intercept means that after buying lunch for 40 days, Violet
will have $0 left in her lunch account, or it will take Violet 40
days to use all of the money in her lunch account. The
y-intercept means that Violet’s lunch account has $150 after
buying lunch for 0 days, or the beginning balance of her lunch
account is $150.
Check
MOVIES Ashley received a gift card to the movie theater for her birthday.
The table shows the amount of money remaining on her gift card y after
x trips to the movie theater.
Number of Trips Balance ($)
x y
0 90
1 81
2 72
3 63
5 45
7 27
10 0
Part A Find the y-intercept. ( ? , ? )
Part B Find the x-intercept and describe what it means in the context
of the situation.
A. (10, 0); The initial balance on the gift card was $10.
B. (90, 0); The initial balance on the gift card was $90.
C. (10, 0); After 10 trips to the movies, there will be no money left
on the gift card.
D. (90, 0); After 90 trips to the movies, there will be no money left on
the gift card.
167_178_RM_INT1_S_M03_L04_700687.indd 170 15/04/19 10:39 AM

Learn Solving Equations by Graphing Think About It!
The solution, or root, of an equation is any value that makes the What is the difference
equation true. A zero is an x-intercept of the graph of the function. between a root and a
zero?
For example, the root of 3x = 6 is 2. A linear equation, like 3x = 6, has
at most one root, while a nonlinear equation, like x2 + 4x − 5 = 0, may
have more than one.
Equation Related Function
3x = 6 f (x) = 3x − 6 or y = 3x − 6
x2 + 4x − 5 = 0 f (x) = x2 + 4x − 5 or y = x2 + 4x − 5
The graph of the related function can be used to find the solutions of
an equation. The related function is formed by solving the equation for
0 and then replacing 0 with f (x) or y.
Values of x for which f(x) = 0 are located at the x-intercepts of the
graph of a function and are called the zeros of the function f. The roots
of an equation are the same as the zeros of its related function. The
solutions and roots of an equation are the same value as the zeros
and x-intercepts of its related function. For the equation 3x = 6:
• 2 is the solution of 3x = 6.
• 2 is the root of 3x = 6.
• 2 is the zero of f (x) = 3x − 6.
• 2 is the x-intercept of f (x) = 3x − 6.
Example 5 Solve a Linear Equation by Graphing

Solve −2x + 7 = 1 by graphing. Check your solution. Go Online
An alternate method
Find the related function.
−2x + 7 = 1 Original equation example.
−2x + 7 - 1 = 1 - 1 Subtract 1 from each side.
−2x + 6 = 0 Simplify. Think About It!
Suppose you first
Graph the left side of the equation. The related function is
solved the equation
f(x) = −2x + 6, which can be graphed. algebraically. How could
you use your solution to
y The graph intersects the x-axis graph the zero of the
at 3. This is the x-intercept, or related function?
zero, which is also the root of
the equation. So, the solution
of the equation is 3.
O x
Check your solution by solving the equation algebraically.

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Example 6 Solve a Nonlinear Equation by Graphing
Solve x2 − 4x = −3 by graphing. Check your solution.
Go Online Find the related function.
to see how to use a x2 − 4x = −3 Original equation
graphing calculator x2 − 4x + 3 = −3 + 3 Add 3 to each side.
with this example.
x2 − 4x + 3 = 0 Simplify.
Graph the left side of the equation. The related function is
f(x) = x2 - 4x = -3, which can be graphed.
y The graph intersects the x-axis

at 1 and 3. These are the
x-intercepts, or zeros, which are
also the roots of the equation.
So, the solutions of the
O x equation are 1 and 3.
Example 7 Solve an Equation of a Horizontal Line

by Graphing
Solve 4x + 3 = 4x − 5 by graphing. Check your solution.
Find the related function.
4x + 3 = 4x − 5 Original equation
4x + 3 + 5 = 4x − 5 + 5 Add 5 to each side.
4x + 8 = 4x
Simplify.
4x - 4x + 8 = 4x - 4x Subtract 4x from each side.
8 = 0 Simplify.
Talk About It! Graph the left side of the equation. The related function is
Does solving the f (x) = 8, which can be graphed.
equation algebraically
give a different y The graph does not intersect
solution? Explain your the x-axis. This means that
reasoning. there is no x-intercept and,
therefore, there is no solution.
O x
167_178_RM_INT1_S_M03_L04_700687.indd 172 15/04/19 10:39 AM

Check
Equations and the graphs of their related functions are shown. Write the
related function and its zero(s) under the appropriate graph.
y y
1
2= 2x
3x + 7 = 3x + 2
x
O
O x
related function: related function:

zeros: zeros:
y
8
6
4
2
−8 −6 −4 −2O 2 4 6 8x
−4
−6
−8 x2 - 6 = x
related function:
zeros:
Apply Example 8 Estimate Solutions by Graphing

PARTY Haley is ordering invitations for her graduation party. She
has $40 to spend and each invitation costs $0.96. The function
m = 40 − 0.96p represents the amount of money m Haley has left
after ordering p party invitations Find the zero of the function.
Describe what this value means in the context of this situation.
1 What is the task?
Describe the task in your own words. Then list any questions that you
may have. How can you find answers to your questions?
Sample answer: I need to find the zero of the function and describe
what it means. How can I determine the meaning of the zero from a
graph of the function? I can review graphing linear functions and
labeling axes.
2 H
ow will you approach the task? What have you learned that you can use
to help you complete the task?
Sample answer: I will graph the function by making a table of values. I
will estimate the x-intercept of the graph to find the zero. I will then
check my solution by solving the equation algebraically. I will use the
axes labels to help me interpret my solution.

167_178_RM_INT1_S_M03_L04_700687.indd 173 15/04/19 10:39 AM

3 What is your solution?
Use your strategy to solve the problem.
Graph the function. Estimate the solution.

Graduation Party 42 invitations
50 m
Amount of Money ($)

40 Check the solution.
30 ≈ 41.67 invitations
20
What does your solution mean
10 in the context of the situation?
p Sample answer: Haley can
0 10 20 30 40 50 order 41 invitations with the
Number of Invitations
amount of money she has to
spend.
4 How can you know that your solution is reasonable?

your solution.
Sample answer: This amount is close to the estimated zero of 42
invitations from the graph.
Check
DATA Blair’s cell phone plan allows her to use
Data Usage
3 GB of data, and she uses approximately
Amount of Data (GB)
g
0.14 GB of data each day. The function 6
g = 3 − 0.14d represents the amount of 5
data g in GB she has left after d days. 4
3
Part A Examine the graph of the function to 2
estimate its zero to the nearest day. 1
d
0
The graph appears to intersect the 5 10 15 20 25 30
Number of Days
x-axis at ? .
Part B Solve algebraically to check your answer. Round to the

nearest tenth.
x= ?
Part C Describe what your answer to Part B means in this context.

After ? days, Blair has ? GB left.
167_178_RM_INT1_S_M03_L04_700687.indd 174 15/04/19 10:39 AM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Use the graph to estimate the x- and y-intercepts of the function and describe
where the function is positive and negative.
1. y 2. y 3. y
O x O x O x
4. y 5. y 6. y
O x O x
O x
7. y 8. y 9. y
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
−2 −2 −2
−3 −3 −3
−4 −4 −4
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Example 3
10. FOOTBALL The graph shows the height of a football after 10
being kicked. Use the graph to estimate the x- and 9
8
y-intercepts of the function, where the function is positive and
Height (meters)
7
negative, and interpret the meanings in the context of the 6
situation. 5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (seconds)
11. EARNINGS The graph shows the amount of money Ryan
earns. Use the graph to estimate the x- and y-intercepts of 200
the function, where the function is positive and negative, 180
and interpret the meanings in the context of the situation. 160
140
Earnings ($)
120
100
80
60
40
20
Example 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
12. CLIMBING Indira is mountain climbing and starts the day at Time (hours)
182.5 meters above sea level. Each hour she descends
36.5 meters. The table shows the function relating Indira’s
height to the number of hours she is mountain climbing. Time Height
(hours) (meters)
a. Find the intercepts.
x y
0 182.5
b. D
escribe what the intercepts mean in the context of the
situation. 2 109.5
4 36.5
5 0
13. MONEY Javier borrowed $1950 from his parents. Each month Time Remaining
he repaid his parents $325. The table shows the function
(months) Balance ($)
relating Javier’s remaining balance to the number of months.
x y
a. Find the intercepts. 0 1950
2 1300
b. D
escribe what the intercepts mean in the context of the 5 325
situation. 6 0
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Solve each equation by graphing. Check your solution.
14. 2x − 3 = 3 15. −4x + 2 = −4x + 1
y y
O x O x
1
16. 4 = __
  2 x + 5 17. x2 = 6x − 8
y y
O x
O x
18. 3x − 5 = 3x − 3 19. x2 + x = 6
y y
O x
O x
Example 8
20. INVITATIONS Moesha and Keyon are mailing invitations for their wedding.
They have $50 to spend and each invitation costs $1.25 to mail. The function
m = 50 − 1.25w represents the amount of money m Moesha and Keyon have left
after mailing w wedding invitations. Find the zero of the function. Describe what
this value means in the context of this situation.
21. GIFT BAGS Juanita is tying ribbon on gift bags. She has 24 feet of ribbon and
each gift bag uses 0.75 foot of ribbon. The function r = 24 − 0.75g represents
the amount of ribbon r Juanita has left after tying ribbon on g gift bags. Find the
zero of the function. Describe what this value means in the context of this
situation.
167_178_RM_INT1_S_M03_L04_700687.indd 177 15/04/19 10:39 AM

Mixed Exercises
Use the graph to estimate the x- and y-intercepts of the function and describe
where the function is positive and negative.
22. y 23. y 24. y
O x O x O x
25. REASONING The graph shows the height of a bird compared to sea y
4
level over time. Use the graph to estimate the x- and y-intercepts of 3
the function, where the function is positive and negative, and 2
Height (feet)
interpret the meanings in the context of the situation. 1
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x
−2
−3
−4
Time (seconds)
Solve each equation by graphing. Then find the x- and y-intercepts.

26. 3x + 1 = -5 27. 9x - 7 = -6x + 8

28. ANALYZE Do linear equations sometimes, always, or never have x- and
y-intercepts? Justify your argument.
29. WRITE Describe how to find x- and y-intercepts by graphing and by using tables.
30. CREATE Write a word problem for the function y = 60 - 2.5x. Find the zero of the
function. Describe what this value means in the context of your situation.
31. PERSEVERE Describe the steps you use to solve the equation 16 = x + 4 + (24 − 6)
by graphing. Then explain how you can check your solution.
167_178_RM_INT1_S_M03_L04_700687.indd 178 15/04/19 10:39 AM

Lesson 3-5
Shapes of Graphs
Today’s Goals
Explore Line Symmetry functions have line
symmetry and, if so, find
the line of symmetry.
● Identify extrema and
where functions are
INQUIRY How can you use the graph increasing and
of a function to determine whether it is decreasing.
symmetric? ● Determine the end
behaviors of graphs of
functions.
Learn Symmetry and Graphs of Functions Today’s Vocabulary
The graphs of some functions exhibit a key feature called symmetry. line symmetry
A figure has line symmetry if each half of the figure matches the other increasing
side exactly. decreasing
extrema
line symmetry
relative minimum
in the y-axis
relative maximum
y end behavior
O x
Talk About It!
Can the graph of a
function be symmetric
about the x-axis?
line symmetry in a vertical
line other than the y-axis
y
O x
Lesson 3-5 • Shapes of Graphs 179
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Example 1 Line Symmetry
Determine whether each function has line symmetry. Explain.
y y
1
x
O 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
−2
−3
O x
−4
−5
−6 g(x)
f (x) −7
There is no line that can be This function is symmetric in the

Think About It! drawn to make the right half a line x = 1.5.
Find the y-intercepts of mirror image of the left half, so
the functions. the function does not display
any line symmetry.
y y
14
12 k(x)
10
8
h(x) 6
4
2
O x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
This function is symmetric in the There is no line that can be

line x = −2. drawn to make the right half of
the function a mirror image of
the left half, so the function does
not display any line symmetry.
Check
Examine the function.
Study Tip Part A D

oes the function possess y
line symmetry?
Remember a graph can
be symmetric in the
Part B D
escribe the line symmetry,
y-axis or any other
if any, of the function.
vertical line.
O x
179_190_RM_INT1_S_M03_L05_700687.indd 180 15/04/19 10:58 AM

Example 2 Interpret Symmetry
FOUNTAINS A fountain is spraying a stream y
8
of water into the air. The solid portion of the 6
graph represents the path of the water, where 4
2 Think About It!
x is the distance in feet from the fountain and
y is the height in feet of the stream. Find and
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6x Find the maximum
height of the stream of
interpret any symmetry in the graph of the −4
−6 water.
function. −8
The right half of the graph is the mirror image

of the left half in the line x = 2.
In the context of the situation, the symmetry of the graph tells you that
the height of the stream of water when it is from 0 to 2 feet away from Problem-Solving Tip
the fountain is the same as the height of the stream of water when it is To help visualize a line
from 2 to 4 feet away from the fountain. of symmetry, imagine
folding the graph in half.
If the graph lines up
Check
perfectly, the graph is
GOLF The solid portion of the graph represents y symmetric about the line
30
the the path of a golf ball after it is hit off of a 25 you have created with
platform, where x is the distance in feet a golf 20 the fold.
ball travels and y is the height in feet of the 15
10
golf ball. 5
Part A U
se the graph to describe any symmetry O 50 100 150 x
of the graph of the function. −10
A. symmetric in the y-axis

B. symmetric in the line x = 8
C. symmetric in the line x = 28.25
D. symmetric in the line x = 90
Part B Interpret the symmetry in the context of the situation.

A. T
he height of the golf ball when it has traveled a distance of 0 to
8 feet is the same as the height of the golf ball when it has traveled
a distance of 8 to 28.25 feet.
B. T
he height of the golf ball when it has traveled a distance of 0 to
90 feet is the same as the height of the golf ball when it has
traveled a distance of 90 to 180 feet.
C. T
he distance the golf ball has traveled when it is 0 to 8 feet in the
air is the same as the distance the golf ball has traveled when it is
8 to 28.25 feet in the air.
D. T
he distance the golf ball has traveled when it is 0 to 90 feet in the
air is the same as the distance the golf ball has traveled when it is
90 to 180 feet in the air.
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Explore Relative High and Low Points
Study Tip Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the Explore.
Extrema in this context
is the plural form of INQUIRY How do the y-values of relatively
extreme point. The high and low points on the graph compare to
plural forms of the y-values of nearby points?
maximum and minimum
are maxima and
minima, respectively.
Learn Extrema of Graphs of Functions
A function is increasing where the graph goes relative
Think About It! y
up and decreasing where the graph goes down maximum
If f(x) has a relative when viewed from left to right.
f (x)
B
maximum when x = 2,
then is f(x) increasing Points that are the locations of relatively high or
O x
or decreasing as x low function values are called extrema. Point A A
increases toward 2? as is a relative minimum because no other nearby
x decreases from 2? point has a lesser y-coordinate. Point B is a relative
relative maximum because no other nearby minimum
point has a greater y-coordinate.
Example 3 Determine Increasing and Decreasing

Parts of the Graph of a Function
Determine where f(x) is increasing and/or y
decreasing.
When x > 0, the graph goes up when viewed
from left to right. So, the function is increasing O x
for x > 0.
When x < 0, the graph goes down when
viewed from left to right. So, the function is
decreasing for x < 0.
Check
For x > 1, f(x) is ? .
y
O x
179_190_RM_INT1_S_M03_L05_700687.indd 182 15/04/19 10:58 AM

Example 4 Determine Extrema of the Graph
of a Function
Determine the extrema of f(x). Then identify each point as a relative Think About It!
maximum or relative minimum. Can a point be a
relative minimum or
B y relative maximum and
D not be an extreme
point? Explain.
A
OC x
Extrema: Point B and point C are the locations of relatively high or low
function values. So, they are the extrema of the function.
Relative Minimum: No other points nearby point C have a lesser

y-coordinate. So, point C is a relative minimum.
Relative Maximum: No other points nearby point B have a greater

y-coordinate. So, point B is a relative maximum.
Check
Which point(s) is(are) a relative minimum? Select all that apply.
y C
A
O E x
B
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
179_190_RM_INT1_S_M03_L05_700687.indd 183 15/04/19 10:58 AM

Example 5 Interpret Extrema of the Graph
Go Online
of a Function
You can watch a video 100
to see more about the COMIC BOOKS A comic book
Earnings (in thousands)

90
D
comic book store. 80
store uses a function to model its
70
profit in thousands of dollars 60
given the price in dollars that it 50
Think About It! charges for individual issues. 40
Does this function Determine whether point D is a 30
have a relative relative minimum, relative 20

10
minimum? Explain maximum, or neither. Then
interpret its meaning in the 0
your reasoning. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
context of the situation. Cost per Issue
Point D is a relative maximum because all nearby points have a lesser

y-coordinate.
Point D represents the greatest profit that the comic book store can
earn given the price it charges per issue.
Check
AEROBATICS Aerobatics, or stunt flying, is the practice of intentional
maneuvers of an aircraft that are not necessary for normal flight.
Lincoln Beachey, an inventor of aerobatics, was known for his stunt
called the “Dip of Death” in which his plane would plummet toward the
ground from 5000 feet until he leveled the plane. His distance from
the ground during the stunt can be approximately modeled by the
function f (x). Identify any extrema in the context of the situation.
Dip of Death
A
5000
4000
Altitude (ft)
3000
2000
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (s)
Point A represents that at about 20 seconds, Lincoln Beachey reached

a ? relative maximum in height at 5000 feet.
After point A, his height is ? decreasing until he levels

out the plane.
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Learn End Behavior of Graphs of Functions
End behavior describes the values of a function at the positive and
negative extremes in its domain.
Go Online
y
You may want to
As you move left, the f(x) complete the Concept
graph goes up. As
x decreases, y increases. Check to check your
understanding.
O x
As you move right, the
graph goes down. As
x increases, y decreases.
Watch Out!
Example 6 Determine End Behavior of the Graph of
The end behavior
a Linear Function of some graphs
Determine the end behavior of f(x). can be described as
approaching a specific
y value.
O x Think About It!

Make a conjecture, or
educated guess, about
the end behavior of a
linear function when
As you move to the left on the graph, the value of y gets increasingly the slope is positive or
negative. Thus, as x decreases, y decreases. negative.
As you move to the right on the graph, the value of y gets increasingly
positive. Thus, as x decreases, y increases.
Check
Determine the end behavior of f(x).
O x
Study Tip
A conjecture is an
As x increases, y ? . educated guess based
on known information.
As x decreases, y ? .
179_190_RM_INT1_S_M03_L05_700687.indd 185 15/04/19 10:58 AM

Example 7 Determine End Behavior of the Graph of
a Nonlinear Function
y
Determine the end behavior of f(x). 8
Go Online 6
to practice what you’ve 4
As you move to the left on the graph, the 2
learned about
interpreting graphs in value of y gets increasingly negative. Thus, as −8−6 −4−2O 2 4 6 8x
the Put It All Together x decreases, y decreases. −4

over Lessons 3-1 −6
−8
through 3-5. As you move to the right on the graph, the
value of y gets increasingly positive. Thus, as
x increases, y increases.
Check
Determine the end behavior of each function.
y
8
6
4
2
−8−6 −4−2O 2 4 6 8x
−4
−6
−8
As x increases, y ? .
y
O x
As x increases, y ? .
179_190_RM_INT1_S_M03_L05_700687.indd 186 15/04/19 10:58 AM

Practice
Example 1
Determine whether each function has line symmetry. Explain.
1. y 2. y
O x O x
3. y 4. y
O x O x
Example 2
5. GEOMETRY The solid portion of the graph represents the Area (cm2)
relationship between the width of a rectangle in centimeters y
x and the area of the rectangle in centimeters squared y. Find 20
Area (cm2)
and interpret any symmetry in the graph of the function.

10
O 2 4 6 8 10 x
Width (cm)
6. SPRINKLERS A sprinkler is spraying a stream of water into the air. y

8
The solid portion of the graph represents the path of the water, 6
where x represents the distance in feet from the sprinkler and 4
2
y represents the height in feet of the water. Find and interpret any
−8 −6 −4 −2O 2 4 6 8x
symmetry in the graph of the function.
−4
−6
−8
179_190_RM_INT1_S_M03_L05_700687.indd 187 15/04/19 10:58 AM

Example 3
Determine where f(x) is increasing and/or decreasing.
7. y 8. y
O x O x
9. y 10. y
O x O x
Example 4
Determine the extrema of f(x). Then identify each point as a relative maximum or
relative minimum.
11. y 12. y
B B
A F A C
C O x O x
13. y 14. B y
D
A C F A C F
O x O x
B
D
179_190_RM_INT1_S_M03_L05_700687.indd 188 15/04/19 10:58 AM

Example 5 Height of Golf Ball
y
15. GOLF The height of a golf ball compared to the distance the golf 160 A
ball is from the tee is shown in the graph. Determine whether
point A is a relative minimum, relative maximum, or neither. 120
Height (ft)
Describe what this value means in the context of this situation.
80
40
x
0 40 80 120 160
Distance from Tee (yd)
16. ROLLERCOASTER The height of a rollercoaster compared to B

the distance from start is shown in the graph. Determine 8
whether points B, C, D, and F are relative minima, relative D
Height (m)
6
maxima, or neither. Describe what each value means in the
A
context of this situation. 4
2 C
F
0 2 4 6 8 10
Distance from Start (m)
Examples 6 and 7
Determine the end behavior of f(x).
17. y 18. y
O x O x
19. y 20. y
O x O x
179_190_RM_INT1_S_M03_L05_700687.indd 189 15/04/19 10:58 AM

Mixed Exercises
Determine whether each function has line symmetry and where the function is
increasing and/or decreasing. Determine the extrema. Then identify each point as
a relative maximum or relative minimum. Determine the end behavior.
21. y 22. B y
A C
O x O x
23. ROCKS The graph shows the height of a rock after it is 120
thrown into the air over time. Determine the extrema. Then
100
identify each point as a relative minimum, relative maximum,
or neither. Describe what each value means in the context Height of Rock (m) 80
of this situation.
60
40
20
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
Computer Virus
Computers
24. WRITE The graph shows the number of computers that are affected 8000
Affected
by a virus over time. Determine and interpret the end behavior.

4000
0 40 80
Time (minutes)
25. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which statement about the graph is not 20
y
true? Justify your conclusion. 15

10
The graph is symmetric in the line x = 0. 5
The graph has one relative minimum at about (-2.25, -11). −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
The graph has one relative maximum at about (0, 9). −10
As x decreases, y increases. As x increases, y increases. −15
−20
179_190_RM_INT1_S_M03_L05_700687.indd 190 15/04/19 10:58 AM

Lesson 3-6
Sketching Graphs and Comparing Functions

Today’s Goal
● Sketch graphs of
Explore Modeling Relationships by Using Functions functions.
Online Activity Use the infographic to complete the Explore.
INQUIRY How can you use key features to

approximate the graphs of functions?
Learn Sketching Graphs of Functions

You can sketch the graph of a function using its key features. Knowing
the domain, range, intercepts, symmetry, end behavior, and extrema of a
function as well as intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, Think About It!
positive, or negative provides a clear idea of what the graph of the
What other key features
function looks like.
do you see in the graph
Label the graph to identify its key features of the function? Give
two examples.
relative maximum
y
increasing
decreasing
O x
increasing
relative minimum
Lesson 3-6 • Sketching Graphs and Comparing Functions 191
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 191 15/04/19 11:05 AM

Example 1 Sketch the Graph of a Linear Function
CYCLING In 2015,
Christoph Strasser set a
new 24-hour cycling
record by riding 556 miles
in a 24-hour period. The
distance he rode over
the 24 hours can be
Think About It! represented by a
What assumption is function. Sketch a graph
made when graphing that shows the distance
Christoph Strasser’s traveled y as a function
record-setting bike
of time x.
ride? Why is it
necessary to make this Before sketching, consider any possible contraints of the situation. It is
assumption? not possible for Christoph Strasser to ride for a negative amount of
time or ride negative miles. Therefore, the domain and range are
restricted to nonnegative x- and y-values and the graph only exists in
the first quadrant.
y-Intercept: No distance traveled when he has ridden for 0 hours.

The point represents 0 hours ridden and 0 miles traveled.
Graph this on the coordinate plane.
Linear or Nonlinear: The graph of the function is linear.
Positive: for time greater than 0
Increasing: for time greater than 0
Watch Out! The graph is a straight line that is positive and increasing
If information about for all hours ridden.
some key features is End Behavior: A
s the number of hours he has ridden increases, the
not provided, do not number of miles he has traveled increases.
assume that it is not
important. In this As x increases, y increases.
example, the missing
Sam Edwards/age fotostock

Cycling Record
information about 600 y
where the function is 550
Distance Traveled (miles)
negative was not 500

450
necessary because it 400
did not apply in the 350
context of the situation. 300
250
However, this is not 200
always the case. 150
100
50
x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 202224
Time (hours)
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 192 15/04/19 11:05 AM

Example 2 Sketch the Graph of a Symmetric
Function
WEATHER A person’s happiness can be affected by temperature.
Sketch a nonlinear graph that shows the happiness of a person y as
a function of temperature x. Interpret the key features.
Positive: between about 25°F and 89°F
Negative: for temperatures less than 25°F and greater than 89°F
Increasing: for temperatures less than about 57°F
Decreasing: for temperatures greater than about 57°F
Relative Maximum: a
t about 57°F, when a person’s happiness is
about 85
Think About It!
A relative maximum occurs at 57°F, or x = 57, and
a happiness of 85, or y = 85. This is represented Describe the location
by the point (57, 85), which we can graph on the of the points where the
function changes from
coordinate plane.
positive to negative or
negative to positive.
End Behavior: A
s temperature increases or decreases, a person’s
happiness decreases.
For temperatures less than 25°F or x < 25, the graph is
negative. For these temperatures, the graph is also
increasing. For temperatures between 25°F and 57°F,
the graph is positive and increasing. The graph is
positive and decreasing for temperatures between
57°F and 89°F. This interval of the graph is also
symmetric to the graph from 25°F to 57°F. This means
that the right half of the graph is the mirror image of the
Think About It!
left half. For temperatures greater than 89°F, or x > 89,
the graph is negative, decreasing, and symmetric to the What does a negative
interval of the graph that is less than 25°F. As y-value represent in
the context of this
temperature increases or decreases, a person’s
situation?
happiness decreases. This means that happiness will
get increasingly negative to move right and left on
the graph.
Symmetry: A
person’s happiness for temperatures less than 57°F is
the same as their happiness for temperatures greater
than 57°F.
A person is happiest when it is 57°F. As the temperature
gets increasingly cold or hot, a person becomes less
happy. When the temperature is below about 25°F or
above about 89°F a person is unhappy.

191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 193 15/04/19 11:05 AM

One method for sketching a graph given key features is to
first graph any given points. Then analyze the key
features of small intervals from left to right to make
sketching the graph of the function easier.
Personal Happiness
y
80
60
Happiness
40
20
O 20 40 60 80 x
Temperature °F
Check
Mariana used the key features to sketch the graph of x as a function
of y. Examine the key features and graph to identify which key features
Mariana graphed correctly and incorrectly.
y
O x
Correct Incorrect
A. Positive: between x = −3 and x = 0
and for x > 2
B. Negative: for x < −3 and between
x = 0 and x = 2
C. Increasing: for about x < −2 and
between about x = 1 and x = 3
D. Decreasing: for between about
x = −2 and x = 1 and for x > 3
E. Intercepts: The graph intersects the
x-axis at (−3, 0), (0, 0), and (2, 0).
F. Relative Minimum: (1, −2)
G. Relative Maximum: (−2, 4)
and (3, 2)
H. End Behavior: As x increases and
decreases, the value of y decreases.
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 194 15/04/19 11:05 AM

Example 3 Sketch the Graph of a Nonlinear
Function
AMUSEMENT PARK The number of people in line for a rollercoaster
throughout the day can be modeled by a function. Use the key
features to sketch a graph of the function. Then interpret the key
features if x represents the time in hours since the ride opened at
10:00 a.m. and y represents the number of people in line.
Positive: between x = −0.5 and Rollercoaster Lines
x = 12 y
600
Negative: for x < −0.5 and x > 12
500
Increasing: for x < 1.4 and
Number of People
between x = 5.3 and x = 9.9 400
Think About It!
Decreasing: for between x = 1.1 300
Why might there be a
and x = 5.3 and for x > 9.9 200 relative minimum in the
Intercepts: T
he graph intersects number of people in
100
the x-axis at (−0.5, 0) line around 3:00 p.m.,
and (12, 0) and 5.3 hours after the ride
O 2 4 6 8 10 x
opened? Why might
intersects the y-axis
Hours Since Ride Opened there be zero people
at (0, 220).
in line 12 hours after
Relative Minimum: at (5.3, 133) the ride opened at
10:00 p.m.?
Relative Maximum: at (1.4, 448) and (9.9, 643)
End Behavior: As x increases or decreases, the value of y decreases.
The x-intercepts mean that the number of people in line is zero a half
hour before the ride opened and 12 hours after it opened. The
y-intercept means that 220 people were in line when the ride opened.
The ride experienced a relative low in the number of people in line
5.3 hours after the ride opened and two relative peaks in the number
of people in line 1.4 hours and 9.9 hours after it opened.
The number of people in line was negative but increasing until a half
hour before the ride opened, positive and increasing from a half hour
before the ride opened until 1.4 hours after it opened and again from
5.3 hours after the ride opened until 9.9 hours after it opened,
negative and decreasing after the ride has been open for 12 hours,
and positive but decreasing from 1.4 hours after the ride opened until
5.3 hours after it opened and again from 9.9 hours after the ride
opened until 12 hours after the ride opened.
The graph indicates a period where there is a negative number of
people in line. Because it is not possible to have a negative number of
people, this graph appears to only model the number of people in line
for the ride from a half hour before the ride opened until 12 hours after
it opened.
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 195 15/04/19 11:05 AM

Check
MARINE LIFE The path of a dolphin jumping out of the ocean can be
modeled with a symmetric function.
Part A W
hich graph(s) could be used to show the height of a dolphin
above the water y as a function of time since it emerged from
the water x?
Positive: between 0 and 8 seconds
Negative: for time less than 0 seconds and greater than

8 seconds
Decreasing: for time greater than 4 seconds

Math History
Minute
Relative Maximum: at 4 seconds
Sometimes the
coordinate plane is End Behavior: A
s x increases and decreases, the value of
referred to as the
y decreases.
Cartesian plane. It is
named for French
Symmetry: T
he right half of the graph is the mirror image of
mathematician
the left half in approximately the line x = 4.
Rene Descartes
(1596–1650), who is A. Time v. Height B. Time v. Height
known as the father of y y
analytical geometry,
Height Above Water (ft)

15 5
the bridge between
algebra and geometry. 10
O 2 4 6 8 x
5 −5
−10
O 2 4 6 8 x
−5 −15
Time Since Emerging (s) Time Since Emerging (s)
C. Time v. Height D. Time v. Height

y y
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
O 2 4 6 8 x O 2 4 6 8 x
Time Since Emerging (s) Time Since Emerging (s)
Part B Negative x-values represent ?

and negative y-values represent ?
.
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 196 17/04/19 1:49 PM

Example 4 Compare Properties of Functions
TENNIS Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in tennis to track the
path of the ball. It is used as an officiating aid to locate the landing
spot of a tennis ball when players challenge a call. Use the description
and graph of a player’s forehand and backhand shots to compare the Talk About It!
paths of the two shots if y is the vertical height and x is the distance. Compare the intervals
over which each shot is
Forehand Backhand positive and/or
10 y negative. Does this
During the forehand, the ball
make sense in the
leaves the player’s racquet at a 8 context of the situation?
height of 2.8 feet and travels Explain your reasoning.
Height (ft)
29 feet, when it reaches a height 6
of about 10 feet. Then, the height
4
of the ball decreases until it hits
the ground 58 feet from where 2
it was hit.
x
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance (ft)
Forehand Backhand
x-intercept 58 70
y-intercept 2.8 2.5
Extrema maximum height of maximum height of
10 feet when x = 29. 7 feet when x = 35.
Increasing and increases to a height of increases to a height of
Decreasing 10 feet from x = 0 to 7 feet from x = 0 to
x = 29 and then x = 35 and then
decreases from x = 29 decreases from x = 35
to x = 58 to a height of to x = 70 to a height of
0 feet. 0 feet.
x-intercept
The tennis ball travels 12 feet farther during the backhand shot.
y-intercept
The y-intercepts of the two functions mean that the tennis ball is about
0.3 foot higher at the beginning of the forehand shot.
Extrema
The maximum height of the tennis ball is 3 feet higher during the
forehand shot.
Increasing and Decreasing
The height of the tennis ball increases over a shorter interval during
the forehand shot, but it reaches a higher maximum height. This means
that the tennis ball increases at a faster rate during the forehand.
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 197 15/04/19 11:05 AM

Check
CARS Use the description and graph to compare the fuel economy of
two cars, where y is the fuel efficiency in miles per gallon and x is the
speed in miles per hour.
Car A Car B
The fuel efficiency increases for 100
speeds up to 25 mph when it
Fuel Efficiency (mpg)

80
reaches a relative maximum
efficiency of 53 mpg. The fuel 60
efficiency then decreases for
speeds between 25 mph and 40
41 mph, when it gets down to
20
37 mpg. Above 41 mph, efficiency
increases again until it reaches
0 20 40 60 80 100
48 mpg at 60 mph. Finally, the
Speed (mph)
fuel efficiency rapidly decreases
for speeds greater than 60 mph
until leveling off at 17 mpg.
Which statements about the fuel efficiencies of the two cars are true?
Select all that apply.
A. Car A has the greatest maximum fuel efficiency.
B. Car B has more relative maximum fuel efficiencies than Car A.
C. A
s speed increases, Car A levels off at a greater fuel efficiency
than Car B.
D. Both cars get 0 mpg when they are traveling at 0 mph.
E. Car A has the least relative minimum fuel efficiency.
F. B
oth cars increase in fuel efficiency for speeds between 0 mph
and about 13 mph.
G. Neither car reaches fuel efficiency below 0 mpg.
Pause and Reflect

deal with it?
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 198 15/04/19 11:05 AM

Practice
Example 1
1. SAVINGS David is saving money to buy a new car. The amount David’s Savings for Car
he saves can be represented by a function. Sketch a graph that 2200
shows the amount in savings y, in dollars, as a function of time

2000
x, in weeks.
x-Intercept: none 1800
Savings ($)
y-Intercept: $1400 1600
Linear or Nonlinear: The graph of the function is linear. 1400

1200
Increasing: for time greater than 0
0
End Behavior: As the number of weeks he has saved 2 4 6 8 10
increases, the amount saved increases. Weeks
2. SWIMMING Yukio is keeping track of the number of calories she Calories Burned
burns while swimming freestyle laps. The number of calories she Swimming
2800
burns can be represented by a function. Sketch a graph that shows 2400
the number of calories burned y as a function of time x, in hours.
Calories (kC)
2000
1600
y-Intercept: No calories burned when she has swum for 0 hours.
1200
Linear or Nonlinear: The graph of the function is linear. 800
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Increasing: for time greater than 0 Time (h)
End Behavior: As the number of hours she has swum increases, the
number of calories burned increases.
Example 2
3. FOOTBALL The flight of a football thrown by a quarterback can be 10
9
represented by a function. Sketch a nonlinear graph that shows
Height of Football (ft)
8
the height of a football y, in feet, as a function of time x, in seconds. 7
Positive: between 0 seconds and 5 seconds 6
5
Negative: none 4
3
Increasing: for time less than 2 seconds 2
Decreasing: for time greater than 2 seconds 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Relative Maximum: at 2 seconds, when the height of the football
Time (s)
is 9 feet
End Behavior: As time increases or decreases, the height of the football decreases.
Symmetry: The height of the football for time less than 2 seconds is the same as
the height for time greater than 2 seconds.
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 199 15/04/19 11:05 AM

4. FISH The height of a fish compared to sea level as it jumps out of the ocean water
can be represented by a function. Sketch a nonlinear graph that shows the height
of a fish y, in inches, as a function of time x, in seconds. Interpret the key features.
Positive: between 2 seconds and 8 seconds 10
9
Negative: for time less than 2 seconds and greater than 8 seconds 8
Height of Fish (in.)

Increasing: for time less than 5 seconds 7
6
Decreasing: for time greater 5 seconds 5
Relative Maximum: at 5 seconds, when the height of the fish is 4
3
9 inches
2
End Behavior: As time increases or decreases, the height of the 1
fish decreases. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Symmetry: The height of the fish for time less than 5 seconds is Time (s)
the same as the height for time greater than 5 seconds.
Example 3
5. TECHNOLOGY The results of a poll that asks Americans whether they used the
Internet yesterday can be modeled as a function. Sketch a graph that shows the
number of people polled that responded yes to the survey y as a function of
time x, months since January 2005.
Did You Use
Positive: time greater than 0 months the Internet Yesterday?
Yes Responses
Negative: none 70
Increasing: for all time greater than 0 months
60
Decreasing: none
Intercepts: The graph intersects the y-axis at about (0, 60). 0 12 24 36 48 60
Extrema: none Months Since January 2005
End Behavior: As x increases, y increases. The data represent people, so the

maximum it could ever reach is the maximum number of people surveyed.
6. MUSIC The results of a poll that asks Americans whether they have listened to
online music can be modeled as a function. Sketch a graph that shows the
number of people polled that have listened online y as a function of time x,
months since August 2000. Interpret the key features.
Online Music
60
Positive: time greater than 0 months
Have Listened
Negative: none 40
Online
Increasing: between 0 months and 20 months, greater than about

20
75 months
Decreasing: between 20 months and about 75 months 0 40 80 120
Intercepts: The graph intersects the y-axis at about (0, 37). Months Since
August 2000
Relative Minimum: at about (75, 31)
Relative Maximum: at about (20, 39)
End Behavior: As x decreases, y decreases. As x increases, y increases. The
data represent people, so the maximum it could ever reach is the maximum
number of people surveyed.
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 200 15/04/19 11:05 AM

Example 4
7. INTERNET Use the description and graph to compare Internet use at home and
Internet use away from home, where y is the number of people polled, in
thousands, that use the Internet several times a day and x is the number of
months since March 2004. Use the description and graph to compare Internet
use at home and Internet use away from home since March 2004.
Internet Use at Home Internet Use Away from Home

About 10,000 of those polled used the How often do you use
Internet at home in March 2004. The the Internet away from home?
12
number of users decreased to 7000 at
36 months since March 2004. The 10
Several Times a Day

number of users continued to increase
after 36 months since March 2004. 8
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Months Since March 2004
8. SPENDING Use the description and graph to compare the amount of U.S. spending
on electronics and education, where y is the amount spent in billions and x is the
number of years since 1949. Write statements to compare U.S. spending on
electronics and education since 1949.
U.S. Electronic Spending U.S. Education Spending

In 1949 the U.S. spent $0 on electronics. U.S. Education Spending
1000
Twenty years after 1949, the U.S. spent
Spending (billions of $)
about $4 billion on electronic. Thirty 800

years after 1949, the U.S. spent about
$3 billon on electronics. Seventy years 600
after 1949, the U.S. spent about $7.5
400
billon on electronics and continues
to increase. 200
0 20 40 60
Years Since 1949
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 201 15/04/19 11:05 AM

Mixed Exercises
The costume department of a theatre company is making cone-shaped hats for
a play set in medieval times. Each hat will be covered with satin over its entire
lateral surface area inside and out. The slant height of each hat will remain
constant at 20 inches, but the radius of the base will vary to accommodate
different head sizes. Using 3.14 for π, the lateral area of the hat can be expressed
as a function. Use this information for Exercises 9–11.
9. USE A MODEL Sketch a graph that shows the lateral area of the hat
y, square inches, as a function of the radius of its base x, in inches.
y-Intercept: No lateral area when the radius of its base is 0 inches.
Linear or Nonlinear: The graph of the function is linear.
Positive: for radius of a base greater than 0
Increasing: for radius of a base greater than 0
End Behavior: As the radius of the base increases, the lateral
area increases.
10. REASONING Write a function y for the lateral area of the hat as a
function of the radius of its base, x. (Hint: The formula for the lateral area of a
cone is y = πrx.)
11. USE TOOLS Enter the function into your graphing calculator. Press WINDOW and
enter the following settings: Xmin: −10; Xmax: 10; Ymin: −1000; Ymax: 1000.
Then press GRAPH. Compare the graph on the calculator to the graph you
sketched in Exercise 9.

Aidan buys used bicycles, fixes them up, and sells them. His average cost to buy
and fix each bicycle is $47. He also incurred a one-time cost of $840 to purchase
tools and a small shed to use as his workshop. He sells bikes for $75 each. Use
this information for Exercises 12–15.
12. WRITE Write revenue and cost functions R(x) and C(x) for Aidan’s situation,
where x is the number of bicycles. How do you include the one-time cost in C(x)?
13. WRITE Write a profit function P(x) such that P(x) = R(x) − C(x). In words, what
does P(x) represent?
14. PERSEVERE List key features for the profit function P(x). Then use the key features
to sketch a graph that shows the profit P(x) as a function of x bicycles.
15. ANALYZE Which key feature of the graph represents Aidan’s break-even point
(profit = 0)? Explain how to use your graph to find the most accurate value for
this feature.
16. CREATE Research the population in your state over a 10-year period. Sketch a
graph to model the data. Then list the key feature of the graph.
191_202_RM_INT1_S_M03_L06_700687.indd 202 17/04/19 7:00 PM

Module 3 • Relations and Functions
Review
Essential Question
Why are representations of relations and functions useful?
Relations and functions can help you visualize relationships between quantities. They can also
be used to display data, identify trends, and make predictions.
Module Summary • Points that are the locations of relatively high or

low function values are called extrema.
Lesson 3-1
• A point is a relative minimum when no other
Representing Relations nearby point has a lesser y-coordinate.
• A relation is a set of ordered pairs. • A point is a relative maximum when no other
• Relations can be shown with ordered pairs, with nearby point has a greater y-coordinate.
a table, with a graph, or with a mapping.
Lesson 3-6
Lesson 3-2 Sketching and Using Graphs
Functions • Knowing the intercepts, symmetry, end behavior,
• A function is a relationship between input and and extrema of a function as well as intervals
output. In a function, there is exactly one output where the function is increasing, decreasing,
for each input. positive, or negative provides a clear idea of
what the graph of the function looks like.
• If a vertical line intersects the graph of a relation
more than once, then the relation is not a • Equations can be solving by graphing related
function. functions.
• Function notation is a way of writing an equation
so that y = f(x). Study Organizer
Foldables
Lesson 3-3 through 3-5 Use your Foldable to review Less on
Interpreting Graphs this module. Working with o
3-1 n Less
3- 4
a partner can be helpful. Ask
• A discrete function is a set of points that are not
for clarification of concepts
connected. A continuous function has points that Less
as needed. on
connect to form a line or curve. o
3-2 n Less
3- 5
• The x-intercept of a graph is the point where the
graph intersects the x-axis. The y-intercept of a
graph is the point where the graph intersects the Les on
y-axis.
so
3-3 n Less
3-6
• A figure has line symmetry if each half of the
figure matches the other side exactly.
• A function is increasing where the graph goes
up and decreasing where the graph goes down
when viewed from left to right.
Module 3 Review • Relations and Functions 203

Test Practice
1. MULTI-SELECT The table and graph show the 2. MULTIPLE CHOICE The Hillsborough State
number of pounds of bananas sold at a local Park in Thonotosassa, Florida, charges an
grocery store from 2013 to 2018. (Lesson 3-1) admission fee of $4 plus a camping fee of
$20 per night. This can be represented by
x y
the function f(x) = 20x + 4, where f(x) is the
0 40 total cost and x is the number of nights spent
1 60 camping. What is the value of f(5), which is
2 55 the cost of 5 nights camping? (Lesson 3-2)
3 25 A. 80
4 30 B. 100
5 50
C. 104
Number of Pounds D. 120
of Bananas Sold
y
70
60
50 3. MULTIPLE CHOICE If f(x) = −9x + 8, then find
40 f(−2). (Lesson 3-2)
30
20 A. -84
10
B. -8
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
C. 26
Which of the following statements correctly
D. 100
describes the relation? Select all that apply.
A. The x-axis has a scale mark of
1 mark = 1 pound of bananas.
4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which function includes
B. The x-axis has a scale mark of the data set below?
1 mark = 1 year.
{(2, −2), (6, 10), (13, 31)} (Lesson 3-2)
C. The x-axis represents the years 1
A. f(x) = __
  2 x - 3
since 2013.
B. f(x) = -2x + 2
D. The x-axis represents the number of
pounds of bananas sold. C. f(x) = 3x - 8
E. The y-axis represents the years D. f(x) = 4x - 10
since 2013.
F. The y-axis represents the number of
pounds of bananas sold. 5. OPEN RESPONSE Determine whether the
G. The y-axis has a scale mark of relation shown in the table is a function.
1 mark = 10 years. Explain. (Lesson 3-2)
Domain −4 2 −4 5
Range 8 11 13 13
204 Module 3 Review • Relations and Functions

6. OPEN RESPONSE Indicate whether each of 8. OPEN RESPONSE The graph shows the
the following relations are functions. relationship between the number of Fun Pass
(Lesson 3-2) tickets sold and the total value of the sales.
Use the graph to estimate the x- and
A. y B. y
6 6 y-intercepts of the function, where the
4 4
2 function is positive and negative, and
−6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6x −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6x interpret the meanings in the context of the
−4 −4
situation. (Lesson 3-4)
−6 −6
Fun Pass Sales
C. D.
(hundreds of $)
y y
Value of Sales
6 6 25
4 4 20
2 2 15
−6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6x −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6x 10
−4 −4 5
−6 −6 0 20 40 60 80 100
Number Sold
7. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the domain of this

function? (Lesson 3-3)
9. OPEN RESPONSE What are the intercepts for
y
the equation y = -x - 1 graphed below?
(Lesson 3-4)
O x
O x
A. -4 < x < 1.5

B. -4 ≤ x ≤ 1.5
C. -6 < y < 6
D. -6 ≤ y ≤ 6
Module 3 Review • Relations and Functions 205

10. OPEN RESPONSE A piece of art is in the 12. MULTIPLE CHOICE Suppose the graph of a
shape of an arch. It is modeled by a function function is increasing to the left of x = 2 and
where x is the width in feet of the arch and y decreasing to the right of x = 2. Which
is the height in feet. The table shows the describes the point at x = 2?
relationship of x to y. (Lesson 3-4) (Lesson 3-5)
x y A. Unless you know the y-coordinate of the

-2 0 point you cannot say anything about the
-1 6 point at x = 2.
0 8 B. It is an x-intercept.
1 6
C. It is a relative minimum.
2 0
D. It is a relative maximum.
Write the y-intercept as an ordered pair and
interpret its meaning in the real-world 13. OPEN RESPONSE Use the description and
context. graph to compare the population data for
Ohio and Florida, where y is the population
in millions and x is the number of decades
since 1900. Write statements about the
populations of Ohio and Florida since 1900.
11. OPEN RESPONSE A garden supply store
(Lesson 3-6)
manager found that if she used a certain
function she could determine the best price Florida Population since 1900
to charge for the shovels she sells to 18
maximize the revenue. The graph 17
represents the revenue ($) y of the store at 16
x price ($) per shovel. Use the graph to find 15
and interpret the symmetry of the function 14
Population (in millions)
13
in the context of the situation. (Lesson 3-4)
12
2000 11
10
1600 9
8
Revenue ($)
1200 7
6
800 5
4
400 3
2
1
0 20 40 60 80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Price per Shovel ($)
Decades since 1900
Symmetry: The graph is symmetric in the Ohio Population since 1900
line x = ? . In 1900 the population of Ohio was about 4.2 million.
Between 1900 and 1950, the population of Ohio nearly
Interpret symmetry: The revenue gained doubled to about 8 million. Then between 1950 and
when a shovel is sold for $20 is the same as 2000, the population of Ohio grew to approximately
it is when a shovel is sold for $ ? . 11.4 million. Beyond 2000, the population of Ohio
continues to gradually increase.
206 Module 3 Review • Relations and Functions

Module 4
Linear and Nonlinear Functions
Essential Question
What can a function tell you about the relationship that it represents?

KEY Before After
graph linear equations by using a table

graph linear equations by using intercepts
find rates of change
determine slopes of linear equations
write linear equations in slope-intercept form
graph linear functions in slope-intercept form
translate, dilate, and reflect linear functions
identify and find missing terms in arithmetic sequences
write arithmetic sequences as linear functions
model and use piecewise functions, step functions,
and absolute value functions
translate absolute value functions
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about functions. Begin with
five sheets of grid paper. 1 2
1. Fold five sheets of grid paper in half from top to bottom.

2. Cut along fold. Staple the eight half-sheets together to
form a booklet.
3. Cut tabs into margin. The top tab is 4 lines wide, the next 3 4
tab is 8 lines wide, and so on. When you reach the bottom 4-1-4-3
of a sheet, start the next tab at the top of the page. 4-4
4-5
4. Label each tab with a lesson number. Use the extra 4-6-4-7
pages for vocabulary.
Module 4 • Linear and Nonlinear Functions 207

• absolute value function • identity function • slope
• arithmetic sequence • n
th term of an arithmetic • slope-intercept form
• common difference sequence • step function
• constant function • piecewise-defined function • translation
• dilation • rate of change
• greatest integer function • reflection
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Graph A(3, –2) on a coordinate grid. Solve x − 2y = 8 for y.
y
Start at the origin. Since x − 2y = 8 Original expression
the x-coordinate is x − x − 2y = 8 − x Subtract x from each side.
positive, move 3 units to
3 −2y = 8 − x Simplify.
the right. Then move O x − 2y 8−x
2 units down since the 2  ____ ____
− 2 =   − 2 Divide each side by −2.
y-coordinate is negative. A 1
y = __
  2 x − 4 Simplify.
Draw a dot and label it A.
Quick Check
Graph and label each point on the Solve each equation for y.
coordinate plane.
7. 3x + y = 1 8. 8 − y = x
1. B(−3, 3) 2. C(−2, 1) 3. D(3, 0)
9. 5x − 2y = 12 10. 3x + 4y = 10
4. E(−5, −4) 5. F(0, −3) 6. G(2, −1)
1 y+1
11. 3 − __
  2 y = 5x 12.  ____
3 = x + 2
How did you do?

208 Module 4 • Linear and Nonlinear Functions

Lesson 4-1
Graphing Linear Functions

Today’s Goals
● Graph linear functions
Explore Points on a Line by making tables of
values.
Online Activity Use an interactive tool to complete an Explore. ● Graph linear functions
by using the x- and
y-intercepts.
INQUIRY How is the graph of a linear
equation related to its solutions?
Learn Graphing Linear Functions by Using Tables

A table of values can be used to graph a linear equation. Every
ordered pair that makes the equation true represents a point on its
graph. So, the graph of an equation represents all its solutions. Talk About It!
What values of x might
be easiest to use when
Example 1 Graph by Making a Table graphing a linear
Graph -2x - 3 = y by making a table. equation when the
x-coefficient is a whole
Step 1 Choose any values of x number? Justify your
x -2x - 3 y (x, y)
from the domain and argument.
make a table. -4 -2(-4) -3 5 (-4, 5)
-2 -2(-2) -3 1 (-2, 1)
Step 2 Substitute each x-value
into the equation to 0 -2(0) -3 -3 (0, -3)
find the corresponding 1 -2(1) -3 -5 (1, -5)
y-value. Then, write the 3 -2(3) -3 -9 (3, -9)
x- and y-values as an
ordered pair.
Step 3 Graph the ordered pairs in the table and connect them with a line.
y
8
6 Study Tip
4 Exactness Although
2
only two points are
−8−6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
needed to graph a
−4 linear function, choosing
−6
−8
three to five x-values
that are spaced out can
verify that your graph is
correct.
Lesson 4-1 • Graphing Linear Functions 209
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 209 15/04/19 11:26 AM

Check
Graph y = 2x + 5 by using a table. Copy and complete the table. Then
graph the function.
x y
-5
-3
-1
0
2
Think About It!

What are some values Example 2 Choose Appropriate Domain Values
of x that you might 1
Graph y = __
  4 x + 3 by making a table.
choose in order to
1
graph y = _   7 x - 12? Step 1 Make a table.
x
1
__
4 x + 3 y (x, y)
Step 2 Find the y-values. -8 _
  4 (-8) + 3
1
1 (-8, 1)
Step 3 Graph the ordered _ 1
-4   4 (-4) + 3 2 (-4, 2)
pairs in the table and
_ 1
connect them with 0   4 (0) + 3 3 (0, 3)
a line. _ 1
4   4 (4) + 3 4 (4, 4)
_ 1
8   4 (8) + 3 5 (8, 5)
y
Watch Out! 8
6
Equivalent Equations 4
Sometimes, the 2
variables are on the −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
same side of the equal −4
sign. Rewrite these −6
equations by solving −8
for y to make it easier

to find values for y.
Check
3
Graph y = __
 5 x - 2 by making a table. Copy and complete the table.
x y
-10
-5
0
5
10
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 210 15/04/19 11:26 AM

Example 3 Graph y = a Think About It!
Graph y = 5 by making a table. In general, what does
the graph of an
x 0x + 5 y (x, y) equation of the form
y = 0x + 5 y = a, where a is any
-2 0(-2) + 5 5 (-2, 5)
Step 2 Make a table. real number, look like?
-1 0(-1) + 5 5 (-1, 5)
0 0(0) + 5 5 (0, 5)
1 0(1) + 5 5 (1, 5)
2 0(2) + 5 5 (2, 5)
Step 3 Graph the line. y

8
The graph of y = 5 is a 6
4
horizontal line through (x, 5) 2
for all values of x in the domain. −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
−4
−6
−8
Example 4 Graph x = a
Graph x = -2.
You learned in the previous example that the graphs of functions of Think About It!
the form y = a are horizontal lines. Graphs of functions of the form Is the graph of x = a
x = a are vertical lines. a function? Why or
why not?
The graph of x = −2 is a vertical y
line through (−2, y ) for all real
values of y. Graph ordered pairs
that have x-coordinates of -2 and
O x
connect them with a vertical line.
Check
Graph x = 6.
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 211 15/04/19 11:26 AM

Explore Lines Through Two Points
Go Online Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete an Explore.

to see how to graph INQUIRY How many lines can be formed
linear functions. with two given points?
Think About It!

Why are the x- and
Learn Graphing Linear Functions by Using
y-intercepts easy the Intercepts
to find?
You can graph a linear equation given only two points on the line.
Using the x- and y-intercepts is common because they are easy to
find. The intercepts provide the ordered pairs of two points through
which the graph of the linear equation passes.
Example 5 Graph by Using Intercepts

Graph -x + 2y = 8 by using the x- and y-intercepts.
Think About It!
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
What does a line that
only has an x-intercept -x + 2y = 8 Original equation
look like? a line that
-x + 2(0) = 8 Replace y with 0.
only has a y-intercept?
-x = 8 Simplify.
x = -8 Divide.
This means that the graph intersects the x-axis at (-8, 0).
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
-x + 2y = 8 Original equation
-0 + 2y = 8 Replace x with 0.
2y = 8 Simplify.
y=4 Divide.
Study Tip This means that the graph intersects the y-axis at (0, 4).
y
Tools When drawing Graph the equation. 5
lines by hand, it is 4
Step 1 Graph the x-intercept. 3
helpful to use a 2
straightedge or a ruler. Step 2 Graph the y-intercept. 1
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 x
Step 3 Draw a line through the points.
−2
−3
−4
−5
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 212 15/04/19 11:26 AM

Check
Graph 4y = -12x + 36 by using
the x- and y- intercepts.
x-intercept: ?
y-intercept: ?
Example 6 Use Intercepts

PETS Angelina bought a 15-pound bag of food for her dog. The bag
1 5 Go Online
contains about 60 cups of food, and she feeds her dog 2 __ 2  or __
  2  cups of
food per day. The function y + __
5
  2 x = 60 represents the amount of food You can watch a video
to see how to use a
left in the bag y after x days. Graph the amount of dog food left in the
graphing calculator
bag as a function of time.
with this example.
Part A
Find the x- and y-intercepts and interpret their meaning in the
context of the situation.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
5
y + __
  2 x = 60 Original equation
5
0 + __
  2 x = 60 Replace y with 0.
__ 5
  2 x = 60 Simplify.
2
x = 24 Multiply each side by __
5 .
The x-intercept is 24. This means that the graph intersects the x-axis at
(24, 0). So, after 24 days, there is no dog food left in the bag.
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
5 Think About It!
y + __
  2 x = 60 Original equation
Find another point on
y + __
5
  2 (0) = 60 Replace x with 0. the graph. What does it
mean in the context of
y = 60 Simplify. the problem?
The y-intercept is 60. This means that the graph intersects the y-axis at
(0, 60). So, after 0 days, there are 60 cups of food in the bag.
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 213 17/04/19 7:06 PM

Part B
Think About It! Graph the equation by using the intercepts.
What assumptions did
y
you make about the 90
amount of food 80
70
Angelina feeds her 60
dog each day? 50
40
30
20
10
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 x
Check
PEANUTS A farm produces about 4362 pounds of peanuts per acre.
2
One cup of peanut butter requires about __  3 pound of peanuts. If one
acre of peanuts is harvested to make peanut butter, the function
2
y = - __
3 x + 4362 represents the pounds of peanuts remaining y after
x cups of peanut butter are made.
x-intercept: ?
y-intercept: ?
Which graph uses the x- and y-intercepts to correctly graph the

Go Online
equation?
to see how to graph a A. B.
linear function using a Peanut Farming Peanut Farming
graphing calculator.
6000 6000
Peanuts (lb)
Peanuts (lb)
Amount of
Amount of
4000 4000
2000 2000
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
Amount of Amount of
Peanut Butter (c) Peanut Butter (c)
C. D.
Peanut Farming Peanut Farming
6000 6000
Peanuts (lb)
Peanuts (lb)
Amount of
Amount of
4000 4000
2000 2000
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
Amount of Amount of
Peanut Butter (c) Peanut Butter (c)
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 214 17/04/19 7:06 PM

Practice
Examples 1 through 4
Graph each equation by making a table.
1. x = -2 2. y = −4
3. y = -8x 4. 3x = y
5. y - 8 = -x 6. x = 10 − y
1 1
7. y = __
  2 x + 1 8. y + 2 = _
  4 x
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 215 15/04/19 11:26 AM

Example 5
Graph each equation by using the x-and y-intercepts.
9. y = 4 + 2x 10. 5 - y = -3x 11. x = 5y + 5
12. x + y = 4 13. x - y = -3 14. y = 8 - 6x
Example 6
15. SCHOOL LUNCH Amanda has $210 in her school lunch account.
She spends $35 each week on school lunches. The equation
y = 210 - 35x represents the total amount in Amanda’s school
lunch account y for x weeks of purchasing lunches.
a. Find the x- and y-intercepts and interpret their meaning in the
b. Graph the equation by using the intercepts.
16. SHIPPING The OOCL Shenzhen, one of the world’s largest

container ships, carries 8063 TEUs (1280-cubic-feet containers).
Workers can unload a ship at a rate of 1 TEU every minute. The
equation y = 8063 - 60x represents the number of TEUs on the
ship y after x hours of the workers unloading the containers from
the Shenzhen.
a. Find the x- and y-intercepts and interpret their meaning in the
b. Graph the equation by using the intercepts.
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 216 15/04/19 11:26 AM

Mixed Exercises
Graph each equation.
17. 1.25x + 7.5 = y 18. 2x - 3 = 4y + 6 19. 3y - 7 = 4x + 1

Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the graph of each equation.
20. 5x + 3y = 15 21. 2x − 7y = 14
22. 2x − 3y = 5 23. 6x + 2y = 8
1 2
24. y = _
  4  x − 3 25. y = __
  3  x + 1
26. HEIGHT The height of a woman can be predicted by the equation h = 81.2 + 3.34r,
where h is her height in centimeters and r is the length of her radius bone in
centimeters.
a. Is this a linear function? Explain.
b. What are the r- and h-intercepts of the equation? Do they make sense in the
situation? Explain.
c. Graph the equation by using the intercepts.
d. Use the graph to find the approximate height of a woman whose radius bone
is 25 centimeters long.
27. TOWING Pick-M-Up Towing Company charges $40 to hook a car and $1.70 for each
mile that it is towed. Write an equation that represents the total cost y for x miles
towed. Graph the equation. Find the y-intercept, and interpret its meaning in the
28. USE A MODEL Elias has $18 to spend on peanuts and pretzels for a party. Peanuts
cost $3 per pound and pretzels cost $2 per pound. Write an equation that relates
the number of pounds of pretzels y and the number of pounds of peanuts x.
Graph the equation. Find the x- and y-intercepts. What does each intercept
represent in terms of context?
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 217 15/04/19 11:26 AM

29. REASONING One football season, a football team won 4 more games than they
lost. The function y = x + 4 represents the number of games won y and the
number of games lost x. Find the x- and y-intercepts. Are the x- and y-intercepts
reasonable in this situation? Explain.

30. WRITE Consider real-world situations that can be modeled by linear functions.
a. Write a real-world situation that can be modeled by a linear function.
b. W
rite an equation to model your real-world situation. Be sure to define
variables. Then find the x- and y-intercepts. What does each intercept represent
in your context?
c. Graph your equation by making a table. Include a title for the graph as well as
labels and titles for each axis. Explain how you labeled the x- and y-axes. State a
reasonable domain for this situation. What does the domain represent?
31. FIND THE ERROR Geroy claims that every line has both an x- and a y-intercept. Is
he correct? Explain your reasoning.
32. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which equation does not belong with the other
equations? Justify your conclusion.
y = 2 – 3x 5x = y – 4 y = 2x + 5 y–4=0
33. ANALYZE Robert sketched a graph of a linear equation 2x + y = 4. What

y
are the x- and y-intercepts of the graph? Explain how Robert could have
graphed this equation using the x- and y-intercepts.
O x
34. ANALYZE Compare and contrast the graph of y = 2x + 1 with the domain
{1, 2, 3, 4} and y = 2x + 1 with the domain all real numbers.
CREATE Give an example of a linear equation in the form Ax + By = C for each

condition. Then describe the graph of the equation.
35. A = 0 36. B = 0 37. C = 0
209_218_RM_INT1_S_M04_L01_700687.indd 218 15/04/19 11:26 AM

Lesson 4-2
Rate of Change and Slope

Learn Rate of Change of a Linear Function Today’s Goals
● Calculate and interpret
The rate of change is how a quantity is changing with respect to a rate of change.
change in another quantity. ● Calculate and interpret
slope.
If x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable, then
change in y
rate of change = ________
  change in x . Today’s Vocabulary
rate of change
slope
Example 1 Find the Rate of Change
COOKING Find the rate of change of the function by using two Think About It!
points from the table. Suppose you found a
Amount of Pancakes change in y new recipe that makes
rate of change = ________
  change in x 6 pancakes when
Flour x (cups) y
change in pancakes using 2 cups of flour,
2 12 = ______________
  change
      in flour 12 pancakes when
4 24 using 4 cups of flour,
24 - 12
= ______
  4 - 2 and 18 pancakes when
6 36 using 6 cups of flour.
12 6
= __ __
2 or  1
How does this change
6 the rate you found for
The rate is  __
1 or 6. This means that you could make 6 pancakes for the original recipe?
each cup of flour.
Check
Find the rate of change.
? dollars
_____
gallons Amount of Cost
Gasoline (Dollars)
Purchased
(Gallons)
4.75 15.77
6 19.92
Study Tip
7.25 24.07 Placement Be sure that
the dependent variable
8.5 28.22
is in the numerator and
the independent
variable is in the
denominator. In this
example, the number of
pancakes you can make
depends on the amount
of flour you can use.
Lesson 4-2 • Rate of Change and Slope 219
219_228_RM_INT1_S_M04_L02_700687.indd 219 15/04/19 11:30 AM

Example 2 Compare Rates of Change
STUDENT COUNCIL The Jackson High School Student Council
Think About It! budget varies based on the fundraising of the previous year.
How is a greater Part A Find the rate of Jackson High School
increase or decrease change for 2000–2005 and Student Council Budget
of funds represented describe its meaning in the 1675
graphically? context of the situation.
2000 1550
1350
change in budget 1500
Dollars
____________
   
  
change in time =
1000
1675 - 1350 325
 __________ ___ 1325
  
2005 - 2000 =   5 , or 65
500
This means that the student
council’s budget increased by 0
0 2000 2005 2010 2015
$325 over the 5-year period, Years
Study Tip
with a rate of change of $65
Assumptions In this per year.
example, we assumed
that the rate of change Part B Find the rate of change for 2010–2015 and describe its
for the budget was meaning in the context of the situation.
constant between each change in budget
____________ 1325 - 1550
_________ _____
-225
5 year period. Although    
  
change in time =   2015 - 2010 =   5 , or = -45
the budget might have
varied from year to This means that the student council’s budget was reduced by $225
year, analyzing in larger over the 5-year period, with a rate of change of -$45 per year.
periods of time allows
us to see trends within
data.
Check
TICKETS The graph Miami Dolphins Average Ticket Prices
shows the average ticket 71.14
70.54
prices for the Miami
70
Dolphins football team.
Cost (Dollars)
71.14
70.32
Part A Find the rate of 68
change in ticket prices
66
between 2009–2010. 66.74
65.16
? dollars
_____ 66.11
year
64
0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Part B The ticket prices Year
have the greatest rate of
change between ?
Part C Between ? and ? , the rate of change

is negative.
219_228_RM_INT1_S_M04_L02_700687.indd 220 15/04/19 11:30 AM

Example 3 Constant Rate of Change
Determine whether the function is linear. If it is,
x y
state the rate of change.
11 -5
Find the changes in the x-values and the changes
in the y-values. 8 -3
5 -1
Notice that the rate of change for each pair of
2 2 1
points shown is - ___
3 .
-1 3
The rates of change are constant, so the
2
function is linear. The rate of change is - ___
3 .
Example 4 Rate of Change Study Tip

x y
Determine whether the function is linear. If it is, Linear Versus Not
state the rate of change. 22 -4 Linear Remember that
the word linear means
Find the changes in the x-values and the changes 29 -1
that the graph of the
in the y-values. 36 1 function is a straight
43 4 line. For the graph of a
The rates of change are not constant. Between
function to be a line, it
3 50 6
some pairs of points the rate of change is _
  7 , has to be increasing or
2 decreasing at a
and between the other pairs it is _
  7 . Therefore, this is constant rate.
not a linear function.
Check
Copy and complete the table so that the function is linear.
x y
-2.25
1
11
10.5 7.5
10 10.75
9.5
219_228_RM_INT1_S_M04_L02_700687.indd 221 15/04/19 11:30 AM

Go Online Explore Investigating Slope
to see how to find the Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete an Explore.
slope of a nonvertical
line.
INQUIRY How does slope help to describe
a line?
Think About It!
If the point (1, 3) is on a Learn Slope of a Line
line, what other point
could be on the line to The slope of a line is the rate of change in the y-coordinates (rise) for the
make the slope corresponding change in the x-coordinates (run) for points on the line.
positive? Negative?
Zero? Undefined? Key Concept • Slope
Words The slope of a nonvertical line is the ratio of the rise to the run.
Symbols The slope m of a nonvertical line through any two points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2), can be found as follows.
y2 - y1
m = _____
  x - x
2 1
Example y
x2 - x1
(x 2, y 2)
y2 - y1
Think About It! (x 1, y 1)
Can a line that passes O x

through two specific
points, such as the
origin and (2, 4), have
more than one slope? The slope of a line can show how a quantity changes over time. When
Explain your reasoning. finding the slope of a line that represents a real-world situation, it is
often referred to as the rate of change.
Example 5 Positive Slope

Find the slope of a line that passes through (−3,
4) and (1, 7).
y2 - y1
m = _____
y
(1, 7)   x - x
2 1
7-4
Think About It! = ______
  1 - (-3)
How would lines with (-3, 4)
1
slopes of m = __
  8 and =_
3
  4
m = 80 compare on the
same coordinate plane? O x
Check
Determine the slope of a line passing through the given points. If the
slope is undefined, write undefined. Write your answer as a decimal if
necessary.
(-1, 8) and (7, 10)
219_228_RM_INT1_S_M04_L02_700687.indd 222 15/04/19 11:30 AM

Example 6 Negative Slope
Find the slope of a line that passes through (-1,
3) and (4, 1).
y2 - y1
y m = _____
  x - x
2 1
1-3
(-1, 3)
(4, 1) = ______
  4 - (-1)
2
O x = - __
5
Check Study Tip

Positive and Negative
Determine the slope of a line passing through the given points. If the
Slope To know whether
slope is undefined, write undefined. Write your answer as a decimal if a line has a positive or
necessary. negative slope, read
a. (5, -4) and (0, 1) the graph of the line
just like you would
read a sentence, from
left to right. If the line
Example 7 Slopes of Horizontal Lines “goes uphill,” then the
slope is positive. If the
−5) and (4, -5).
line “goes downhill,”
y2 - y1 then the slope is
m = _____
y
  x - x negative.
2 1
-5 - (-5)
O x = ________
  4 - (-2)
0
= __
  6 or 0
(-2, -5) (4, -5)
Talk About It!

Example 8 Slopes of Vertical Lines Why is the slope for
4) and (-3, -2). vertical lines always
undefined? Justify your
y2 - y1 argument.
m = _____
y
  x - x
(-3, 4) 2 1
-2 - 4
= _______
  -3 - (-3)
6
O x
= - __
0 or undefined
(-3, -2)
219_228_RM_INT1_S_M04_L02_700687.indd 223 15/04/19 11:30 AM

Study Tip
Example 9 Find Coordinates Given the Slope
Converting Slope Find the value of r so that the line passing through (-4, 5) and (4, r)
3
When solving for an has a slope of __
 4 .
unknown coordinate,
like the previous y2 - y1
m = _____
  x - x Use the Slope Formula.
example, converting a 2 1
slope from a decimal or 3 r-5
 _ ______
4 =   4 - (-4) (−4, 5) = (x1, y1) and (4, r) = (x2, y2)
mixed number to an
improper fraction might 3 r-5
 _ ____
4 =   8 Subtract.
make the problem
easier to solve. For
8(r − 5)
8(_
  4 ) = ______
3 Multiply each side by 8.
example, a slope of   8
1. ¯
333can be rewritten
4 6=r−5 Distributive Property
as _   3 .
6+5=r−5+5 Add 5 to each side
11 = r Simplify.
r = 11 Simplify.
Check
Find the value of r so that the line passing through (−3, r) and (7, −6)
2
has a slope of 2 __
5 .
r= ?
Think About It! Example 10 Use Slope

If a crab is walking OCEANS
along the ocean floor What is the
112 meters away from slope of the Continental Shelf
the shoreline to 114 continental
meters away from the slope at
shoreline, how far does (75, –65)
Cape
it descend? 75 m from the shoreline Continental Slope
Hatteras?
65m below the ocean (125, –2700)
surface 125 m from the shoreline
2700 m deep
Oceanic Crust
y2 - y1
m = _____
  x - x Use the Slope Formula
2 1
-2700 - (-65) (75, -65) = (x1, y1) and

= ___________
   
125 - 75 (125, - 2700) = (x2, y2)
= _____
-2635 Simplify.
  50 or -52.7
The continental slope at Cape Hatteras has a slope of -52.7.
219_228_RM_INT1_S_M04_L02_700687.indd 224 15/04/19 11:30 AM

Practice
Example 1
Find the rate of change of the function by using two points from the table.
1. x y 2. x y
5 2 1 15
10 3 2 9
15 4 3 3
20 5 4 -3
3. P
OPULATION DENSITY The table shows the population Population Density
density for the state of Texas in various years. Find the average Year People Per Square Mile
annual rate of change in the population density from 2000 to 1930 22.1
2009. 1960 36.4
4. BAND In 2012, there were approximately 275 students in the 1980 54.3
Delaware High School band. In 2018, that number increased to 2000 79.6
305. Find the annual rate of change in the number of students 2009 96.7
in the band.
Source: Bureau of the Census,
U.S. Dept. of Commerce
Example 2
5. TEMPERATURE The graph shows the temperature in a city 100
during different hours of one day. 90
80
a. F
ind the rate of change in temperature between 6 a.m.
Temperature (°F)
70
and 7 a.m. and describe its meaning in the context of 60
the situation. 50
40
b. F
ind the rate of change in temperature from 1 p.m. and 2 30
20
p.m. and describe its meaning in the context of the
10
situation.
0
AM
AM
AM
PM
PM
12
2
6
10
6. COAL EXPORTS The graph shows the annual coal exports

from U.S. mines in millions of short tons.
100
a. F
ind the rate of change in coal exports between 90
Million Short Tons
2000 and 2002 and describe its meaning in the 80

context of the situation. 70
60 Total Exports
50
40
b. F
ind the rate of change in coal exports between 30
0
2005 and 2006 and describe its meaning in the
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

00
01
02
03
04
05
06
Source: Energy Information Association
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Examples 3 and 4
Determine whether the function is linear. If it is, state the rate of change.
7. x 4 2 0 -2 -4 8. x -7 -5 -3 -1 0
y -1 1 3 5 7 y 11 14 17 20 23
9. x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 10. __ 1 3 5 7 9

-0.2 x   2  __
2
__
  2  __
2
__
  2
y 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.6 __ 1 3 5
y   2 1  __
2 2  __ 2 
Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
11. (4, 3), (-1, 6) 12. (8, -2), (1, 1) 13. (2, 2), (-2, -2)
14. (6, -10), (6, 14) 15. (5, -4), (9, -4) 16. (11, 7), (-6, 2)
17. (-3, 5), (3, 6) 18. (-3, 2), (7, 2) 19. (8, 10), (-4, -6)
20. (-12, 15), (18, -13) 21. (-8, 6), (-8, 4) 22. (-8, -15), (-2, 5)
23. (2, 5), (3, 6) 24. (6, 1), (-6, 1) 25. (4, 6), (4, 8)
26. (-5, -8), (-8, 1) 27. (2, 5), (-3, -5) 28. (9, 8), (7, -8)
29. (5, 2), (5, -2) 30. (10, 0), (-2, 4) 31. (17, 18), (18, 17)
32. (-6, -4), (4, 1) 33. (-3, 10), (-3, 7) 34. (2, -1), (-8, -2)
35. (5, -9), (3, -2) 36. (12, 6), (3, -5) 37. (-4, 5), (-8, -5)
Example 9
Find the value of r so the line that passes through each pair of points has the given slope.
38. (12, 10), (-2, r), m = -4 39. (r, -5), (3, 13), m = 8
3 1
40. (3, 5), (-3, r), m = _
  4 41. (-2, 8), (r, 4), m = - __
2
42. (r, 3), (5, 9), m = 2 43. (5, 9), (r, -3), m = -4
1 3
44. (r, 2), (6, 3), m = __
  2 45. (r, 4), (7, 1), m = _
  4
219_228_RM_INT1_S_M04_L02_700687.indd 226 15/04/19 11:30 AM

Example 10
46. ROAD SIGNS Roadway signs such as the one shown are used to warn drivers
of an upcoming steep down grade. What is the grade, or slope, of the hill
described on the sign?
8%
47. HOME MAINTENANCE Grading the soil around the foundation of a house can
reduce interior home damage from water runoff. For every 6 inches in height, the
soil should extend 10 feet from the foundation. What is the slope of the
soil grade?
48. USE A SOURCE Research the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) regulation for
the slope of a wheelchair ramp. What is the slope of an ADA regulation ramp?
Use the slope to determine the length and height of an ADA regulation ramp.
49. DIVERS A boat is located at sea level. A scuba diver is 80 feet along the surface
of the water from the boat and 30 feet below the water surface. A fish is 20 feet
along the horizontal plane from the scuba diver and 10 feet below the scuba
diver. What is the slope between the scuba diver and fish?
80 ft
30 ft
20 ft
(80, –30) 10 ft
Mixed Exercises
STRUCTURE Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
50. 51. 52.

y y y
(2, 5)
(0, 1)
(3, 1) O x
(0, 1) O (1, −2)
O x (0, 0) x
53. (6, -7), (4, -8) 54. (0, 5), (5, 5) 55. (-2, 6), (-5, 9)
56. (5, 8), (-4, 6) 57. (9, 4), (5, -3) 58. (1, 4), (3, -1)
219_228_RM_INT1_S_M04_L02_700687.indd 227 15/04/19 11:30 AM

59. REASONING Find the value of r that gives the line passing through (3, 2) and
(r, -4) a slope that is undefined.
60. REASONING Find the value of r that gives the line that passing through (-5, 2)
and (3, r) a slope of 0.
61. CREATE Draw a line on a coordinate plane so that you can determine at least two
points on the graph. Describe how you would determine the slope of the graph
and justify the slope you found.
62. ARGUMENTS The graph shows median prices for small Cottage Prices Since 2005
cottages on a lake since 2005. A real estate agent says that 100
since 2005, the rate of change for house prices is $10,000
Price ($ thousand)
each year. Do you agree? Use the graph to justify your
answer.
50
0 5 10
Years since 2005
63. CREATE Use what you know about rate of change to describe the function Time Height of
represented by the table. (wk) Plant (in.)
4 9.0
6 13.5
64. WRITE Explain how the rate of change and slope are related and how to find
the slope of a line. 8 18.0
65. FIND THE ERROR Fern is finding the slope of the line that
passes through (-2, 8) and (4, 6). Determine in which step
she made an error. Explain your reasoning.
6–8
m = –2 –4 Step 1
66. PERSEVERE Find the value of d so that the line that passes
through (a, b) and (c, d) has a slope of __
1
  . –2
2 = Step 2
–6
67. ANALYZE Why is the slope undefined for vertical lines? 1
Explain. = Step 3
3
68. WRITE Tarak wants to find the value of a so that the line
1
that passes through (10, a) and (-2, 8) has a slope of __
 4 .
Explain how Tarak can find the value of a.
219_228_RM_INT1_S_M04_L02_700687.indd 228 15/04/19 11:30 AM

Lesson 4-3
Learn Writing Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept Form Today’s Goals
● Rewrite linear equations
An equation of the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the in slope-intercept form.
y-intercept, is written in slope-intercept form. When an equation is not ● Graph and interpret
in slope-intercept form, it might be easier to rewrite it before graphing. linear functions.
An equation can be rewritten in slope-intercept form by using the
properties of equality.
slope-intercept form
Key Concept • Slope Intercept Form parameter
Words The slope intercept form of a linear equation is y = mx + b, constant function
where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
Example y = mx + b
y = 3x + 2
Think About It!
Explain why the
Example 1 Write Linear Equations in y-intercept of a linear
Slope-Intercept Form equation can be
written as (0, b), where
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line with a slope b is the y-intercept.
4
of __
  7 and a y-intercept of 5.
Write the equation in slope-intercept form.
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form.
y = (_
7 )x + 5
4 4
m=_
  7 , b = 5
4
y=_
  7 x + 5 Simplify.
Check
Write an equation for the line with a slope of −5 and a
y-intercept of 12.
Lesson 4-3 • Slope-Intercept Form 229
229_238_RM_INT1_S_M04_L03_700687.indd 229 15/04/19 11:37 AM

Example 2 Rewrite Linear Equations in
Think About It! Write −22x + 8y = 4 in slope-intercept form.
Can x = 5 be rewritten - 22x + 8y = 4 Original equation
in slope-intercept form?
Justify your argument. −22x + 8y + 22x = 4 + 22x Add 22x to each side.
8y = 22x + 4 Simplify.
8y 22x + 4
 __
8 =  
______
8 Divide each side by 8.
y = 2.75x + 0.5 Simplify.
Check
What is the slope intercept form of −16x − 4y = −56?
Example 3 Write Linear Equations

JOBS The number of job openings in the United States during a
recent year increased by an average of 0.06 million per month since
May. In May, there were about 4.61 million job openings in the United
States. Write an equation in slope-intercept form to represent the
number of job openings in the United States in the months since May.
Use the given information to write an equation in slope-intercept form.
•• You are given that there were 4.61 million job openings
Think About It! in May.
When x = 2, describe
•• Let x = the number of months since May and y = the number
the meaning of the
equation in the context of job openings in millions.
of the situation. •• Because the number of job openings is 4.61 million when
x = 0, b = 4.61, and because the number of job openings has
increased by 0.06 million each month, m = 0.06.
•• So, the equation y = 0.06x + 4.61 represents the number of
job openings in the United States since May.
Check
SOCIAL MEDIA In the first quarter of 2012, there were 183 million users
of a popular social media site in North America. The number of users
increased by an average of 9 million per year since 2012. Write an
equation that represents the number of users in millions of the social
media site in North America after 2012.
229_238_RM_INT1_S_M04_L03_700687.indd 230 15/04/19 11:37 AM

Explore Graphing Linear Equations by Using the
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete an Explore.
INQUIRY How do the quantities m and b

affect the graph of a linear equation in
slope-intercept form?
Learn Graphing Linear Functions

in Slope-Intercept Form
The slope-intercept form of a linear equation is y = mx + b where m is Study Tip
the slope and b is the y-intercept. The variables m and b are called
Negative Slope When
parameters of the equation because changing either value changes
counting rise and run, a
the graph. negative sign may be
A constant function is a linear function of the form y = b. Constant associated with the
functions where b ≠ 0 do not cross the x-axis. The graphs of constant value in the numerator
functions have a slope of 0. The domain of a constant function is all or denominator. In this
case, we associated
real numbers, and the range is b.
the negative sign with
the numerator. If we
had associated it with
Example 4 Graph Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept the denominator, we
Form would have moved up
3 3 and left 2 to the point
Graph a linear equation with a slope of − __
2 and a y-intercept of 4. (-2, 7). Notice that this
Write the equation in slope-intercept form and graph the equation. point is also on the line.
The resulting line will
y = mx + b y be the same whether
the negative sign is
y = (- __
2)
3
x + 4 associated with the
3 numerator or
y = - __
2
x + 4 rise = –3
run = 2 denominator.
O x
Think About It!

Use the slope to find
another point on the
graph. Explain how you
found the point.
229_238_RM_INT1_S_M04_L03_700687.indd 231 15/04/19 11:37 AM

Check
Talk About It! Graph a linear function with a slope of −2 and a y-intercept of 7.
Why is it useful to write
an equation in slope-
intercept form before
graphing it?
Example 5 Graph Linear Functions

Graph 12x – 3y = 18.
Rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form.
12x - 3y = 18 Original equation
12x - 3y - 12x = 18 - 12x Subtract 12x from each side.
-3y = -12x + 18 Simplify.

-3y −12x + 18
 ___
- 3 =  
_______
-3 Divide each side by −3.
y = 4x - 6 Simplify.
Graph the equation.
Plot the y-intercept (0, −6).

y
8
rise
The slope is ___
 run = 4. From 4
(0, −6), move up 4 units and right
1 unit. Plot the point (1, −2). −8 −4 O 4
(1, −2)
8x
−4
(0, −6)
−8
Draw a line through the points
(0, -6) and (1, −2).
229_238_RM_INT1_S_M04_L03_700687.indd 232 15/04/19 11:37 AM

Example 6 Graph Constant Functions Think About It!
Graph y = 2. How do you know that
y = 2 has a slope of 0?
Step 1 Plot (0, 2). y
3
Step 2 The slope of y = 2 is 0. 2
1
Step 3 Draw a line through all −3−2 −1 O 1 2 3x
the points that have a −2
y-coordinate of 2. −3
Check Watch Out!

Graph y = 1. Slope A line with zero
slope is not the same
as a line with no slope.
A line with zero slope is
horizontal, and a line
with no slope is vertical.
Match each graph with its equation.
? ? ? 3
y=8 3x + 7 y = − 28 y=_
  7 x − 4
? y = −4 ? y = − 3x + 8 ? 3x − y = 8
A. B. C.
y y y
8 8 4
4 4 2
O 2 4 6 x −4 −2 O 2 4x −4 −2 O 2 4x
−4 −4 −2
−8 −8 −4
D. E. F.
y y y
8 8 8
4 4 4
−4 −2 O 2 4x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−4 −4 −4
−8 −8 −8
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Apply Example 7 Use Graphs of Linear Functions
SHOPPING The number of online shoppers in the United States can be
modeled by the equation −5.88x + y = 172.3, where y represents the
number of millions of online shoppers in the United States x years
after 2010. Estimate the number of people shopping online in 2020.

Sample answer: I need to find the number of people who shop
online in 2020.
2. H
you can use to help you complete the task?
Sample answer: I will graph the given equation. Then I can figure out
from the graph how many people will be shopping online in 2020.
3. What is your solution? Online Shoppers in the

Use your strategy to solve the United States
Number of Shoppers (millions)

250
problem. Graph the equation.
200
In 2020, there will be approximately
230 million online shoppers in the 150
United States.
100
50
0 2 4 6 8 10
Years After 2010
Think About It!
Estimate the year 4. How can you know that your solution is reasonable?
when the number of Write About It! Write an argument that can be used to defend
online shoppers in the your solution.
United States will
reach 271 million. Sample answer: Rewriting the equation in slope-intercept form shows
that b = 172.3 and m = 5.88. This means that there were 172.3 million
online shoppers in 2010. The number of online shoppers is increasing
at a rate of 5.88 million per year. The graph of this line shows that in
2020 the number of online shoppers is more than 225 million but less
than 250 million. From the graph, there will be approximately 230
million online shoppers in 2020.
Go Online
to learn about intervals
in linear growth
patterns in Expand 4-3.
229_238_RM_INT1_S_M04_L03_700687.indd 234 15/04/19 11:37 AM

Practice
Example 1
Write an equation of a line in slope-intercept form with the given slope and y-intercept.
1. slope: 5, y-intercept: -3 2. slope: -2, y-intercept: 7
3. slope: -6, y-intercept: -2 4. slope: 7, y-intercept: 1
5. slope: 3, y-intercept: 2 6. slope: -4, y-intercept: -9
7. slope: 1, y-intercept: -12 8. slope: 0, y-intercept: 8
Example 2
Write each equation in slope-intercept form.
9. -10x + 2y = 12 10. 4y + 12x = 16 11. -5x + 15y = -30
12. 6x - 3y = -18 13. –2x – 8y = 24 14. -4x - 10y = -7
Example 3
15. SAVINGS Wade’s grandmother gave him $100 for his birthday. Wade wants to
save his money to buy a portable game console that costs $275. Each month, he
adds $25 to his savings. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for x, the
number of months that it will take Wade to save $275.
16. FITNESS CLASSES Toshelle wants to take strength training classes at the
community center. She has to pay a one-time enrollment fee of $25 to join the
community center, and then $45 for each class she wants to take. Write an
equation in slope-intercept form for the cost of taking x classes.
17. EARNINGS Macario works part time at a clothing store in the mall. He is paid
$9 per hour plus 12% commission on the items he sells in the store. Write an
equation in slope-intercept form to represent Macario’s hourly wage y.
18. ENERGY From 2002 to 2005, U.S. consumption of renewable energy increased an
average of 0.17 quadrillion BTUs per year. About 6.07 quadrillion BTUs of renewable
power were produced in the year 2002. Write an equation in slope-intercept form to
find the amount of renewable power P in quadrillion BTUs produced in year y
between 2002 and 2005.
Example 4
Graph a linear equation with the given slope and y-intercept.
19. slope: 5, y-intercept: 8 20. slope: 3, y-intercept: 10
21. slope: −4, y-intercept: 6 22. slope: −2, y-intercept: 8
229_238_RM_INT1_S_M04_L03_700687.indd 235 15/04/19 11:37 AM

Examples 5 and 6
23. 5x + 2y = 8 24. 4x + 9y = 27 25. y = 7
2
26. y = -  __
3 27. 21 = 7y 28. 3y − 6 = 2x
Example 7
29. STREAMING An online company charges $13 per month for the
basic plan. They offer premium channels for an additional
$8 per month.
a. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the total cost c

of the basic plan with p premium channels in one month.
b. Graph the equation.
c. What would the monthly cost be for a basic plan plus 3

premium channels?
30. CAR CARE Suppose regular gasoline costs $2.76 per gallon.
You can purchase a car wash at the gas station for $3.
a. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the total cost
y of purchasing a car wash and x gallons of gasoline.
c. Find the cost of purchasing a car wash and 8 gallons of

gasoline.
Mixed Exercises
Write an equation of a line in slope-intercept form with the given
slope and y-intercept.
1 2
31. slope:  __
2 , y-intercept: -3 32. slope:  __
3 , y-intercept: -5
Graph an equation of a line with the given slope and y-intercept.
33. slope: 3, y-intercept: -4 34. slope: 4, y-intercept: -6
35. −3x + y = 6 36. −5x + y = 1
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph shown.
37. y 38. y 39. y
(0, 2)
(2, 1)
O x
O x O x
(0, -1)
(2, -4) (2, -3)
(0, -3)
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40. MOVIES MovieMania, an online movie rental Web site charges a one-time fee of
$6.85 and $2.99 per movie rental. Let m represent the number of movies you
watch and let C represent the total cost to watch the movies.
a. W
rite an equation that relates the total cost to the number of movies you watch
from MovieMania.
c. E
xplain how to use the graph to estimate the cost of watching 13 movies at
MovieMania.
d. S
uperFlix has no sign-up fee, just a flat rate per movie. If renting 13 movies at
MovieMania costs the same as renting 9 movies at SuperFlix, what does
SuperFlix charge per movie? Explain your reasoning.
e. W
rite an equation that relates the total cost to the number of movies you watch
from SuperFlix. Round to the nearest whole number.
41. FACTORY A factory uses a heater in part of its manufacturing process. The
product cannot be heated too quickly, nor can it be cooled too quickly after the
heating portion of the process is complete.
a. T
he heater is digitally controlled to raise the temperature inside the chamber
by 10°F each minute until it reaches the set temperature. Write a function to
represent the temperature, T, inside the chamber after x minutes if the starting
temperature is 80°F.
c. T
he heating process takes 22 minutes. Use your graph to find the temperature
in the chamber at this point.
d. A
fter the heater reaches the temperature determined in part c, the
temperature is kept constant for 20 minutes before cooling begins. Fans
within the heater control the cooling so that the temperature inside the
chamber decreases by 5°F each minute. Write a function to represent the
temperature, T, inside the chamber x minutes after the cooling begins.
42. SAVINGS When Santo was born, his uncle started saving money to help pay for a
car when Santo became a teenager. Santo’s uncle initially saved $2000. Each
year, his uncle saved an additional $200.
a. W
rite an equation that represents the amount, in dollars, Santo’s uncle saved y
after x years.
c. S
anto starts shopping for a car when he turns 16. The car he wants to buy
costs $6000. Does he have enough money in the account to buy the car?
Explain.
229_238_RM_INT1_S_M04_L03_700687.indd 237 15/04/19 11:37 AM

43. STRUCTURE Jazmin is participating in a 25.5-kilometer charity walk.
She walks at a rate of 4.25 km per hour. Jazmin walks at
the same pace for the entire event.
a. Write an equation in slope-intercept
form for the remaining distance, y, in kilometers
of walking for x hours.
c. What do the x- and y-intercepts represent

in this situation?
d. After Jazmin has walked 17 kilometers,

how much longer will it take her to complete the walk? Explain how you can
use your graph to answer the question.

4 2
For Exercises 44 and 45, refer to the equation y = −  __ __
5 x +   5 where -2 ≤ x ≤ 5.
4 2
44. ANALYZE Copy and complete the table to help you graph the equation y = −  __ __
5 x +   5
over the interval. Identify any values of x where maximum or minimum values of y
occurs.
4 2
x −__ __
5 x + 5 y (x, y)
−2
0
5  
4 2
45. WRITE A student says you can find the solution to - __ __
5 x +   5 = 0 using the graph.
Do you agree? Explain your reasoning. Include the solution to the equation in
your response.
46. PERSEVERE Consider three points that lie on the same line (3, 7), (-6, 1), and
(9, p). Find the value of p and explain your reasoning.
47. CREATE Linear equations are useful in predicting future events. Create a linear
equation that models a real-world situation. Make a prediction from your
equation.
229_238_RM_INT1_S_M04_L03_700687.indd 238 15/04/19 11:37 AM

Lesson 4-4
Transformations of Linear Functions

Today’s Goals
● Apply translations to
Explore Transforming Linear Functions linear functions.
● Apply dilations to linear
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete an Explore. functions.
● Apply reflections to
linear functions.
INQUIRY How does performing an operation
on a linear function change its graph? Today’s Vocabulary
family of graphs
parent function
identity function
Learn Translations of Linear Functions transformation
A family of graphs includes graphs and equations of graphs that have translation
at least one characteristic in common. The parent function is the dilation
simplest of the functions in a family.
reflection
The family of linear functions includes all lines, with the parent function
f (x) = x also called the identity function. A transformation moves the
Study Tip
graph on the coordinate plane, which can create new linear functions.
Slope When translating
One type of transformation is a translation. A translation is a a linear function, the
transformation in which a figure is slid from one position to another graph of the function
without being turned. A linear function can be slid up, down, left, right, moves from one location
or in two directions. to another, but the slope
remains the same.
Vertical Translations
Watch Out!
When a constant k is added to a linear function f (x), the result is a
vertical translation. The y-intercept of f (x) is translated up or down. Translations of f (x)
When a translation is
Key Concept • Vertical Translations of Linear Functions the only transformation
The graph g(x) = x + k is the graph of f (x) = x translated vertically. performed on the
identity function,
If k > 0, the graph of f (x) is If k < 0, the graph of f (x) is
adding a constant
translated k units up. translated |k| units down.
before or after
y y evaluating the function
k>0
k=0 has the same effect on
the graph. However,
k=0 when more than one
O x O x type of transformation
is applied, this will not
k<0
be the case.
Every point on the graph of f(x) Every point on the graph of f(x)
moves k units up. moves |k| units down.
Lesson 4-4 • Transformations of Linear Functions 239
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Example 1 Vertical Translations of Linear Functions
Describe the translation in g(x) = x - 2 as it relates to the graph of
Think About It! the parent function.
What do you notice Graph the parent graph for linear
x f(x) f(x) - 2 (x, g(x))
about the y-intercepts functions.
of vertically translated -2 -2 -4 (-2, -4)
functions compared to 0 0 -2 (0, -2)
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x) + k
the y-intercept of the
where k = -2. 1 1 -1 (1, -1)
parent function?
g(x) = x - 2 → f(x) + (-2)
y
The constant k is not grouped with x, f(x)
so k affects the output, or y-values.
The value of k is less than 0, so the graph of
f(x) = x is translated |-2| units down, or O x
2 units down.
g(x)
g(x) = x - 2 is the translation of the graph of
the parent function 2 units down.
Check
Describe the translation in g(x) = x - 1 as it relates to the graph of
the parent function.
The graph of g(x) = x - 1 is a translation of the graph of the parent
function 1 unit ? .
Horizontal Translations
Go Online When a constant h is subtracted from the x-value before the
You can watch a video function f (x) is performed, the result is a horizontal translation.
to see how to describe The x-intercept of f (x) is translated right or left.
translations of functions.
Key Concept • Horizontal Translations of Linear Functions
The graph g(x) = (x − h) is the graph of f (x) = x translated horizontally.
If h > 0, the graph of f (x) is If h < 0, the graph of f (x) is
translated h units right. translated |h| units left.
y y
h=0
Go Online h<0
You may want to h=0
complete the Concept O x O x
Check to check your
understanding. h>0
Every point on the graph of f (x) Every point on the graph of f (x)
moves h units right. moves |h| units left.
239_250_RM_INT1_S_M04_L04_700687.indd 240 15/04/19 11:42 AM

Example 2 Horizontal Translations of Linear Functions Think About It!
Describe the translation in g(x) = (x + 5) as it relates to the graph of What do you notice
the parent function. about the x-intercepts
of horizontally
Graph the parent graph for linear translated functions
x x+5 f(x + 5) (x, g(x))
functions. compared to the
-2 3 3 (-2, 3)
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x-h) x-intercept of the
0 5 5 (0, 5) parent function?
where h = -5.
1 6 6 (1, 6)
g(x) = (x + 5) → g(x) = f(x - (-5))
y
The constant h is grouped with x,
so k affects the input, or x-values. The g(x)
value of h is less than 0, so the graph of
f(x) = x is translated |-5| units left, or 5 f(x)
units left. O x
g(x) = (x + 5) is the translation of the
graph of the parent function 5 units left.
Check
Describe the translation in g(x) = (x + 12) as it relates to the graph of
The graph of g(x) = (x + 12) is a translation of the graph of the parent
function 12 units ? .
Example 3 Multiple Translations of Linear Functions

Think About It!
Describe the translation in g(x) = (x - 6) + 3 as it relates to the Eleni described the
graph of the parent function. graph of g(x) = (x − 6)
+ 3 as the graph of the
Graph the parent graph for x x - 6 f(x - 6) f(x - 6) + 3 (x, g(x))
parent function
linear functions. -2 -8 -8 -5 (-2, -5) translated down 3
Since f(x) = x, 0 -6 -6 -3 (0, -3) units. Is she correct?
g(x) = f(x - h) + k 1 -5 -5 -2 (1, -2) Explain your reasoning.
where h = 6 and k = 3.
y
g(x) = (x - 6) + 3 → g(x) = f(x - 6) + 3
f(x)
The value of h is grouped with x and is
greater than 0, so the graph of f(x) = x is
translated 6 units right. O x
The value of k is not grouped with x and is g(x)
greater than 0, so the graph of f(x) = x is
translated 3 units up.
g(x) = (x - 6) + 3 is the translation of the
graph of the parent function 6 units right and 3 units up.
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Example 4 Translations of Linear Functions
TICKETS A Web site sells tickets to concerts and sporting events. The
total price of the tickets to a certain game can be modeled by f(t)
= 12t,
where t represents the number of tickets purchased. The Web site then
charges a standard service fee of $4 per order. The total price of an
order can be modeled by g(t) = 12t + 4. Describe the translation of g(t)
as it relates to f(t).
Complete the steps to describe the translation of g(t) as it relates to f(t).

Since f(t) = 12t, g(t) = f(t) + k, where k = 4. g(t) = 12t + 4 → f(t) + 4
The constant k is added to f(t) after the total price of the tickets has been
evaluated and is greater than 0, so the graph of will be shifted 4 units up.
g(t) = 12t + 4 is the translation of the graph of f(t) 4 units up.
Graph the parent function and the translated function.
y
4
3 f(t)
g(t)
−2 −1 O 1 2 x
−1
Check
RETAIL Jerome is buying paint for a mural. The total cost of the paint
can be modeled by the function f(p) = 6.99p. He has a coupon for
$5.95 off his purchase at the art supply store, so the final cost of his
purchase can be modeled by g(p) = 6.99p - 5.95. Describe the
translation in g(p) as it relates to f(p).
239_250_RM_INT1_S_M04_L04_700687.indd 242 15/04/19 11:42 AM

Learn Dilations of Linear Functions
Watch Out!
A dilation stretches or compresses the graph of a function. Dilations of f(x) = x
When a dilation is the
When a linear function f (x) is multiplied by a positive constant a, the
only transformation
result a∙f (x) is a vertical dilation.
performed on the
Key Concept • Vertical Dilations of Linear Functions identity function,
multiplying by a
The graph of g(x) = ax is the graph of f (x) = x stretched or compressed
constant before or after
vertically.
evaluating the function
If |a| > 1, the graph of f (x) is If 0 < |a| < 1, the graph of f (x) is has the same effect on
stretched vertically away from the compressed vertically toward the the graph. However,
x-axis. x-axis. when more than one
y y type of transformation
(x, ay)
|a| > 1 is applied, this will not
(x, y)
a=1 be the case.
(x, y) 0 < |a| < 1
(x, ay)
O x O x
a=1 Go Online
The slope of the graph of a·f(x) is The slope of the graph of a·f(x) is less to see how to describe
steeper than that of the graph of f(x). steep than that of the graph of f(x). dilations of functions.
When x is multiplied by a positive constant a before a linear function

f (a ∙ x) is evaluated, the result is a horizontal dilation.
Key Concept • Horizontal Dilations of Linear Functions

The graph of g(x) = (a · x) is the graph of f(x) = x stretched or
compressed horizontally.
If |a| > 1, the graph of f (x) is If 0 < |a| < 1, the graph of f (x) is
compressed horizontally toward stretched horizontally away from
the y-axis. the y-axis.
y y
|a| > 1
a=1 (x, y)
( a1 x, y ) (x, y) 0 < |a| < 1
O x O x
( a1 x, y )
a=1
The slope of the graph of f(a · x) The slope of the graph of f(a · x) is
is steeper than that of the graph less steep than that of the graph
of f(x). of f(x).
239_250_RM_INT1_S_M04_L04_700687.indd 243 15/04/19 11:42 AM

Example 5 Vertical Dilations of Linear Functions
Think About It!
What do you notice Describe the dilation in g(x) = 2(x) as it relates to the graph of the
about the slope of the parent function.
vertical dilation g(x) Graph the parent graph for linear
compared to the slope x f(x) 2f(x) (x, g(x))
functions.
of f(x)? -2 -2 -4 (-2,-4)
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = a ∙ f(x)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
where a = 2.
1 1 2 (1, 2)
g(x) = 2(x) → g(x) = 2f(x)
The positive constant a is not y
grouped with x, and |a|is greater than 1, so the g(x)
graph of f(x) = x is stretched vertically by a
f(x)
factor of a, or 2.
How does this relate to O x
the constant a in the g(x) = 2(x) is a vertical stretch of the graph of
vertical dilation? the parent function. The slope of the graph of
g(x) is steeper than that of f(x).
Check
Describe the transformation in g(x) = 6(x) as it relates to the graph of
The graph of g(x) = 6(x) is a ? of the graph of the
parent function.
The slope of the graph g(x) is ? than that of the parent function.
Example 6 Horizontal Dilations of Linear Functions

Think About It!
Describe the dilation in g(x) = (   4 x) as it relates to the graph of the
1
What do you notice __
about the slope of the parent function.
horizontal dilation g(x)
Graph the parent graph for linear
f(__
4 x)
1
__ 1
compared to the slope x 4 x (x, g(x))
functions.
of f(x)?
-4 -1 -1 (-4, -1)
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(a ∙ x)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
1
where a = _   4 . 4 1 1 (4, 1)
g(x) = (   4 x) → g(x) = f(_
  4 x)
1 1
_
The positive constant a is grouped with x, and y
|a| is between 0 and 1, so the graph of f(x) = x f(x)
1
How does this relate is stretched horizontally by a factor of __
 a , or 4.
to the constant a in the
g(x) = (   4 x)is a horizontal stretch of the graph
1
horizontal dilation? _ O x
of the parent function. The slope of the graph
g(x)
of g(x) is less steep than that of f(x).
239_250_RM_INT1_S_M04_L04_700687.indd 244 15/04/19 11:42 AM

Learn Reflections of Linear Functions Go Online
A reflection is a transformation in which a figure, line, or curve, is flipped You can watch a video
across a line. When a linear function f(x) is multiplied by -1 before or to see how to describe
after the function has been evaluated, the result is a reflection across reflections of functions.
the x- or y-axis. Every x- or y-coordinate of f(x) is multiplied by −1.
Key Concept • Reflections of Linear Functions

The graph of −f(x) is the reflection The graph of f(−x) is the reflection
of the graph of f (x) = x across the of the graph of f (x) = x across the
x-axis. y-axis.
y y
-f(x) f(x) f(-x) f(x)
(x, y) (-x, y) (x, y)
O x O x
(x, -y)
Watch Out!
Reflections of f(x) = x
When a reflection is
the only transformation
Every y-coordinate of −f (x) is the Every x-coordinate of f (−x) is the performed on the
corresponding y-coordinate of f (x) corresponding x-coordinate of f (x) identity function,
multiplied by −1. multiplied by −1. multiplying by -1
before or after
evaluating the function
Example 7 Reflections of Linear Functions Across the appears to have the
x-Axis same effect on the
1 graph. However, when
Describe the dilation in g(x) = - __
2 (x) as it relates to the graph of the more than one type of
parent function. transformation is
Graph the parent graph for linear applied, this will not be
1
x f(x) -__
2 f(x) (x, g(x)) the case.
functions.
-2 -2 1 (-2, 1)
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = - 1 ∙ a ∙ f(x)
0 0 0 (0, 0) Talk About It!
1
where a = __   2 . 4 4 -2 (4, -2) In the example, the
1
g(x) = - __ __ 1 slope of g(x) is
2 (x) → g(x) = -  2 f(x) negative. Will this
The constant a is not grouped with x, and |a| is y always be the case
less than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is f(x) when multiplying a
vertically compressed. linear function by -1?
The negative is not grouped with x, so the O x
graph is also reflected across the x-axis.
g(x)
1
The graph of g(x) = - __
2 (x) is the graph of the
parent function vertically compressed and
reflected across the x-axis.
239_250_RM_INT1_S_M04_L04_700687.indd 245 15/04/19 11:42 AM

Check
How can you tell whether multiplying −1 by the parent function will
result in a reflection across the x-axis?
A. If the constant is not grouped with x, the result will be a reflection
across the x-axis.
B. If the constant is grouped with x, the result will be a reflection
across the x-axis.
C. If the constant is greater than 0, the result will be a reflection
across the x-axis.
D. If the constant is less than 0, the result will be a reflection across
the x-axis.
Example 8 Reflections of Linear Functions Across

the y-Axis
Describe the dilation in g(x) = (-3x) as it relates to the graph of the
parent function.
Graph the parent graph for linear
x -3x f (-3x) (x, g(x))
functions.
-1 3 3 (-1, 3)
Since f (x) = x, g(x) = f (-1 ∙ a ∙ x)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
where a = 3.
1 -3 -3 (1, -3)
g(x) = -3x → g(x) = f (-3x)
The constant a is grouped with x, y
and | a| is greater than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x g(x)

is horizontally compressed.
f(x)
The negative is grouped with x, so the graph is O x
also reflected across the y-axis.
The graph of g(x) = (-3x) is the graph of the
parent function horizontally compressed and
Go Online reflected across the y-axis.
to see how to graph
Check
transformations of a
linear function using a Describe the reflection in g(x) = (-10x) as it relates to the graph of the
graphing calculator. parent function.
The graph of g(x) = (-10x) is the graph of the parent function
compressed horizontally and reflected across the ? .
239_250_RM_INT1_S_M04_L04_700687.indd 246 15/04/19 11:42 AM

Practice
Describe the translation in each function as it relates to the graph of the parent function.
1. g(x) = x + 11 2. g(x) = x - 8 3. g(x) = (x - 7)
y y y
12 8 8
9
6 4 4
3
−12−9 −6 −3 O 3 6 9 12 x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−6 −4 −4
−9
−12 −8 −8

4. g(x) = (x + 12) 5. g(x) = (x + 10) - 1 6. g(x) = (x - 9) + 5

y y y
12 8 8
9
6 4 4
3
−12−9 −6 −3 O 3 6 9 12 x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−6 −4 −4
−9
−12 −8 −8

Example 4
7. BOWLING The cost for Nobu to go bowling is $4 per game plus an additional flat
fee of $3.50 for the rental of bowling shoes. The cost can be modeled by
the function f(x) = 4x + 3.5, where x represents the number of games bowled.
Describe the graph of g(x) as it relates to f(x) if Nobu does not rent
bowling shoes.
8. SAVINGS Natalie has $250 in her savings account, into which she deposits $10 of
her allowance each week. The balance of her savings account can be modeled
by the function f(w) = 250 + 10w, where w represents the number of weeks.
Write a function g(w) to represent the balance of Natalie’s savings account if she
withdraws $40 to purchase a new pair of shoes. Describe the translation of f(w)
that results in g(w).
9. BOAT RENTAL The cost to rent a paddle boat at the county park is $8 per hour
plus a non-refundable deposit of $10. The cost can be modeled by the function
f(h) = 8h + 10, where h represents the number of hours the boat is rented.
Describe the graph of g(h) as it relates to f(t) if the non-refundable deposit
increases to $15.
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Examples 5 and 6
Describe the dilation in each function as it relates to the graph of the parent function.
1
10. g(x) = 5(x) 11. g(x) = _
  3 (x) 12. g(x) = 1.5(x)
y y y
8 8 8
4 4 4
−8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−4 −4 −4
−8 −8 −8

14. g(x) = (_

  4 x)
3
13. g(x) = (3x) 15. g(x) = (0.4x)
y y y
8 8 8
4 4 4
−8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−4 −4 −4
−8 −8 −8

Example 7
2
16. g(x) = -4(x) 17. g(x) = -8(x) 18. g(x) = - __
3 (x)
y y y
8 8 8
4 4 4
−8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−4 −4 −4
−8 −8 −8

239_250_RM_INT1_S_M04_L04_700687.indd 248 15/04/19 11:42 AM

Example 8
19. g(x) = (- __
5 x)
4
20. g(x) = (-6x) 21. g(x) = (-1.5x)
y y y
8 8 8
4 4 4
−8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−4 −4 −4
−8 −8 −8

Mixed Exercises
Describe the transformation in each function as it relates to the graph of the parent function.
24. g(x) = ( 8 x)
5
22. g(x) = x + 4 23. g(x) = (x - 2) - 8 - __
y y y
8 8 8
4 4 4
−8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−4 −4 −4
−8 −8 −8

1
25. g(x) = __
  5 (x) 26. g(x) = -3(x) 27. g(x) = (2.5x)
y y y
8 8 8
4 4 4
−8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−4 −4 −4
−8 −8 −8

239_250_RM_INT1_S_M04_L04_700687.indd 249 15/04/19 11:42 AM

REASONING Write a function g(x) to represent the translated graph.
28. f(x) = 3x + 7 translated 4 units up. 29. f(x) = x - 5 translated 2 units down.
30. PERIMETER The function f(s) = 4s represents the perimeter of a square with side
length s. Write a function g(s) to represent the perimeter of a square with side
lengths that are twice as great. Describe the graph of g(s) compared to f(s).
31. GAMES The function f(x) = 0.50x gives the average cost in dollars for x cell phone
game downloads that cost an average of $0.50 each. Write a function g(x) to
represent the cost in dollars for x cell phone game downloads that cost $1.50
each. Describe the graph of g(x) compared to f(x).
32. TRAINER The function f(x) = 90x gives the cost of working out with a personal
trainer, where $90 is the trainer’s hourly rate, and x represents the number of
hours spent working out with the trainer. Describe the dilation, g(x) of the function
f(x), if the trainer increases her hourly rate to $100.
33. DOWNLOADS Hannah wants to download songs. She researches the price to
download songs from Site F. Hannah wrote the function f(x) = x, which represents
the cost in dollars for x songs downloaded that cost $1.00 each.
a. Hannah researches the price to download songs from Site G. Write a function
g(x) to represent the cost in dollars for x songs downloaded that cost $1.29
each.
b. Describe the graph of g(x) compared to the graph of f(x).

34. PERSEVERE For any linear function, replacing f(x) with f(x + k) results in the graph of
f(x) being shifted k units to the right for k < 0 and shifted k units to the left for k > 0.
Does shifting the graph horizontally k units have the same effect as shifting the
graph vertically −k units? Justify your answer. Include graphs in your response.
35. CREATE Write an equation that is a vertical compression by a factor of a of the

parent function y = x. What can you say about the horizontal dilation of the
function?
36. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG Consider the four functions. Which one does not
belong in this group? Justify your conclusion.
f(x) = _ 2 x - 4

1
f(x) = 2(x + 1) - 3 f(x) = -3x + 10 f(x) = 5(x - 7) + 3
239_250_RM_INT1_S_M04_L04_700687.indd 250 15/04/19 11:42 AM

Lesson 4-5
Arithmetic Sequences
Learn Arithmetic Sequences Today’s Goals
● Construct arithmetic
A sequence is a set of numbers that are ordered in a specific way. sequences.
Each number within a sequence is called a term of a sequence. ● Apply the arithmetic
sequence formula.
In an arithmetic sequence, each term after the first is found by adding
a constant, the common difference d, to the previous term. Today’s Vocabulary
sequence
Words An arithmetic sequence is a numerical pattern that
increases or decreases at a constant rate called the term of sequence
common difference. arithmetic sequence
Examples 22 17 12 7 2, ... common difference
nth term of an
-5 -5 -5 -5
arithmetic function
The common difference is -5.
-13 -5 3 11 19, ...
+8 +8 +8 +8
The common difference is 8.
Example 1 Identify Arithmetic Sequences

Think About It!
Determine whether the sequence is an arithmetic sequence. Justify
your reasoning. How are arithmetic
sequences and
17, 14, 10, 7, 3 Check the difference number patterns alike
between terms. and different?
17 14 10 7 3
-3 -4 -3 -4
This sequence does not have a common difference between its terms.
This is not an arithmetic sequence.
Check
Determine whether the sequence is an arithmetic sequence. Justify
your reasoning.
82, 73, 64, 55, . . .
Lesson 4-5 • Arithmetic Sequences 251
251_258_RM_INT1_S_M04_L05_700687.indd 251 15/04/19 11:45 AM

Example 2 Find the Next Term
Determine the next three terms in the sequence.
Talk About It! 11, 7, 3, –1
Why would it be useful
Find the common difference between terms. -4
to develop a rule, or
equation, to find terms Add the common difference to the last term of the sequence to find
of a sequence? Explain. the next terms.
-1 + (-4) = -5 -5 + (-4) = -9 -9 + (-4) = -13
Check
Determine the next three terms in the sequence.
31, 18, 5, ? , ? , ?
Explore Common Differences

Watch Out! INQUIRY How can you tell if a set of numbers

Subscripts Subscripts models a linear function?
are used to indicate a
specific term. For
example, a8 means the Learn Arithmetic Sequences as Linear Functions
8th term of the
sequence. It does not Each term of an arithmetic sequence can be expressed in terms of the
mean a × 8. first term a1 and the common difference d.
Key Concept • nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence
The nth term of an arithmetic sequence with the first term a1 and common
Think About It! difference d is given by an = a1 + (n - 1)d, where n is a positive integer.
Why is the domain of a
sequence counting The graph of an arithmetic sequence includes points that lie along a
numbers instead of all line. Since there is a constant difference between each pair of points,
real numbers?
the function is linear. For the equation of an arithmetic sequence,
an = a1 + (n - 1)d
• n is the independent variable,
• an is the dependent variable, and
• d is the slope.
The function of an arithmetic sequence is written as f (n) = a1 + (n - 1)d
where n is a counting number.
251_258_RM_INT1_S_M04_L05_700687.indd 252 15/04/19 11:45 AM

Example 3 Find the nth Term
Use the arithmetic sequence -4, -1, 2, 5, . . . to complete the
following.
Part A Write an equation.
an = 3n - 7
Part B Find the 16th term of the sequence.
Use the equation from Part A to find the 16th term in the arithmetic
sequence.
an = 3n - 7 Equation from Part A
a16 = 3(16) - 7 Substitute 16 for n.
a16 = 48 - 7 Multiply.
a16 = 41 Simplify.
Check
RUNNING Randi has been training for a marathon, and it is important
for her to keep a constant pace. She recorded her time each mile for
the first several miles that she ran.
• At 1 mile, her time was 10 minutes and 30 seconds.
• At 2 miles, her time was 21 minutes.
• At 3 miles, her time was 31 minutes and 30 seconds.
• At 4 miles, her time was 42 minutes.
Part A Write a function to represent her sequence of data. Use n as
the variable.
Part B How long will it take her to run a whole marathon? Round your
answer to the nearest thousandth if necessary. (Hint: a marathon is
26.2 miles.)
Example 4 Apply Arithmetic Sequences as

Linear Functions
MONEY Laniqua opened a savings account to save for a trip to Spain.
With the cost of plane tickets, food, hotel, and other expenses, she
needs to save $1600. She opened the account with $525. Every month,
she adds the same amount to her account using the money she earns
at her after school job. From her bank statement, Laniqua can write a
function that represents the balance of her savings account.
251_258_RM_INT1_S_M04_L05_700687.indd 253 15/04/19 11:46 AM

Laniqua Jones
Current Balance as of 03/01/2019 $ 690
Balance as of 02/01/2019 $ 635
Balance as of 01/01/2019 $ 580
Starting Balance as of 12/01/2018 $ 525
Use a Source
Find the cost of a flight
from the airport closest Part A Create a function to represent the sequence.
to you to Madrid, the
capital of Spain. How First, find the common difference.
many months would 525 580 635 690
Laniqua need to save
to afford the ticket? +55 +55 +55
The common difference is 55.
f(n) = a1 + nd Function of an arithmetic sequence
= 525 + n(55) a1 = 525 and d = 55
= 525 + 55n Simplify.
= 55n + 525
Study Tip Part B Graph the function and determine its domain.
f(n)
Graphing You might n f(n)
800
not need to create a 1 580 700
table of the sequence
2 635 600
first. However, it might 500
serve as a reminder 3 690 400
that an arithmetic 4 745 300
sequence is a series of 5 800 200
points, not a line. 100
6 855 0 1 2 3 4 5 n
The domain is the number of months that Laniqua deposits money into
her savings account. The domain is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
251_258_RM_INT1_S_M04_L05_700687.indd 254 15/04/19 11:46 AM

Practice
Example 1
ARGUMENTS Determine whether each sequence is an arithmetic sequence. Justify
your reasoning.
1 3 5 7
1. -3, 1, 5, 9, … 2.  __ _ __ __
2 ,   4 ,   8,   16 , …
3. -10, -7, -4, 1, … 4. -12.3, -9.7, -7.1, -4.5, …
5. 4, 7, 9, 12, ... 6. 15, 13, 11, 9, ...
7. 7, 10, 13, 16, ... 8. -6, -5, -3, -1, ...
Example 2
Find the common difference of each arithmetic sequence. Then find the next
three terms.
9. 0.02, 1.08, 2.14, 3.2, ... 10. 6, 12, 18, 24, ...
1 1
11. 21, 19, 17, 15, ... 12. - __ __
2 , 0,   2 , 1, ...
1 2 1 7 1 1 5
13. 2 _ __ _
3 , 2  3 , 3, 3  3 , ... 14.  __ _ __ __
12 , 1  3 , 2  12 , 2  6 , ...
15. 3, 7, 11, 15, ... 16. 22, 19.5, 17, 14.5, ...
17. -13, -11, -9, -7, ... 18. -2, -5, -8, -11, ...
Example 3
Use the given arithmetic sequence to write an equation and then find the 7th term
of the sequence.
19. –3, –8, –13, –18, … 20. –2, 3, 8, 13, …
21. –11, –15, –19, –23, … 22. -0.75, –0.5, –0.25, 0, …
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Example 4
23. SPORTS Wanda is the manager for the soccer team. One of
her duties is to hand out cups of water at practice. Each cup
of water is 4 ounces. She begins practice with a 128-ounce
cooler of water.
a. C
reate a function to represent the arithmetic
sequence.
b. Graph the function.
c. H
ow much water is remaining after Wanda hands out the
14th cup?
24. THEATER A theater has 20 seats in the first row, 22 in the

second row, 24 in the third row, and so on for 25 rows.
a. C
sequence.
c. How many seats are in the last row?
25. POSTAGE The price to send a large envelope first class

mail is 88 cents for the first ounce and 17 cents for each
additional ounce. The table shows the cost for weights
up to 5 ounces.
Weight (ounces) 1 2 3 4 5
Postage (dollars) 0.88 1.05 1.22 1.39 1.56
Source: United States Postal Service
a. C
sequence.
c. H
ow much did a large envelope weigh that
cost $2.07 to send?
26. VIDEO DOWNLOADING Brian is downloading episodes of his
favorite TV show to play on his personal media device. The
cost to download 1 episode is $1.99. The cost to download
2 episodes is $3.98. The cost to download 3 episodes is
$5.97.
a. C
sequence.
c. What is the cost to download 9 episodes?
251_258_RM_INT1_S_M04_L05_700687.indd 256 15/04/19 11:46 AM

27. USE A MODEL Chapa is beginning an exercise program that
calls for 30 push-ups each day for the first week. Each week
thereafter, she has to increase her push-ups by 2.
a. W
rite a function to represent the arithmetic
sequence.
c. W
hich week of her program will be the first one in which
she will do 50 push-ups a day?
Mixed Exercises
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Determine whether each sequence is an arithmetic
sequence. Justify your argument.
28. -9, -12, -15, -18, ... 29. 10, 15, 25, 40, ...
30. -10, -5, 0, 5, ... 31. -5, -3, -1, 1, ...
Write an equation for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence.

Then graph the first five terms of the sequence.
32. 7, 13, 19, 25, … 33. 30, 26, 22, 18, … 34. -7, -4, -1, 2, …
35. SAVINGS Fabiana decides to save the money she’s earning from her after-school
job for college. She makes an initial contribution of $3000 and each month
deposits an additional $500. After one month she will have contributed $3500.
a. W
rite an equation for the nth term of the sequence.
b. H
ow much money will Fabiana have contributed after 24 months?
36. NUMBER THEORY One of the most famous sequences in mathematics is the
Fibonacci sequence. It is named after Leonardo de Pisa (1170–1250) or Filius
Bonacci, alias Leonardo Fibonacci. The first several numbers in the Fibonacci
sequence are shown.
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, . . .
Does this represent an arithmetic sequence? Why or why not?
37. STRUCTURE Use the arithmetic sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, ...

a. Write an equation for the nth term of the sequence.
b. What is the 20th term in the sequence?
251_258_RM_INT1_S_M04_L05_700687.indd 257 15/04/19 11:46 AM

38. CREATE Write a sequence that is an arithmetic sequence. State the common
difference, and find a6.
39. CREATE Write a sequence that is not an arithmetic sequence. Determine

whether the sequence has a pattern, and if so describe the pattern.
40. REASONING Determine if the sequence 1, 1, 1, 1, . . . is an arithmetic sequence.

41. CREATE Create an arithmetic sequence with a common difference of -10.
42. PERSEVERE Find the value of x that makes x + 8, 4x + 6, and 3x the first three
terms of an arithmetic sequence.
43. CREATE For each arithmetic sequence described, write a formula for the nth
term of a sequence that satisfies the description.
a. first term is negative, common difference is negative
b. second term is –5, common difference is 7
c. a2 = 8, a3 = 6
Andre and Sam are both reading the same novel. Andre Sam’s Reading Progress
reads 30 pages each day. Sam created the table at the Day Pages Left to Read
right. Refer to this information for Exercises 44–46. 1 430
44. ANALYZE Write arithmetic sequences to represent each 2 410
boy’s daily progress. Then write the function for the nth 3 390
term of each sequence. 4 370
45. PERSEVERE Enter both functions from Exercise 48 into your calculator. Use the
table to determine if there is a day when the number of pages Andre has read is
equal to the number of pages Sam has left to read. If so, which day is it? Explain
how you used the table feature to help you solve the problem.
46. ANALYZE Graph both functions on your calculator, then sketch the
graph. How can you use the graph to answer the equation from
Exercise 49?
251_258_RM_INT1_S_M04_L05_700687.indd 258 15/04/19 11:46 AM

Lesson 4-6
Piecewise and Step Functions

Learn Graphing Piecewise-Defined Functions Today’s Goals
● Identify and graph
Some functions cannot be described by a single expression because piecewise-defined
they are defined differently depending on the interval of x. These functions.
functions are piecewise-defined functions. A piecewise-linear function ● Identify and graph step
has a graph that is composed of some number of linear pieces. functions.
piecewise-defined
Example 1 Graph a Piecewise-Defined Function function
To graph a piecewise-defined function, graph each “piece” separately. piecewise-linear
function
Graph f(x) = {
2x + 4 if x ≤ 1
     . State the domain and range. step function
-x + 3 if x > 1
greatest integer
First, graph f(x) = 2x + 4 if x ≤ 1.
function
• Create a table for f(x) = 2x + 4 using values of x ≤ 1.
• Since x is less than or equal to 1, place a dot at (1, 6) to indicate
that the endpoint is included in the graph. Think About It!
Is the piecewise-
• Then, plot the points and draw the graph beginning at (1, 6).
defined function also
x y
y a piecewise-linear
function? Explain your
1 6
reasoning.
0 4
−1 2
−2 0 O x
−3 −2
Next, graph f(x) = −x + 3 if x > 1. Think About It!

What would be an
• Create a table for f(x) = −x + 3 using values of x ≤ 1.
advantage of graphing
• S
ince x is greater than but not equal to 1, place a circle at (1, 2) to the entire expression
indicate that the endpoint is not included in the graph. and removing the
• Then, plot the points and draw the graph beginning at (1, 2). portion that is not in
the interval?
y
x y
1 2
2 1
3 0
4 −1 O x
5 −2
Go Online
The domain is all real numbers. The range is y ≤ 6.
An alternate method
example.
Lesson 4-6 • Piecewise and Step Functions 259
259_266_RM_INT1_S_M04_L06_700687.indd 259 15/04/19 12:01 PM

Check ⎧ -x + 1 if x ≤ -2
Watch Out! Part A Graph f(x) = ⎨ .
⎩ -3x - 2 if x > -2
Circles and Dots Do
not forget to examine
the endpoint(s) of each
piece to determine
whether there should
be a circle or a dot. >
and < mean that a
circle should be used,
while ≥ and ≤ mean
that a dot should be Part B Find the domain and range of the function.
used.
Study Tip
Piecewise-Defined Explore Age as a Function
Functions When
graphing piecewise- Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete an Explore.
defined functions,
there should be a dot
or line that contains INQUIRY When can real-world data be
each member of the described using a step function?
domain.
Go Online
Learn Graphing Step Functions
to see how to graph a A step function is a type of piecewise-linear function with a graph that
piecewise-defined is a series of horizontal line segments. One example of a step function
function on a graphing is the greatest integer function, written as f(x) = 〚 x 〛 in which f(x) is
calculator the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Key Concept • Greatest Integer Function

Type of graph: disjointed line Parent function: f(x) = 〚| x |〛
segments y
The graph of a step function is a
series of disconnected horizontal
line segments.
O x
Domain: all real numbers; Because f(x) = [x]
the dots and circles overlap, the
domain is all real numbers.
Range: all integers; Because the
function represents the greatest
integer less than or equal to x, the
range is all integers.
259_266_RM_INT1_S_M04_L06_700687.indd 260 15/04/19 12:01 PM

Example 2 Graph a Greatest Integer Function Talk About It!
Graph f(x) = 〚 x + 1〛. State the domain and range. What do you notice
about the symmetry,
First, make a table. Select a few values that are between integers. extrema, and end
behavior of the
x x+1 〚∣x + 1∣〛 function?
−2 −1 −1 –1, –0.75, and –0.5 are greater than or equal to
−1.75 −0.75 −1 –1 but less than 0. So, –1 is the greatest integer
−1.25 −0.25 −1 that is not greater than –1, –0.75, or –0.5.
−1 0 0 0, 0.5, and 0.75 are greater than or equal to 0
−0.5 0.5 0 but less than 1. So, 0 is the greatest integer
−0.25 0.75 0 that is not greater than 0, 0.5, or 0.75.
0 1 1 1, 1.25, and 1.5 are greater than or equal to 1
0.25 1.25 1 but less than 2. So, 1 is the greatest integer
0.5 1.5 1 that is not greater than 1, 1.25, or 1.5.
Watch Out!
1 2 2 2, 2.25, and 2.75 are greater than or equal to
Greatest Integer
1.25 2.25 2 2 but less than 3. So, 2 is the greatest integer
Function When finding
1.75 2.75 2 that is not greater than 2, 2.25, or 2.75.
the value of a greatest
integer function, do not
On the graph, dots represent y
round to the nearest
included points. Circles represent integer. Instead, always
points that are not included. The round nonintegers
domain is all real numbers. The range down to the greatest
O x
is all integers. Note that this is the integer that is not
graph of f(x) = 〚 x 〛 shifted 1 unit to greater than the
the left. number.
Check
Graph f(x) = 〚 x - 2〛 by making a table. Copy and complete the table.
x x+1 〚x + 1〛
−1 −3
−0.75 −2.75
−0.25 −2.25 −3
0 −2 −2
0.25 −1.75 −2
0.5 −1.5
1 −1
1.25 −0.75 −1
1.5 −0.5
2 0
2.25 0.25
259_266_RM_INT1_S_M04_L06_700687.indd 261 15/04/19 12:01 PM

Example 3 Graph a Step Function
SAFETY A state requires a ratio of 1 lifeguard to 60 swimmers in a
Think About It!
swimming pool. This means that 1 lifeguard can watch up to and
How would the graph including 60 swimmers. Make a table and draw a graph that shows
change if 1 certified
the number of lifeguards that must be on duty f(x) based on the
lifeguard could watch
number of swimmers in the pool x.
up to 59 swimmers?
For example, if there The number of lifeguards that must be on duty can be represented by
are greater than or a step function.
equal to 60, but fewer
than 120 swimmers, • If the number of swimmers is x f(x)
there must be 2 greater than 0 but fewer than or
0 < x ≤ 60 1
lifeguards on duty. equal to 60, only 1 lifeguard must
60 < x ≤ 120 2
be on duty.
120 < x ≤ 180 3
• If the number of swimmers is
180 < x ≤ 240 4
greater than 60 but fewer than or
equal to 120, there must be 2 240 < x ≤ 300 5
lifeguards on duty. 300 < x ≤ 360 6
360 < x ≤ 420 7
• If the number of swimmers is
greater than 180 but fewer than or
equal to 240, there must be
4 lifeguards on duty.
Lifeguard The circles mean that when there are

Requirements more than a multiple of 60 swimmers,
7 another lifeguard is required.
6
of Lifeguards
5 The dots represent the maximum

Number
4 number of swimmers that can be in the

3 pool for that particular number of
2
lifeguards on duty.
1
0 120 240 360
Math History Minute Number
Oliver Heaviside of Swimmers
(1850–1925) was a self-
taught electrical
engineer, mathematician,
Check
and physicist who laid PETS At Luciana’s pet boarding facility, it costs $35 per day to board a
much of the groundwork dog. Every fraction of a day is rounded up to the next day. Copy and
for telecommunications complete the table. Then graph the function.
in the 21st century.
Heaviside invented the Days Cost ($)
Heaviside step function, 0<x≤1
⎧ 0 if x < 0 1 <x≤2
⎜1
f(x) = ⎨ __
  if x = 0, 2<x≤3
⎜2
⎩ 1 if x > 0
3<x≤4
which he used to model
the current in an electric 4<x≤5
circuit. 5<x≤6
259_266_RM_INT1_S_M04_L06_700687.indd 262 15/04/19 12:01 PM

Example 1
Graph each function. State the domain and range.
⎧ __ 1 ⎧ 2x - 5 if x > 1 ⎧ 2x + 3 if x ≥ -3
  x - 1 if x > 3
1. f(x) = ⎨ 2 2. f(x) = ⎨ 3. f(x) = ⎨ __1
⎩ -2x + 3 if x ≤ 3 ⎩ 4x - 3 if x ≤ 1 ⎩ -  3 x + 1 if x < -3
⎧ 3x + 4 if x ≥ 1 ⎧ 3x + 2 if x > -1 ⎧ 2x + 1 if x < -2

4. f(x) = ⎨ 5. f(x) = ⎨ __1 6. f(x) = ⎨
⎩ x + 3 if x < 1 ⎩ -  2 x - 3 if x ≤ -1 ⎩ -3x - 1 if x ≥ -2
Example 2
Graph each function. State the domain and range.
7. f(x) = 3 〚x〛 8.f(x) = 〚-x〛 9. g(x) = -2 〚x〛
259_266_RM_INT1_S_M04_L06_700687.indd 263 17/04/19 7:08 PM

1
10. g(x) = 〚x〛 + 3 11. h(x) = 〚x〛 - 1 12. h(x) = __
  2 〚x〛 + 1
Example 3
13. BABYSITTING Ariel charges $8 per hour as 14 FUNDRAISING Students are selling boxes of
a babysitter. She rounds every fraction of cookies at a fundraiser. The boxes of cookies
an hour up to the next half-hour. Draw a can only be ordered by the case, with 12
graph to represent Ariel’s total earnings y boxes per case. Draw a graph to represent
after x hours. the number of cases needed y when x boxes
of cookies are sold.
Mixed Exercises
15. PRECISION A package delivery service determines rates for express Weight Rate
shipping by the weight of a package, with every fraction of a pound
(pounds) (dollars)
rounded up to the next pound. The table shows the cost of express
1 16.20
shipping packages that weigh no more than 5 pounds. Write a
piecewise-linear function representing the cost to ship a package that 2 19.30
weighs no more than 5 pounds. State the domain and range. 3 22.40
4 25.50
5 28.60
16. EARNINGS Kelly works in a hospital as a medical assistant. She earns

$8 per hour the first 8 hours she works in a day and $11.50 per hour
each hour thereafter.
a. Organize the information into a table. Include a row for hours
worked x, and a row for daily earnings f(x).
b. Write the piecewise equation describing Kelly’s daily earnings f(x)
for x hours.
c. Draw a graph to represent Kelly’s daily earnings.
259_266_RM_INT1_S_M04_L06_700687.indd 264 17/04/19 7:09 PM

17. REASONING Write a piecewise function that represents the graph. g(x)
x
O
18. STRUCTURE Suppose f(x) = 2⟦x - 1⟧.
a. Find f(1.5). b. Find f(2.2).
c. Find f(9.7). d. Find f(-1.25).
19. RENTAL CARS Mr. Aronsohn wants to rent a car on vacation. The rate the car
rental company charges is $19 per day. If any fraction of a day is counted as a
whole day, how much would it cost for Mr. Aronsohn to rent a car for 6.4 days?
20. USE A MODEL A roadside fruit and vegetable stand determines rates for selling
produce, with every fraction of a pound rounded up to the next pound. The table
shows the cost of tomatoes that weigh no more than 5 pounds.
a. Write a piecewise-linear function representing the cost of purchasing tomatoes
that weigh no more than 5 pounds, where C is the cost in dollars and p is the
number of pounds.
Weight Rate
(pounds) (dollars)
1 3.50
2 7.00
3 10.50
4 14.00
5 17.50

c. State the domain and range.
d. What would be the cost of purchasing 8.3 pounds of tomatoes at the roadside
stand?
21. ELECTRONIC REPAIRS Tech Repairs charges $25 for an

electronic device repair that takes up to one hour. For each
additional hour of labor, there is a charge of $50. The repair
shop charges for the next full hour for any part of an hour.
a. Copy and complete the table to organize the information.
Include a row for hours of repair x, and a row for total cost f(x).
x 0 2 4 6 8
f(x)
b. Write a step function to represent the total cost for every

hour h of repair.
c. Graph the function.
d. Devesh was charged $125 to repair his tablet. How long did the repair take to
complete?
259_266_RM_INT1_S_M04_L06_700687.indd 265 17/04/19 7:10 PM

22. TENNIS BALLS At a sporting goods store, tennis balls cost $15 per y
165
dozen for up to 5 dozen, $13.50 per dozen between 6 and
150
10 dozen, and $10 per dozen for 11 dozen or more tennis balls. 135
a. Write a piecewise defined function to represent the total 120
105
Cost ($)
cost f(x) for x dozen tennis balls.
90
b. Graph the function. 75
60
c. Darrell purchased 7 dozen tennis balls. How much did 45
Darrell pay? 30
15
d. Jennifer was charged $45 for purchasing tennis balls. How
0
many tennis balls did Jennifer purchase? 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x
Tennis Balls (Dozen)

23. CREATE Write a piecewise-defined function with three linear pieces.
24. FIND THE ERROR Amy graphed a function that gives the height of a car on a roller
coaster as a function of time. She said her graph is the graph of a step function. Is
this possible? Explain your reasoning.
25. WRITE What is the difference between a step function and a piecewise-defined
function?
⎧ -2x + 4 if x ≥ 2
26. ANALYZE Does the piecewise relation y = ⎨ __1 represent a
function? Justify your argument. ⎩ -  2 x
- 1 if x ≤ 4
ANALYZE Refer to the graph for Exercises 27–31. 12

f(x)
27. Write a piecewise function to represent the graph.
8
28. What is the domain? 4
29. What is the range? O 4 8 12 x

−4
30. Find f(8.5)
31. Find f(1.2).
259_266_RM_INT1_S_M04_L06_700687.indd 266 15/04/19 12:01 PM

Lesson 4-7
Absolute Value Functions

Today’s Goals
Explore Parameters of an Absolute Value Function ● Graph absolute value
functions.
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the Explore. ● Apply translations to
absolute value functions.
INQUIRY How does performing an operation ● Apply dilations to
on an absolute value function change its absolute value functions.
graph? ● Apply reflections to
absolute value functions.
● Interpret constants
within equations of
Learn Graphing Absolute Value Functions absolute value functions.
The absolute value function is a type of piecewise-linear function. Today’s Vocabulary
An absolute value function is written as f(x) = a|x - h| + k, where a, h, absolute value function
and k are constants and f(x) ≥ 0 for all values of x.
vertex
The vertex is either the lowest point or the highest point of a function.
For the parent function, y = |x|, the vertex is at the origin.
Think About It!
Key Concept • Absolute Value Function Why does adding a
f(x) = |x|, defined as f(x) = { 
x if x ≥ 0 positive value of k shift
Parent Function
-x if x < 0 the graph k units up?
Type of Graph V-Shaped
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all nonnegative real numbers
Learn Translations of Absolute Value Functions

Key Concept • Vertical Translations of Absolute Value Functions
If k > 0, the graph of f(x) = |x| is translated k units up.
If k < 0, the graph of f(x) = |x| is translated |k| units down.
Go Online
Key Concept • Horizontal Translations of Linear Functions
If h > 0, the graph of f(x) = |x| is translated h units right. to see how to describe
If h < 0, the graph of f(x) = |x| is translated h units left. translations of functions.
Example 1 Vertical Translations of Absolute

Value Functions Study Tip
y
Describe the translation in f(x) Horizontal Shifts
g(x) = |x| - 3 as it relates to the Remember that the
graph of the parent function. general form of an
Graph the parent function, f(x) = |x|, for O x absolute value function
absolute values. g(x) is y = a|x - h| + k. So,
y = | x + 7| is actually
The constant, k, is outside the absolute
y = | x − (−7)| in the
value signs, so k affects the y-values. The function’s general form.
graph will be a vertical translation. (continued on the next page)
Lesson 4-7 • Absolute Value Functions 267
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Since f(x) = |x|, g(x) = f(x) + k where k = -3.
g(x) = |x| - 3 ⟶ g(x) = f(x) + (-3)
The value of k is less than 0, so the graph will be translated |k| units
down, or 3 units down.
g(x) = |x| - 3 is a translation of the graph of the parent function
3 units down.
Example 2 Horizontal Translations of Absolute

Value Functions
Describe the translation in
j(x) = |x - 4| as it relates to the
parent function. y
Graph the parent function, f(x) = |x|, j(x)
for absolute values.
The constant, h, is inside the absolute value f(x)
signs, so h affects the input or, x-values. O x
The graph will be a horizontal translation.
Since f(x) = |x|, j(x) = f(x - h), where h = 4.
j(x) = |x - 4| ⟶ j(x) = f(x - 4)
The value of h is greater than 0, so the graph will be translated h units
right, or 4 units right.
Think About It! j(x) = |x - 4| is the translation of the graph of the parent function
4 units right.
Since the vertex of the
parent function is at
the origin, what is a
quick way to determine
Example 3 Multiple Translations of Absolute
where the vertex is of Value Functions
q(x) = | x − h| + k?
Describe the translation in g(x) = |x - 2| + 3 y
as it relates to the graph of the parent g(x)
function. f(x)
The equation has both h and k values. The O x
input and output will be affected by the
constants. The graph of f(x) = |x| is vertically
Emilio says that the and horizontally translated.
graph of g(x) = | x + 1| − 1
is the same graph as Since f(x) = |x|, g(x) = f(x - h) + k where h = 2 and k = 3.
f(x) = |x|. Is he correct?
Because h = 2 and k = 3, the graph is translated 2 units right
Why or why not?
and 3 units up.
g(x) = |x - 2| + 3 is the translation of the graph of the parent function
2 units right and 3 units up.
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Example 4 Identify Absolute Value Functions
from Graphs
Use the graph of the function to write its y
equation.
The graph is the translation of the parent graph f(x) g(x)
1 unit to the right. O x
g(x) = |x - h|

General equation for a
horizontal translation
g(x) = |x - 1| The vertex is 1 unit to the

right of the origin.
Example 5 Identify Absolute Value Functions

from Graphs (Multiple Translations)
Use the graph of the function to write its y
equation.
The graph is a translation of the parent graph f(x)
2 units to the left and 5 units down. O x
g(x)
g(x) = |x - h| + k
General equation for a
translations
g(x) = |x - (-2)| + k

The vertex is 2 units left
of the origin.
g(x) = |x - (-2)| + (-5) The vertex is 5 units down of the origin.
g(x) = |x + 2| - 5 Simplify.
Learn Dilations of Absolute Value Functions

Talk About It!
Multiplying by a constant a after evaluating an absolute value function How is the value
creates a vertical change, either a stretch or compression. of a in an absolute
Key Concept • Vertical Dilations of Absolute Value Functions value function related
to slope? Explain.
If | a| > 1, the graph of f(x) = |x| is stretched vertically.
If 0 < |a| < 1, the graph of f(x) = |x| is compressed vertically.
When an input is multiplied by a constant a before for the absolute

value is evaluated, a horizontal change occurs.
Key Concept • Vertical Dilations of Absolute Value Functions
If | a| > 1, the graph of f(x) = |x| is compressed horizontally.
If 0 < |a| < 1, the graph of f(x) = |x| is stretched horizontally.
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Example 6 Dilations of the Form a|x| When a > 1
5
Describe the dilation in g(x) = __
  2 |x| as it relates to the graph of the
parent function.
5
Since f(x) = |x|, g(x) = a • f(x), where a = __
  2 .
5 5
g(x) = __
  2 |x| ⟶ g(x) = __
  2 • f(x)
5
Go Online g(x) = __
  2 |x| is a vertical stretch of the graph of the parent graph.
to see how to describe 5
__ y
x |x| 2 | x| (x, g(x))
dilations of functions. g(x)
-4 | -4| = 4 10 (-4, 10)
-2 | -2| = 2 5 (-2, 5)
Think About It! 0 | 0| = 0 0 (0, 0) f(x)
How are a|x| and |ax| 2 |2| = 2 5 (2, 5)

O x
evaluated differently? 4 |4| = 4 10 (4, 10)
Example 7 Dilations of the Form |ax|

Describe the dilation in p(x) = |2x| as it relates to the graph of the
parent function.
For p(x) = |2x|, a = 2. x |2x| p(x) (x, p(x))
Since a is inside the -4 |2(-4)| = | -8| 8 (-4, 8)
absolute value symbols,
-2 |2(-2)| = | -4| 4 (-2, 4)
the input is first multiplied
by a. Then, the absolute 0 |2(0)| = |0| 0 (0, 0)
Watch Out!
value of ax is evaluated. 2 |2(2)| = | 4| 4 (2, 4)
Differences in Dilations
Although a|x| and |ax| 4 |2(4)| = | 8| 8 (4, 8)
Plot the points from the
appear to have the table.
same effect on a y
function, they are Since f(x) =|x|, p(x) = f(ax) where a = 2. p(x)
evaluated differently and p(x) = |2x| → p(x) = f(2x)
that difference is more
apparent when a p(x) = |2x| is a horizontal compression of the
function is dilated and graph of the parent graph. f(x)
translated horizontally.
O x
For a function with
multiple transformations, Check
it is best to first create Tell whether each equation is an example of a vertical stretch,
a table. vertical compression, horizontal stretch, or horizontal compression.
| |
A. j(x) = _
4
  3 x
B. q(x) = |  x|

1
__
5
C. p(x) = 6|x|
5
D. g(x) = __
  7 |x|
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Example 8 Dilations When 0 < a < 1
1
Describe how the graph of j(x) = __
  3 |x| as it relates to the graph of the
parent function.
1 1
For j(x) = __
  2 |x|, a = _
  3 . Since x |x| 1
__
3 |x| (x, j(x))
a is outside the absolute
-6 | -6| =6 2 (-6, 2)
value signs, the absolute
-3 | -3| =3 1 (-3, 1)
value of the input is
evaluated first. Then, the 0 |0| = 0 0 (0, 0)
function is multiplied by a. 3 |3| = 3 1 (3, 1)
Plot the points from the 6 |6| = 6 2 (6, 2)
table.
Since f(x) = |x|, j(x) = a · f(x)
1 y
where a = _
  3 . f(x)
1 1
j(x) = __
  3 |x|→ j(x) = _
  3 · f(x)
1
j(x) = __
  3 |x| is a vertical compression of the graph O j(x) x
of the parent graph.
Check
Write an equation for each graph shown.
y y
O x
O x
Learn Reflections of Absolute Value Functions Go Online

The graph of -a|x| appears to be flipped upside down compared to to see how to describe
a|x| and they are symmetric about the x-axis. reflections of functions.
Key Concept • Reflections of Absolute Value Functions Across the x-axis
The graph of -af(x) is the reflection of the graph of af(x) = a|x| across
the x-axis.
Think About It!
When the only transformation occurring is a reflection or a dilation and Why would g(x) = | -2x|
and j(x) = |2x| appear
reflection, the graphs of f(ax) and f(-ax) appear the same.
to be the same
Key Concept • Reflections of Absolute Value Functions Across the y-axis graphs?
The graph of f(-ax) is the reflection of the graph of f(ax) = |ax| across
the y-axis.
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Example 9 Graphs of Reflections with Transformations
Describe the reflection in j(x) = − | x + 3| + 5 as it relates to the
graph of the parent function.
x |x + 3| -|x + 3| -|x + 3|+ 5 (x, j(x))

-5 |-5 + 3| = | -2| = 2 -2 -2 + 5 = 3 (-5, 3)
-4 |-4 + 3| = | -1| = 1 -1 -1 + 5 = 4 (-4, 4)
-3 |-3 + 3| = |0| = 0 0 0+5=5 (-3, 5)
-2 |-2 + 3| = |1| = 1 -1 -1 + 5 = 4 (-2, 4)
-1 |-1 + 3| = |2| = 2 -2 -2 + 5 = 3 (-1, 3)
First, the absolute value of x + 3 is evaluated. y

8
Then, the function is multiplied by a. Finally, 5 6
is added to the function. 4
2 f(x)
Plot the points from the table. −8−6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
Since f(x) = | x|, j(x) = −1 · a · f(x) −4
where a = 1, h = −3, and k = 5. −6 j(x)
−8
j(x) = - | x + 3| + 5 → j(x) = -1 · f(x + 3) + 5
j(x) = - | x + 3| + 5 is the graph of the parent function reflected across
the x-axis, and translated 3 units left and 5 units up.
Example 10 Graphs of y = −a|x|

3
Describe the reflection in q(x) = - __
4 | x| as it relates to the graph of
First, the absolute value of x |x|
3
-__
4 |x | (x, q(x))
x is evaluated. Then, the
-8 |-8|= 8 -6 (-8, -6)
function is multiplied by a.
Finally, 5 is added to the -4 |-4|= 4 -3 (-4, -3)
function. 0 |0|= 0 0 (0, 0)
Plot the points from the 4 |4|= 4 3 (4, 3)
table. 8 |8|= 8 6 (8, 6)
Since f(x) = | x|, q(x) = -1 · a · f(x)
3 y
where a = - _
4 .
3
q(x) =- | x + 3| + 5 → q(x) = - _
4 f(x) f(x)
3
q(x) = - _
4 |x| is the graph of the parent function O x
reflected across the x-axis, and q(x)
vertically compressed.
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Example 11 Graphs of y = |-ax|
Describe the reflection in g(x) = |−4x| as it relates to the graph of
the parent function. Think About It!
First, the input is multiplied by a. Then the absolute value of ax is Describe how the
evaluated. graph of y = |-ax| is
y
Since f(x) = | x|, g(x) = f(−1 · a · x) related to the parent
g(x)
function.
where a = 4.
g(x) = | -4x| → g(x) = f(−1 · 4 · x)
f(x)
g(x) = | -4x| is the graph of the parent
function reflected across the y-axis and O x
horizontally compressed.
Learn Transformations of Absolute Value Functions
You can use the equation of a function to understand the behavior of
the function. Since the constants a, h, and k affect the function in
different ways, they can help develop an accurate graph of the
function.
Concept Summary Transformations of Graphs of Absolute Value Functions
g(x) = a|x - h| + k Why does there appear
Horizontal Translation, h Vertical Translation, k to be no reflection for
the graph of y = | −ax|?
If h > 0, the graph of f(x) = |x| is If k > 0, the graph of f(x) = |x| is
translated h units right. translated k units up.
If h < 0, the graph of f(x) = |x| is If k < 0, the graph of f(x) = |x| is
translated |h| units left. translated |k| units down.
y k>0
y
h<0 h>0
k<0
O x
O x
Reflection, a Dilation, a
If a > 0, the graph opens up. If |a| > 1, the graph of f(x) = |x| is
stretched vertically.
If a < 0, the graph opens down.
y If 0 < |a| < 1, the graph is
compressed vertically.
a>0 y
a>1
O x
a<0
0<a<1
O x
Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online. Lesson 4-7 • Absolute Value Functions 273
267_280_RM_INT1_S_M04_L07_700687.indd 273 15/04/19 12:10 PM

Write the phrase that best describes how each parameter affects the
graph of g(x) = -5|x - 2| + 3 in relation to the parent function.
-5 Reflects and stretches vertically
2 Translates right
3 Translates up
Example 12 Graph an Absolute Value Function with

Multiple Translations
Graph g(x) = |x + 1| − 4. State the domain and range.
Watch Out! a=1 The graph is not y

reflected or dilated
Dilations and
in relation to the
Translations
parent function.
Don’t assume that
j(x) = 2|x − 5| + 1 and h = -1 The graph is O x
p(x) = 2x - 5 + 1 are translated 1 unit left

the same graph. from the parent
Functions are evaluated function.
differently depending k = -4 The graph is y
on whether a is inside translated 4 units
or outside the absolute down from the
value symbols. It might parent function.
be best to create a O x
table to generate an
accurate graph.
Go Online The graph of g(x) = | x + 1| - 4 is the graph of y
You can watch a video the parent function translated 1 unit left and
to see how to graph a 4 units down without dilation or reflection. f(x)
transformed absolute The domain is all real numbers. The range is
O x
value function. all real numbers greater than or equal to -4.
g(x)
267_280_RM_INT1_S_M04_L07_700687.indd 274 15/04/19 12:10 PM

Translations and Dilation
Graph j(x) = |3x - 6|. State the domain y
and range.
Because a is inside the absolute value
f(x) j(x)
symbols, the effect of h on the translation
changes. O x
Evaluate the function for several values of

x to find points on the graph.
x (x, j(x))
0 (0, 6)
1 (1, 3)
2 (2, 0)
3 (3, 3)
4 (4, 6)
The graph of j(x) = |3x - 6| is the graph of the parent function

compressed horizontally and translated 2 units right.
The domain is all real numbers. The range is all real numbers greater
than or equal to 0.
Think About It!

How is the vertical
Translations and Reflection translation k of an
Graph p(x) = -|x - 3| + 5. State the y absolute value function
domain and range. related to its range?
In p(x) = -|x - 3| + 5, the parent f(x)
function is reflected across the x-axis
because the absolute value is being O x
multiplied by -1. p(x)

The function is then translated
3 units right.
Finally, the function is translated 5 units up.
p(x) = -|x - 3| + 5 is the graph of the parent function translated
3 units right and 5 units up and reflected across the x-axis.
The domain is all real numbers. The range is all real numbers
less than or equal to 5.
267_280_RM_INT1_S_M04_L07_700687.indd 275 15/04/19 12:10 PM

Example 15 Apply Graphs of Absolute Value
Functions
BUILDINGS Determine an y
absolute value function
that models the shape of (0, 62)
The Palace of Peace and
Reconciliation.
To write the equation for
Think About It! the absolute value
How is the vertical function, we must (−31, 0) (31, 0)
determine the values O x
translation k of an
absolute value function of a, h, and k in f(x) =
related to its range? a|x - h| + k from the
graph.
If we consider the absolute value as a piecewise function, we can find
the slope of one side of the graph to determine the value of a.
Because this function opens downward, the graph is a reflection of the
parent graph across the x-axis. So we know that the a-value in the
equation should be negative.
y2 - y1
m = _____
  x - x The Slope Formula
2 1
0 - 62
= _____
  31 - 0 (0, 62) = (x1, y1) and (31, 0) = (x2, y2)
62
= - __
31 or -2
Next, notice that the vertex is not located at the origin. It has been
translated. The absolute value function is not shifted left or right, but
has been translated 62 units up from the origin.
y = -2|x - 0| + 62 a = −2, h = 0, k = 2
y = -2|x| + 62 Simplify.
So, y = -2|x| + 62 models the shape of The Palace of Peace and

Reconciliation.
1200 (9, 1100)
Check 1000
Temperature (°C)
GLASS PRODUCTION Certain 800

types of glass heat and cool at a
Dmitry Chulov/123RF
Go Online to nearly constant rate when they 600

practice what you’ve are melted to create new glass
learned about graphing 400
products. Use the graph to
special functions in the
determine the equation that
Put It All Together over 200
Lessons 4–6 through
represents this process.
(0, 29) (18, 29)
4–7. y= ? |x − ? | + ? 0 4 8 12 16 20
Time (hours)
267_280_RM_INT1_S_M04_L07_700687.indd 276 15/04/19 12:10 PM

Practice
Describe the translation in g(x) as it relates to the graph of the parent function.
1. g(x) = | x| - 5 2. g(x) = | x + 6| 3. g(x) = |x - 2| + 7
4. g(x) = | x + 1| - 3 5. g(x) = |x| + 1 6. g(x) = | x - 8|
Examples 4 and 5
Use the graph of the function to write its equation.
7. f(x) 8. f(x) 9. f(x)
O x O x O x
10. y 11. f(x) 12. f(x)
O x O x
O x
Describe the dilation in g(x) as it relates to the graph of the parent function.
2
13. g(x) = __
  5 |x| 14. g(x) = |0.7x| 15. g(x) = 1.3|x|
16. g(x) = |3x| | |

17. g(x) =  __
1
6 x 18. g(x) = __
5
  4 |x|
267_280_RM_INT1_S_M04_L07_700687.indd 277 15/04/19 12:10 PM

Describe the reflection in g(x) as it relates to the graph of the parent function.
1
19. g(x) = -3|x| 20. g(x) = -|x| - 2 21. g(x) = |- _
  4 x|
2
22. g(x) = -|x - 7| + 3 23. g(x) = |-2x| 24. g(x) = - __
  3 |x|
USE TOOLS Graph each function. State the domain and range.
25. g(x) = |x + 2| + 3 26. g(x) = |2x - 2| + 1 27. f(x) = __ | 1
  2 x - 2 |
1
28. f(x) = | 2x - 1| 29. f(x) = __
  2 |x| + 2 30. h(x) = -2|x - 3| + 2
2 3
31. f(x) = -4|x + 2| - 3 32. g(x) = - __
3 |x + 6| - 1 33. h(x) = - _
4 |x - 8| + 1
Example 15
Determine an absolute value function that models each situation.
34. ESCALATORS An escalator travels at a 35. TRAVEL The graph models the distance,
constant speed. The graph models the in miles, a car traveling from Chicago,
escalator’s distance, in floors, from the Illinois is from Annapolis, Maryland, where
second floor x seconds after leaving the x is the number of hours since the car
ground floor. departed from Chicago, Illinois.
y y
6 200
4 150
2 100
−40 −20 O 20 40 x 50
−2 O 4 8 12 x
−4 −50
−6 −100

Mixed Exercises
MODELING Graph each function. State the domain and range. Describe how each
graph is related to its parent graph.
36. f(x) = -4|x - 2| + 3 37. f(x) = | 2x| 38. f(x) = | 2x + 5|
267_280_RM_INT1_S_M04_L07_700687.indd 278 15/04/19 12:10 PM

39. y 40. y
O x O x
41. y 42. y
−12 −8 −4 O 4x
−4
O x
43. SUNFLOWER SEEDS A company produces and sells bags of sunflower seeds, s.
A medium-sized bag of sunflower seeds must contain 16 ounces of seeds. If
the amount of sunflower seeds in the medium-sized bag differs from the desired
16 ounces by more than x, the bag cannot be delivered to companies to be sold.
Write an equation that can be used to find the highest and lowest amounts of
sunflower seeds in a medium-sized bag.
5
44. REASONING The function y = __   4 |x - 5|models a car’s distance
in miles from a parking lot after x minutes. Graph the function.
After how many minutes will the car reach the parking lot?
45. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION A track coach set up an agility

drill for members of the track team. According to the coach,
21.7 seconds is the target time to complete the agility drill. If
the time differs from the desired 21.7 seconds by more than
x, the track coach may require members of the track team to
change their training. Write an equation that can be used to
find the fastest and slowest times members of the track team
can complete the agility drill so that their training does not
have to change. If x = 3.2, what can you assume about the range
of times the coach wants the members of the track team to
complete the agility drill? Solve your equation for x = 3.2 and use
the results to justify your assumption.
46. SCUBA DIVING The function y = 3|x - 12| - 36 models a scuba

diver’s elevation in feet compared to sea level after x minutes. Graph
the function. How far below sea level is the scuba diver at the
deepest point in their dive?
267_280_RM_INT1_S_M04_L07_700687.indd 279 15/04/19 12:10 PM

47. MANUFACTURING A manufacturing company produces boxes of cereal, b.
A small box of cereal must have 12 ounces. If the amount of cereal in a small box
differs from the desired 12 ounces by more than x, the box cannot be shipped for
selling. Write an equation that can be used to find the highest and lowest
amounts of cereal in a small box.
48. STRUCTURE Amelia is competing in a bicycle race. The race is

along a circular path. She is 6 miles from the start line. She is
approaching the start line at a speed of 0.2 mile per minute.
After Amelia reaches the start line, she continues at the same
speed, taking another lap around the track.
a. Organize the information into a table. Include a row for time
in minutes x, and a row for distance from start line f(x).
b. Draw a graph to represent Amelia’s distance from the start

line.

49. WRITE Use transformations to describe how the graph of h(x) = -|x + 2| – 3 is
related to the graph of the parent absolute value function.
50. ANALYZE On a straight highway, the town of Garvey is located at mile

marker 200. A car is located at mile marker x and is traveling at an average
speed of 50 miles per hour.
a. Write a function T(x) that gives the time, in hours, it will take the car to reach
Garvey. Then graph the function on the coordinate plane.
b. Does the graph have a maximum or minimum? If so, name it and describe what
it represents in the context of the problem.
51. PERSEVERE Write the equation y = |x - 3| + 2 as a piecewise-defined function.

Then graph the piecewise function.
52. CREATE Write an absolute value function, f(x), that has a domain of all real
numbers and a range that is greater than or equal to 4. Be sure your function also
includes a dilation of the parent function. Describe how your function relates to
the parent absolute value graph. Then graph your function.
267_280_RM_INT1_S_M04_L07_700687.indd 280 15/04/19 12:10 PM

Module 4 • Linear and Nonlinear Functions
Review
Essential Question
It can tell you about the rate of change, whether the relationship is positive or
negative, the locations of the x- and y-intercepts, and what points fall on the graph.
Module Summary
Lessons 4-1 through 4-3 Lesson 4-5
Graphing Linear Functions, Rate of Arithmetic Sequences

Change, and Slope • An arithmetic sequence is a numerical pattern
• The graph of an equation represents all of its that increases or decreases at a constant rate
solutions. called the common difference.
• The x-value of the y-intercept is 0. The y-value of • The nth term of an arithmetic sequence with the
the x-intercept is 0. first term a1 and common difference d is given by
• The rate of change is how a quantity is an = a1 + (n - 1)d, where n is a positive integer.
changing with respect to a change in another
quantity. If x is the independent variable and Lessons 4-6, 4-7
y is the dependent variable, then rate of
change in y Special Functions
change = ________
  change in x .
• A piecewise-linear function has a graph that is
• The slope m of a nonvertical line through any composed of a number of linear pieces.
y2 - y1
two points can be found using m = _____
  x - x  . • A step function is a type of piecewise-linear
2 1
• A line with positive slope slopes upward from function with a graph that is a series of horizontal
left to right. A line with negative slope slopes line segments.
downward from left to right. A horizontal line • An absolute value function is V-shaped.
has a slope of 0. The slope of a vertical line is
undefined.
Study Organizer
Foldables
Lesson 4-4
Use your Foldable to review this 4-1-4-3
Transformations of Linear Functions module. Working with a partner 4-4
• When a constant k is added to a linear function can be helpful. Ask for clarification 4-5
of concepts as needed.
4-6-4-7
f(x), the result is a vertical translation.
• When a linear function f(x) is multiplied by a
constant a, the result a·f(x) is a vertical dilation.
• When a linear function f(x) is multiplied by -1
before or after the function has been evaluated,
the result is a reflection across the x- or y-axis.
Module 4 Review • Linear and Nonlinear Functions 281
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Test Practice
1. GRAPH Jalyn made a table of how much money 4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the slope of the
she will earn from babysitting. (Lesson 4-1) graphed line. (Lesson 4-2)
f(x)
Hours Babysitting Money Earned
1 5
(0, 3)
2 10
3 15 O x
(−4, 0)
4 20
Use the table to graph the function.
4
A. − _
3
3
B. − _
4
3
C.  _
4
4
D.  _
3
5. MULTIPLE CHOICE Determine the slope of the

2. OPEN RESPONSE Copy and complete the line that passes through the points (4, 10) and
table to find the missing values in the table (2, 10). (Lesson 4-2)
that show the points on the graph of
f(x) = 2x - 4. (Lesson 4-1) A. −1
B. 0
x −2 0 2 4 6 C. 1
f (x) −8 −4
D. undefined
3. OPEN RESPONSE Mr. Hernandez is draining 6. GRAPH Graph the equation of a line with a
his pool to have it cleaned. At 8:00 A.M., it slope of −3 and a y-intercept of 2. (Lesson 4-3)
had 2000 gallons of water and at 11:00 A.M. it
had 500 gallons left to drain. What is the rate
of change in the amount of water in the pool?
(Lesson 4-2)
7. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the slope of the

line that passes through (3, 4) and (−7, 4)
y = 4? (Lesson 4-3)
A. 0
B. undefined
C. 45(n – 11)
D. positive
282 Module 4 Review • Linear and Nonlinear Functions

8. MULTIPLE CHOICE A teacher buys 100 pencils 12. OPEN RESPONSE What number can be used
to keep in her classroom at the beginning of to complete the equation below that
the school year. She allows the students to describes the nth term of the arithmetic
borrow pencils, but they are not always sequence -2, -1.5, -1, 0, 0.5, …? (Lesson 4-5)
returned. On average, she loses about
an = 0.5n - ?
8 pencils a month. Write an equation in
slope-intercept form that represents the
number of pencils she has left, y, after a
number of x months. (Lesson 4-3)
A. y = −8x − 100
B. y = −8x + 100 13. OPEN RESPONSE Write and graph a function
to represent the sequence 1, 10, 19, 28, …
C. y = 8x + 100 (Lesson 4-5)
D. y = 8x − 100
9. OPEN RESPONSE Name the transformation

that changes the slope, or the steepness,
a graph. (Lesson 4-4)
14. OPEN RESPONSE Christa has a box of

10. OPEN RESPONSE Describe the dilation of chocolate candies. The number of chocolates
1
g(x) = __
  2 (x) as it relates to the graph of the in each row forms an arithmetic sequence as
parent function, f(x) = x. (Lesson 4-4) shown in the table. (Lesson 4-5)
Row 1 2 3 4
Number of Chocolates 3 6 9 12
Write an arithmetic function that can be used

to find the number of chocolates in each row.
11. MULTIPLE CHOICE Arjun begins the calendar
year with $40 in his bank account. Each
week he receives an allowance of $20, half
of which he deposits into his bank account.
Which of the functions represents the
arithmetic sequence created by the number
of weeks, n? (Lesson 4-5)
A. f(n) = 20n + 40
B. f(n) = 40n + 20
C. f(n) = 40 + 10n
D. f(n) = 10 + 40n
Module 4 Review • Linear and Nonlinear Functions 283

15. OPEN RESPONSE Daniel earns $9 per hour 18. MULTI-SELECT Describe the transformation(s)
at his job for the first 40 hours he works of the function graphed below in relation to
each week. However, his pay rate increases the absolute value parent function. Select all
to $13.50 per hour thereafter. This situation that apply. (Lesson 4-7)
can be represented with the function
⎧ 9x, if x ≤ 40 y
f(x) = ⎨
⎩ 360 + 13.5(x - 40), if x > 40
Use this function to copy and complete the
table with the correct values. (Lesson 4-6)
O x
Hours Worked, x Money Earned, f(x)

30
35 315
40
45 427.5 A. Reflected across x-axis
50
B. Vertical stretch
C. Vertical compression
16. GRAPH Graph the function f(x) = 2[[x]]. D. Reflected across y-axis
(Lesson 4-6)
E. Translated right 3
F. Translated up 3
19. OPEN RESPONSE Describe the graph of

g(x) = |x| + 5 in relation to the graph of the
absolute value parent function. (Lesson 4-7)
20. OPEN RESPONSE Across which axis is the

17. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following graph of h(x) = -5|x| reflected? (Lesson 4-7)
describes the effect a dilation has upon the
graph of the absolute value parent function?
(Lesson 4-7)
A. Flipped across axis 21. OPEN RESPONSE Use the graph of the
function to write its equation. (Lesson 4-7)
B. Stretch or compression
C. Rotated about the origin y
D. Shifted horizontally or vertically

x
O
284 Module 4 Review • Linear and Nonlinear Functions

Module 5
Creating Linear Equations
Essential Question

KEY Before After
write linear equations in slope-intercept form when given the

slope and the coordinates of a point
write linear equations in slope-intercept form when given the
coordinates of two points on the line
write linear equations in standard form
write linear equations in point-slope form
write equations of parallel and perpendicular lines
examine scatter plots to describe relationships between quantities
make and evaluate predictions by fitting linear functions to
sets of data
distinguish between correlation and causation
write equations of best-fit lines
plot and analyze residuals
find inverses of linear relations and functions
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about linear equations.
1. Fold each end of the paper in about 2 inches.
2. Fold along the width and the length. Unfold. Cut along the fold line from the top to the center.
3. Fold the top flaps down. Then fold in half and turn to form a folder. Staple the flaps down
to form pockets.
4. Label the front with 1 2 3 4
the chapter title. Creating
Linear
Equations
Module 5 • Creating Linear Equations 285
285_286_RM_INT1_S_M05_CO_700687.indd 285 15/04/19 12:17 PM

• best-fit line • line of fit • perpendicular lines
• bivariate data • linear extrapolation • point-slope form
• causation • linear interpolation • residual
• correlation coefficient • linear regression • scatter plot
• inverse functions • parallel lines • trend
• inverse relations
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Solve 5x + 15y = 9 for x. Write the ordered pair for A.
5x + 15y = 9 Original equation Step 1 Begin at point A.

5x + 15y − 15y = 9 − 15y
Subtract 15y from Step 2 F
ollow along a vertical line y
each side. to the x-axis. The
5x = 9 − 15y Simplify. x-coordinate is −4. A
5x 9 − 15y
 __ ______
5 =   5 Divide each side by 5. Step 3 F
ollow along a horizontal
9 line to the y-axis. The
x = __
O x
  5 − 3y Simplify.
y-coordinate is 2.
The ordered pair for point A is (−4, 2).
Quick Check
Solve each equation for the given Write the ordered pair for each point.
variable. y
5. A
1. x + y = 5 for y B
6. B F A
2. 2x − 4y = 6 for x
7. C D
3. y − 2 = x + 3 for y O x
8. D
4. 4x − 3y = 12 for x E
9. E C
10. F
How Did You Do?

286 Module 5 • Creating Linear Equations

Lesson 5-1
Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form

Today’s Goals
Explore Slope-Intercept Form ● Write an equation of a
line in slope-intercept
form given the slope
nline Activity Use graphing technology to complete
O and one point.
the Explore.
● Write an equation of a
line in slope-intercept
INQUIRY How does changing the coordinates form given two points.
of two points on a line affect the slope of the
line?
Learn Creating Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept Think About It!

Form Given the Slope and a Point How can you determine
whether the given point
If you are given the slope of a line and the coordinates of any point on is the y-intercept of the
that line, you can create an equation for that line. line?
Key Concepts • Creating Equations in Slope-Intercept Form Given the

Slope and a Point
Step 1 Determine whether the given point is the y-intercept. If not,
substitute the given information into the slope-intercept
form equation to find the y-intercept.
Step 2 Use the given slope and y-intercept you found in Step 1 to
write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form.
Example 1 Write an Equation Given the Slope

and a Point Think About It!
Write an equation of the line that passes through (−8, 6) and has a What does it mean if
3 b = 0 when an
slope of − __
4 . equation is written in
Step 1 Find the y-intercept. slope-intercept form?
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
3 3
6 = −_
  4 (−8) + b m = −_
  4 , x = −8, and y = 6
6=6+b Simplify.
0=b Subtract 6 from each side. Study Tip

Step 2 Write the equation in slope-intercept form.
Remember, you need
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form two things to write an
3 3 equation in slope-
y = −_
  4 x + 0 m = −_
  4 and b = 0 intercept form: the slope
3
y = −_
  4 x Simplify. and the y-intercept.
Lesson 5-1 • Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form 287
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Example 2 Write an Equation in
BAKING Marissa is baking a recipe that calls for her to turn down the
temperature on her oven for part of the baking time. Write an equation
to represent the situation if the temperature in her oven drops 25°F
every 30 seconds, and after 2 minutes the temperature is 350°F.
Step 1 Determine a point on the line and the slope.

After 2 minutes the temperature is 350°F.
Let x = the time in minutes and y = the temperature in °F.
So, the point (2, 350) is on the line.
The temperature drops 25°F every 30 seconds.

The change in x is 30 seconds, or 0.5 minute.
Study Tip “Drops” means a negative change, so the change in y is
Slope When determining −25°F.
the slope, words like change in y −25
“drops” and “decreasing”   change in x = ____
Slope = ________   0.5  or −50°F per minute
represent a negative
So, the slope is −50.
slope, and words like
“growing” and
“increasing” represent a Step 2 Find the y-intercept.
positive slope. y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
350 = −50(2) + b m = −50, x = 2, and y = 350
Think About It! 350 = −100 + b Simplify.
Find the domain of your 450 = b Add 100 to each side.

equation, and describe
This means that the temperature of the oven was 450°F when
the meaning in the
it was turned off.

y = −50x + 450 m = −50 and b = 450
Check
MEMBERSHIP The total monthly cost of Ayzha’s gym membership
increases by $5 per class she attends. After signing up for 4 classes
one month, her total cost is $49.99. Which equation represents
Ayzha’s total monthly cost y after attending x classes?
A. y = −5x + 29.99 B. y = −5x + 69.99
C. y = 5x + 29.99 D. y = 5x + 69.99
287_294_RM_INT1_S_M05_L01_700687.indd 288 17/04/19 7:13 PM

Learn Creating Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept
Form Given Two Points
Talk About It!
If you are given the coordinates of any two points on a line, you can
Will your equation for
create an equation for that line.
the line be different
Key Concepts • Creating Equations in Slope-Intercept Form Given depending on the point
you choose in Step 2?
Two Points
Step 1 Use the given points to find the slope of the line
containing the points.
Step 2 Use the slope from Step 1 and either of the given points
to find the y-intercept of the line.
Step 3 Use the slope you found in Step 1 and the y-intercept you
found in Step 2 to write the equation of the line in slope-
intercept form.
Watch Out!
Example 3 Write Equations Given Two Points Subtraction If the
(x1, y1) coordinates are
Write an equation of the line that passes through (1.2, −0.7) and
negative, be sure to
(−3.4, 1.6). account for both the
Step 1 Find the slope. negative signs and the
y 2 − y 1 subtraction symbols in
m = ______
  x  − x  Slope Formula the Slope Formula.
2 1
Remember, the result
1.6 − (−0.7)
m = ________
  −3.4 − 1.2  (x1 , y1) = (1.2, −0.7), (x2, y2) = (−3.4, 1.6) of subtracting a
negative number is the
2.3 same as adding its
m = ____
  -4.6 Simplify. opposite.
m = −0.5 Simplify.
Step 2 Use either point to find the y-intercept.

1.6 = −0.5(−3.4) + b m = −0.5, x = −3.4, and y = 1.6
1.6 = 1.7 + b Simplify.

-0.1 = b Subtract 1.7 from each side.

y = −0.5x - 0.1 m = −0.5 and b = −0.1
Check
Write an equation of the line that passes through (-5, -3) and (-7, -12).
287_294_RM_INT1_S_M05_L01_700687.indd 289 17/04/19 7:13 PM

Apply Example 4 Write an Equation Given
Think About It!
Real-World Data
Use the table to make
an estimate of the SCHOOLS The number of students
Year Students
number of students enrolled in public high schools in the
enrolled in public high (in thousands)
United States has risen slightly since 2010.
schools in 2030. Then, Write an equation that could be used to 2011 14,749
use the equation to predict the number of students enrolled in 2012 14,753
predict the number of
public high schools if enrollment continues 2013 14,754
students enrolled. How
to grow at the same rate. 2014 14,826
does your estimate
compare to the number 2015 14,912
of students that you 1. What is the task?
calculated? Describe the task in your own words. Then list any questions that you
Sample answer: I need to write an equation to predict enrollment in
public high schools. How can I write an equation when given a table? I
can review finding rate of change and writing equations in
slope-intercept form.
2.
How will you approach the task? What have you learned that
Sample answer: I will use what I have learned about finding the rate of
change from a table to help me find the slope. I will then use the slope
and one of the points to find the y-intercept. I will use what I have
learned about writing equations in slope-intercept form to write an
Problem-Solving Tip equation.
Use a Graph You can
also estimate and make 3. What is your solution?
predictions using a Use your strategy to solve the problem.
graph. Plot two points Find the slope.
from the table, connect
m = 40.75
them with a line, and
then estimate using Find the y-intercept.
the graph. b = 14,708.25
Write an equation to predict the number of students enrolled in public
high schools if enrollment continues to grow at the same rate.
Study Tip
y = 40.75x + 14,708.25
Units The number of
students enrolled is in
thousands. While it is 4. How can you know that your solution is reasonable?
impossible to have one- Write About It! Write an argument that can be used to defend
quarter of a student, your solution.
14,708.25 thousand
students really means Sample answer: For the year 2015, x = 5. I substituted x = 5 into my
14,708,250 students. So, equation to check my solution, and the result matched the number of
this solution is within the students enrolled in 2015.
constraints of the situation.
287_294_RM_INT1_S_M05_L01_700687.indd 290 17/04/19 7:13 PM

Example 1
Write an equation of the line that passes through the given point and has the given slope.
1 1 3
1. (4, 2); slope __
 2 2. (3, −2); slope _
  3 3. (6, 4); slope − _
4
1 3
4. (−5, 4); slope –3 5. (4, 3); slope  __
2 6. (1, −5); slope − __
2
Example 2
7. EXERCISE Carlos is jogging at a constant speed. He starts a timer when he is
12 feet from his starting position. After 3 seconds, Carlos is 21 feet from his
starting position. Write a linear equation to represent the distance d of Carlos
from his starting position after t seconds.
8. JOBS Mr. Kimball sells computer software. He earns a base salary of $41,250 and
8% commission on his sales. Write an equation to represent Mr. Kimball’s total pay
p after selling d dollars of software.
9. USE A MODEL In 2006, the average ticket price for a National Football League
game was $62.38. Since then the cost has increased an average of $2.54 per
year. Write a linear equation to represent the cost C of an NFL ticket y years
after 2006.
10. TYPING Nebi has already typed 250 words. He then starts a timer and finds that
he types 150 words in 3 minutes. If Nebi types at a constant rate, write a linear
equation to represent the number of words w Nebi types m minutes after starting
the timer.
Example 3
Write an equation of the line that passes through each pair of points.
11. (0, −4), (5, –4) 12. (−4, −2), (4, 0) 13. (−2, −3), (4, 5)
14. (0, 1), (5, 3) 15. (−3, 0), (1, –6) 16. (1, 0), (5, −1)
17. (9, 2), (−2, 6) 18. (−6, 5), (−6, −4) 19. (5, −2), (7, −1)
4 , 1), (
21. ( __ 4 ,   4 )   12 , −1), (
22. (__ 4 ,   6 )
5 1 3 5 3 1
20. (5, −3), (2, 5) − _ _ − _ __
287_294_RM_INT1_S_M05_L01_700687.indd 291 17/04/19 7:13 PM

Example 4
23. DANCE Lydia wants to purchase guitar lessons. She sees a sign
that gives the prices for 7 guitar lessons and 11 guitar lessons.
Write a linear equation to find the total cost C for d lessons.
GUITAR
LESSONS
24. CENSUS The population of Laredo, Texas, was about 215,500

in 2007. It was about 123,000 in 1990. If we assume that the
population growth is constant, write a linear equation with an 7 Lessons = $82
integer slope to represent p, Laredo’s population t years
after 1990. 11 Lessons = $122
25. WEATHER A meteorologist finds that the temperature at the 12,000 ft

6000-foot level of a mountain and the temperature at the 49˚F
12,000-foot level of the mountain are different. Write a linear 6,000 ft
equation to represent the temperature T at an elevation of 76˚F
x, where x is in thousands of feet.
26. FUNDRAISING Natalia and her friends held a bake sale to benefit a local charity.
The friends sold 22 cakes on the first day and 15 cakes on the second day of the
bake sale. They collected $88 on the first day and $60 on the second day. Write
an equation to represent the amount R Natalia and her friends raised after selling
c cakes.
Mixed Exercises
Write an equation of each line.
27. y 28. y 29. y
(1, 2) (−2, 2) O x
O x O x m = −1
m=3 (−1, −3)
m = −2
30. 8
y 31. 8
y 32. 8
y
6 6 6
(4, 3) (−2, 5)
4 4 4
2 2 (−5, 3) 2
−8 −6−4−2 O 2 4 6 8x −8 −6−4−2 O 2 4 6 8x −8 −6−4−2 O 2 4 6 8x
(9, −2)
−4 −4 (5, −2) −4
−6 −6 −6
(0, −7)
−8 −8 −8
287_294_RM_INT1_S_M05_L01_700687.indd 292 17/04/19 7:14 PM

Determine whether the given point is on the line. Explain your reasoning.
1 1
33. (3, −1); y = _
  3 x + 5 34. (6, −2); y = __
  2 x − 5
1 2
35. (15, −13); y = −  __
5 x − 10 36. (3, 3); y = −  __
3 x + 1
Determine another point on a line given two points on the line.

37. (2, −4), (4, −2) 38. (0, 5), (4, 1) 39. (−3, 1), (−1, −3)
40. (0, 4), (2, 5) 41. (−2, 9), (2, −1) 42. (3, 0), (12, 3)
For Exercises 43–45, determine which equation best represents each situation.
Explain the meaning of each variable.
1
A. y = __
  25 x + 300 B. y = 25x + 300 C. y = 300x + 25
43. PLANES Plane tickets cost $300 each plus a fee of $25 to select seats per order.
44. SAVINGS Larry has $300. He saves $25 each week.
45. OIL The current oil level in a tank is 25 feet. The rate oil in being poured into the
1
tank is  __
25 inch per hour.
46. USE A MODEL The table of ordered pairs shows the coordinates of the two x y
points on the graph of a function. Write an equation that describes the −2 2
function.
4 −1
47. USE A SOURCE The table shows how women’s

Women’s Shoe Sizes
shoe sizes in the United Kingdom compare to
women’s shoe sizes in the United States. U.K. 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
U.S. 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5
a. Write a linear equation to determine the U.S.
Source: DanceSport UK
size y if you are given the U.K. size x.
b. What would be the U.S. shoe size for a woman who wears a U.K. size 7.5?
c. Research women’s shoe sizes in Australia compared to women’s shoe sizes in

the United States. Write a linear equation to determine the U.S. size y if you
are given the Australia size x.
287_294_RM_INT1_S_M05_L01_700687.indd 293 17/04/19 7:14 PM

48. REASONING Shikita borrowed money from her brother and paid back a set
amount each week. The table shows how much she owed in a given week.
Week 3 6 8 10 13
Amount Owed $32.50 $25.00 $20.00 $15.00 $7.50
a. Let x represent the number of weeks and y represent the amount owed. Write
an equation in slope-intercept form to model the amount Shikita owed each
week.
b. Describe the graph of the equation you found in part a. What does its shape
tell you about the problem?
49. REASONING Koby tracked the weight of his puppy for 6 months. Her growth is m p
shown in the table where m = age in months and p = weight in pounds. 2 16
a. Write an equation in slope-intercept form to model the growth of 3 23.5
Koby’s puppy. 4 31
b. What is the y-intercept? What does the y-intercept mean in context of the 5 38.5
problem? 6 46
c. What is the slope? What does the slope mean in the context of the problem?

50. PERSEVERE Write the equation of each line in slope-intercept form.
4
a. slope:  __
5 , y-intercept: −8
b. (−3, 0), (3, −16)
c. What point do the graphs of both equations have in common, and what does this
tell you about their graphs?
51. FIND THE ERROR Tess and Jacinta are

Tess Jacinta
writing an equation of the line through
4 - (-2) 6 4 - (-2) 6
(3, −2) and (6, 4). Is either of them correct? m = ____
  6 - 3 =   __3  or 2 m = ______
  6 - 3 = __
 3 or 2
y = mx + b y = mx + b
6 = 2(4) + b -2 = 2(3) + b
52. WRITE Linear equations are useful in 6=8+b -2 = 6 + b
predicting future events. Describe some
factors in real-world situations that might -2 = b -8 = b
affect the reliability of the graph in y = 2x - 2 y = 2x - 8
making any predictions.
53. CREATE Create a real-world situation that fits the graph at the right. 4
y
Define the two quantities and describe the functional relationship 3

between them. Write an equation to represent this relationship, and 2
1
describe what the slope and y-intercept mean.
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
287_294_RM_INT1_S_M05_L01_700687.indd 294 17/04/19 7:15 PM

Lesson 5-2
Writing Equations in Standard
and Point-Slope Forms
Today’s Goals
● Write equations of lines
Explore Forms of Linear Equations in point-slope form.
● Create and identify
nline Activity Use graphing technology to complete the
O equations of parallel or
perpendicular lines.
Explore.
INQUIRY How are the point-slope and slope- point-slope form
intercept forms of a linear equation related? parallel lines
perpendicular lines
Learn Creating Linear Equations in Point-Slope Form

When the slope and the coordinates of one point of a line are known,
an equation for the line can be written in point-slope form.
Talk About It!
Key Concept • Point-Slope Form
Why must a line be
Words The linear equation y - y1 = m(x - x1) is written in point- nonvertical in order to
slope form, where (x1, y1) is a given point on a nonvertical be written in point-
line and m is the slope of the line. slope form? Explain.
Symbols y - y1 = m(x - x1)

Example y
(x1, y1)
O x
If you are given two points on the line or a point on the line and its
slope, you can write an equation for the line in point-slope form.
Key Concept • Writing Equations of Lines in Point-Slope Form
Given the Slope and One Point Given Two Points
Step 1 Let the x and y Step 1 Find the slope.
coordinates be (x1, y1).
Step 2 Substitute the values Step 2 Chose one of the two
of m, x1, and y1 into the points to use.
equation of a line in
Step 3 Follow the steps for writing
point-slope form.
an equation given the slope
and one point.
Lesson 5-2 • Writing Equations in Standard and Point-Slope Forms 295
295_306_RM_INT1_S_M05_L02_700687.indd 295 15/04/19 12:27 PM

Example 1 Equation in Point-Slope Form Given Slope
and a Point
Write an equation in point-slope form for the line that passes
3
through (-2, 7) with a slope of - __
2 . Then graph the equation.
y - y1 = m(x - x1) Point-slope form
3 3
y - 7 = - __
2 [x - (-2)] (x1, y1) = (-2, 7) and m = - __
2 
3
y - 7 = -__
  2 (x + 2) Simplify.
Step 1 Plot the given point (-2, 7).

3
Step 2 Use the slope, - __
2 , to plot another point on the line.
Step 3 Draw a line through the points.
y
O x
Check
Determine the equation in point-slope form for the line that passes
through (7, 5) with a slope of -3. Then graph the equation.
y ? = ? (x ? )
295_306_RM_INT1_S_M05_L02_700687.indd 296 15/04/19 12:27 PM

Example 2 Equation in Point-Slope Form Given
Two Points
Write an equation in point-slope form for the line that passes Think About It!
through the given points. Write another equation
(2, -7) and (6, -3) in point-slope form for
the line with the points
Step 1 Find the slope. given.
y2 - y1
m = _____
  x - x Slope Formula
2 1
-3 - (-7) 4
m = _______
  6 - 2 = _
  4 or 1 (x1, y1) = (2, -7) and (x2, y2) = (6, -3)
Step 2 Write an equation. Why are there multiple

correct answers with
You can select either point for (x1, y1) in point-slope form. the same given
information?
y - y1 = m(x – x1) Point-slope form
y - (-3) = 1(x - 6) (x1, y1) = (6, -3) and m = 1
y + 3 = (x - 6) Simplify.
Check
Select an equation in point-slope form for the line that passes through
(-16, 18) and (-11, -2).
A. y + 2 = -4(x + 11)
1
B. y + 2 = - _
4 (x + 11)
C. y - 2 = -4(x + 11)
1
D. y - 2 = - _
4 (x - 11)
E. None of these
Study Tip
Example 3 Change to Slope-Intercept Form Checking Your Work
To check your work, you
Write y + 4 = -2(x - 6) in slope-intercept form. can substitute the point
y + 4 = -2(x - 6) Original Equation from the original point-
slope form of the
y + 4 = -2x + 12 Distributive Property equation, in this case
(6, -4), into the slope-
y = -2x + 8 Subtract 4 from each side. intercept form of the
equation. If it is a true
Check statement, the equation
1 is correct.
Write y + 3 = - __
2 (x – 8) in slope-intercept form.
y = -2x + 8
y= ? x+ ? -4 = -2(6) + 8
-4 = -12 + 8
-4 = -4 ✓
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Example 4 Apply Point-Slope Form
READING Nadia’s book club is ordering new novels. She knows that
the total cost of 5 books is $61.25, and 15 books cost $159.75. Write
an equation in point-slope form to represent the total cost of the
books ordered.
Step 1 Find the slope.
y2 - y1
m = ______
2 1
159.75 - 61.25 98.5
m = __________
   
15 - 5 = ____
  10 or 9.85 (x1, y1) = (5, 61.25) and
(x2, y2) = (15, 159.75)

Think About It!
y - y1 = m(x - x1) Point-slope form
Use the equation to
find the cost of y - 61.25 = 9.85(x - 5) (x1, y1) = (5, 61.25) and m = 9.85
purchasing 12 books.
y - 61.25 = 9.85(x - 5) Simplify.
Check
TAXIS The total cost of a taxi fare is given in the table. Determine the
equation(s) in point-slope form that model(s) this situation if x
represents the distance in miles and y represents the cost in
dollars.
Distance (miles) 1.5 4 7.5 12.25

Cost (dollars) 6.90 13.40 22.50 34.85
A. y - 13.4 = 2.6(x - 4) B. y - 22.5 = 2.6(x ‒ 7.5)

5
C. y = 2.6x + 3 D. y - 6.9 = __
  13 (x - 1.5)
E. y + 34.85 = 2.6(x + 12.25)
Example 5 Change to Standard Form

2
Write y - 1 = - __
5 (x + 3) in standard form.
2
y - 1 = - __
5 (x + 3) Original equation
5(y - 1) = -2(x + 3) Multiply each side by 5 to

Study Tip
eliminate the fraction.
Fractional Slopes
When working with an 5y - 5 = -2x - 6 Distributive Property
equation with a 5y = -2x - 1 Add 5 to each side.
fractional slope, it is
often simpler to first 2x + 5y = -1 Add 2x to each side.
multiply each side of
the equation by the
denominator. This will
Check
7
eliminate distributing a Write y = - __
2 x + 5 in standard form.
fraction later in the
equation.
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Example 6 Standard Form Given Two Points
Write an equation in standard form for the line that passes through
(8, -4) and (-6, -11).
Step 1 Find the slope. Go Online

y2 - y1 An alternate method is
m = ______
available for this
2 1
-11 - (-4) 1 example.

  -6 - 8 = ___
  -14 or __
-7
m = ________   2  (x1, y1) = (8, -4) and
(x2, y2) = (-6, -11)
Step 2 Write an equation in slope-intercept form.

1 1
-4 = __
  2 (8) + b (x, y) = (8, -4) and m = __
2
-4 = 4 + b Simplify.
-8 = b Subtract 4 from each side.

1 1
y = __
2 x - 8 Replace m with __
  2 and b with -8.
Step 3 Write the equation in standard form.

2y = 2(__
  2 x - 8)
1
2y = x - 16 Distributive Property
-x + 2y = -16 Subtract x from each side.
x - 2y = 16 Multiply each side by -1.
Check
Select the equation in standard form for the line that passes through
(-9, 8) and (1, -12).
A. x + 2y = -20
B. 2x + y = -13
C. 2x + y = 7
D. 2x + y = -10
E. x + 2y = 20
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Learn Equations of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Nonvertical lines in the same plane that have the same slope are
called parallel lines. Nonvertical lines in the same plane for which the
product of the slopes is -1 are called perpendicular lines.
Key Concept • Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Think About It!
Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines
If the given line is
vertical, what is the If two nonvertical lines are parallel, If two nonvertical lines are
slope of any line their slopes are the same. perpendicular, the product of their
parallel to the given y slopes is -1.
line? perpendicular to D y
the given line? C
B E
O x B
A O x
A
F
Since both lines have a slope of

__ 1 ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷
  2 , AB 
  ∥ CD 
  . 1
Since __
  2 (-2) = -1, AB 
  ⊥ EF 
  .
Go Online You can write an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given

You may want to line if you know a point on the line and an equation of the given line.
complete the Concept Key Concept • Writing Equations of Lines Parallel or Perpendicular to a
Check to check your
Given Line
understanding.
Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines
Step 1 Identify the slope m of Step 1 Identify the slope m of
the given line. the given line. The slope
of the line perpendicular
1
to the original line is - __
m .
Step 2 Use the point-slope Step 2 Use the point-slope form
1
form with slope m and with slope - __
m and the
the coordinates of the coordinates of the given
given point. point.
Step 3 Rewrite the equation in Step 3 Rewrite the equation in
the needed form. the needed form.
Example 7 Parallel Line Through a Given Point

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that passes
through (-4, 2) and is parallel to the graph of y = 3x - 5.
Step 1 Identify the slope of the given line.

The slope of the line with equation y = 3x - 5 is 3. The line parallel to
that line has the same slope, 3.
295_306_RM_INT1_S_M05_L02_700687.indd 300 15/04/19 12:27 PM

Steps 2, 3 Write the equation of the parallel line.
Use the point-slope form to rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form.
Study Tip
Checking Your Work
y - 2 = 3[x - (-4)] (x1, y1) = (-4, 2) and m = 3 To check that your
equation represents the
y - 2 = 3(x + 4) Simplify.
correct line, graph both
y - 2 = 3x + 12 Distributive Property lines. Verify that the
lines appear to be
y = 3x + 14 Add 2 to each side. parallel and that your
line passes through the
given point.
Check
Write an equation for the line that passes through (8, 2) and is parallel
3
to the graph of y = _
  4 x + 2.
Example 8 Perpendicular Line Through a Given Point

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that passes
through (1, -2) and is perpendicular to the graph of 3x + 2y = 12.
Step 1 Identify the slope of the given line.

Write the equation in slope-intercept form.
3x + 2y = 12 Original equation
3x - 3x + 2y = 12 - 3x Subtract 3x from each side.
2y = -3x + 12 Simplify.
2y 12
 __ ___ __
-3x
2 =   2 +   2 Divide each side by 2.
3
y = -__   2 x + 6 Simplify.
3
The slope of the line with equation 3x + 2y = 12 is - __
2 . The
slope of the line perpendicular to that line is the opposite
2
reciprocal, __
  3 .
Steps 2, 3 Write the equation of the perpendicular line.

Use the point-slope form to rewrite the equation in slope-
intercept form.
2 2
y - (-2) = __
  3 (x - 1) (x1, y1) = (1, -2) and m = __
  3
2
y + 2 = __
  3 (x - 1) Simplify.
2 2
y + 2 = __
  3 x - __
  3  Distributive Property
2 8
y = __
  3 x - __
  3  Subtract 2 from each side.
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Check
Select the equation in slope-intercept form for the line that passes
through (5, 0) and is perpendicular to the graph of x - 6y = 1.
A. y = -6x + 30
B. 6x + y = 30
1
C. y = - __
6 x + 2
D. x - 6y = 5
Example 9 Determine Line Relationships

⟷ ⟷
Determine whether AB   and EF
  are parallel, perpendicular, or neither
for A(6, 8), B(2, 5), E(-6, -3), and F(0, 5).
Step 1 Find the slope of each line.
⟷ ____ 8-5 3 ⟷ -3 - 5 ___ 4
=   6 - 2 = __   = ______
  -6 - 0 =   -6 or __
-8
slope of AB 
    4  slope of EF    3 
Step 2 Determine the relationship.
parallel o determine whether the lines are parallel,
T
compare their slopes. The two lines do not
have the same slope, so they are not parallel.
perpendicular o determine whether the lines are

T
perpendicular, find the product of their
3 4
slopes. _
  4 · _
  3 = 1
⟷
ince the product of the slopes is not -1, AB 
S  
⟷
and EF 
  are not perpendicular.
Check
⟷ ⟷
Determine whether CD 
  and KL 
  are parallel, perpendicular, or neither
Go Online to for C(4, 10), D(-1, 12), K(6, -5), and L(1, -3).
practice what you’ve ⟷ ⟷ ?
 CD  and KL 
  are .
learned about writing
linear equations in the
Put It All Together over Complete each sentence given y = ax - 5 and y = bx + 3.
Lessons 5-1 and 5-2. When a = 4 and b = 4, the graphs are ? .
When a = -3 and b = 5, the graphs are ? .
1 ?
When a = -2 and b = __
  2 , the graphs are .
295_306_RM_INT1_S_M05_L02_700687.indd 302 15/04/19 12:27 PM

Practice
Example 1
Write an equation in point-slope form for the line that passes through each point
with the given slope. Then graph the equation.
4
1. (-6, -3), m = -1 2. (-7, 6), m = 0 3. (-2, 11), m =  _
3
Example 2
Write an equation in point-slope form for the line that passes through the given
points.
4. (-4, 6), (-2, 22) 5. (1, -3), (4, -15)
6. (4, -6), (6, -4) 7. (3, 3), (6, 7)
Example 3
Write each equation in slope-intercept form.
4
8. y - 1 = __
  5 (x + 5) 9. y + 5 = -6(x + 7)
3 1
10. y + 6 = - _
4 (x + 8) 11. y + 2 = __
  6 (x - 4)
Example 4
12. NATURE The frequency of a male cricket’s chirp is related to the 70
Temperature (°F)
outdoor temperature. The relationship is expressed by the graph, where 60

y is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and x is the number of 50
40
chirps the cricket makes in 14 seconds. Write an equation for the line in 30
point-slope form. 20
10
13. CANOEING Geoff paddles his canoe at an average speed of 3.5 miles 0 5 10 15 20253035
per hour. After 5 hours of canoeing, Geoff has traveled 18 miles. Write Number of Chirps
an equation in point-slope form to find the total distance y Geoff travels
after x hours.
14. GEOMETRY The perimeter of a square is four times the length of one side. If
the side length of a square is 1 centimeter, then the perimeter of the square is
4 centimeters. Write an equation in point-slope form to find the perimeter y
of a square with side length x.
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Example 5
Write each equation in standard form.
3
15. y - 10 = 2(x - 8) 16. y + 7 = - __
2 (x + 1)
1
17. 2y + 3 = - _
3 (x - 2) 18. 4y - 5x = 3(4x - 2y + 1)
1
19. y = x + 1 20. y = _
  3 x - 10
Example 6
Write an equation in standard form for the line that passes through the given
points.
21. (-2, -3), (4, -7) 22. (2, 7) and (-5, 2)
23. (-4, 9), (2, -9) 24. (-1, 19) and (3, 35)
Examples 7 and 8
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that passes through the given
point and is parallel to the graph of the equation. Then write an equation for the
line that passes through the given point and is perpendicular to the graph of the
equation.
25. (3, -2); y = x + 4 26. (4, -3); y = 3x - 5
1
27. (0, 2); y = -5x + 8 28. (-4, 2); y =- __
2 x + 6
3
29. (-2, 3); y = - _
4 x + 4 30. (9, 12); y = 13x - 4
Example 9
Determine whether the graphs of each pair of equations are parallel,
perpendicular, or neither.
31. y = 4x + 3 32. y = -2x
4x + y = 3 2x + y = 3
33. 3x + 5y = 10 34. -3x + 4y = 8

5x - 3y = -6 -4x + 3y = -6
35. 2x + 5y = 15 36. 2x + 7y = -35

3x + 5y = 15 4x + 14y = -42
Mixed Exercises
37. Write an equation in standard form with an x-intercept of 4 and a y-intercept of 5.
295_306_RM_INT1_S_M05_L02_700687.indd 304 15/04/19 12:27 PM

Write each equation in slope-intercept and standard forms.
1
38. y + 3 = - _
3 (2x + 6) 39. y + 4 = 3(3x + 3)
40. y - 6 = -3(x + 2) 41. y - 9 = -6(x + 9)
2 9
42. y + 4 = __
  3 (x + 7) 43. y + 7 = __
  10 (x + 3)
44. Consider the graphs of the following equation.

y = -2x 2y = x 4y = 2x + 4
a. Which equations are parallel? Explain your reasoning.
b. Which equations are perpendicular? Explain your reasoning.
45. INSPECTIONS Mrs. Sanchez is inspecting a shed to determine if it is safe to use

for storing football equipment. Mrs. Sanchez mapped the top view of the ceiling
walls of the shed on a coordinate plane. If one of the walls lies from (-6, 11.5) to
(2, 9.5) and the second wall lies from (-1, -2.5) to (2, 9.5), are the walls
perpendicular? Explain your reasoning.
46. Nya mapped a quadrilateral on a coordinate plane. If she plots one segment from
(-3, -3) to (3, 9) and another segment from (-5, 12) to (1, 0), are the segments
parallel? Justify your reasoning.
47. STRUCTURE Immediately after take-off, a jet plane consistently 1400

1200
climbs 20 feet for every 40 feet it moves horizontally. The graph
Height (ft)
1000
shows the trajectory of the jet. 800
600
a. Write an equation in point-slope form for the line representing 400
the jet’s trajectory. 200
0 500 1000 1500 20002500
Horizontal Distance (ft)
b. Write the equation from part a in slope-intercept form.
c. Write the equation in standard form.
295_306_RM_INT1_S_M05_L02_700687.indd 305 15/04/19 12:27 PM

48. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Consider three points, (3, 7), (-6, 1), and (9, p) on the
same line. Find the value of p. Justify your argument.

49. WRITE What information is needed to write the equation of a line? Explain.
50. ANALYZE Levy claims that the line through (-6, -2) and (2, 10) is perpendicular to
the graph of 3x - 2y = 10. Do you agree? Justify your argument.
51. ANALYZE Jeremiah says the line through (7, -10) and (3, -2) is parallel to
2x - y = -5. Do you agree? Justify your argument.
52. FIND THE ERROR Alonae says that the line through (1, -4) and (5, -6) is parallel
to the line through (2, -7) and (5, -6). How can you tell she is mistaken without
determining the slope? Explain your reasoning.
53. PERSEVERE Write an equation in point-slope form for the line that passes through
the points (f, g) and (h, j).
54. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Identify the equation that does not belong.
Justify your conclusion.
y - 5 = 3(x - 1) y + 1 = 3(x + 1) y + 4 = 3(x + 1) y - 8 = 3(x - 2)

55. CREATE Describe a real-life scenario that has a constant rate of change and a
value of y for a particular value of x. Represent this situation using an equation in
point-slope form and an equation in slope-intercept form.
295_306_RM_INT1_S_M05_L02_700687.indd 306 15/04/19 12:27 PM

Lesson 5-3
Scatter Plots and Lines of Fit

Learn Scatter Plots Today’s Goals
● Categorize the
Bivariate data consists of pairs of values. A scatter plot is a graph of correlation of a set of
bivariate data that consists of ordered pairs on a coordinate plane. data in a scatter plot.
Using a scatter plot can help you see the trend, or general pattern, in ● Make and evaluate
the data. Trends can be described as positive or negative correlations. predictions by fitting
linear functions to sets
Positive Correlation Negative Correlation No Correlation of data.
y y y
bivariate data
scatter plot
trend
positive correlation
O x O x O x negative correlation
no correlation
As x increases, y As x increases, y x and y are not line of fit
increases. decreases. related. linear extrapolation
linear interpolation
Think About It!

What type of
correlation would you
expect between a
player’s jersey number
and his birth month?
Example 1 Evaluate Correlation
FOOTBALL The scatter plot displays
New Orleans Saints
the height and weight of New Orleans 2014 Roster
Saints football players. Determine
whether the scatter plot shows a 350
Weight (pounds)
positive, negative, or no correlation. If

250
the correlation is positive or negative,
describe its meaning in the situation. 150 Study Tip
The scatter plot shows a positive Labeling Axes
50
correlation. As the height of the football Since scatter plots
player increases, weight usually 0 68 72 76 80 display bivariate data, it
increases. Height (inches) is critical to label axes
with their corresponding
units. Otherwise, the
graph may not make
sense.
Lesson 5-3 • Scatter Plots and Lines of Fit 307
307_314_RM_INT1_S_M05_L03_700687.indd 307 15/04/19 12:30 PM

Check
TELEPHONES The scatter plot displays the number of landline
telephones in the United States, in 100 millions, since 2000.
Determine whether the Landline Telephones in the U.S.
scatter plot shows a
2
positive, negative, or no
(in 100 millions)

correlation. Describe the 1.5
Landlines
correlation’s meaning in
the situation. 1
The scatter plot shows 0.5

? correlation.
As time increases, the 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
number of landlines Years Since 2000
generally ? .
Explore Make Predictions by Using a Scatter Plot

O
Explore.
INQUIRY How can you use a scatter plot to

estimate unknown data?
Think About It! Learn Lines of Fit

How can you ensure
that your data A line of fit is used to describe the trend of the data in a scatter plot.
predictions that are Key Concept • Using a Linear Function to Model Data
outside the range of
Step 1 Make a scatter plot.
data are as accurate as
Plot each point of the data and determine whether any
possible?
relationship exists in the data.
Step 2 Draw a line.
Draw a line that closely follows the trend in the data.
Use two points on the line of fit to find the slope of the line and
create an equation for the line using the slope and a point on
the line.
Step 4 Make predictions.
Use the equation of the line of fit to make predictions about
unknown data.
Linear extrapolation is the use of a linear equation to predict values

that are outside of the range of data. Linear interpolation is the use of
a linear equation to predict values that are inside of the data range.
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Example 2 Write an Equation for a Line of Fit Watch Out!
BOATS The table shows the average cost of a jet boat in the years Variations Equations
for scatter plots
after 2000. Write an equation to represent the data. Then, use the
generally do not have
equation to predict the cost of a jet boat in 2005 and 2025.
an exact correct
Years Cost ($) Years Cost ($) solution. Equations will
Since 2000 Since 2000
vary depending on how
the line of fit was drawn
0 17,663 8 28,088 and which points were
1 19,144 9 29,774 selected when writing
2 21,176 10 32,752 the equation. So, your
solutions may not be
3 20,584 11 34,082
exactly the same as
4 23,280 12 35,589 another student’s
6 24,443 13 37,618 solutions or the sample
7 27,784 answers given.
Step 1 Make a scatter plot. Average Cost of Think About It!

Jet Boats in the U.S.
The independent variable y What do the slope and
is the number of years y-intercept mean in the
since 2000 and the 30,000 context of this example?
Cost (dollars)
dependent variable is the

20,000
cost of the jet boats. As
the years increase, the 10,000
cost of the jet boats also
x
increases. This scatter plot 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
shows positive correlation. Years Since 2000
Step 2 Draw a line of fit.
A line is drawn that follows the trend of the data points and passes
close to most of the points.
The line of fit passes close to the data points (5, 25,108) and (10, 32,752).
Find the slope.
y2 - y1
m = _____
2 1
32,752 - 25,108
= ___________
   
10 - 5 (x1, y1) = (5, 25,108) and (x2, y2) = (10, 32,752)
7644
= ____
  5 or 1528.8 Simplify.
Use m = 1528.8 and a point to write an equation.

y - y1 = m(x - x1) Point-Slope Form
y - 25,108 = 1528.8(x - 5) (x1, y1) = (5, 25,108)
y - 25,108 = 1528.8x - 7644 Distribute.
y = 1528.8x + 17,464 Simplify.
307_314_RM_INT1_S_M05_L03_700687.indd 309 15/04/19 12:31 PM

Step 4 Predict the cost in 2005.
Use evaluation to predict the cost of a jet boat in 2005.
Since the independent variable represents the number of years after
2000, the value of x is 2005 - 2000 or 5.
y = 1528.8x + 17,464 Equation of the line of fit
y = 1528.8(5) + 17,464 x=5
y = 7644 + 17,464 or 25,108 Simplify.
We can predict that the cost of a jet boat in 2005 was about $25,108.
Step 5 Predict the cost in 2025.
Extrapolate the data to determine the cost of a jet boat in 2025.
y = 1528.8x + 17,464 Equation of the line of fit
y = 1528.8(25) + 17,464 x = 25
y = 38,220 + 17,464 or 55,684 Simplify.
We can predict that the cost of a jet boat in 2025 will be about $55,684.
Check
ANIMALS The data show the amount of milk that a baby goat needs by
its weight.
Think About It! Weight (pounds) 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 40 50

What assumptions are Milk (ounces) 12 16 20 28 32 40 48 64 80
made when using a
line of fit to make
predictions about the
Goat Feeding
cost of a jet boat in a 80
given year?
Milk (ounces)
60
40
20
0 10 20 30 40 50
Weight (pounds)
Part A U
se the data points (10, 20) and (50, 80), which are contained
in the line of fit, to write an equation of the line in slope-
intercept form.
Part B U
se the equation from Part A to predict the amount of milk
needed for a 17-pound goat and a 55-pound goat.
17-pound goat: ? ounces
55-pound goat: ? ounces
307_314_RM_INT1_S_M05_L03_700687.indd 310 15/04/19 12:31 PM

Practice
Example 1
Determine whether each scatter plot shows a positive, negative, or no correlation. If the
correlation is positive or negative, describe its meaning in the situation.
1. Calories Burned 2. Library Fines
During Exercise 7
6
Fines (dollars)
500 5
Calories
4
300 3
2
100 1
0 10 30 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (minutes) Books Borrowed
3. Weight-Lifting 4. Car Dealership Revenue
(hundreds of thousands)
14 14
12 12
Repetitions
10 Revenue 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 20 60 100 140 0 ’10 ’12 ’14 ’16 ’18
Weight (pounds) Year
Example 2
5. MUSIC The scatter plot shows the number of CDs in millions
3000
that were sold from 2011 to 2016. 2700
a. Use the points (2, 2485.6) and (6, 1172.5) to write an 2400
CDs (millions)
2100
equation of the line of fit in slope-intercept form.
1800
Let x be the years since 2010. 1500
1200
b. If the trend continued, about how many CDs were sold in 900
2019? 600
300
6. HOUSING The data show the median price of an existing home 0 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 ’15 ’16 ’17 ’18
from 2010 to 2015. Year
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Price 222,900 226,900 238,400 258,400 275,200 296,500
a. Use the points (1, 226.9) and (4, 275.2) to write an equation for the line of fit in
slope-intercept form where x is the number of years since 2010 and y is the
median price in thousands of dollars.
b. If the trend continues, what will be the approximate median price of an
existing home in 2025?
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Mixed Exercises
7. FAMILY The table shows the predicted annual cost for a middle-income family to
raise a child from birth until adulthood.
Cost of Raising a Child Born in 2013

Child’s Age 2 5 8 11 14
Annual Cost ($) 12,940 12,970 12,800 13,600 14,420
a. Make a scatter plot and describe what relationship exists within the data.
b. Use the points (8, 12,800) and (14, 14,420) to write the equation of the line of fit
in slope-intercept form.
c. If the trend continues, what will be the approximate annual cost of raising a
child born in 2013 at age 17?
Determine whether each scatter plot shows a positive, negative, or no correlation.

If the correlation is positive or negative, describe its meaning in the situation.
8. Hot Chocolate Sales 9. Apple Sales 10. Frozen Yogurt Sales
Cups of Hot Chocolate Sold
Number of Apples Sold
80 80 80
Yogurt Cones Sold

Number of Frozen
60 60 60
40 40 40
20 20 20
0 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
20 40 60 80
Daily High in °F Daily High in °F Daily High in °F
11. BASEBALL The table shows the average length in minutes of professional
baseball games in selected years.
Average Length of Major League Baseball Games
Year 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Time (min) 169 175 175 176 184 180 189
a. Make a scatter plot and draw a line of best fit.
b. Write the equation of the line of fit in slope-intercept form where x is the
number of years since 2005. Explain your process.
c. If the trend continues, what will be the approximate length of a major league
baseball game in 2021?
d. How reliable is the predicted length of a major league baseball game in 2021?
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12. INCOME The table shows the average median income for selected ages.
Age (years) 26 27 28 29 30
Median Income ($1000) 16.8 19.1 23.3 25.8 33.9
a. Make a scatter plot relating age to median income. Then draw a line of fit for
the scatter plot.
b. Determine whether the graph shows a positive, negative, or no correlation.

If the correlation is positive or negative, describe its meaning in the
situation.
c. Use the table to write an equation of the line of fit.
d. Use the line of best fit to predict the median income for 32-year-olds.
13. FOOTBALL The scatter plot shows the average price of a

100
National Football League ticket from 2007 to 2016.
90
Average Price ($)

a. Determine what relationship, if any, exists in the data. 80
Explain. 70
60
b. Use the points (2007, 67.11) and (2016, 92.98) to write the 50
40
slope-intercept form of an equation for the line of fit
30
shown, where x is the number of years since 2006. 20
Round to the nearest hundredth. 10
0
c. Predict the price of a ticket in 2030. ’07’08 ’09’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 ’15 ’16
Year
14. STRUCTURE Refer to the scatter plot at the right.
y
a. Describe the trend in the data shown in the scatter plot and the
relationship between x and y.
b. Describe a real-life situation that could be modeled by the given scatter

plot. Explain your reasoning.
O x
15. USE A MODEL The table gives the life expectancy of a child Years of Life Expected at Birth
born in the United States in a given year.
Year of Birth Life Expectancy
a. Make a scatter plot of the data. (years)
1930 59.7
b. Use the data to predict the life expectancy of a baby born
1940 62.9
in 2023. Round to the nearest tenth. Does your answer
1950 68.2
follow the trend of the data? Explain.
1960 69.7
c. Explain any assumptions you made when using the line of 1970 70.8
fit to extrapolate and find the life expectancy of a baby 1980 73.7
born in 2023? 1990 75.4
2000 77.0
2010 78.7
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16. USE TOOLS Several groups volunteered to clean up litter along a mile of the
highway near their town. The table shows how many people were in each group
and how long it took each group to finish the job.
Workers 9 16 18 8 15 11 9 17 9 15 11 12
Minutes 80 40 35 90 60 60 70 30 70 50 80 70
a. Graph the data on the scatter plot.
b. Draw a line of best fit to show the trend of the data.
c. Choose two points on the line of fit. Then find the equation of the line in slope-
intercept form.
d. Another group wants to get done in 45 minutes. About how many workers
should they have? Explain your reasoning.
e. Find the y-intercept of the line of fit. Does the y-intercept make sense in the
context of the situation? Justify your argument.

17. CREATE Describe a real-life situation that can be modeled using a scatter plot.
Describe whether there is positive, negative, or no correlation.
18. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Analyze the following situations and determine
which one does not belong. Justify your conclusion.
hours worked and amount of height of an athlete and

money earned favorite color
seedlings that grow an average number of photos stored on a

of 2 centimeters each week camera and capacity of camera
19. ANALYZE Determine which line of fit shown is a better fit for the 22
y
data in the scatter plot. Justify your argument. 20
18
16
14
12 g
10
20. WRITE Does an accurate line of fit always predict what will happen 8
f
in the future? ExplaIn your reasoning. 6
4
2
x
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
21. CREATE Make a scatter plot that shows the height of a person and age. Explain how you
could use the scatter plot to predict the age of a person given his or her height. How
can the information from a scatter plot be used to identify trends and make decisions?
307_314_RM_INT1_S_M05_L03_700687.indd 314 15/04/19 12:31 PM

Lesson 5-4
Correlation and Causation

Today’s Goal
● Determine correlation
Explore Collecting Data to Determine Correlation or causation.
and Causation Today’s Vocabulary
causation
Online Activity Use a real-wolrd situation to complete an Explore.
INQUIRY What is the difference between

correlation and causation?
Learn Correlation and Causation

Causation occurs when a change in one variable produces a change
in another variable. It is the relationship between cause and effect.
Correlation, however, can be observed between many variables. Think About It!
Why does correlation
Key Concept • Correlation and Causation
not prove causation?
Step 1 Graph ordered pairs to create a scatter plot.
Step 2 Determine whether the scatter plot shows a positive or
negative correlation.
Step 3 Determine whether the two sets of data are related.
Does one variable cause the other?
Could other factors be influencing the data results?
Step 4 Decide if the data illustrate correlation or causation.
Example 1 Correlation and Causation by Graphing

ANALYSIS The data show the per capita consumption of mozzarella
cheese and the number of civil engineering doctoral degrees
awarded in the United States. Determine whether the data plotted
on the graph illustrate a correlation or causation.
Civil Engineering Doctorates
850
750
650
550
450
0 9 10 11 12 13
Mozzarella Consumed (lb)
Lesson 5-4 • Correlation and Causation 315
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Step 1 Determine the correlation.
As the amount of mozzarella consumed increases, the number
of civil engineering doctorates also increases. The scatter plot
Talk About It! shows a positive correlation.
Describe an experiment
that could be conducted Step 2 Determine causation.
to show causation Consumption of mozzarella does not cause anyone to obtain a
between the number of doctoral degree in civil engineering. These two sets of data
civil engineers who are not related. Many factors may affect the increase in these
were awarded a two areas. As the demand for more roadways, airports, and
doctoral degree and water and sewage treatment plants grows, the demand for
another factor.
more civil engineers also increases. An increase in the per
capita consumption of mozzarella may be related to increased
pizza sales or dairy production. Both variables are affected by
a general increase in population.
Step 3 D
etermine whether the data illustrate a correlation or
causation.
The data exhibit a correlation, but there is no causation.
Check
ANALYSIS Determine whether the data illustrate a correlation
or causation.
Month March April May June July August

Sunscreen Sold 14 37 84 117 135 98
Sunglasses Sold 6 11 28 36 40 39
The data show a ? correlation. As the number of bottles of

sunscreen sold increases, the number of sunglasses sold ? .
These data illustrate a ? .
Example 2 Correlation and Causation by Situation

Determine whether the situation illustrates a correlation or
causation. Explain your reasoning, including other factors that
might be involved.
A university experiment showed a negative correlation between the
average weekly time spent exercising and the probability of
developing heart disease.
This situation models causation. Exercise and heart disease are
related, and lack of exercise could be a cause of heart disease. Other
factors that might have led to heart disease are inherited traits,
smoking, or a poor diet.
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Practice
Example 1
1. FROZEN DESSERTS The table shows the number of pounds of frozen yogurt and
the number of pounds of sherbet consumed per capita in the United States from
2009 to 2014.
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Pounds of Frozen Yogurt 0.9 1 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.2
Pounds of Sherbet 1 1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9
a. Graph the ordered pairs (pounds of frozen yogurt, pounds of sherbet) to
create a scatter plot.
b. Does the scatter plot show a positive, negative, or no correlation? Explain.
c. Determine whether the data illustrate a correlation or causation. What other

factors may influence the data?
2. LEISURE ACTIVITIES The table shows the average number of minutes a person
reads per weekday and the average number of minutes a person watches
television per weekday.
Age 15 25 35 45 55 65
Minutes Reading 7 9 12 17 30 50
Minutes Watching Television 117 115 113 127 155 236
a. Graph the ordered pairs as a scatter plot (minutes reading, minutes watching
television).

Example 2
Determine whether each situation illustrates a correlation or causation.
3. A class experiment shows a negative correlation between the width of a person’s
palm and the amount of time they spend watching television each day.
4. The larger a person’s shoe size, the higher a person’s reading level.
5. At a grocery store, there is a negative correlation between the price of cereal and
number of boxes of cereal sold.
6. Hae notices that the lower the daily temperature is, the less time she spends
outside.
Lesson 5-4 • Correlation and Causation 317
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Mixed Exercises
7. GARDENING Jalen weighs each type of fruit his garden produces each week.
Week 1 2 3 4 5
Strawberries (lb) 6.5 8 12 13.5 20
Blueberries (lb) 6 5 4.5 3 2.5
a. Graph the ordered pairs (pounds of strawberries, pounds of blueberries) to
create a scatter plot.

8. SHOES The table shows the number of pairs of sandals and snow boots sold at a
certain store during various months of the year.
Month January April July December

Sandals 12 153 215 27
Snow Boots 268 34 6 272
a. Graph the ordered pairs (sandals sold, snow boots sold) to create a scatter plot.

Determine whether each situation illustrates a correlation or causation.
If there is a correlation, describe the trend. Explain your reasoning.
9. PIZZA The more pizzas a restaurant sells, the more cheese it uses.
10. BOOKS Sam notices that as the number of words in a book increases, the number
of pages the book increases.

11. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS What is meant by this statement: Correlation does not
imply causation? Justify your argument.
A study compared the average monthly amount spent on swimsuits

60
with the average monthly amount spent on air conditioning for
Spent on A.C.
several months in Sunnyside. The data is shown in the scatterplot. 40

Use this information for Exercises 12 and 13.
20
12. ANALYZE Explain what the scatter plot shows and describe
any correlation.
0 20 40 60 80
13. WRITE Explain whether this statement is accurate: “There is a Spent on Swimsuits
strong positive correlation between spending money on
swimsuits and spending money on air conditioning. Therefore, to cut down the
amount of electricity used in Sunnyside, people should buy fewer swimsuits.”
315_318_RM_INT1_S_M05_L04_700687.indd 318 15/04/19 12:33 PM

Lesson 5-5
Linear Regression
Today’s Goals
● Write equations of best-
Learn Linear Regression and Best-Fit Lines fit liens using linear
regressions.
A calculator can find the line that most closely approximates data in a ● Determine how well
scatter plot, called the best-fit line. Linear regression is one algorithm functions fit sets of data.
used to find a precise line of fit for a set of data.
Calculators may also compute a number r called the correlation best-fit line
coefficient. This measure shows how well data are modeled by a linear regression
linear equation. It will tell you if a correlation is positive or negative correlation coefficient
and how closely the equation is modeling the data. The closer the residual
correlation coefficient is to 1 or –1, the more closely the equation
models the data.
Think About It!
Weak Correlation Moderate Correlation Strong Correlation Write the following
y y y correlation coefficients
in order from weakest
to strongest.
0.85 0.3 1 ‒0.78
0.54 ‒0.06 ‒0.9
O x O x O x
r = 0.02 r = 0.72 r = -0.97

Study Tip
Correlation Coefficient
Example 1 Find a Best-Fit Line The table shows a rule
of thumb for determining
BASEBALL The table shows Jackie Robinson’s total hits during each how well the equation
season of his major league career. Use a graphing calculator to models the data based
write an equation for the best-fit line for the data. Then find and on the correlation
interpret the correlation coefficient. coefficient.
Year 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 Correlation Strength of
Coefficient Correlation
Total Hits 175 170 203 140 185 157 159 120 81 98
| r | ≥ 0.8 Strong
Step 1 Enter the data. 0.5 ≤ | r | Moderate
Before you begin, make sure that your Diagnostic setting is on. You < 0.8
can find this under the CATALOG menu. Press D and then scroll down | r | < 0.5 Weak
and click DiagnosticOn. Then press .

Go Online to see
how to use a graphing
calculator with this
example.
Lesson 5-5 • Linear Regression 319
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Enter the data by pressing
and selecting the Edit option. Let
the year 1947 be represented by
year 0. Enter the years since
1947 into List 1 (L1). These will
represent the x-values. Enter
the total hits into List 2 (L2). These
will represent the y-values.
Step 2 Perform the regression.
Perform the regression by pressing and selecting the CALC
option. Scroll down to LinReg (ax+b) and press . Make sure L1 is
Math History Minute
the Xlist and L2 is the Ylist. Then select Calculate.
One of the areas of
interest of British Step 3 Interpret the results.
statistician Florence Write the equation of the regression line by rounding the a and b
Nightingale David values on the screen. The form that we chose for the regression was
(1909–1993), who was
ax + b, so the equation is y = -10.32x + 195.22. The correlation
named after family friend
coefficient is about -0.8022, which means that the equation models
Florence Nightingale,
the data well. Its negative value means that as the years since 1947
was the distribution of
correlation coefficients. increase, the total number of Jackie Robinson’s hits decreases.
In 1938, she released a
book entitled Tables of
the Correlation
Coefficient, for which all
slope
of the calculations were y-intercept
done on a hand-cranked
mechanical calculator. correlation
coefficient
Use a Source
Choose another baseball Check
player and research the TEMPERATURE The table shows the average annual temperature for
total number of hits they
the top 10 most populous states in 2014.
have he has by season.
Use a graphing Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
calculator to write an
Temperature 59.4 64.8 70.7 45.4 51.8 48.8 50.7 63.5 59 44.4
equation for the best-fit
line, and decide whether (°F)
the equation models the Part A Use a graphing calculator to write an equation for the best-fit
data well.
line for the data. Round to the nearest hundredth.
y= ? x+ ?
Part B Find the correlation coefficient r. Round to the nearest hundredth.

r= ?
Part C Based on your answer to part b, does the equation model the
data well? Yes or No?
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Example 2 Use a Best-Fit Line
Best-fit lines can be used to estimate values that are not in the data.
Recall that when we estimate values that are between known values,
this is called linear interpolation. When we estimate a number outside
the range of data, it is called linear extrapolation.
SHOPPING The table shows U.S. desktop online sales on Cyber
Monday since 2007. Estimate the Cyber Monday sales in 2025.
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Sales (millions
887 1028 1251 1465 1735 2038 2280 2671
of dollars)
Step 1 Graph the data. Think About It!

Enter the data from the table into the lists. Why is it helpful to
Let 2009 be represented by 0. Then the define x as years since
years since 2009 are the x -values. Let 2009 instead of years?
the sales be the y-values. Graph the
scatter plot. Turn on Plot1 under the
STAT PLOT menu and choose . Use [-0.7, 7.7] scl: 1 by [583.72, 2974.28] scl: 1
L1 for the Xlist and L2 for the Ylist.
Change the viewing window so that all data are visible by pressing
and then selecting ZoomStat.
Study Tip
Step 2 Perform the regression.
Assumptions Using a
Perform the regression using the data in best-fit line to make
the lists. The equation is about y = predictions requires you
254.51x + 778.58. The correlation to assume that the trend
coefficient is 0.9935, which means that continues at a constant
the equation models the data well. rate and that more
[-0.7, 7.7] scl: 1 by [583.72, 2974.28] scl: 1 people choose to shop
Step 3 Graph the best-fit line. on Cyber Monday each
Graph the best-fit line. Press and choose Statistics. year.
From the EQ menu, choose RegEQ. Press .

Step 4 Extrapolate.
Use the graph to predict the 2025 Cyber
Monday sales. Change the viewing window
to include the x-value to be evaluated, 16.
Also increase Ymax to accommodate
the increasing y-values. Press
CALC 16 to find that when
x = 16, y ≈ 4851. [-0.7, 17] scl: 1 by [583.72, 5500] scl: 1
We can estimate that in 2020, Cyber

Monday sales will be about $4,851,000,000.
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Check
SOCIAL MEDIA The table shows the number of daily users on a social
media site in various years.
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Daily Users (millions) 372 526 665 802 936
Talk About It!
Use linear regression to estimate the number of daily users in millions
Why would a residual
on the site in 2030.
plot where the
residuals are almost on A. 3187.4 users B. 4591.4 users
the line y = 0 indicate
a very good fit? Explain
C. 285,391.4 users D. 3047 users
your reasoning.
Learn Residuals
When finding a best-fit line, not all data will lie on the line. The difference
between an observed y-value and its predicted y-value on a regression
line is called a residual. When residuals are plotted on a scatter plot,
they can help assess how well the best-fit line describes the data. If
there is no pattern in the residual plot, then the best-fit line is a good fit.
Example 3 Graph and Analyze a Residual Plot

THANKSGIVING The table shows the average price of a 10-person
Thanksgiving dinner from 2004 to 2014. Determine whether the
best-fit line models the data well by graphing a residual plot.
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Price
35.68 36.78 38.10 42.26 44.61 42.91 43.47 49.20 49.48 49.04 49.41
($)
Step 1 Find the best-fit line.

Think About It!
Use a calculator to find Enter the data from the table into the lists.
the correlation Let 2004 be represented by 0. Then the
coefficient of the best-fit years since 2004 are the x-values. Let the
line. Does the correlation prices be the y-values. Perform the linear
coefficient also suggest regression using the data in the lists.
a good-fit? Justify your Step 2 Graph the residual plot.
argument.
Turn on PLOT2 under the STAT PLOT
menu and choose . Use L1 for the
Xlist and RESID for the Ylist. You can
obtain RESID by pressing [LIST] and
selecting RESID from the list of names.
Graph the scatter plot of the residuals by
pressing and choosing ZoomStat.
Go Online The residuals appear to be randomly [-1, 1] scl: 1 by [-2.52, 3.21] scl: 1
to see how to use a scattered and centered about the line
graphing calculator y = 0. Thus, the best-fit line seems to model the data well.
with this example.
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Practice
Example 1
1. SOCCER The table shows the number of goals a soccer team scored each season
since 2010. Let x be the number of years since 2010.
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Goals Scored 48 52 50 46 48 42
a. Write the equation for the best-fit line for the data.
b. Find and interpret the correlation coefficient.
2. REVENUE The table shows the estimated revenue earned for ringtone and
ringback purchases, in millions of dollars, each year since 2010.
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Revenue ($) 448 276.2 166.9 97.9 66.3 54.5 40.1
3. SALES The table shows the sales of a health and beauty supply company, in
millions of dollars, for several years. Let x be the number of years since 2010.
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Sales 12.2 19.1 29.4 37.3 45.7
Example 2
4. PURCHASING A supermarket chain closely monitors how many bottles of
sunscreen it sells each year so that it can reasonably predict how many bottles to
stock in the following year. Let x be the number of years since 2010.
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Bottles of Sunscreen 60,200 65,000 66,300 65,200 70,600
a. Find the equation for the best-fit line for the data.
b. How many bottles of sunscreen should the supermarket expect to

sell in 2025?
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5. GOLD Ounces of gold are traded by large investment banks in commodity
exchanges much the same way that shares of stock are traded. The table below
shows the cost of a single ounce of gold on the last day of trading in given years.
Let x be the number of years since 2000.
Year 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Price $342.75 $435.60 $635.70 $869.75 $1420.25 $1664.00 $1199.25
b. According to the equation, what would be the price of an ounce of gold on the
last day of trading in 2030?
6. GOLF SCORES Emmanuel is practicing golf as part of his school’s golf team. Each
week he plays a full round of golf and records his total score. His scores for the first
five weeks are shown.
Week 1 2 3 4 5
Golf Score 112 107 108 104 98
b. What score can Emmanuel expect to get after 10 weeks?
Example 3
7. MODELING For a science project, Noah measured the effect of light on plant
growth. At the end of 3 weeks, he recorded the height of each plant and how many
hours of light it received each day.
Hours of Sunlight 0 3 6 10 4 9 7 8 12 11 5
Per Day (x)
Height in Inches (y) 1 3 4 8 4 6 7 8 9 6 5
b. Graph and analyze the residual plot.
8. STRUCTURE For his project, Darius measured the effect of fertilizer on plant
growth. At the end of 3 weeks, he recorded the height of each plant and how many
drops of fertilizer it received each day.
Drops of 5 15 20 25 18 22 21 30 10 13 16
Fertilizer (x)
Height in
5 8 9 0 8 0 9 0 7 6 9
Inches (y)
a. Find the equation of the best-fit line for the data.
b. Graph and analyze the residual plot.
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Mixed Exercises
9. PHYSICAL FITNESS The table shows the percentage of students in public school
who have met all six of California’s physical fitness standards each year since the
2011–2012 school year.
Year 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2015
Percentage 20.5% 22.1% 22.6% 21.2%
c. What constraints are there in the situation? Explain.
10. FARMING Some crops, such as barley, are very sensitive to how acidic the soil is.
To determine the ideal level of acidity, a farmer measured how many bushels of
barley he harvests in different fields with varying acidity levels.
Soil Acidity (pH) 5.7 6.2 6.6 6.8 7.1
Bushels Harvested 3 20 48 61 73
a. Find the equation for the best-fit line for the data and the correlation
coefficient.
b. Use the equation of the best-fit line to estimate how many bushels the farmer
would harvest if the soil had a pH of 10.
c. Could the equation of the best-fit line be used to extrapolate the data for
extremely high levels of soil acidity? Explain.
11. FOOTBALL A college running back ran for 1732 total yards in the regular season.
The table shows his cumulative total number of yards gained after select games.
Game Number 1 3 6 9 12
Cumulative Yards 184 431 818 1257 1732
a. Find the equation for the best-fit line for the total yards y gained after x games.
c. Use the trend of the data and the table to estimate when then running back
will have run for 950 yards. Explain your reasoning.
d. During which game would you expect the running back to reach a total of
1000 yards?
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12. REGULARITY Consider the linear regression equation that models a set of data
very well to be y = 1.43x - 4.2. Would there be any restrictions on what the
correlation coefficient value could be? Justify your reasoning.
13. STRUCTURE The table shows the number of student athletes participating in
college athletics since the 2010-2011 school year.
Year 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015
Student Athletes 444,077 453,347 463,202 472,625 482,533
c. Graph and analyze the residual plot. Does this support your conclusion from
part b?
d. Predict the number of college athletes in 2035.

14. WRITE How are lines of fit and linear regression similar? different?
15. CREATE For a class project, the scores that 10 randomly selected students
earned on the first 8 tests of the school year are given. Explain how to find a line
of best fit. Could it be used to predict the scores of the other students? Explain
your reasoning.

never true: If the correlation coefficient in a given situation is 0.946, the change
in the independent variable causes change in the dependent variable. Justify
your argument.
17. PERSEVERE The table shows the number of participants in high school athletics.
Years Since 1980 0 10 20 25 30
Number of Athletes 5,356,913 5,298,671 6,705,223 7,159,904 7,667,955
a. Find an equation for the regression line.
b. According to the equation, how many participated in 2008?
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Lesson 5-6
Inverses of Linear Functions

Today’s Goals
● Construct the inverses
Learn Inverses of Relations of relations.
● Find inverses of linear
Two relations are inverse relations if and only if one relation contains functions.
points of the form (a, b) when the other relation contains points of the
form (b, a). So, the x-coordinates are exchanged with the y-coordinates Today’s Vocabulary
for each ordered pair in the relation. inverse relations
inverse functions
Key Concept • Inverse Relations
Words If one relation contains the element (a, b), then the inverse
relation will contain the element (b, a).
Symbols (a, b) → (b, a)
Example A and B are inverse relations.
A B
(−8, 12) → (12, −8)
(−2, −5) → (−5, −2)
(0, 4) → (4, 0)
(7, 16) → (16, 7)
Graph The graph of an inverse is the graph of the original relation
reflected over the line y = x. For every point (a, b) on the
graph of the original relation, the graph of the inverse will
include (b, a).
Example 1 Inverse Relations

Determine the inverse of {(−8, 3), (0, 14), (11, 52), (12, −6)}.
Write the coordinates in the ordered pairs to complete the inverse
relation. Think About It!
(−8, 3) → (3, −8) (11, 52) → (52, 11) Describe the
relationship between
(0, 14) → (14, 0) (12, −6) → (-6, 12) the domains and
ranges of inverse
The inverse relation is {(3, −8), (14, 0), (52, 11), (−6, 12)}.
relations.
Check
Determine the inverse of the relation.
{(−1.4, 5), (1.3, 6.5), (3, −8), (3.05, 9)}
Lesson 5-6 • Inverses of Linear Functions 327
327_334_RM_INT1_S_M05_L06_700687.indd 327 15/04/19 12:44 PM

Example 2 Find Inverse Relations from a Table
Find the inverse of the relation shown in the table.
x −11 0.3 −3 3.5
y 9 −2 −8 2
Write the coordinates in the ordered pairs to complete the inverse

relation.
(−11, 9) → (9, −11) (−3, −8) → (−8, −3)
(0.3, −2) → (−2, 0.3) (3.5, 2) → (2, 3.5)
The inverse relation is {(9, −11), (−2, 0.3), (−8, −3), (2, 3.5)}.
Example 3 Graph Inverse Relations

Study Tip Graph the inverse of the relation.
Plotting Points While The graph of the relation passes through the y
it only takes two points points (−1, −5), (0, −2), (1, 1), and (2, 4).
to graph a line, use
several points when Exchange the x-coordinates and y-coordinates
graphing inverse to find points of the inverse function. O x
relations to create more (−1, −5) → (−5, −1) (1, 1) → (1, 1)
accurate graphs.
(0, −2) → (−2, 0) (2, 4) → (4, 2)
Plot the point of the inverse function and draw a line passing through
them.
Think About It! Explore Comparing a Function and Its Inverse

Describe the graph of
the inverse of the Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete
horizontal line y = 3. the Explore.
INQUIRY How can you graph the inverse of a

function?
Learn Inverses of Linear Functions

A linear relation that is described by a function may have an inverse
function that can generate ordered pairs of the inverse relation. The
inverse of the linear function f(x) is written as f -1(x) and is read
f inverse of x or the inverse of f of x.
327_334_RM_INT1_S_M05_L06_700687.indd 328 15/04/19 12:50 PM

Key Concept • Finding Inverse Functions Watch Out!
To find the inverse function f -1(x) of the linear function f (x), complete the In f −1(x), the −1 is not
following steps. an exponent. It is a way
Step 1 Replace f (x) with y in the equation for f (x). to indicate that f−1(x) is
an inverse of another
Step 2 Interchange y and x in the equation. function called f(x).
Step 3 Solve the equation for y.
Step 4 Replace y with f -1(x) in the new equation.
Example 4 Find an Inverse Linear Function

Find the inverse of f(x) = 5x + 10.
Step 1 f(x) = 5x + 10 Original equation
y = 5x + 10 Replace f(x) with y.
Step 2 x = 5y + 10 Interchange y and x.
Step 3 x − 10 = 5y Subtract 10 from each side.
x − 10
 _____
5 = y Divide each side by 5.
x − 10
Step 4  _____ −1
5 = f (x) Replace y with f–1(x).
x − 10 1
The inverse of f(x) = 5x + 10 is f −1(x) =   ____ __
5  or f (x) =   5 x − 2.
−1
Example 5 Find Inverses of Linear Functions

2
Find the inverse of f(x) = - __
3 x - 8.
Talk About It!
2 What is the inverse of
Step 1 f(x) = - __
3 x - 8 Original equation
f(x) = −x? How could
2
y = - __
3 x - 8 Replace f(x) with y. you check your
solution?
2
Step 2 x = - __
3 y - 8 Interchange x and y.
2
Step 3 x + 8 = - __
3 y Add 8 to each side.
3 3
- __
2 (x + 8) = y Multiply each side by - __
2 .
3
- __
2 x - 12 = y Simplify.
3
Step 4 - __
2 x - 12 = f (x)
-1 Replace y with f -1(x).
2 3
The inverse of is f(x) = - __ __
3 x - 8 is f (x) = -  2 x - 12.
-1
Go Online to see Example 5.
327_334_RM_INT1_S_M05_L06_700687.indd 329 15/04/19 12:45 PM

Example 6 Apply Inverse Linear Functions
BOATING Skyler and Carmen rent a paddle boat at a state park for
$15 plus $4 for each hour it is used. The function C(x) = 4x + 15
represents the total cost C(x) for x hours.
Part A Determine the inverse function.
Step 1 C(x) = 4x + 15 Original equation
y = 4x + 15 Replace C(x) with y.
Step 2 x = 4y + 15 Interchange y and x.
Step 3 x − 15 = 4y Subtract 15 from each side.

x − 15
 _____
4 = y Divide each side by 4.
x − 15
Step 4  _____ −1
4 = C (x) Replace y with C–1(x).
Study Tip
Part B Interpret the inverse function.
Function Notation
Function notation is a x is the total cost of renting the paddle boat, and C −1(x) is the
way to give an equation number of hours that Skyler and Carmen use the paddle boat.
a name, such as f(x), Part C Evaluate using the inverse function.
g(x), or C(x). In Step 1 of
finding the inverse Skyler and Carmen have $35 to rent the paddle boat. How
function, replace the long can they rent it?
function notion with y
To find the length of time that they can rent the boat,
regardless of the name
of the function. find C −1(35).
x - 15
C −1(x) = _____
  4 Original equation
35 - 15
C −1(35) = ______
  4 Substitute 35 for x.
20
=  __
4 or 5 Simplify.
Check
CANDLES Javi is making candles to sell at an upcoming festival. He
has already made 38 candles, and he makes 24 candles each day. The
function C(x) = 24x + 38 represents the total number of candles C(x)
he has in inventory, where x is the number of days since he began
making more candles.
Part A Select the inverse of the function C (x).
1 19 1
A. C −1 (x) = __
  24 x − __
  12 B. C −1 (x) = __
  24 x − 38
1 19 12
C. C −1 (x) = __
  38 x − __
  12 D. C −1 (x) = __
  19 x − 24
Part B E
stimate the amount of time it would take Javi to make 350
candles. It would take Javi between ? and ? days to make
350 candles.
327_334_RM_INT1_S_M05_L06_700687.indd 330 15/04/19 12:45 PM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Find the inverse of each relation.
1. x y 2. x y 3. x y
-9 -1 1 8 -4 -2
-7 -4 2 6 -2 -1
-5 -7 3 4 0 1
-3 -10 4 2 2 0
-1 -13 5 0 4 2
4. {(-3, 2), (-1, 8), (1, 14), (3, 20)} 5. {(5, -3), (2, -9), (-1, −15), (-4, -21)}
6. {(4, 6), (3, 1), (2, -4), (1, −9)} 7. {(-1, 16), (-2, 12), (-3, 8), (-4, 4)}
8. {(-5, 13), (6, 10.8), (3, 11.4), (-10, 14)} 9. {(-4, -49), (8, 35), (-1, -28), (4, 7)}
Example 3
Graph the inverse of each function.
10. y 11. y 12. y
8 8 8
4 4 4
−8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−4 −4 −4
−8 −8 −8
13. y 14. y 15. y

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
−2 −2 −2
−3 −3 −3
−4 −4 −4
327_334_RM_INT1_S_M05_L06_700687.indd 331 15/04/19 12:45 PM

Examples 4 and 5
Find the inverse of each function.
3
16. f (x) = 8x - 5 17. f (x) = 6(x + 7) 18. f (x) = _
  4 x + 9
2 3x + 5 -4x + 1
19. f (x) = -16 + __
  5 x 20. f (x) = _____
  4 21. f (x) = ______
  5
Example 6
22. LEMONADE Bernardo spent $15 on supplies for his lemonade stand. He charges
$1.25 per glass. The function P(x) = 1.25x - 15 represents his profit, where x is the
number of glasses of lemonade sold.
a. Find the inverse function, P −1(x).
b. What do x and P −1(x) represent in the context of the inverse function?
c. How many glasses must Bernardo sell in order to make $10 in profit?
23. BUSINESS Alisha started a baking business. She spent $36 initially on supplies
and can make 5 dozen brownies for $12. She charges her customers
$10 per dozen brownies. The function P(x) = 7.6x - 36 represents her profit,
where x is the number of dozens of brownies sold.
a. Find the inverse function, P-1(x).
b. What do x and P-1(x) represent in the context of the inverse function?
c. How many dozens of brownies does Alisha need to sell in order to make a
profit?
24. SEASON PASS A season pass to an amusement park costs $70 per family
member plus an additional $50 fee for parking. The function C(x) = 70x + 50
represents the total cost of the season pass for a family, where x is the number of
family members on the season pass.
a. Find the inverse function, C −1(x).
b. What do x and C-1(x) represent in the context of the inverse function?
c. H
ow many family members purchased a season pass to the amusement park if
the total charge was $470?
327_334_RM_INT1_S_M05_L06_700687.indd 332 15/04/19 12:45 PM

25. GARDENING Kara is building raised garden beds for her backyard. The total cost
C(x) in dollars is given by C(x) = 125 + 16x, where x is the number of pieces of
wood required for the boxes.
a. Find the inverse function C −1(x).
b. If the total cost was $269 and each piece of wood was 12 feet long, how many
total feet of wood were used?
26. GEOMETRY The area of the base of a cylindrical water tank is 12π square feet.
The volume of water in the tank is dependent on the height of the water h and is
represented by the function V(h) = 12πh.
a. Find V −1(x).
b. What will the height of the water be when the volume reaches 420π cubic feet?
Mixed Exercises
Write the inverse of each function in f −1(x) notation.
27. 3y - 12x = -72 28. x + 3y = 10
29. −42 + 6y = x 30. 3y + 24 = 2x
31. −7y + 2x = -28 32. 12y - x = 7
Write an equation for the inverse function f −1(x) that satisfies the given conditions.
33. slope of f(x) is 7; graph of f-1(x) contains the point (13, 1)
34. graph of f(x) contains the points (-3, 6) and (6, 12)
35. slope of f(x) contains the point (10, 16); graph of f-1(x) contains the point (3, -16)
36. slope of f(x) is 4; f -1(5) = 2
Match each function with the graph of its inverse.

1 1
37. f(x) = __
  2 x + 2 38. f(x) = __
  2 x - 2 39. f(x) x + 2
A. y B. y C. y
O x O x O x
327_334_RM_INT1_S_M05_L06_700687.indd 333 15/04/19 12:45 PM

40. STRUCTURE Write the inverse of each function.
x - 10
a. f(x) = _____
  3
3
b. g(x) = _
  4 x + 6
c. h(x) = -5x - 7
d. Graph h(x) and h-1(x) on the same coordinate plane to check your answer.
41.
REASONING Suppose the inverse of a relation is {(b, -k), (-g, p), (-w, -m), (r, q)}.
What is the relation?

42. ANALYZE How can you use ordered pairs to check if the inverse of a function
is correct?
43. WRITE What is the relationship between the slopes of two lines that are inverse
functions of one another? Give an example.
44. WRITE What is the relationship between the x- and y-intercepts of two lines that are inverse
functions of one another? Give an example.
45. FIND THE ERROR A student claims that there is a simple method to find the
inverse of the function f(x). To find the inverse, f −1(x), we need only remember that
raising something to the power of -1 is the same as taking its reciprocal. Is this
claim correct? Include an example or counterexample.
46. PERSEVERE If f(x) = 5x + a and f −1(10) = -1, find a.

1
47. PERSEVERE If f(x) = __
  a x + 7 and f −1(x) = 2x - b, find a and b.
ANALYZE Determine whether the following statements are sometimes, always,

or never true. Explain your reasoning.
48. If f(x) and g(x) are inverse functions, then f(a) = b and g(b) = a.
49. If f(a) = b and g(b) = a, then f(x) and g(x) are inverse functions.
50. CREATE Give an example of a function and its inverse. Verify that the two
functions are inverses by graphing the functions and the line y = x on the same
coordinate plane.
51.
WRITE Explain why it may be helpful to find the inverse of a function.
327_334_RM_INT1_S_M05_L06_700687.indd 334 15/04/19 12:45 PM

Module 5 • Creating Linear Equations
Review
Essential Question
Functions can tell you whether the value of the dependent variable increases or
decreases as the independent variable changes. They describe trends in data and
can be used to make predictions.
Module Summary
Lessons 5-1 and 5-2
• The correlation coefficient tells you how well the
equation for the best-fit line models the data.
Writing Equations • A correlation coefficient close to 1 has a strong
• Slope-intercept form is y = mx + b, where m is positive correlation. A correlation coefficient
the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. close to -1 has a strong negative correlation.
• Point-slope form is y - y1 = m(x - x1), where • Residuals measure how much the data deviate
(x1, y1) is a given point on a nonvertical line and from the regression line.
m is the slope of the line.
• Standard form is Ax + By = C, where A, B, and C
Lesson 5-6
are integers, A > 0, A and B are both not equal
to 0, and the GCF of A, B, and C is 1. Inverses of Linear Functions
• To write a linear equation given two points on • Two relations are inverse relations if and only if
a line, first find the slope. Then use either point one relation contains the element (a, b) when the
to write the equation in point-slope form or find other relation contains the element (b, a).
the y-intercept to write the equation in slope- • In inverse relations, the x-coordinates are
intercept form. exchanged with the y-coordinates for each
ordered pair in the relation.
Lessons 5-3 through 5-5 • To find the inverse of f(x), replace f(x) with y in
the equation for f(x). Interchange y and x in the
Scatter Plots equation. Solve the equation for y. Replace y
• A scatter plot shows the relationship between a with f -1(x) in the new equation.
set of bivariate data, graphed as ordered pairs
on a coordinate plane.
Study Organizer
• A positive correlation exists when, as x
increases, y increases. A negative correlation Foldables
exists when, as x increases, y decreases. No Use your Foldable to review the Creating
correlation exists when x and y are not related. module. Working with a partner Linear
• A line of fit is used to describe the trend of the can be helpful. Ask for clarification Equations
data in a scatter plot. of concepts as needed .
• To determine causation, determine whether one
variable influences the other variable.
Module 5 Review • Creating Linear Equations 335

Test Practice
1. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the equation of 5. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which equation represents
the line that passes through the points (-2, 1) a line that passes through the points (3, -4)
and (6, 3)? (Lesson 5-1) with a slope of 7? (Lesson 5-2)
1 3
A. y = _
  4 x + __
  2
A. y + 4 = 7(x - 3)
3 1
B. y = __
  2 x + _   4
B. y + 4 = 7(x + 3)
2 1
C. y = __   3 x + _   4
C. y - 4 = 7(x - 3)
3 1
D. y = __   2 x + _   4
D. y - 4 = 7(x + 3)
2. MULTIPLE CHOICE Select the equation of a
line with a slope of 5 that passes through the
point (2, -3). (Lesson 5-1)
A. y = 5x + 2
6. MULTI-SELECT Select all of the equations that
B. y = 5x - 3
represent the line. (Lesson 5-2)
C. y = 5x + 75(n - 11)
y
4
D. y = 5x - 13 3
2
Use the table for exercises 3 and 4. A movie 1
streaming service charges a set fee for −4 −3−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
membership each month, plus an additional −2

−3
fee for the number of movies streamed each −4
month. This table shows the total charge for
different numbers of movies.
A. 2x - 3y = -1
Number of movies
2 4 6 B. 2x + 3y = -3
streamed (x)
C. 3x - 2y = 2
Total cost (y) $14 $17 $20 2
D. y + 3 = - __
3 (x - 3)
2
3. OPEN RESPONSE Write the slope-intercept E. y - 1 = - __
3 (x + 3)
form of the equation that models the linear 3
F. y + 1 = - __
2 (x + 3)
relationship in the table. (Lesson 5-1)
4. OPEN RESPONSE Explain the meaning of the

slope and y-intercept in the context of the 7. OPEN RESPONSE A city parking garage
situation. (Lesson 5-1) charges $4 to park for up to two hours. After
that, an additional charge of $2.50 per hour
applies. Write an equation in point-slope form
that models the total cost, y, for parking x
hours, where x > 2. (Lesson 5-2)
336 Module 5 Review • Creating Linear Equations

8. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which scatter plot shows 9. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which equation represents
the best line of fit? (Lesson 5-3) the best line of fit for the scatter plot?
(Lesson 5-3)
A. y
y
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
O 2 4 6 8 x
O 2 4 6 8 x
B. y
A. y = 0.6x + 1
8
B. y = 0.5x + 2
6
C. y = x - 2
4
D. y = 0.75 x
2
O
10. OPEN RESPONSE Adriana keeps the statistics
2 4 6 8 x
for her favorite basketball team and creates
the scatterplot shown. (Lesson 5-3)
C. y
Total Points Scored
60
8
40
6
20
4
2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Free Throws Attempted
O 2 4 6 8 x
Adriana then draws a line of fit for her

scatterplot. What does the slope of the line
D. y represent?
8
2
11. OPEN RESPONSE A researcher found that
O 2 4 6 8 x students who spent more time exercising each
week also had higher average test scores.
Describe the correlation, if any, between time
spent exercising and test scores. (Lesson 5-4)
Module 5 Review • Creating Linear Equations 337

12. OPEN RESPONSE Lalita tracked the amount of 15. OPEN RESPONSE The graph of a function
time she studied each week and her score passes through (-3, 2), (-1, 1), (1, 0), and
on a weekly chemistry quiz for eight weeks. (3, -1). Find the inverse function. Then graph
She made this scatter plot from the data. the inverse function. (Lesson 5-6)
Determine whether the data illustrate a
correlation or causation. Explain. (Lesson 5-4)
Study Time and

Quiz Scores
Quiz Scores
100
60
20
20 60 100
Time (minutes)
16. MULTI-SELECT The table represents the
coordinates of a linear function. (Lesson 5-6)
x y
13. MULTIPLE CHOICE Use linear regression to
estimate the weight, in ounces, of a bluegill -6 5
that has a length of 9.5 inches. Round your 4 1
answer to the nearest tenth of an ounce.
(Lesson 5-5) 2 -3
Length (in.) 7 8 9 11 12 13 Select the equations that represent the

inverse of the function.
Weight (oz) 4 7 11 21 26 32 5 5
A. f -1(x) = __
  2 x + __
  2
A. 12.9 5 13
B. f -1(x) = - __ __
2 x +   2
B. 13.4 C. f(x) = 2.5x - 6.5
13
C. 14.5 D. f -1(x) = -1.25x + __
  2
E. f -1(x) = -2.5x + 6.5
D. 15.1
14. OPEN RESPONSE Use a graphing calculator 17. MULTIPLE CHOICE Shakir is running in a long-
and linear regression to write the equation of distance race. If he maintains an average
a best-fit line for the data in slope-intercept speed of 8 miles per hour, then the distance
form. Round to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 5-5) in miles that he has left to run is given by
2
D(x) = - __
15 x + 10, where x is the number of
x 2.4 2.8 3.4 4.3 5.1 7.6 8.4 9.1
minutes since Shakir started the race. Which
y 6.2 9.6 8.4 6.5 7.2 2.5 1.8 4.2 function is the inverse of D(x)? (Lesson 5-6)
15
A. D-1(x) = - __
2 x + 75
2
B. D-1(x) = __
  15 x - 10
15 1
C. D-1(x) = - __ __
2 x +   10
2 4
D. D-1(x) = - __ _
15 x -   3
338 Module 5 Review • Creating Linear Equations

Module 6
Linear Inequalities
Essential Question
How can writing and solving inequalities help you solve problems in the real world?

KEY Before After
graph linear inequalities

solve one-step linear inequalities using addition and subtraction
solve one-step linear inequalities using multiplication
and division
solve multi-step linear inequalities
solve compound linear inequalities
solve absolute value linear inequalities
graph inequalities in two-variables
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about linear inequalities.
1. Fold each side so the edges meet in the center.
2. Fold in half.
3. Unfold and cut from each end until you reach the vertical line.
4. Label the front of each flap.
6-1 6-3
6-2
6-4 6-5
1 2 3 4
Module 6 • Linear Inequalities 339

• boundary • intersection
• closed half-plane • open half-plane
• compound inequality • set-builder notation
• half-plane • union
• inequality
Are you ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Solve -2(x - 4) = 7x - 19. Solve | x − 4| = 9.
-2(x - 4) = 7x - 19 Original equation if |x − 4| = 9, then x - 4 = 9 or x - 4 = -9.

-2x + 8 = 7x - 19 Distributive Property x−4=9 or x - 4 = -9
-2x + 8 + 2x = 7x - 19 + 2x Add 2x to each side. x − 4 + 4 = 9 + 4 x - 4 + 4 = -9 + 4
8 = 9x - 19 Simplify. x = 13 x = -5
8 + 19 = 9x - 19 + 19 Add 19 to each side. So, the solution set is {-5, 13}.
27 = 9x Simplify.
3=x Divide each side by 3.
Quick Check
Solve each equation. Solve each equation.
1. 2x + 1 = 9 5. |x + 11| = 18
2. 4x - 5 = 15 6. |3x - 2| = 16
3. 9x + 2 = 3x - 10 7. |x - 7| = 8
4. 3(x - 2) = -2(x + 13) 8. |2x| = -9
How did you do?

340 Module 6 • Linear Inequalities

Lesson 6-1
Solving One-Step Inequalities

Explore Graphing Inequalities Today’s Goals
● Graph the solutions of
an inequality.
O
● Solve linear inequalities
Explore.
by using addition.
● Solve linear inequalities
INQUIRY How can you graph the solution set by using subtraction.
of an inequality of the form x < a or x > a for
some number a?
inequality
set-builder notation
Learn Graphing Inequalities

An inequality is an open sentence that contains the symbol <, >, ≤, or ≥.
Think About It!
Compare and contrast
Example 1 Graph Inequalities the graphs of x ≥ 6
Graph the solution set of y ≤ 4. and x > 6.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
The dot at 4 shows that 4 is a solution. The heavy arrow pointing to
the left shows that the solution includes all numbers less than 4.
Check
1
Graph the solution set of y > _
  2 .
Example 2 Write Inequalities from a Graph

Think About It!
Write an inequality that represents the graph. How do you know
which inequality
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 symbol to use by
The endpoint is shown with a circle at 1.4, so 1.4 is not included in the looking at a graph?
solution. The inequality must be < or >.
The arrow points to values less than 1.4. The graph represents the
solution of a < 1.4.
Check
Write an inequality that represents the graph.
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Lesson 6-1 • Solving One-Step Inequalities 341
341_350_RM_INT1_S_M06_L01_700687.indd 341 15/04/19 1:15 PM

Explore Properties of Inequalities
O
Explore.
INQUIRY Do the properties of equality hold

true for inequalities?
Learn Solving Inequalities by Using Addition

and Subtraction
Addition and subtraction can be used to solve inequalities.
Key Concept • Addition Property of Inequalities
Words If the same number is added to each side of a true
inequality, the resulting inequality is also true.
Symbols For any real numbers a, b, and c, the following are true.
If a > b, then a + c > b + c.
If a < b then a + c < b + c.
Key Concept • Subtraction Property of Inequalities

Words If the same number is subtracted from each side of a true
inequality, the resulting inequality is also true.
Symbols For any real numbers a, b, and c, the following are true.
If a > b, then a − c > b − c.
If a < b then a − c < b − c.
When solving inequalities, you can write the solution set in a more concise
Talk About It! way using set-builder notation. For example, {x| x ≥ −4} represents the
How many solutions of set of all numbers x such that x is greater than or equal to −4.
the inequality are
there? Justify your
argument. Example 3 Solve Inequalities by Adding
Solve x − 10 < 15.
x − 10 < 15 Original inequality
x – 10 + 10 < 15 + 10 Add 10 to each side to isolate x.
x < 25 Simplify.
Study Tip The solution set is {x | x < 25}.
Set-Builder Notation
{x | x < 25} is read the
set of all numbers x
Check
such that x is less Solve −9 + b ≤ 16.
than 25.
341_350_RM_INT1_S_M06_L01_700687.indd 342 15/04/19 1:15 PM

Example 4 Solve Inequalities by Subtracting Think About It!
Solve x + 24 ≥ 61. How can you check the
solution of the
x + 24 ≥ 61 Original inequality
inequality?
x + 24 – 24 ≥ 61 – 24 Subtract 24 from each side.
x ≥ 37 Simplify.
The solution set is {x | x ≥ 37}.
Check
Select the solution set for 88 < x + 13.
Example 5 Add or Subtract to Solve Inequalities with

Variables on Each Side
Solve 9y + 3 ≥ 10y.
9y + 3 ≥ 10y Original inequality
9y – 9y + 3 ≥ 10y – 9y Subtract 9y from each side.
3≥y Simplify.
Since 3 ≥ y is the same as y ≤ 3, {y | y ≤ 3}.

Study Tip
Writing Inequalities
Check Simplifying the
Select the solution set for 7x + 6 < 8x. inequality so that the
variable is on the left
side, as in y ≤ 3,
prepares you to write
Example 6 Use an Inequality to Solve a Problem the solution set in set-
DATA USAGE Hassan’s wireless contract allows him to use at most 5 builder notation and
gigabytes (GB) of data per month. At this point, Hassan has used 3.7 GB graph the inequality on
of data. How many gigabytes of data can Hassan use during the rest of a number line.
the month without exceeding the maximum allowance?
Complete the table to write an inequality to represent how many
gigabytes of data Hassan can use. Then solve the inequality.
Words Hassan can use at most 5 GB of data.
Let g = the number of gigabytes that Hassan has left
Variables
to use
Inequality 3.7 + g ≤ 5
341_350_RM_INT1_S_M06_L01_700687.indd 343 15/04/19 1:15 PM

3.7 + g ≤ 5 Original inequality
Use a Source
3.7 - 3.7 + g ≤ 5 - 3.7 Subtract 3.7 from each side.
Research data plans for
wireless carriers in g ≤ 1.3 Simplify.
your area. Write and
solve your own The solution set is { g | g ≤ 1.3 }.
inequality to represent Hassan can use up to 1.3 GB of data without exceeding his maximum
the amount of data allowance. Notice that negative numbers are solutions to the inequality,
remaining if you have but they are not viable solutions to the problem because Hassan cannot
already used 5.2 GB.
use a negative amount of data.
Learn Solving Inequalities by Using Multiplication

and Division
If you multiply or divide each side of an inequality by a positive number,
Study Tip then the inequality remains true.
Inequalities Verbal
problems containing If you multiply or divide each side of an inequality by a negative number,
phrases like greater the inequality symbol changes direction.
than and less than can Key Concepts • Multiplication Property of Inequalities
be solved by using
Words If each side of a true If each side of a true
inequalities. Some
inequality is multiplied by a inequality is multiplied by a
other phrases that
positive number, the negative number, the
include inequalities are:
resulting inequality is direction of the inequality
< less than; fewer than also true. sign must be reversed to
> greater than; more make the resulting inequality
than also true.
≤ less than or equal to; Symbols For any real numbers a and For any real numbers a and
at most; no more than b and any positive real b and any positive real
≥ greater than or equal number c: number c:
to; at least; no less than
If a > b, then ac > bc. If a > b, then ac < bc.
If a bc
Think About It!
If a, b, and c are positive Key Concepts • Division Property of Inequalities
real numbers, what must Words If each side of a true If each side of a true
be true if ac is greater inequality is divided by a inequality is divided by a
than or equal to bc? positive number, the negative number, the
resulting inequality is also direction of the inequality
true. sign must be reversed to
make the resulting inequality
What must happen to also true.
an inequality symbol Symbols For any real numbers a and For any real numbers a and
when you divide each b and any positive real b and any negative real
side by a negative number c: number c:
number if the inequality If a > b, then __
a
  c > __
b
  c If a > b, then __
a
  c < __
b
  c .
is to remain true?
a b a b
If a __
  c .
These properties also hold true for inequalities involving ≤ and ≥.
341_350_RM_INT1_S_M06_L01_700687.indd 344 15/04/19 1:15 PM

Apply Example 7 Write and Solve an Inequality
1
BOOKS Alisa has read   _
4 of a novel. If she has read at least 112 pages,
how many pages are there in the novel?
Sample answer: I know the number of pages read and the fraction of
the novel read. I need to find out how many pages are in the novel.
2. H
Sample answer: I will use estimation first. Then I will write an inequality
to represent the situation and solve it.
3. What is your solution?
Estimate the number of pages in the novel. 400
Write an inequality to represent this situation. Let n = the number of
pages in the novel.
1
 _
4 · n ≥ 112
4(_
  4 )n ≥ 4(112)
1
n ≥ 448
There are at least 448 pages in the novel.
your solution.
Sample answer: Use multiplication; 448(_
  4 ) = 112, so 448 is
1
reasonable. Also, 448 > 400 which makes sense with our estimate of
more than 400 pages.
Check
ELECTRIC CAR For every hour x that Eva’s electric car charges, she
can drive the car 7.5 miles. Eva needs to drive at least 60 miles
tomorrow.
Part A What inequality represents the situation in terms of x hours?
Part B What is the least amount of time that Eva will need to charge
her car? ? hours
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Example 8 Solve an Inequality by Multiplying
Study Tip
2
Multiplicative Inverses Solve -__
  5 x ≤ 11. Graph the solution set on a number line.
The multiplicative 2
- __
5 x ≤ 11 Original inequality
inverse, or reciprocal, of
2
a number can be used Multiply each side by -__
  5 . Reverse the
(- __
2 ) -   5 x ≤ 11 (-  2 )
5 2
__ __ 5
to undo multiplication. inequality symbol.
2
Multiplying − __ 5 x 5
by x ≥ -27.5 Simplify.
__
the reciprocal −  2 in the
The solution set is {x | x ≥ −27.5 }.
example at the right is
the same as dividing by
2
− __
5 , but is easier to -30 -29 -28 -27 -26 -25
compute mentally.
Example 9 Solve an Inequality by Dividing

Think About It!
Solve 20x < 4. Graph the solution set on a number line.
Why was the inequality
symbol reversed? 20x < 4 Original inequality
20x 4
 ___ __
20 <   20 Divide each side by 20.
1
x < __
  5 Simplify.
1
The solution set is {x | x < __
  5 }.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Think About It!
Why is the solution of Check
−13z ≥ 117 shaded to
the left when the
Solve 7x + 6 < 8x.
original inequality
symbol is greater than
or equal to?
Example 10 Solve an Inequality with a
Negative Coefficient
Solve -13z ≥ 117. Graph the solution set on a number line.
-13z ≥ 117 Original inequality
13z 117
- ___ ___
-13 ≥   -13 Divide each side by -13.
z ≤ -9 Simplify.
Study Tip
Negatives A negative The solution set is {z | z ≤ -9 }.
sign in an inequality
does not necessarily -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
mean that the direction
of the inequality symbol
should change. For Check
example, when
x Select the solution set for -13x > −169.
solving _  3 ≥ −9, do not
change the direction of A. {x | x > 13} B. {x | x < 13} C. {x | x > −13} D. {x | x <−13}
the inequality symbol. Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online.
341_350_RM_INT1_S_M06_L01_700687.indd 346 15/04/19 1:15 PM

Practice
Example 1
Graph the solution set of each inequality.
1. x ≤ -5 2. y ≥ -2
3. g > 5 4. h < -6
5. a < 7 6. b ≤ 6
Example 2
Write an inequality that represents each graph.
7.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
8.
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
9.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
11.
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
12.
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Examples 3–5
Solve each inequality.
13. m - 4 < 3 14. p - 6 ≥ 3
15. r - 8 ≤ 7 16. t - 3 > -8
17. b + 2 ≥ 4 18. 13 > 18 + r
19. 5 + c ≤ 1 20. -23 ≥ q - 30
21. 11 + m ≥ 15 22. h - 26 < 4
23. 8 ≤ r - 14 24. -7 > 20 + c
25. 2a ≤ -4 + a 26. z + 4 ≥ 2z
27. w - 5 ≤ 2w 28. 3y ≤ 2y - 6
29. 6x + 5 ≥ 7x 30. -9 + 2a < 3a
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Example 6
31. PIZZA Tara and friends order a pizza. Tara eats 3 of the 10 slices and pays $4.50
for her share. Assuming that Tara has paid at least her fair share, write and solve
an inequality to represent the cost of the pizza.
32. WEATHER Theodore Fujita of the University of Chicago developed a

classification of tornadoes according to wind speed and damage. The table
shows the classification system.
Wind Speed Range

Level Name
(mph)
F0 Gale 40–72
F1 Moderate 73–112
F2 Significant 113–157
F3 Severe 158–206
F4 Devastating 207–260
F5 Incredible 261–318
F6 Inconceivable 319–379
Source: National Weather Service
a. Suppose an F3 tornado has winds that are 162 miles per hour. Write and solve
an inequality to determine how much the winds would have to increase before
the F3 tornado becomes an F4 tornado.
b. A tornado has wind speeds that are at least 158 miles per hour. Write and
solve an inequality that describes how much greater these wind speeds are
than the slowest tornado.
Example 7
33. GARBAGE The amount of garbage that the average American adds to a landfill
each day is 4.6 pounds. If at least 2.5 pounds of a person’s daily garbage could
be recycled, how much would still go into a landfill?
34. SUPREME COURT The first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, John Jay,
served 2079 days as Chief Justice. He served 10,463 days fewer than John
Marshall, who served as Supreme Court Chief Justice for the longest period of
time. How many days must the current Supreme Court Chief Justice John
Roberts serve to surpass John Marshall’s record of service?
35. AIRLINES On average, at least 25,000 pieces of luggage are lost or misdirected
each day by United States airlines. Of these, 98% are located by the airlines
within 5 days. From a given day’s lost luggage, at least how many pieces of
luggage are still lost after 5 days?
36. SCHOOL Gilberto earned these scores on the first three tests in biology this
term: 86, 88, and 78. What is the lowest score that Gilberto can earn on the
fourth and final test of the term if he wants to have an average of at least 83?
341_350_RM_INT1_S_M06_L01_700687.indd 348 15/04/19 1:15 PM

Examples 8–10
Solve each inequality. Graph the solution on a number line.
_ 1 1
37.
  4 m ≤ -17 38. __
  2 a < 20
c d
39. -11 > - __
11 40. -2 ≥ - __
  34
x f
41. -10 ≤ ___
  -2 42. -72 < ___
  -6
2 3
43. __
  3 h > 14 44. - _
4 j ≥ 12
1
45. - __
6 n ≤ -18 46. 6p ≤ 96
47. 4r < 64 48. 32 > -2y
49. -26 < 26t 50. -6v > -72
51. -33 ≥ -3z 52. 4b ≤ –3
53. -2d < 5 54. -7f > 5
Mixed Exercises
Match each inequality with its corresponding statement.
55. 3n < 9 a. Three times a number is at most nine.
1
56. _
  3 n ≥ 9 b. One third of a number is no more than nine.
57. 3n ≤ 9 c. Negative three times a number is more than nine.
58. –3n > 9 d. Three times a number is less than nine.

1
59. _
  3 n ≤ 9 e. Negative three times a number is at least nine.
60. –3n ≥ 9 f. One third of a number is greater than or equal to nine.
Define a variable, write an inequality, and solve each problem. Check your solution.
61. Seven more than a number is less than or equal to –18.
62. Twenty less than a number is at least 15.
63. A number plus 2 is at most 1.
64. One eighth of a number is less than or equal to 3.
65. Negative twelve times a number is no more than 84.
66. Eight times a number is at least 16.
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STRUCTURE Solve each inequality. Check your solution, and then graph it on a number line.
67. 14c > 56 68. 20b ≥ -120

x x
69. _
  4 < 9 __
70.
  2.5  ≤ 8
1 4
71. m + 3.7 < 9.1 72. n - __
  5 > __
  5
3 1
73. c + (-1.4) ≥ 2.3 74. k + _
  4 > _
  3
75. EVENT PLANNING The Community Center does not charge a rental fee as long
as a rentee orders a minimum of $5000 worth of food. Antonio is planning a
banquet. If he is expecting 225 people to attend, what is the minimum he will
have to spend on food per person to avoid paying a rental fee?
76. VITAMINS The minimum daily requirement of vitamin C for 14-year-olds is at least
50 milligrams per day. An average-sized apple contains 6 milligrams of vitamin
C. How many apples would a person have to eat each day to satisfy this
requirement? Define a variable and write and solve an inequality to represent
this situation.
77. USE A SOURCE The loudest insect is the African cicada. It produces sounds as
loud as 105 decibels. The blue whale is the loudest mammal. The call of the blue
whale can reach levels up to 83 decibels louder than the African cicada. Write
and solve an inequality to represent the situation. How loud are the calls of the
blue whale? Use a source to verify your answer.
78. USE A MODEL In a mathematics exam with a maximum score of 100, Grade Points
Machelle loses less than 27 points. The table shows the grade that
A 92–100
matches the exam score. Compare points to grades and identify which
B 83–91
grade Machelle can get.
a. Define a variable. Then write and solve an inequality to represent C 74–82
the number of points Machelle received on her exam. D 65–73
F 64 and below
b. Interpret the solution to your inequality. What do you know about
Machelle’s grade on the exam?

79. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG Which inequality does not have the solution {x| x < –2}?
x 4 8
A -3x > 6 B - __
2 < 1 C 7x < -14 D _ 3 x < - __
  3
80. FIND THE ERROR Marty and Heath solved the same exercise in different ways. Is
either correct? Explain your reasoning.
Marty Heath
3m ≥ -21 3m ≥ -21
___3m -21
  3 ≥ ___
 3 __ 3m __
  3 ≥ -
21
3 
m ≤ -7 m ≥ -7
81. Solve each inequality in terms of x. Assume that a does not equal 0.
a. ax < 7 b. ax ≥ 12
a
c. ax > 3a d. ax ≥ __
  4
82. ANALYZE Determine whether the statement is sometimes, always, or never true.
1 1
If a > b, then __
  a > __
  b . Justify your argument.
341_350_RM_INT1_S_M06_L01_700687.indd 350 15/04/19 1:15 PM

Lesson 6-2
Solving Multi-Step Inequalities

Explore Modeling Multi-Step Inequalities Today’s Goals
● Solve multi-step linear
inequalities.
INQUIRY How can you model and solve a

multi-step inequality?
Learn Solving Inequalities Involving More Than

One Step
Step 1 Isolate the variable terms on one side of the inequality using
addition or subtraction. Study Tip
Step 2 Multiply or divide to isolate the variable. Negative Numbers
When multiplying or
Example 1 Apply Multi-Step Inequalities dividing by a negative
number, the direction of
PUBLISHING Suzy wants to self-publish her comic book. One the inequality symbol
printing company offers to publish the book for a $220 flat rate plus changes. This holds true
$3 per copy of the book. Her maximum budget is $400. for multi-step as well as
one-step inequalities.
Part A Write an inequality.
$220 $3 per
Words Plus is at most $400
flat rate copy
Inequality 220 + 3x ≤ 400
Part B Solve the inequality.
220 + 3x ≤ 400 Original inequality

3x ≤ 180 Subtract 220 from each side.
x ≤ 60 Divide each side by 3. Think About It!
Suzy can have up to 60 books printed while not exceeding her budget. Can x be any real
number less than or
equal to 60? Explain
Check
your reasoning.
TICKETS Jamal has $40 to buy tickets to a performance for himself and
his friends. If he buys a $10 membership, he can buy tickets for $5
each. How many tickets can he buy while remaining within his budget?
If x represents the number of tickets Jamal purchases, write an inequality
that represents the situation.
Solve the inequality.
Lesson 6-2 • Solving Multi-Step Inequalities 351
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Example 2 Write and Solve a Multi-Step Inequality
Consider the inequality The opposite of a number divided by two
minus seventeen is less than seven.
Translate the sentence into an inequality.
x
− __
  2 − 17 < 7
Solve the inequality.
x
− __
  2 − 17 < 7 Original inequality
x
− __
2 < 24 Add 17 to each side.
−x < 48 Multiply each side by 2.
x > − 48 Divide each side by −1,

Math History reversing the inequality symbol.
Minute
German mathematician Graph the solution on a number line.
Emmy Noether
(1882–1935) has been -50 -48 -46 -44 -42 -40 -38 -36 -34 -32 -30
described as one of
the greatest
mathematicians of the Example 3 Solve an Inequality with the Distributive
twentieth century. She
Property
devised theorems for
several concepts later Solve the inequality 4(2x − 11) ≤ −12 + 2(x − 4). Then graph the
found in Einstein’s solution on a number line.
theory of relativity and
was one of the 4(2x − 11) ≤ −12 + 2(x − 4) Original inequality
founders of abstract 8x − 44 ≤ −12 + 2x − 8 Distributive Property
algebra. One person
wrote, “The 8x − 44 ≤ -20 + 2x Simplify.
development of 8x ≤ 24 + 2x Add 44 to each side.
abstract algebra, which
is one of the most 6x ≤ 24 Subtract 2x from each side.
distinctive innovations
x≤4 Divide each side by 6.
of twentieth century
mathematics, is largely Graph x ≤ 4 on a number line.
due to her.”
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Check
Solve 88 ≥ −33 + 11(x + 8). Then graph the inequality.
351_356_RM_INT1_S_M06_L02_700687.indd 352 15/04/19 1:22 PM

Practice
Example 1
1. BEACHCOMBING Jay wants to rent a metal detector. A rental company charges a
one-time rental fee of $15 plus $2 per hour to rent a metal detector. Jay has only
$35 to spend.
a. W
rite an inequality to represent this situation, where h is the number of hours
Jay will rent a metal detector.
b. S
olve the inequality. What is the maximum amount of time he can rent the
metal detector?
2. AGES Pedro, Sebastian, and Manuel Martinez are each one year apart in age.
The sum of their ages is greater than the age of their father, who is 60.
a. W
rite an inequality to represent this situation, where x is the age of the
youngest brother.
b. Solve the inequality.
c. How old can the oldest brother be? Explain your reasoning.
3. RIDE SHARE Demetri lives in the city and sometimes uses a ride share service. A
1 1
ride costs $1.50 for the first  __ __
5 mile and $0.25 for each additional  5 mile. Demetri
does not want to spend more than $3.75 on a ride.
a. W
rite an inequality to represent this situation, where x is the number of
miles.
b. S
olve the inequality. What is the maximum distance he can travel if he does
not tip the driver?
c. G
eneralize a method for writing an inequality for this situation if the service
1 1
charges $1.50 for the first __
 a mile and $0.25 for each additional __
 a mile.
4. POST OFFICE Keshila goes to the post office to mail a package and a few letters.
Stamps cost 49 cents each. It will cost $7.65 to mail the package. Keshila
has $10.00.
a. W
rite an inequality to represent this situation, where x is the number of
stamps.
b. S
olve the inequality. What is the maximum number of stamps Keshila can
purchase to mail letters?
5. BANQUET A charity is hosting a benefit dinner. They are asking $100 per table
plus $40 per person. Nathaniel is purchasing tickets for his friends and does not
want to spend more than $250.
a.
Write an inequality to represent this situation, where x is the number of
people.
b. S
olve the inequality. What is the maximum number of people Nathaniel can
invite to the dinner?
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Example 2
Translate each sentence into an inequality. Then solve the inequality and graph the
solution on a number line.
6. Five times a number minus one is greater than or equal to negative eleven.
7. Twenty-one is greater than the sum of fifteen and two times a number.
8. Negative nine is greater than or equal to the sum of two-fifths times a number
and seven.
9. A number divided by eight minus thirteen is greater than negative six.
10. The sum of the opposite of a number and six is less than or equal to five.
11. Thirty-seven is less than the difference of seven and ten times a number.
12. Eight minus a number divided by three is greater than or equal to eleven.
13. Negative five-fourths times a number plus six is less than twelve.
14. The difference of three times a number and six is greater than or equal to the
sum of fifteen and twenty-four times a number.
15. The sum of fifteen times a number and thirty is less than the difference of ten
times a number and forty-five.
Example 3
Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution on a number line.
16. −3(7n + 3) < 6n 17. 21 ≥ 3(a − 7) + 9
18. 2y + 4 > 2(3 + y) 19. 3(2 − b) < 10 − 3(b − 6)
20. 7 + t ≤ 2(t + 3) + 2 21. 8a + 2(1 − 5a) ≤ 20
Mixed Exercises
Solve each inequality. Check your solution.
2x − 4
22. 2(x − 4) ≤ 2 + 3(x − 6) 23.  _____
6 ≥ −5x + 2
24. 5.6z + 1.5 < 2.5z − 4.7 25. 0.7(2m - 5) ≥ 21.7
26. 2(−3m − 5) ≥ −28 27. −6(w + 1) < 2(w + 5)
USE TOOLS Use a graphing calculator to solve each inequality.
28. 3x + 7 > 4x + 9 29. 13x − 11 ≤ 7x + 37
1
30. 2(x − 3) < 3(2x + 2) 31.  __
2 x − 9 < 2x
2 1 2
32. 2x − __
  3 ≥ x − 22 33.  _ __
3 (4x + 3) ≥   3 x + 2
351_356_RM_INT1_S_M06_L02_700687.indd 354 15/04/19 1:22 PM

STRUCTURE Solve each inequality. Then graph it on a number line.
3 2 4 1
34. 9.1g + 4.5 < 10.1g 35.  __ __ __ __
2 p −   3 ≤   9 +   2 p
36. 3.3r – 8.3 ≥ 5.3r – 12.9
37. TREEHOUSE DESIGN Devontae is building a treehouse in his backyard. He

researches city restrictions on building codes. The height of the treehouse
cannot exceed 13 feet. He wants to build a tree house with 2 levels of equal
height that is 4 feet off the ground.
a. Write and solve an inequality.
b. What is the maximum height of one level?
c. Devontae decides to build one level higher off the ground. If the level is 8 feet
tall, how high can the tree house be off the ground?
38. MEDICINE Clark’s Rule is a formula used to determine pediatric dosages of

weight of child (lb)
over-the-counter medicines:   _____________
   150 × adult dose = child dose.
a. If an adult dose of acetaminophen is 1000 milligrams and a child weighs no
more than 90 pounds, what is the recommended child’s dose?
b. The label below appears on a child’s cold medicine. What is the adult
minimum dosage in milliliters?
Weight (lb) Age (yr) Dose

under 48 under 6 call a doctor
48-95 6-11 2 tsp or 10 mL
c. What is the maximum adult dosage in milliliters?
39. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Eric says that 15 more than 6 times the number of
pencils he has is less than 20. What can you conclude about the number of
pencils Eric has? Justify your argument.
40. REASONING The perimeter of a rectangular playground can be no greater than

120 meters. The width of the playground cannot exceed 22 meters. What are the
possible lengths of the playground?
41. STRUCTURE Solve 10n − 7(n + 2) > 5n − 12. Explain each step in your solution.
351_356_RM_INT1_S_M06_L02_700687.indd 355 15/04/19 1:22 PM

42. WRITE What is the solution set of the inequality 2(2x + 4) < 4(x + 1)? Why? How
is the solution set related to the solution set of 2(2x + 4) ≥ 4(x + 1)? Explain.
43. PERSEVERE Mei got scores of 76, 80, and 78 on her last three history exams.
Write and solve an inequality to determine the score she needs on the next exam
so that her average is at least 82.
44. ANALYZE A triangular carpet has sides of length a feet, b feet, and a
c feet. The maximum perimeter is 20 feet. b
c
a. Side b is 2 feet longer than a and c is 2 feet longer than b. Which side
is the shortest? Explain.
b. What are the possible lengths of the shortest side of the carpet? Explain.
45. CREATE Write an inequality that has the

solution set graphed at the right. Solving the -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
inequality should require the Distributive
Property, Addition Property of Inequalities, and the Division Property of
Inequalities.
46. PERSEVERE Let b > 2. Describe how you would determine if ab > 2a.
47. CREATE Four times the number of baseball cards in Ted’s collection is more than
five times that number minus 15. Define a variable and write an inequality to
represent Ted’s baseball cards. Solve the inequality and interpret the results.
48. WRITE Explain how you could solve −3p + 7 ≥ −2 without multiplying or dividing
each side by a negative number.
49. PERSEVERE If ax + b < ax + c is it true for all real values x, what will be the
solution of ax + b > ax + c? Explain your reasoning.
50. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Name the inequality that does not belong.
Justify your conclusion.
4y + 9 > –3 3y – 4 > 5 –2y + 1 < –5 –5y + 2 < –13
51. WRITE Explain when the solution set of an inequality will be the empty set or the
set of all real numbers. Show an example of each.
52. PERSEVERE Solve each inequality in terms of a. Assume that a does not equal 0.
a. ax + 5 < 11 b. ax - 4 ≥ 12
a
c. ax - 5 > 3a d. ax + 1 ≥ __
  2
351_356_RM_INT1_S_M06_L02_700687.indd 356 15/04/19 1:22 PM

Lesson 6-3
Solving Compound Inequalities

Today’s Goals
● Solve and graph linear
Explore Guess the Range inequalities containing
the word and.
O ● Solve and graph linear
Explore. inequalities containing
the word or.
INQUIRY How can you tell if a value will Today’s Vocabulary

satisfy a compound inequality that includes compound inequality
the word and? intersection
union
Learn Solving Compound Inequalities Using the

Word and
A compound inequality is two or more inequalities that are connected
by the words and or or. A compound inequality containing the word
and is only true when both of the inequalities are true. So, its graph is
where the graphs of the inequalities overlap. This overlapping section
that represents the compound inequality is called the intersection. To
determine where the graphs intersect, graph each inequality and
identify where they overlap.
x >−4 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x≤3 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x >−4 and x ≤ 3 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−4 < x ≤ 3 Study Tip
Inequality Solutions
The compound inequality −4 < x ≤ 3 can be read in two ways. It can For inequalities using
be read as x is greater than −4 and less than or equal to 3 or x is the word and, a
between −4 and 3 including 3. number has to be true
for both inequalities in
Example 1 Solve and Graph an Intersection order to be a solution
Solve −8 ≤ h - 2 < 1. Then graph the solution set. for the compound
inequality.
Express the compound inequality as two inequalities joined by the
word and.
-8 ≤ h - 2 and h-2<1 Go Online
Write the inequality You can complete an
using and. Extra Example online.
−8 + 2 ≤ h − 2 + 2 Add 2 to each side. h-2+2<1+2
-6 ≤ h Simplify. h<3
Lesson 6-3 • Solving Compound Inequalities 357
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 357 15/04/19 1:26 PM

The solution set is {h| −6 ≤ h < 3}.
Graph the solution set on a number line.
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Check
Solve −7 ≤ 3x + 2 ≤ 5. Then graph the solution set.
Think About It!
What are 3 acceptable
weights for a cereal
box?
Example 2 Apply Compound Inequalities

MANUFACTURING A cereal manufacturer distributes cases of cereal
Study Tip to grocery stores. Each case contains 12 boxes of cereal. In order to
Assumptions In this
pass the manufacturer’s quality assurance test, the case must weigh
example, we assume between 336.4 ounces and 331.6 ounces, which includes 34 ounces
that all of the cereal for the weight of the case’s cardboard box.
boxes weigh Part A
approximately the Write an inequality that describes the weight of a box of cereal.
same amount and that
weighing a case of 331.6 < 12b + 34 < 336.4, where b is the weight of each box.
boxes is an accurate
Part B Solve the inequality.
test of quality control
for the manufacturer. 331.6 < 12b + 34 and 12b + 34 < 336.4
However, it is possible
297.6 < 12b Subtract 34 from each side. 12b < 302.4
that a case may contain
cereal boxes that are 24.8 < b Divide each side by 12. b < 25.2
heavier or lighter than
the desired weight.
Part C Graph the solution set on a number line.
24 25 26
A cereal box must weigh between 24.8 and 25.2 ounces in order to
pass the manufacturer’s quality assurance test. The compound
Study Tip
inequality is {b | 24.8 < b < 25.2}
Inclusivity and
Exclusivity In
application problems, Check
within implies CARS Keshawn has been saving to buy his first car. He wants the total
inclusivity, which cost of the car to be more than $5000 but at most $7000. The fees for
means the numbers buying a used car, such as title, registration, and dealership fees, will
mentioned will be
be $700.
included and the
symbols ≤ or ≥ will be Graph the list price of the cars Keshawn could buy.
used. Between implies
exclusivity and the
symbols < or > will be
used.
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 358 15/04/19 1:26 PM

Learn Solving Compound Inequalities Using the Go Online You can
Word or watch a video to
see how to solve
A compound inequality containing the word or is true if at least one of
inequalities involving
the inequalities is true. A union is the graph of a compound inequality and and or.
containing or; the solution is a solution of either inequality, not
necessarily both.
x≥1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x≤-3 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Study Tip
Inequality Solutions
x ≥ 1 or x ≤ - 3 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 For inequalities using
the word or, a number
has to be true for at
least one of the
Example 3 Solve and Graph a Union inequalities in order for
it to be a solution for
Solve 4n + 8 ≤ 16 or −3n + 7 < -11. Then graph the solution set.
the compound
Express the compound inequality as two inequalities joined by the inequality. The solution
word and. must work for the first
inequality or the
4n + 8 ≤ 16 or −3n + 7 < −11 second inequality.
4n + 8 - 8 ≤ 16 - 8 Subtract. −3n + 7 - 7 < -11 - 7
4n ≤ 8 Simplify. −3n < −18

4n 8
 __ __  ____ ___
−3n −18
4 ≤   4 Divide. −3 >   −3
n≤2 Simplify. n>6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The graph contains all points with coordinates less than or equal to 2
and all points with coordinates greater than 6. So, the solution set
{n | n ≤ 2 or n > 6}.
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 359 15/04/19 1:26 PM

Check
Solve 5x + 1 < 11 or −3x + 10 ≤ −11. Then graph the solution set.
Part A
Write the solution set for 5x + 1 < 11 or −3x + 10 ≤ −11.
Part B
Graph of the solution set for 5x + 1 < 11 or −3x + 10 ≤ −11.
Talk About It!

Example 4 Overlapping Intervals
Why does the union 4k Solve 4k + 12 < 2 or 4 − 2k > 4. Then graph the solution set.
+ 12 < 2 or 4 − 2k > 4
1 Express the compound inequality as two inequalities joined by the
include −2 __
  2  even
word or.
though one of the
1
solutions, k < −2 __   2 , 4k + 12 < 2 or 4 − 2k > 4
does not?
4k + 12 − 12 < 2 − 12 Subtract. 4 − 2k − 4 > 4 − 4
4k ≤ −10 Simplify. −2k > 0
____ 0
4k
  -2 < ___
-2k
 __ ___ −10
r ≤   4 Divide.   -2
k ≤ ___
−21
  2 Simplify. k<0

The graph of
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
  21 contains
k <-2__
all points with
coordinates less
  21 .
than -2__

The graph of k < 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
contains all points
with coordinates
less than 0.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
The union contains
all points with
coordinates less
than 0.
1
Because k ≤ −2 __
2  is contained within k < 0, the solution set is {k | k < 0}.
Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 360 15/04/19 1:26 PM

Check
Solve 4m + 7 ≥ 19 or −m + 5 ≤ 0. Then graph the solution set.
Part A
Select the solution set for 4m + 7 ≥ 19 or −m + 5 ≤ 0.
Part B
Graph of the solution set 4m + 7 ≥ 19 or −m + 5 ≤ 0.
Example 5 Write a Compound Inequality for

an Intersection
Write a compound inequality that describes the graph.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
The graph shows an interval between two numbers. Because a

compound inequality with the word and represents the intersection of
two inequalities, its graph shows the overlap as an interval.
Step 1
Analyze the leftmost endpoint of the interval. The endpoint is shown
with a circle at −2, so −2 is not included in the solution. Points to the
right of the endpoint are shaded, so the graph represents solutions of
x > −2.
Step 2
Analyze the rightmost endpoint of the interval. The endpoint is shown
with a dot at 4, so 4 is included in the solution. Points to the left of the
endpoint are shaded, so the graph represents solutions of x ≤ 4.
Step 3
The shaded interval represents the intersection of the solutions of
x > −2 and x ≤ 4, so the compound inequality −2 < x ≤ 4 describes
the graph.
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 361 15/04/19 1:26 PM

Check
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Example 6 Write a Compound Inequality for a Union

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
The graph shows the union of two inequalities. Because a compound

inequality with the word or represents the union of two inequalities, its
graph includes the graphs of both inequalities.
The leftmost endpoint is shown with a dot at 8, so 8 is included in the
solution. Points to the left of the endpoint are shaded, so the graph
represents solutions of x ≤ 8.
The rightmost endpoint is shown with a circle at 12, so 12 is not
included in the solution. Points to the right of the endpoint are shaded,
so the graph represents solutions of x > 12.
The solutions represented on the graph represent the union of the
solutions of x ≤ 8 and x > 12, so the compound inequality x ≤ 8 or x > 12
describes the graph.
Check
Go Online to
practice what you’ve Write a compound inequality that describes the graph.
learned about solving
linear inequalities in
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
the Put It All Together
over Lessons 6-1
through 6-3.
Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 362 15/04/19 1:26 PM

Practice
Solve each compound inequality. Then graph the solution set.
1. f − 6 < 5 and f − 4 ≥ 2 2. n + 2 ≤ −5 and n + 6 ≥ −6
3. y − 1 ≥ 7 or y + 3 < −1 4. t + 14 ≥ 15 or t − 9 < −10
5. −5 < 3p + 7 ≤ 22 6. −3 ≤ 7c + 4 < 18
7. 5h − 4 ≥ 6 and 7h + 11 < 32 8. 22 ≥ 4m − 2 or 5 − 3m ≤ −13
9. −y + 5 ≥ 9 or 3y + 4 < −5 10. −4a + 13 ≥ 29 and 10 < 6a − 14
11. 3b + 2 < 5b − 6 ≤ 2b + 9 12. −2a + 3 ≥ 6a − 1 > 3a − 10
13. 10m − 7 < 17m or −6m > 36 14. 5n − 1 < −16 or −3n − 1 < 8
15. m + 3 ≥ 5 and m + 3 < 7 16. y − 5 < −4 or y − 5 ≥ 1
Example 2
17. STORE SIGNS In Randy’s town, all stand-alone signs must be PURE
exactly 8 feet high. When mounted atop a pole, the combined Juice
height of the sign and pole must be less than 20 feet or greater
than 35 feet so that they do not interfere with the power and
phone lines.
Drive for less!
Next
a. W
rite a compound inequality to represent the possible Exit
above-ground height of the poles, x.
b. S
olve the inequality. Explain any
restrictions.
c. Graph the inequality.
18. HEALTH The human heart circulates from 770,000 to 1,600,000 gallons of blood
through a person’s body every year.
a. W
rite a compound inequality to represent the number of gallons of blood that
the heart circulates through the body in one day, x.
b. S
olve the inequality. Round to the nearest whole gallon.
c. Graph the inequality.
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 363 15/04/19 1:26 PM

Examples 5 and 6
Write a compound inequality that describes each graph.
19. 20.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
21. 22.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
23. 24.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
25. 26.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Mixed Exercises
Solve each compound inequality. Then graph the solution set.
27. 4 < f + 6 and f + 6 < 5 28. w + 3 ≤ 0 or w + 7 ≥ 9
29. −6 1
31. −5 ≤ 2a − 1 < 9 32. −1 < 2x − 1 ≤ 5
Define a variable, write an inequality, and solve each problem. Check your solution.
33. A number decreased by two is at most four or at least nine.
34. The sum of a number and three is no more than eight or is more than twelve.
35. WEATHER Kenya saw this graph in the local

weather forecast. It shows the predicted 50ºF 52º 54º 56º 58º 60º 62º 64º 66º 68º 70º
temperature range for the following day. Write an
inequality to represent the number line.
36. REASONING The pH of a person’s eyes is 7.2. Therefore, the ideal pH for the
water in a swimming pool is between 7.0 and 7.6. Write a compound inequality to
represent pH levels that could cause physical discomfort to a person’s eyes.
37. FIELD TRIP It costs $1000 to rent a bus that holds 100 students. A school is
planning to rent one of these buses for a field trip to an aquarium. The trip will
also have a cost of $15 per student for the tickets to the aquarium. Given that the
total expense for the trip must be between $2000 and $3000, find the minimum
and maximum number of students who can go on the trip. Explain.
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 364 15/04/19 1:26 PM

38. HEALTH Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of weight status. BMI Weight Status
The BMI of a person over 20 years old is calculated using the
less than 18.5 underweight
following formula.
weight in pounds 18.5 – 24.9 normal
BMI = 703 × ____________
   
  2  25 – 29.9 overweight
(height in inches)
The table shows the meaning of different BMI measures. Round more than 30 obese
to the nearest tenth if necessary. Source: Centers for Disease Control
a. Write a compound inequality to represent the normal BMI range.

b. Write a compound inequality to represent the weight of an adult who is
6 feet tall that is within the normal BMI range.
39. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION The Triangle Inequality states that in any triangle,
the sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater than the length of the third a b
side. In the figure, this means a + b > c, a + c > b, and b + c > a.
a. Suppose a triangle has a side that is 5 meters long and a perimeter of c
14 meters. Let one of the unknown sides be x. Write a compound
inequality that you can use to determine the value of x. Explain.
b. What assumption about the two unknown side lengths of the triangle can you
make? Explain.
40. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Bianca said that if k is a real number, then the solution
set of the compound inequality x < k or x > k is all real numbers. Do you agree?
41. STRUCTURE Write the solution set of the following compound inequality. Then
graph the solution set: −x + 1 < 8 and −x + 1 < 3 and −x + 1 > −4?
42. PHYSICS The density of a substance determines Solution Density (g/mL)

whether it will float or sink in a liquid. The density
concentrated calcium 1.40
of water is 1 gram per milliliter. Any object with a
chloride
greater density will sink and any object with a
70% isopropyl alcohol 0.92
lesser density will float. Density is given by the
m Source: American Chemistry Council
formula d = __  v  , where m is mass and v is volume.
Here is a table of common chemical solutions and
their densities. Plastics vary in density when they are manufactured; therefore,
their volumes are variable for a given mass. A tablet of polystyrene
(a manufactured plastic) sinks in water and in alcohol solution and floats in
calcium chloride solution. The tablet has a mass of 0.4 gram. Write an inequality
to represent the range of values for v, the volume of the tablet.
20%
43. COMPUTER SALE Marietta is shopping during a computer store’s sale. She is
considering buying computers that range in cost from $500 to $1000.
a. How much are the computers after the 20% discount? OFF
b. If sales tax is 7%, how much should Marietta expect to pay?
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 365 15/04/19 1:26 PM

44. CREATE The figure shows the solution set of
a compound inequality. Write a compound -10 -5 0 5 10
inequality that has the given solution set. Solving the inequality should require
the Distributive Property, Addition Property of Inequalities, and the Division
Property of Inequalities.
45. ANALYZE Which value of x is not a solution to 3x − 1 < 5 or 7 − x ≤ 3?
A 0 B 2 C 4 D 5
46. FIND THE ERROR Sierra solved the compound inequality −3x + 7x − 1 < −5 or
−3x + 7x − 1 > 11 as shown. What error did she make in solving the inequality?
Step Property Step Property

-3x + 7x - 1 < -5 Original inequality -3x + 7x - 1 > 11 Original inequality
4x - 1 < -5 Combine like terms. -4x - 1 > 11 Combine like terms.
4x < -4 Addition Property -4x > 12 Addition Property
x < -1 Division Property x < -3 Division Property
Refer to the graphs for Exercises 47–49.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
47. WRITE Write a compound inequality whose solution is the union of the two graphs.
Then explain how the compound inequality can be expressed as a single inequality.
48. WRITE Write a compound inequality whose solution is the intersection of the two
graphs. Then explain how the compound inequality can be expressed as a single
inequality.
49. ANALYZE How are the graphs of the solution sets for the inequalities in Exercise 47
and Exercise 48 related to the given graphs?
50. PERSEVERE Jocelyn is planning to place a fence around the
a ft a ft
triangular flower bed shown. The fence costs $1.50 per foot.
Assuming that Jocelyn spends between $60 and $75 for the fence,
what is the shortest possible length for a side of the flower bed? Use
a compound inequality to explain your answer. (a + 4) ft
51. PERSEVERE Solve each inequality for x. Assume a is constant and a > 0
1
a. −3 < ax + 1 ≤ 5 b. - __
a x + 6 < 1 or 2 − ax > 8
52. CREATE Create an example of a compound inequality containing or that has
infinitely many solutions.
53. ANALYZE Determine whether the following statement is always, sometimes, or
never true. Justify your argument. The graph of a compound inequality that
involves an or statement is bounded on the left and right by two values of x.
54. WRITE Give an example of a compound inequality you might encounter at an
amusement park. Does the example represent an intersection or a union?
357_366_RM_INT1_S_M06_L03_700687.indd 366 15/04/19 1:26 PM

Lesson 6-4
Solving Absolute Value Inequalities

Today’s Goals
Explore Solving Absolute Value Inequalities ● Solve absolute value
inequalities (<).
● Solve absolute value
Online Activity Use a graph to complete the Explore.
inequalities (>).
INQUIRY How is solving an absolute value

inequality similar to solving an absolute value
equation?
Study Tip
Learn Solving Inequalities Involving < and Absolute Absolute Value
Value Inequalities The
inequality |x| can be
For a real number a, the inequality
rewritten as |x – 0| < a,
|x| < a means that the distance
which is why it is read as
between x and 0 is less than a. -a 0 a
the distance between x
When solving absolute value inequalities, there are two cases and 0 is less than a.
to consider.
Case 1
The expression inside the absolute value symbols is
Watch Out
nonnegative. If x is nonnegative, then |x| = x.
Absolute Value Cases
Case 2 The expression inside the absolute value symbols is negative. Assigning the correct
If x is negative, then |x| = −x. inequality symbol in
Case 2 of an absolute
Example 1 Solve Absolute Value Inequalities (<) value inequality can
be confusing. Think
Solve |m + 5| < 3. Then graph the solution set. of an inequality like
Part A Rewrite |m + 5| < 3 for Case 1 and Case 2. |x − 72| < 1.8 as the
distance from x to
Case 1 If m + 5 is nonnegative, |m + 5| = m + 5. 72 is less than 1.8 units.
m+5<3 Case 1 Visualizing the graph
of the inequality as an
m < −2 Subtract 5 from each side. interval of 1.8 units on
Case 2 If m + 5 is negative, |m + 5| = −(m + 5). each side of the graph
of 72 can help you
−(m + 5) < 3 Case 2 ensure you have the
−m − 5 < 3 Distributive Property correct symbol.
−m < 8 Add 5 to each side.
m > −8
Divide each side by -1. Reverse the inequality Go Online An
symbol. alternate method is
available for this
So, m < −2 and m > −8. The solution set is {m | −8 < m < −2}.
example.
Lesson 6-4 • Solving Absolute Value Inequalities 367
367_374_RM_INT1_S_M06_L04_700687.indd 367 15/04/19 1:29 PM

Part B Graph the solution set on a number line.
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Check
Solve |6m + 12| < 12.
Graph the solution set.
Example 2 Absolute Value Inequalities (<) with

Study Tip
No Solutions
Absolute Value as
Distance The solution Solve |n – 1| < –5. Then graph the solution set.
set for |n – 1| < –5 might
be easier to understand Because |n – 1| is an absolute value expression, it cannot be negative.
if you think of the So it is not possible for |n – 1| to be less than –5. Therefore, there is no
inequality in terms of solution, and the solution set is the empty set �.
distance. The inequality
can be read as the
distance between a Example 3 Use Absolute Value Inequalities
number and 1 is less
SURVEY Jonas is a software developer who wants to determine
than negative five.
However, that would whether the changes he made to his program are popular with
make the distance a users. He releases a survey to get some feedback and finds that
negative number. 72% of users like the changes. The margin of error is within 1.8%,
Because distance which means that with a reasonable level of certainty, the actual
cannot be negative, the percentage can be said to fall within 1.8% of 72%.
solution set is �.
Part A
Complete the table to write an inequality that represents the percent
of users who like the changes.
Talk About It! The difference between is less than or
Words 1.8%
Is the solution set of the actual percent and 72% equal to
|n - 1|- 6 < -5 also Let x be the actual percent of users who like the
the empty set? Explain Variable
changes.
your reasoning.
Inequality |x - 72| ≤ 1.8
Part B
Case 1 x - 72 is nonnegative.
x - 72 ≤ 1.8 Case 1
x ≤ 73.8 Add 72 to each side.
367_374_RM_INT1_S_M06_L04_700687.indd 368 15/04/19 1:29 PM

Case 2 x - 72 is negative.
−(x - 72) ≤ 1.8 Case 2
-x + 72 ≤ 1.8 Distributive Property
−x ≤ -70.2 Subtract 72 from each side.
x ≥ 70.2 Divide each side by -1. Reverse the

inequality symbol.
The percent of users who favor the changes Jonas made to his
software is between 70.2% and 73.8%, so the solution set is
{x| 70.2 ≤ x ≤ 73.8}.
Learn Solving Inequalities Involving > and Absolute

Value
For a real number a, the inequality |x| > a
means that the distance between x and 0 Study Tip
is greater than a. -a 0 a > and < If an absolute
value inequality involves
When solving absolute value inequalities, there are two cases to consider. > or ≥, the solution set
Case 1 T
he expression inside the absolute value symbols is uses the word or. If an
nonnegative. If x is nonnegative, |x| = x. absolute value
inequality involves < or
x>a Case 1 ≤, the solution set uses
Case 2 T
he expression inside the absolute value symbols is negative. the word and.
If x is negative, |x| = −x.
−x > a Case 2
a
 ___ __
−x
−1 <   −1 Divide each side by -1. Reverse the
inequality.
x < −a Simplify.
The solution set is the union of the solutions to these two cases.
So, x > a or x < −a. The solution set is {x | x < −a or x > a}.
Example 4 Solve Absolute Value Inequalities (>)

Solve |2m - 9| > 13. Then graph the solution set.
Part A Rewrite |2m - 9| > 13 for Case 1 and Case 2.
Case 1 If 2m − 9 is nonnegative, |2m - 9| = 2m − 9.
2m - 9 > 13 Case 1
2m > 22 Add 9 to each side.
m > 11 Divide each side by 2.

367_374_RM_INT1_S_M06_L04_700687.indd 369 15/04/19 1:29 PM

Case 2 If 2m − 9 is negative, |2m − 9| = −(2m − 9).
-(2m - 9) > 13 Case 2
-2m > 4 Add 9 to each side.
m < -2 Divide each side by 2.
So, m > 11 or m < -2. The solution set is {m| m > 11 or m < −2}.
-5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Check
Part A
Solve |4m - 20| ≥ 12.
Part B
Graph the solution set.
Study Tip
Overlapping Case
Solutions Because the Example 5 Absolute Value Inequalities (>) with
values of n for n ≥ 1 Overlapping Case Solutions
and n ≤ 11 overlap and
extend infinitely in both Solve |n - 6| ≥ -5. Then graph the solution set.
directions, the solution
set is all real numbers.
Part A Rewrite |n - 6| ≥ -5 for Case 1 and Case 2.
Case 1 n - 6 is nonnegative.
n - 6 ≥ −5 Case 1
Think About It!
Why is the empty set n≥1 Add 6 to each side.
the solution of |n - 6|
≤ -5, but not the Case 2 n − 6 is negative.
solution of |n - 6|
≥ -5?
-(n - 6) ≥ −5 Case 2
-n ≥ −11 Add 9 to each side.
n ≤ 11 Divide each side by −1. Reverse the

inequality.
So, n ≥ 1 or n ≤ 11. The solution set is {n | n ≥ 1 or n ≤ 11} which is

equivalent to {n | n is a real number}.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
367_374_RM_INT1_S_M06_L04_700687.indd 370 15/04/19 1:29 PM

Practice
Examples 1, 2, 4, 5
Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution set.
1. |x + 8| < 16 2. |r + 1| ≤ 2
3. |2c - 1| ≤ 7 4. |3h - 3| < 12
5. |m + 4| < –2 6. |w + 5| < -8
7. |r + 2| > 6 8. |k - 4| > 3
9. |2h - 3| ≥ 9 10. |4p + 2| ≥ 10
11. |5v + 3| > -9 12. |–2c - 3| > -4
13. |4n + 3| ≥ 18 14. |5t - 2| ≤ 6
| 3h + 1
15.  _____
2 < 8 | | 2p - 8
16.  _____
4 ≥ 9 |
17. |  | ≤ -5 18. |  | > -7
7c + 3
_____ 2g + 3
_____
2 2
19. |-6r - 4| < 8 20. |–3p - 7| > 5
Example 3
21. SPEEDOMETERS The government requires speedometers on cars sold in the
United States to be accurate within ±2.5% of the actual speed of the car. If your
speedometer meets this requirement, find the range of possible actual speeds at
which your car could be traveling when your speedometer reads 60 miles per hour?
22. BAKING Pablo is making muffins for a bake sale. Before he starts baking, he goes
online to research different muffin recipes. The recipes that he finds all specify
baking temperatures between 350°F and 400°F, inclusive. Write an absolute
value inequality to represent the possible temperatures t called for in the muffin
recipes Pablo is researching.
23. PAINT A manufacturer claims that their cans of paint contain exactly 130 fluid
ounces of paint. The amount of paint in each can of paint must be accurate within
±3.05 fluid ounces of the actual amount of paint.
a. Write an absolute value inequality to represent the possible amount of paint, in
fluid ounces, p for which the manufacturer’s claim is correct.
b. Graph the solution set of the inequality you wrote in part a.
24. CATS During a recent visit to the veterinarian’s office, Mrs. Vasquez was informed
that a healthy weight for her cat is approximately 10 pounds, plus or minus one
pound. Write an absolute value inequality that represents unhealthy weights w for
her cat.
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25. STATISTICS In a recent year, the mean score on the mathematics section of the
SAT test was 515 and the standard deviation was 114. This means that people
within one deviation of the mean have SAT math scores that are no more than 114
points higher or 114 points lower than the mean.
a. Write an absolute value inequality to find the range of SAT mathematics test
scores within one standard deviation of the mean.
b. What is the range of SAT mathematics test scores ±2 standard deviation from
the mean?
Mixed Exercises
REGULARITY Write an open sentence involving absolute value for each graph.
26.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
27.
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
28.
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
29.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
30.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
31.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
REASONING Match each open sentence with the graph of its solution set.
32. |x| > 2 a.

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
33. |x - 2| ≤ 3 b.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
34. |x + 1| < 4 c.
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
35. |-x + 1.5| < 3 d.

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
USE A MODEL Express each statement using an inequality involving absolute value.
Then solve and graph the absolute value inequality.
36. The meteorologist predicted that the temperature would be within 3° of 52°F.
37. Serena will make the B team if she scores within 8 points of the team average of 92.
38. The dance committee expects attendance to number within 25 of last year’s
87 students.
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Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution set.
| |
x-1
39.  ____
2 ≤ 1 40. ⎪2x - 1⎪ ≥ 3
41. |  | ≤ 2

x+3
____
3 42. ⎪x + 7⎪ ≥ 4.5
43. |  | > 5

2x - 1
_____
7 44. ⎪-4x - 2⎪ < 10
45. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Is the solution to this inequality |x - 2| > -1 all real
numbers? Justify your argument.
46. USE TOOLS Forensic scientists use the equation h = 2.4f + 46.2 to estimate the
height h of a woman given the length in centimeters f of her femur bone.
Suppose the equation has a margin of error of 3 centimeters. Could a female
femur bone measuring 47 centimeters be that of a woman who was
170 centimeters tall?
47. REGULARITY A box of cereal should weigh 516 grams. The quality control
inspector randomly selects boxes to weigh. The inspector sends back any box
that is not within 4 grams of the ideal weight.
a. Explain how to write an absolute value inequality to represent this situation.
b. Explain the steps to solve this inequality. What do the solutions represent?
48. REASONING For each solution set, write a compound inequality with a solution
set is the given set.
a. {x | 4 ≤ x} b. {4}
49. ANALYZE Determine if the open sentence |x - 2| > 4 and the compound
inequality -2x < 4 or x > 6 have the same solution set.
50. ARCHITECTURE An architect is designing a house for the Frazier family. In the
design, she must consider the desires of the family and the local building codes. The
rectangular lot on which the house will be built is 158 feet long and 90 feet wide.
a. The building codes state that one can build no closer than 20 feet to the lot
line. Write an inequality to represent the possible widths of the house along
the 90-foot dimension. Solve the inequality.
b. The Fraziers requested that the rectangular house contain no less than
2800 square feet and no more than 3200 square feet of floor space. If the
house has only one floor, use the maximum value for the width of the house
from part a, and explain how to use an inequality to find the possible lengths.
c. The Fraziers have asked that the cost of the house be about $175,000 and are
willing to deviate from this price no more than $20,000. Write an open sentence
involving an absolute value and solve. Explain the meaning of the answer.
367_374_RM_INT1_S_M06_L04_700687.indd 373 15/04/19 1:29 PM

51. FIND THE ERROR Jordan and Chloe are solving |x + 3| > 10.
Jordan Chloe
|x + 3| > 10 |x + 3| > 10
x + 3 > 10 -(x + 3) > 10 x + 3 > 10 -(x + 3) > 10
x > 7 -x - 3 > 10 x>7 -x + 3 > 10
-x > 13 -x > 7
x < -13 x < -7
Is either correct? Explain your reasoning.
52. CREATE Write an absolute value inequality using the numbers 3, 2, and –7. Then
solve the inequality.
53. PERSEVERE Solve 2 < |n + 1| ≤ 7. Explain your reasoning and graph the solution
set.
54. ANALYZE Which of the following

inequalities could be represented by -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
the graph?
I. |m - 1| < 4 II. 3x < 15 or -x < 1 III. 1 < 2k + 7 < 17
A. I only B. I and II C. I and III D. II and III
55. FIND THE ERROR Lucita sketched a graph of her solution

to |2a - 3| > 1. Is she correct? Explain your reasoning. -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
56. ANALYZE The graph of an absolute value inequality is sometimes, always, or

never the union of two graphs. Explain.
57. ANALYZE Determine why the solution of |t| > 0 is not all real numbers. Explain
your reasoning.
58. WRITE How are symbols used to represent mathematical ideas? Use an example
to justify your reasoning.
59. WRITE Explain how to determine whether an absolute value inequality uses a
compound inequality with and or a compound equality with or. Then summarize
how to solve absolute value inequalities.
60. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which inequality does not belong? Justify your
conclusion.
1 3
|x + 4| - 7 ≥ 3 |-6x - 1| ≤ __
  2 -2|10x + 4| < 6 |3x + 5| < - __
5
367_374_RM_INT1_S_M06_L04_700687.indd 374 15/04/19 1:29 PM

Lesson 6-5
Graphing Inequalities in Two Variables

Today’s Goals
Explore Graphing Linear Inequalities on the ● Graph the solutions of
Coordinate Plane linear inequalities in
two variables.
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete Today’s Vocabulary
the Explore. boundary
half-plane
INQUIRY How is graphing a linear inequality open half-plane
on the coordinate plane similar to and
closed half-plane
different from graphing on the number line?
Learn Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables Go Online

The graph of a linear inequality represents the set of all points that are You can watch a video
solutions of the inequality. to see how to graph
inequalities in two
The edge of the graph is a boundary. Depending on the inequality, variables.
the boundary will or will not be included in the solution set.
The boundary divides the coordinate plane into regions called
half-planes. Think About It!
When the boundary is included, the solution of the linear inequality What does the shaded
is a closed half-plane. area of this graph
represent?
When the boundary is not included, it is an open half-plane.
Key Concept • Graphing Linear Inequalities
Step 1 Graph the boundary. Use a solid boundary when the
inequality contains ≤ or ≥. Use a dashed boundary when the
inequality contains < or >.
Step 2 Use a test point to determine which half-plane should be
shaded.
Watch Out!
Step 3 Shade the half-plane that contains the solution. Selecting a Test Point
When selecting a test
Example 1 Graph an Inequality with an Open Half-Plane point to use, make sure
that the point does not
Graph 3x - 2y < 8.
lie on the boundary.
Step 1 Graph the boundary. While using the point
(0, 0) will make
3x - 2y < 8 Original inequality
calculations easier, you
-2y < -3x + 8 Subtract 3x from each side. cannot use that point if
the boundary passes
3
y > __
  2 x - 4 Divide each side by -2. through the origin.
Instead, try using (1, 1)
or (0, 1).
Lesson 6-5 • Graphing Inequalities in Two Variables 375
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Step 2 Use a test point. Select (0, 0) as a test point.
3x - 2y < 8 Original inequality
3(0) - 2( 0 ) < 8 x = 0 and y = 0 y
(0) < 8 Simplify.
Step 3 Shade the half-plane.

O x
Because the test point is a solution of
the inequality, shade the half-plane
containing the test point.
Example 2 Graph an Inequality with a Closed

Half-Plane
Graph 3x + 4y ≤ 0.
Step 1 Graph the boundary.

5x + 4y ≤ 0 Original inequality
4y ≤ -3x Subtract 3x from each side.
y ≤ ___
-3
  4 x Divide each side by 4.
Step 2 Use a test point. Use (1, 1) as a test point.

3x + 4y ≤ 0 Original inequality
3(1) + 4(1) ≤ 0 x = 1 and y = 1
7 is not less than or equal to 0 Simplify.
Step 3 S
hade the half-plane. y
Because the test point is not a solution
of the inequality, shade the half-plane
that does not contain the test point.
O x
Check
Go Online You can Graph the inequalities.
watch a video to to see
how to use a graphing A. 2x + y < -4 B. x - 2y > -4
example.
375_380_RM_INT1_S_M06_L05_700687.indd 376 17/04/19 2:03 PM

Example 3 Apply Graphing Inequalities Problem Solving Tip
in Two Variables Use a Graph You can
REFRESHMENTS Dominique can spend up to $20 to provide the use a graph to visualize
dance squad with drinks after their practice. A bottle of water costs data, analyze trends,
and make predictions.
$0.80, and a sports drink costs $1.25. How many bottles of water
and sports drinks can Dominique buy for the dance squad?
Step 1 Write an inequality.
Words $0.80 Plus $1.25 Is less $20
times the times the than or
number of number of equal to
bottles of sports
water drinks
Variables Let x = the number of bottles of water and y = the number
of sports drinks that Dominique can buy.
Inequality 0.8 · x + 1.25 · y ≤ $20
Step 2 Solve the inequality for y.

0.8x + 1.25y ≤ 20 Original inequality
Study Tip
1.25y ≤ -0.8x + 20 Subtract 0.8x from each side. Specifying Units
Because we assigned
y ≤ -0.64x + 16 Divide each side by 1.25.
the variables for the
Step 3 Graph the inequality. different types of drinks,
Because Dominique cannot buy a negative number of drinks, negative it is critical to label the
values of x and y are nonviable options. So the domain and range must axes.
be nonnegative numbers. Graph the boundary.
Sports Drinks
x y 16
0 16 12
8 Talk About It!
10 9.6 4 Are there any viable
15 6.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 solutions in which
Bottles of Water Dominique spends a
25 0
total of $20? If so,
where do those
The test point (0, 0) is a solution of the inequality. Shade the closed solutions appear on
half-plane that includes (0, 0). the graph?
Notice that there are infinitely many solutions of the inequality.

Because buying fractional bottles of water or sports drinks is not
reasonable, only the solutions in which both x and y are whole
numbers are viable. One viable solution is 10 bottles of water and
8 sports drinks.
375_380_RM_INT1_S_M06_L05_700687.indd 377 15/04/19 1:36 PM

Example 4 Solve Linear Inequalities
Graph -4x + 7 ≥ 11.
Step 1 Graph the boundary.
-4x + 7 ≥ 11 Original inequality
-4x ≥ 4 Subtract 7 from each side.
x ≤ -1 Divide each side by 4.
Step 2 Use a test point. Use (0, 0) as a test point.
-4x + 7 ≥ 11 Original inequality
-4(0) + 7 ≥ 11 x = 0 and y = 0
7 is not greater than or equal to 11 Simplify.
Step 3 S
hade the half-plane.
y
O x

Since the test point is not a solution of the inequality, shade
the half-plane that does not contain the test point.
Check
The graph of y = 3x - 4 is shown.
Consider the solutions of y > 3x - 4. Copy y
and complete the table to write each point in
the appropriate column. O x
(-5, -3) (-3, 4)

(0, -4) (0, 0)
(1, -7) (1, 1)
(2, 2) (4, 2)
In Solution Not in Solution
375_380_RM_INT1_S_M06_L05_700687.indd 378 15/04/19 1:36 PM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Graph each inequality.
1. y < x - 3 2. y > x + 12 3. y ≥ 3x - 1
4. y ≤ -4x + 12 5. 6x + 3y > 12 6. 2x + 2y < 18
7. 5x + y > 10 8. 2x + y < -3 9. -2x + y ≥ -4
10. 8x + y ≤ 6 11. 10x + 2y ≤ 14 12. -24x + 8y ≥ -48
Example 3
13. INCOME In 2006 the median yearly family income was about $48,200 per year.
Suppose the average annual rate of change since then is $1240 per year.
a. Write and graph an inequality for the annual family incomes y that are less than
the median for x years after 2006.
b. Determine whether each of the following points is part of the solution set.
(2, 51,000) (8, 69,200) (5, 50,000) (10, 61,000)
14. FUNDRAISING Troop 200 sold cider and donuts to raise money for charity. They sold
small boxes of donut holes for $1.25 and cider for $2.50 a gallon. In order to cover
their expenses, they needed to raise at least $100. Write and graph an inequality that
represents this situation.
Example 4
1 2 10
15. 2y + 6 ≥ 0 16.  __
2 x + 1 < 3 17.  __ __
3 x −   3 > −4
Mixed Exercises
Graph each inequality.
18. y < -1 19. y ≥ x - 5 20. y > 3x
21. y ≤ 2x + 4 22. y + x > 3 23. y - x ≥ 1
24. Kumiko has a $50 gift card for a Web site that sells apps and games. Games cost
$2.50 each, and apps cost $1.25 each.
a. Write an inequality that represents the number of apps a and the number of
games g that Kumiko can buy and describe any constraints.
b. Graph the solution of the inequality on a coordinate plane.
c. Use your graph to find three different combinations of apps and games that
Kumiko can buy.
d. Kumiko decides to buy the same number of apps and games, and she decides
to spend as much of the $50 as possible. How many apps and games does
she buy? How much money does she have left on her gift card?
375_380_RM_INT1_S_M06_L05_700687.indd 379 15/04/19 1:36 PM

25. USE A MODEL A café sells peach smoothies and berry smoothies. The café
makes a profit of $2.25 for each peach smoothie that is sold and a profit of $2 for
each berry smoothie that is sold. The owner of the café wants to make a total
profit of more than $90 per day from the sales of smoothies.
a. Write an inequality that represents the number of peach smoothies p and berry
smoothies b that the café needs to sell. Describe the constraints on the
variables.
b. Graph the solution of the inequality on a coordinate plane.
c. On Monday, the café sold 20 peach smoothies and made the daily profit goal.
What can you say about the number of berry smoothies that were sold on
Monday?
d. On Tuesday, the café made the daily profit goal by selling the minimum
number of smoothies. How many smoothies did they sell? Explain.
26. REASONING Oleg is training for a triathlon. One day, he jogged for 2 hours at x
miles per hour. Then he bicycled for 2 hours at y miles per hour. Finally, he swam
a distance of 2 miles. The total number of miles did not exceed 30 miles.
a. Write an inequality to represent the distance that he traveled that day.
Describe the constraints on the variables.
b. Graph the solution of the inequality on the coordinate plane shown. Label the
axes with a description of the quantity that each axis represents. Include the
unit of measure.
c. What is the greatest possible speed that Oleg could have bicycled that day?
How do you know?
27. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS The solution of the inequality ax + by < c is a half-
plane that includes the point (0, 0). What conclusion can you make about the
value of c? Justify your argument.

8
28. FIND THE ERROR Reiko and Kristin are solving 4y ≤ __
  3 x by graphing. Is either of
them correct? Explain your reasoning.
Reiko y Kristin y
8 8
4y <   __3 x 4y < 3  __ x
2
4y ≤   __32  x O x
y ≤3__  x O x
test point (1, 1) test point (0, 0)
1 ≤   __32   false 0 ≤ 0 true
29. CREATE Write a linear inequality for which (–1, 2), (0, 1), and (3, –2) are solutions but
(1, 1) is not.
30. ANALYZE Explain why a point on the boundary should not be used as a test point.
31. CREATE Write a two-variable inequality with a restricted domain and range to
represent a real-world situation. Give the domain and range, and explain why they
are restricted.
32. WRITE Summarize the steps to graph an inequality in two variables.
375_380_RM_INT1_S_M06_L05_700687.indd 380 15/04/19 1:36 PM

Module 6 • Linear Inequalities
Review
Essential Question
How can writing and solving inequalities help you solve problems in the real world?
Writing and solving inequalities can help me determine the solution sets of problems in the
real world.
Module Summary
Lessons 6-1, 6-2 Lesson 6-4
Solving One-Step and Multi-Step Solving Absolute Value Inequalities
Inequalities • For a real number a, the inequality |x | < a means
• A solution set can be graphed on a number line. the distance between x and 0 is less than a. The
If the endpoint is not included in the solution, use inequality | x | > a means the distance between x
a circle; if the endpoint is included, use a dot. and 0 is greater than a.
• If a number is added to or subtracted from each • When solving absolute value inequalities, there
side of a true inequality, the resulting inequality are two cases to consider. The first case is when
is also true. the expression inside the absolute value symbols
• If each side of a true inequality is multiplied is nonnegative. The second case is when the
or divided by the same positive number, the expression inside the absolute value symbols is
resulting inequality is also true. negative. The solution set is the intersection of
the solutions of their union.
• If each side of a true inequality is multiplied
or divided by the same negative number, the
direction of the inequality symbol must be Lesson 6-5
changed to make the resulting inequality true.
Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two
• Multi-step inequalities can be solved by undoing Variables
the operations in the same way you would solve
• To graph a linear Inequality, graph the boundary.
a multi-step equation.
Use a solid boundary when the inequality
contains ≤ or ≥. Use a dashed boundary when
Lesson 6-3 the inequality contains < or >. Then use a test
point to determine which half-plane should
Solving Compound Inequalities be shaded. Finally, shade the half-plane that
• To determine the solution set of a compound contains the solution.
inequality, graph each inequality and identify
where they overlap.
Study Organizer
• If a compound inequality contains and, the
overlapping section that represents the Foldables
6-1 6-3
compound inequality is an intersection. Use your Foldable to review
the module. Working with a
6-2
• If a compound inequality contains or, its graph
is a union; the solution is a solution of either partner can be helpful. Ask
inequality, not necessarily both. for clarification of concepts as
needed. 6-4 6-5
Module 6 Review • Linear Inequalities 381

Test Practice
1. MULTIPLE CHOICE Select the graph that shows 5. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which inequality has
the solution set of 7 ≤ n + 5. (Lesson 6-1) solutions represented by the graph?
(Lesson 6-1)
A.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
B. A. 5 - x > 4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
B. 2x + 1 ≥ 9
C.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 C. 2x - 5 > 3
D. 6x - 7 > 5
D.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
6. MULTI-SELECT Consider the inequality Five
2. OPEN RESPONSE Eduardo is writing a plus two times a number n is less than or
historical novel. He wrote 16 pages today, equal to eleven. Select all of the
bringing his total number of pages written to representations that are solutions.
more than 50. How many pages p did (Lesson 6-2)
Eduardo write before today? Complete the A. n ≤ 3
inequality that represents this situation. Then
solve the inequality. (Lesson 6-1) B. 3 ≤ n
Inequality: ? +p> ? C. n ≤ 8
Solution: p > ?
D. 3 ≥ n
3. OPEN RESPONSE A farmer said that for every

row of seeds he plants, he can harvest 7. OPEN RESPONSE Solve
6.5 bushels of tomatoes. The farmer needs to 8(t + 2) + 7(t + 2) - 3(t - 2) < 0. Write the
harvest at least 52 bushels of tomatoes. What solution using set-builder notation. (Lesson 6-2)
is the least number of rows that the farmer
will need to plant? (Lesson 6-1)
4
8. MULTIPLE CHOICE Solve - __
5 x - 3 ≤ 17.
(Lesson 6-2)
4. OPEN RESPONSE Find the solution set of A. {x | x ≥ -25}

3d - 8 < 4d + 2. (Lesson 6-1)
B. {x | x ≥ -16}
C. {x | x ≤ -25}
D. {x | x ≤ -16}
382 Module 6 Review • Linear Inequalities

9. MULTI-SELECT The science club is planning a 12. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which graph shows the
car wash fundraiser. Halona writes and graphs solution of 3n - 1 < 5 and -2n + 3 < 11?
an inequality to represent the number of cars (Lesson 6-3)
c the science club needs to wash in order for
A.
the profits to cover their expenses. (Lesson 6-2) -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 B.

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Which inequality could Halona have graphed
for this situation? Select all that apply.
C.
A. 2(c + 1) - 50 ≥ 352 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
B. 310 + c ≤ 3 (c - 30)
D.
C. 20(c − 1) ≥ 4000 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
D. 5(c + 1) − 200 ≥ 250

13. OPEN RESPONSE/GRAPH (Lesson 6-4)
E. 50(c − 5) ≥ 200 Part A Solve |h + 3| < 5. Write the solution
set using set-builder notation.
10. OPEN RESPONSE Micaela wants to plant a
square garden and enclose it with a fence.
She has 120 feet of fencing available and she Part B Graph the solution set on a number
wants the sides of her garden to be at least 6 line.
feet long. Complete the inequality to
represent the possible side lengths.
(Lesson 6-3)
s 14. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which is NOT a true

statement? (Lesson 6-4)
A. The empty set is the solution of

|k - 2| + 1 ≤ -2.
s s
B. The solution of |k - 2| ≥ -2 is
{k|4 ≥ k ≥ 0}.
C. The solution of |3k + 3| ≤ -9 is

s {k|-4 ≥ k ≥ 2}.
P = 4s
D. |k - 7| < -6 has no solution.
? ≤s≤ ?
11. OPEN RESPONSE Solve 4 + g ≥ 3 or

6g ≥ -30. Write the solution using
set-builder notation. (Lesson 6-3)
Module 6 Review • Linear Inequalities 383

15. MULTIPLE CHOICE The actual weight of a jar 17. OPEN RESPONSE Consider the graphs. Write
of peanuts tends to be within 0.5 ounce of its the letter of the graph that represents the
listed weight. Which graph shows the solution to each of the inequalities. (Lesson 6-5)
possible weights of a jar of peanuts that has
Graphs:
a listed weight of 6.5 ounces? (Lesson 6-4)
A. A. y
3
B. y
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 2
1 1
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3x −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3x
B.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 −2 −2
−3 −3
C.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C. y D. y
3 3
2 2
D. 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3x −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3x
−2 −2
−3 −3
16. OPEN RESPONSE The equation for the
boundary of the inequality graphed is
y = 3x - 1. (Lesson 6-5) 2y - x ≤ -3
4
y 2y - x ≥ -3
3
2 2x - y > -3
1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x 2x- y < -3
−2
−3
2
−4 18. GRAPH Graph the inequality __
 3 x + 5 - y < 6.

(Lesson 6-5)
Write the inequality that represents
the graph.
384 Module 6 Review • Linear Inequalities

Module 7
Systems of Linear Equations
and Inequalities
Essential Question
How are systems of equations useful in the real world?

KEY Before After

solve systems of equations by graphing

solve systems of equations by substitution
solve systems of equations by elimination with addition
solve systems of equations by elimination with subtraction
write equations of parallel and perpendicular lines
solve systems of equations by elimination with multiplication
solve systems of inequalities by graphing
Begin with one sheet of paper.
1. Fold lengthwise to the holes. 7-1 Graphing Systems
of Equations
2. Cut 6 tabs. 7-2 Substitution
3. Label the tabs using the lesson titles. 7-3 Elimination

Using Addition and
Subtraction
7-4 Elimination Using
Multiplication
7-5 Systems of
Inequalities
Vocab
Module 7 • Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities 385

• consistent • independent
• dependent • substitution
• elimination • system of equations
• inconsistent • system of inequalities
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Name the ordered pair for y Solve 12x + 3y = 36 for y.
Q on the coordinate plane.
12x + 3y = 36 Original equation
Follow a vertical line from
12x + 3y − 12x = 36 − 12x
Subtract 12x from
the point to the x-axis. This O x each side.
gives the x-coordinate, 3.
Q 3y = 36 − 12x Simplify.
Follow a horizontal line 3y 36 − 12x
 __ _______
3 =   Divide each side by 3.
from the point to the y-axis. 3
3y 36 12x
This gives the y-coordinate, −2.  __ __ ___
3 =   3 −   3 Express as a difference.
The ordered pair is (3, −2). y = 12 − 4x Simplify.
Quick Check
Name the ordered pair for each point. Solve each equation for the variable specified.
1. A D y 5. 2x + 4y = 12, for x
2. B F 6. x = 3y − 9, for y
3. C C A 7. m − 2n = 6, for m
O x
4. D E 8. y = mx + b, for x
How Did You Do?

386 Module 7 • Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

Lesson 7-1
Graphing Systems of Equations

Today’s Goals
Determine the number
Explore Intersections of Graphs
●
of solutions of a system
of linear equations.
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the ● Solve systems of
Explore. equations by graphing.
● Solve linear equations
by graphing systems of
INQUIRY How can you solve a linear
equations.
equation by graphing?
● Use graphing
calculators to solve
systems of equations.
Learn Graphs of Systems of Equations
A set of two or more equations with the same variables is called a system of equations
system of equations. An ordered pair that is a solution of both consistent
equations is a solution of the system. A system of two linear equations
independent
can have one solution, an infinite number of solutions, or no solution.
dependent
•• A system of equations is consistent if it has at least one ordered
inconsistent
pair that satisfies both equations.
•• If a consistent system of equations has exactly one solution, it is
said to be independent. The graphs intersect at one point.
Go Online You may
•• If a consistent system of equations has an infinite number of want to complete the
solutions, it is dependent. The graphs are the same line. This Concept Check to
means that there are unlimited solutions that satisfy both equations. check your
•• A system of equations is inconsistent if it has no ordered pair that understanding.
satisfies both equations. The graphs are parallel.
Example 1 Consistent Systems

Use the graph to determine the number of solutions the system has.
Then state whether the system of equations is consistent or
inconsistent and if it is independent or dependent.
y = −3x + 1 y
y=x−3
y=x-3
y = -3x + 1
O x
Since the graphs of these two lines intersect at one point, there is exactly
one solution. Therefore, the system is consistent and independent.
Lesson 7-1 • Graphing Systems of Equations 387
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Example 2 Inconsistent Systems
Use the graph to determine the number of solutions the system has.
Then state whether the system of equations is consistent or
1
y = __
  2 x + 2 y
Think About It! y=
1
x+2
1
How could you change y = __
  2 x − 1 2
the equations so they

form a consistent and O x
dependent system? 1
y= 2x-1
Since the graphs of these two lines are parallel, there is no solution of
the system. Therefore, the system is inconsistent.
Check
Determine whether each graph shows a system that is consistent or
y 1 y
y = -2 x + 3
y=x-4
O x O x
1 y = -x - 1
y = -2 x - 2
Example 3 Number of Solutions, Equations in

Determine the number of solutions the system has. Then state
Study Tip whether the system of equations is consistent or inconsistent and
Parallel Lines Two if it is independent or dependent.
lines that have the
same slope are parallel y = 6x + 10 Because the slopes are the same and the
and never intersect. A y-intercepts are different, the lines are
system of parallel lines parallel.
has no solution. y = 6x + 4 The system has no solution. Therefore, the
system is inconsistent.
Check
Determine the number of solutions the system has.
4
y = __
  5 x − 2
4y - 5x = 9
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Example 4 Number of Solutions, Equations in
Standard Form
Determine the number of solutions the system has. Then state Think About It!
whether the system of equations is consistent or inconsistent and if How many solutions
it is independent or dependent. will a system have if
4y − 6x = 16 the slopes and
9x − 6y = −24 y-intercepts of the lines
are different?
Write both equations in slope-intercept form.
4y − 6x = 16 Original equation 9x − 6y = −24
4y − 6x + 6x = + 6x + 16 Isolate the y-term 9x − 6y − 9x = −9x −24
4y = 6x + 16 Simplify. −6y = −9x −24
__ 4y 6x 16 Divide by −6y
  4 = __
  4 + __ ___
  −6 = ___
  −6 + ____
−9x −24
  4   −6
coefficient of y.
3 3
y = __
  2 x + 4 Simplify. y = __
  2 x + 4
Because the slopes are the same and the y-intercepts are the same,
this is the same line.
Since the graphs of these two lines are the same, there are infinitely
many solutions. Therefore, the system is consistent and dependent.
Check
Determine the number of solutions each system has.
4x − 8y = 16
6x − 12y = 5
Learn Solving Systems of Equations by Graphing

You can solve a system of equations by y
graphing each equation carefully on the same
y=x+4
coordinate plane. Every point that lies on the
(-1, 3)
line of one equation represents a solution of y = -2x + 1
that equation. Similarly, every point on the line
of the second equation in a system represents O x
a solution of that equation. Therefore, the
solution of a system of equations is the point
at which the graphs intersect.
For example, the solution of this system is (−1, 3). That is the point at
which the graphs intersect. Since the point of intersection lies on both
lines, the ordered pair satisfies each equation in the system.
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Example 5 Solve a System by Graphing
Graph the system and determine the number of solutions that it has.
Think About It! If it has one solution, determine its coordinates.
Why is it necessary to
substitute the values of y = −2x + 14 14
y
3
x and y into both y = __
  5 x + 1
10
equations to check
your solution? 6
2
−10 −6 −2 O 2 6 10 x
−6
The graphs of the lines appear to intersect at the point (5, 4). If you
substitute 5 for x and 4 for y into the equations, both are true.
Therefore, (5, 4) is the solution of the system.
Go Online You can
watch a video to see Check
Graph the system of equations.
example. 3x + 5y = 10
x − 5y = −10
What is the solution of

the system?
( ? )
Example 6 Graph and Solve a System of Equations

Graph the system and determine the number of solutions that it has.
If it has one solution, determine its coordinates.
−3x + 2y = 12 10
y
6x − 4y = 8
6
2
−10 −6 −2 O 2 6 10 x
−6
−10
The lines have the same slope but different y-intercepts, so the lines
are parallel. Since they do not intersect, this system has no solution.
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Apply Example 7 Write a System of Equations
POPULATION China
and India are the two
most populous
countries in the world.
The populations of
these countries have
increased steadily in
recent years. In 2010,
China and India had
populations of about
1.34 billion and 1.19
billion respectively. By
2016, the populations
grew to about 1.38
billion in China and
Source: IMF, CEIC
1.29 billion in India.
Predict the approximate year when the populations of the two
countries will be the same.

Sample answer: I need to graph a system of equations that represents
this situation and find the intersection. How can I write the system of
equations that I need to graph? I can review finding the average rate
of change and writing equations in slope-intercept form.
2. H
Study Tip
Sample answer: I will find the average rate of change for both Assumptions
countries. Then I will write a system of equations to represent the Populations do not
situation. I will graph the system and find the intersection. I will use typically increase at a
what I have learned about graphing equations to help me graph the steady rate. However,
system. assuming that the rate
3. What is your solution? of increase is constant
allows you to estimate
future data.
Find the average rate of change for the populations of China and India.
1
China: ___
  150
1
India: __
  60
Write a system of equations to represent the system. Problem-Solving Tip
1 Tools When graphing
y = ___
  150 x + 1.38
by hand, using graph
1 paper and a
y = ___
 60 x + 1.29
straightedge can help
you make your graphs
more accurate.
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Graph the system of equations.
Study Tip
Populations
Labeling Axes It is
important to clearly 1.8
Population (billions)
define and label axes in India
a real-world situation. 1.6
The intersection does
not mean that the 1.4 China
population will be the
1.2
same in year 9. Since
the x-axis represents
1
the number of years
after 2016, you must 0 4 8 12 16 20
add the x-coordinate of Years After 2016
the intersection to 2016 When will China and India have the same population?
to find the year.
2025
Think About It! your solution.
Can a value of x that is From the graph, I estimated that the solution was 9 years after 2016, or
not a whole number be in 2025. My answer is reasonable because when I substitute 9 in for x
a viable solution? in each equation, the value of y is 1.44.
Check
OLYMPICS The number of men and women participating in the Winter
Olympic Games has been steadily increasing in recent years. In the
19th Winter Olympics, 1389 men and 787 women participated. 1660
men and 1121 women participated in the 22nd Winter Olympics.
Part A
Write and graph a system to
describe the number of men and
women participating if x
represents the number of Winter
Olympics after the
22nd Winter Olympics.
Part B
Use the graph to predict the Winter Olympics when the number of
men and women participating will be the same.
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Learn Using Systems to Solve Linear Equations
Key Concept • Using Systems to Solve Linear Equations Talk About It!
Step 1 Write a system by setting each expression equal to y. How do you know that
the point of intersection
Step 2 Graph the system.
satisfies both
Step 3 Find the intersection. equations?
Example 8 Use a System to Solve a Linear Equation

Use a system of equations to solve −6x + 8 = −4.
Step 1 Write a system.
Write a system of equations. Set each side of −6x + 8 = −4 equal to y.
y = −6x + 8
y = −4
Go Online to see
Enter the equations and graph. calculator with this
example.
Step 3 Find the intersection.
(2, −4)
Step 4 Check your solution.
−6x + 8 = −4 Original equation
−6(−2) + 8 = −4 Substitution.
−12 + 8 = −4 Multiply.
−4 = −4 Add.
Check
Use a system of equations and your graphing calculator to solve
−3.2x − 5.8 = 2.8x + 7. Round to the nearest hundredth, if necessary.
x= ?
Learn Solving Systems of Equations by Using

Graphing Technology
You can use a graphing calculator to graph and solve a system of
equations by following these steps.
Go Online You can
Step 1 Isolate y in each equation. watch a video to see
Step 2 Graph the system. how to graph systems
of equations on a
Step 3 Find the intersection. graphing calculator.
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Example 9 Solve a System of Equations
Solve the system of equations.
−1.38x − y = 5.13
0.62x + 2y = 1.60
Step 1 Isolate y.
Solve each equation for y.
−1.38x − y = 5.13 First equation
−y = 5.13 + 1.38x Add 1.38x to each side.
y = −5.13 − 1.38 x Multiply each side by −1.
0.62x + 2y = 1.60 Second equation

2y = 1.60 − 0.62x Subtract 0.62x from each side.
y = 0.80 x − 0.31x Divide each side by 2.

Enter the equations and graph.
Go Online to see
Step 3 Find the intersection.
The solution is approximately (−5.54, 2.52).
example.
Check
What is the solution to the system of equations?
2.29x − 4.41y = 6.52
4.16x + 1.11y = 4.72
( ? , ? )
Example 10 Write and Solve a System of Equations

BUSINESS Denzel is starting a food truck business to sell gourmet
grilled cheese sandwiches. He has spent $34,000 on the truck,
equipment, permits, and other start-up costs. Each sandwich costs
about $1.32 to make, and he sells them for $7.
How many sandwiches does Denzel need to sell to start earning
a profit?
Let x = the number of grilled cheese sandwiches sold.
Let y = total cost or revenue.
Total Cost: y = 1.32x + 34,000
Total Revenue: y = 7x
Go Online to see Step 1 Graph the system.
how to use a graphing Enter the equations and graph.
example. Step 2 Find the intersection.
The solution is approximately (5985.92, 41,901.41).
This means that after Denzel has sold 5986 sandwiches, he will begin
to earn a profit.
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Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Use the graph to determine the number of solutions the system y
y=x+4
has. Then state whether the system of equations is consistent or
x - y = -4
1. y = x − 1 2. x − y = −4
y = −x + 1 y=x+4 2x - 2y = 2
O x
y = -x + 1
y=x-1
3. y = x + 4 4. y = 2x − 3 y = 2x - 3
2x − 2y = 2 2x − 2y = 2
Examples 3 and 4
Determine the number of solutions the system has. Then state whether the system
of equations is consistent or inconsistent and if it is independent or dependent.
1
5. y = __
  2 x 6. 4x − 6y = 12
y=x+2 −2x + 3y = −6
7. 8x − 4y = 16 8. 2x + 3y = 10
−5x − 5y = 5 4x + 6y = 12
3
9. y = − __
2 x + 5 10. y = x − 3
2
y = − __
3 x + 5 y = −4x + 3
Examples 5 and 6
Graph each system and determine the number of solutions it has. If it has one
solution, determin its coordinates.
11. y = −3 12. y = 4x + 2
y=x−3 y = −2x − 4
13. y = x − 6 14. x + y = 4
y=x+2 3x + 3y = 12
15. x − y = −2 16. 2x + 3y = 12
−x + y = 2 2x − y = 4
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Example 7
17. AVIATION An air traffic controller manages the flow of aircrafts in and out of airport
airspace by guiding pilots during takeoff and landing. An air traffic controller is
monitoring two planes that are in flight near a local airport. The first plane is at an
altitude of 1000 meters and is ascending at a rate of 400 meters per minute. The
second plane is at an altitude of 5900 meters and is descending at a rate of 300
meters per minute.
a. Write and graph a system of equations that represents the altitude of each
plane, where x is the amount of time, in minutes, and y is the altitude, in meters.
b. Predict when the planes will be at the same altitude.
18. STRUCTURE Gustavo sets up tables for a caterer on weekends. Each round table can
seat 8 people. Each rectangular table can seat 10 people. One weekend, his boss asked
him to set up tables for 124 people. He uses 2 more round tables than rectangular
tables. Define variables and write a system of equations to find the number of round
tables and rectangular tables Gustavo used. Then solve the system graphically.
Example 8
Write and graph a system of equations to solve each linear equation.
19. 3x + 6 = 6 20. 2x − 17 = x − 10
21. −12x + 90 = 30 22. 13x − 28 = 24
23. 2x + 5 = 2x + 5 24. x + 1 = x + 3
Example 9
Solve the system of equations. State the decimal solution to the nearest hundredth.
25. 2.5x + 3.75y = 10.5 26. 2.2x + 1.8y = –3.6 27. 1.12x − 2.24y = 4.96
1.25x − 8.5y = −5.25 −4.8x + 12.4y = 10.6 −3.56x − 2.48y = −7.32
Example 10
28. USE TOOLS An office building has two elevators. One elevator starts out on the
4th floor, 35 feet above the ground, and is descending at a rate of 2.2 feet per
second. The other elevator starts out at ground level and is rising at a rate of
1.7 feet per second. Write and solve a system of equations to determine when
both elevators will be at the same height. Interpret the solution.
29. USE TOOLS A bookstore makes a profit of $2.50 on each book they sell, and $0.75
on each magazine they sell. One week, the store sold x books and y magazines, for
a weekly profit of $450. The total number of publications sold that week was 260.
Write and solve a system of equations to determine the number of books and
magazine that the bookstore sold that week. Interpret the solution.
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Mixed Exercises
Graph each system and determine the number of solutions it has. If it has one
solution, determine its coordinates. Then state whether the system is consistent or
30. 2x − y = –3 31. 2x + y = 4
2x + y = −1 y = −2x − 2
32. 2y = 5 + x 33. 2x – y = 5
3x − 6y = −15 x + y = −2
3
34. 2y = 1.2x − 10 35. x = 6 − __
  8 y
2 1
4y = 2.4x 4 = __
  3 x + _
  4 y
36. x − y = 3 37. x + 2y = 4
1
x − 2y = 3 y = −  __
2 x + 2
38. y = 2x + 3 39. y − x = −1
3y = 6x − 6 x+y=3
40. BUSINESS The number of items sold at Store 1 can be

900 y = 200x + 300
represented by y = 200x + 300 where x represents the
800 Cell Phone
number of days and y represents the number of items sold. 700 Store 1
Items Sold
The number of items sold at Store 2 can be represented by 600

y = 200x + 100 where x represents the number of days 500
and y represents the number of items sold. Look at the 400
300 y = 200x + 100 Cell Phone
graph of the system of equations and determine whether it Store 2
200
has no solution, one solution, or infinitely many solutions. 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
41. USE A MODEL Olivia and her brother William had a bicycle Days
race. Olivia rode at a speed of 20 feet per second, while
William rode at a speed of 15 feet per second. Olivia gave
William a 150-foot head start and the race ended in a tie.
a. Define variables and write a system of equations to represent this situation.
b. Graph the system of equations.

c. How far away was the finish line from where Olivia started?
42. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Abhijit uses a calculator to graph the system

y = 1.21x - 3 and 5y - 5 = 6x. He concludes that the system has no
solution. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your reasoning.
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43. USE A MODEL Cayley walks to and from school some days. On other days, she
rides her bicycle. When she walks to school, she needs to leave home 15 minutes
earlier than when she rides her bicycle. Cayley walked 3 days last week and rode
her bike on 2 days. Cayley spent a total of 1 hour 10 minutes going to and from
school last week.
a. Define variables and write a system of equations to represent this
situation.
b. Graph the system of equations.
c. How long does it take Cayley to walk to school?
44. REGULARITY Maureen says that if a system of linear equations has three
equations, then there could be exactly two solutions to the system. Is Maureen
correct? Use a graph to justify your reasoning.

45. PERSEVERE Use graphing to find the solution of the system of equations
2x + 3y = 5, 3x + 4y = 6, and 4x + 5y = 7.
46. ANALYZE Determine whether a system of two linear equations with (0, 0) and
(2, 2) as solutions sometimes, always, or never has other solutions. Justify your
argument.
47. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which one of the following systems of equations
doesn’t belong with the other three? Justify your conclusion.
4x - y = 5 -x + 4y = 8 4x + 2y = 14 3x -2y = 1
-2x + y = -1 3x -6y = 6 12x + 6y = 18 2x + 3y = 18
48. CREATE Write three equations such that they form three system of equations with
y = 5x – 3. The three systems should be inconsistent, consistent and
independent, and consistent and dependent, respectively.
49. WRITE Describe the advantages and disadvantages of solving systems of

equations by graphing.
50. CREATE Write and graph a system of equations that has the following number of
solutions. Then state whether the system of equations is consistent or
a. one solution b. infinite solutions c. no solution
51. FIND THE ERROR Store A is offering a 10% discount on the purchase of all
electronics in their store. Store B is offering $10 off all the electronics in their
store. Francisca and Alan are deciding which offer will save them more money.
Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
Francisca Alan
You can't determine which store has the Store A has the better offer because
better offer unless you know the price of the 10% of the sale price is a greater
items you want to buy. discount than $10.
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Lesson 7-2
Substitution
Today’s Goal
● Solve systems of
Explore Using Substitution equations by using the
substitution method.
Online Activity Use a system of equations to complete the Today’s Vocabulary

Explore. substitution
INQUIRY How can you rewrite a system of

equations as a single equation with only one
variable?
Think About It!

Learn Solving Systems of Equations by Substitution In algebra, what does it
Exact solutions result when algebraic methods are used to solve mean to substitute?
systems of equations. One algebraic method is called substitution.
Key Concept • Substitution Method

Step 1 When necessary, solve at least one equation for one variable.
Step 2 Substitute the resulting expression from Step 1 into the other
equation to replace the variable. Then solve the equation.
Step 3 Substitute the value from Step 2 into either equation, and Think About It!
solve for the other variable. Write the solution as an How would the
ordered pair. substitution process
differ if the second
Example 1 Solve a System by Substitution equation were
4x – y = −11?
Use substitution to solve the system of equations.
3x – y = –7; y = 4x + 11
Step 1 The second equation is already solved for y.
Step 2 Substitute 4x + 11 for y in the first equation.
3x − (4x + 11) = −7 Substitute 4x + 11 for y.
−x - 11 = −7 Combine like terms.
−x = 4 Add 11 to each side.
x = −4 Multiply each side by −1.
Step 3 Substitute −4 for x in either equation to find y.
y = 4x + 11 Second equation Go Online
y = 4(−4) + 11 Substitute for x.
to see how to use
y = −5 Simplify. algebra tiles with this
The solution is (−4, −5). example.
Lesson 7-2 • Substitution 399
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Check
Refer to the system of equations.
3x − 2y = −17
y = 2x + 2
Part A W
hich expression could be substituted for y in the first
equation to find the value of x?
3 17
A. 2x − 2 B. − __
  2 x + __
  2 C. 2x + 2 D. 3x − 2y
Part B What is the solution of the system?
A. (−13, −24) B. (−13, 24) C. (13, −28) D. (13, 28)
Example 2 Solve and Then Substitute

Talk About It! Use substitution to solve the system of equations.
Would the solution of
the system be the
5x – 3y = –25
same if the first step x + 4y = 18
used was to solve the Step 1 Solve the second equation for x since the coefficient is 1.
second equation for y?
Explain. x + 4y = 18 Second equation
x = 18 − 4y Subtract 4y from each side.
Step 2 Substitute 18 − 4y for x in the first equation.

5x − 3y = −25 First equation
5(18 − 4y) −3y = −25 Substitute 18 − 4y for x.
90 − 20y − 3y = −25 Distributive Property
90 − 23y = −25 Combine like terms.
−23y = −115 Subtract 90 from each side.
Study Tip y=5 Divide each side by −23.
Slope-Intercept Form Step 3 Substitute 5 for y in either equation to find x.

If both equations are in
x + 4y = 18 Second equation
the form y = mx + b,
the expressions can x + 4(5) = 18 Substitute 5 for y.
simply be set equal to x + 20 = 18 Simplify.
each other and then
solved for x. For x = −2 Subtract 20 from each side.
example, if y = 2x − 5 The solution is (−2, 5).
and y = −4x + 1, then
2x − 5 = −4x + 1. The Check
solution for x can then
be used to find the Use substitution to solve the system of equations.
value of y. 5x + 3y = 5
x + 2y = −13
399_404_RM_INT1_S_M07_L02_700687.indd 400 15/04/19 1:58 PM

Example 3 Use Substitution When There are No or Study Tip
Many Solutions Dependent Systems
Use substitution to solve the system of equations. There are infinitely many
solutions of the system
4x + 2y = -8 because the equations
y = -2x - 4 in slope-intercept form
are equivalent, and they
Substitute -2x -4 for y in the first equation. have the same graph.
4x + 2y = -8 First equation
4x + 2(-2x -4) = -8 Substitute –2x – 4 for y.

Think About It!
4x -4x -8 = -8 Distributive Property
What would a solution
-8 = -8 Simplify. like -8 = 0 mean?
The equation -8 = -8 is an identity. Thus, there are an infinite number
of solutions.
When graphed, the equations are the same line.
Check What would it look like

Select the correct statement about the system of equations. on a graph?
−x + 2y = 2
1
y = __
  2 x + 1
A. This system has no solution.
B. This system has one solution at (   3 ).
2 4
__
  3 , _
C. This system has one solution at (   3 ).
4 2
_
  3 , __
D. This system has infinitely many solutions.

TREE PRESERVATION A town ordinance defines an adult tree as having
a diameter greater than 10 inches and a sapling as having a diameter
less than 10 inches. The ordinance requires that on a new building
project, two new trees are planted for each adult tree felled and six new
trees are planted for each sapling felled. Last year, there were 167 trees
felled, and the community planted 742 replacement trees. How many of
each type of tree were felled?
399_404_RM_INT1_S_M07_L02_700687.indd 401 15/04/19 1:58 PM

Let a = the number of adult trees felled, and let t = the number of sapling
Study Tip trees felled.
Assumptions Using a + t = 167 This equation represents the total number of adult
systems of equations trees a and sapling trees t felled with a sum of 167.
to solve real-world
2a + 6t = 742 This equation represents the combinations of adult
problems generally
trees a and sapling trees t replaced with a total of 742.
requires assuming that
the problem actually
The solution of the system of equations represents the option that meets
has a solution. It is a
both of the constraints.
good idea to graph the
lines first, to see if a The first equation can easily be solved for a or t.
solution exists, before
going through the Solve for a.
steps to solve for each
variable. Step 1 Solve the first equation for a.
a + t = 167 First equation
a + t - t = 167 - t Subtract t from each side.
a = 167 - t Simplify.
Step 2 Substitute 167 – t for a in the second equation.

Go Online
An alternate method is 2a + 6t = 742 Second equation
available for this 2(167 - t) + 6t = 742 Substitute 167 – t for a.
example.
334 - 2t + 6t = 742 Distributive Property
4t + 334 = 742 Combine like terms.
4t = 408 Subtract 334 from each side.

Use a Source
Research replacing t = 102 Divide each side by 4.
trees cut for
Step 3 Substitute 102 for t in either equation to find the value of a.
construction in an area
near you. How could a + t = 167 First equation
you find the number of
trees to plant for a a + 102 = 167 Substitute 102 for t.
project similar to the a = 65 Subtract 102 from each side.
one in this community?
The solution is (65 , 102).
There were 65 adult trees and 102 saplings felled. Because only whole
numbers of trees can be felled, this is a viable solution.
Check
GEOMETRY Kymani has two equal-sized large pitchers and two equal-
sized small pitchers. All of the pitchers together hold 40 cups of water.
The capacity of one large pitcher minus the capacity of one small
pitcher is 12 cups. How many cups can each type of pitcher hold?
Small pitcher = ? cups
Large pitcher = ? cups
399_404_RM_INT1_S_M07_L02_700687.indd 402 15/04/19 1:58 PM

Practice
Examples 1–3
Use substitution to solve each system of equations.
1. y = 5x + 1 2. y = 4x + 5 3. y = 3x − 34
4x + y = 10 2x + y = 17 y = 2x − 5
4. y = 3x − 2 5. 2x + y = 3 6. 3x + 4y = −3
y = 2x − 5 4x + 4y = 8 x + 2y = −1
7. y = –3x + 4 8. −1 = 2x − y 9. x = y − 1
−6x – 2y = −8 8x − 4y = –4 −x + y = −1
10. y = −4x + 11 11. y = −3x + 1 12. 3x + y = −5
3x + y = 9 2x + y = 1 6x + 2y = 10
13. 5x − y = 5 14. 2x + y = 4 15. −5x + 4y = 20
−x + 3y = 13 −2x + y = –4 10x + −8y = −40
Example 4
16. MONEY Harvey has some $1 bills and some $5 bills. In all, he has 6 bills worth
$22. Let x be the number of $1 bills, and let y be the number of $5 bills. Write a
system of equations to represent the information, and use substitution to
determine how many bills of each denomination Harvey has.
17. REASONING Shelby and Calvin are conducting an experiment in chemistry class.
They need 5 milliliters of a solution that is 65% acid and 35% distilled water.
There is no undiluted acid in the chemistry lab, but they do have two beakers of
diluted acid. Beaker A contains 70% acid and 30% distilled water. Beaker B
contains 20% acid and 80% distilled water.
a. Write a system of equations that Shelby and Calvin could use to determine how
many milliliters they need to pour from each beaker to make their solution.
b. Solve your system of equations. How many milliliters from each beaker do
Shelby and Calvin need?
Mixed Exercises
Use substitution to solve each system of equations.
1 1
18. y = 3.2x + 1.9 19. y = _
  4 x − __
  2 20. y = −10x − 6.8
1
2.3x + 2y = 17.72 8x + 12y = − __ 2 50x − 10.5y = 60.4
21. USE A SOURCE Research population trends in South America. Write and solve a
system of equations to predict when the population of two countries will be equal.
22. REGULARITY Angle A and angle B are complementary, and their measures
have a difference of 20°. What are the measures of the angles? Generalize
your method. A
B
399_404_RM_INT1_S_M07_L02_700687.indd 403 15/04/19 1:58 PM

23. STRUCTURE A two-digit number is reduced by 45 when the digits are
interchanged. The digit in the tens place of the original number is 1 more than
3 times the digit in the units place. Define variables and write a system of
equations to find the original number.
24. USE A MODEL A zoo keeps track of the number of
Big Cats Petting Zoo
visitors to each exhibit. The table shows the number of
visitors for two exhibits on one day. Adults x 21
a. Three times the total number of adults was 17 less Children 1024 y
than the number of children who visited the petting
zoo. Write an equation to model this relationship.
b. The total number of children who visited the zoo that day was 681 less than
10 times the number of adults who visited the big cats. Write an equation to
model this relationship.
c. Solve the system of equations to find the total number of visitors to those two
exhibits on that day.
d. Tickets to the zoo cost $25 for adults and $10 for children. The total ticket
sales one day were $47,750. The number of children who visited the zoo was
270 more than 6 times the number of adults who visited. Write and solve a
system of equation to find the total number of visitors to the zoo that day.

25. FIND THE ERROR In the system a + b = 7 and 1.29a + 0.49b = 6.63, a represents
pounds of apples and b represents pounds of bananas. Guillermo and Cara are
finding and interpreting the solution. Is either correct? Explain your reasoning.
Guillermo Cara
1.29a + 0.49b = 6.63 1.29a + 0.49b = 6.63
1.29a + 0.49(a + 7) = 6.63 1.29(7 - b) + 0.49b = 6.63
1.29 + 0.49a + 3.43 = 6.63 9.03 - 1.29b + 0.49b = 6.63
0.49a = 3.2 -0.8b = -2.4
a = 1.9 b=3
a + b = 7, so b = 5. The solution (2, 5) means The solution b = 3 means that 3 pounds
that 2 pounds of apples and 5 pounds of of apples and 3 pounds of bananas
bananas were bought. were bought.
26. PERSEVERE A local charity has 60 volunteers. The ratio of boys to girls is 7:5.
Find the number of boy and the number of girl volunteers.
27. ANALYZE Compare and contrast the solution of a system found by graphing and
the solution of the same system found by substitution.
28. CREATE Create a system of equations that has one solution. Illustrate how the
system could represent a real-world situation and describe the significance of
the solution in the context of the situation.
29. WRITE Explain how to determine what to substitute when using the substitution
method of solving systems of equations.
399_404_RM_INT1_S_M07_L02_700687.indd 404 15/04/19 1:58 PM

Lesson 7-3
Elimination Using
Addition and Subtraction
Today’s Goals
Learn Solving Systems of Equations by Elimination ● Solve systems of
with Addition equations by
eliminating a variable
The elimination method involves eliminating a variable by combining using addition.
the individual equations within a system of equations. One way to ● Solve systems of
combine equations is by using addition. equations by
Key Concept • Elimination Method Using Addition eliminating a variable
using subtraction.
Step 1 Write the system so like terms with opposite coefficients
are aligned. Today’s Vocabulary
Step 2 Add the equations, eliminating one variable. Then solve elimination
the equation.
Step 3 Substitute the value from Step 2 into one of the equations and
solve for the other variable. Write the solution as an ordered pair.
Example 1 Elimination Using Addition

Use elimination to solve the system of equations. Study Tip
3x + 5y = 11 Answer Check You can
5x − 5y = 5 check your answer by
substituting the solution
Step 1 Align terms with opposite coefficients.
into the equation you
Since 5y and -5y have opposite coefficients, add the did not use in Step 3. If
equations to eliminate the variable y. the equality is valid, your
solution is correct.
Step 2 Add the equations.
3x + 5 y = 11
(+) 5x -5y = 5 Talk About It!
8x = 16 The variable y is eliminated. When graphed, where
__ 8x 16 would these lines
  8 = __
intersect? Explain your
x=2 Simplify. reasoning.
Step 3 Solve for the other variable.

3x + 5y = 11 First equation
3(2) + 5y = 11 Replace x with 2.
6 + 5y = 11 Multiply.
6 - 6 + 5y = 11 - 6 Subtract 6 from each side.
5y = 5 Simplify.
5y 5
 __ __
y=1 Simplify.
The solution is (2, 1).

Lesson 7-3 • Elimination Using Addition and Subtraction 405
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Check
Use elimination to solve the system of equations.
5x + 13y = 20
-5x - 3y = 30

Using Addition
Seven times a number minus four times another number is thirteen.
Negative seven times a number plus seven times another number is
fourteen. Find the numbers.
Seven times a number minus Negative seven times a number

four times another number is plus seven times another number
thirteen. is fourteen.
7x - 4y = 13 -7x + 7y = 14
Step 1 Write the equations vertically.

7x - 4 y = 13
(+)-7x + 7y = 14
Step 2 Add.
7x - 4y = 13
(+)-7x + 7y = 14
 ____________
            3y = 27 The variable x is eliminated.
__ 3y 27
  3  = __
  3  Divide each side by 3.
y=9 Simplify.
Step 3 Substitute 9 for y in either equation to find the value of x.
-7x + 7y = 14 Second equation
-7x + 7(9) = 14 Replace y with 9.
-7x + 63 = 14 Multiply.
-7x + 63 - 63 = 14 - 63 Subtract 63 from each side.
-7x = -49 Simplify.
 ___ ____ -7x -49
-7 =   -7 Divide each side by -7.
x=7 Simplify.
The solution is (7, 9). So, x = 7 and y = 9.
Check
Two times a number minus six times another number is negative six.
Negative two times a number plus five times another number is eighteen.
Write the system of equations.
Solve the system of equations.

405_412_RM_INT1_S_M07_L03_700687.indd 406 16/04/19 11:58 AM

Learn Solving Systems of Equations by Elimination
with Subtraction
When the coefficients on a variable are the same in two equations, you
can eliminate the variable by subtracting one equation from the other.
Key Concept • Elimination Method Using Subtraction

Step 1 Write the system so like terms with the same coefficients
are aligned.
Step 2 Subtract one equation from the other, eliminating one variable.
Then solve the equation.
Example 3 Elimination Using Subtraction

3x + 6y = 30
5x + 6y = 6 Study Tip
Adding and Subtracting
Step 1 Align terms with the same coefficients.
Equations When the
Since 6y and 6y have the same coefficients, you can subtract the variable you want to
equations to eliminate the variable y. eliminate has the
same coefficient in the
Step 2 Subtract the equations. two equations,
3x + 6y = 30 subtract. When the
(-)5x + 6y = 6 variable you want to
____________

  
     The variable y is eliminated.
       -2x = 24 eliminate has opposite
24 coefficients, add.
  ___ ___
-2x
-2 =  -2 Divide each side by -2.
x = - 12 Simplify.
Watch Out!
Step 3 Substitute -12 for x in either equation to find the value of y.
Subtracting an
Equation When
3(-12) + 6y = 30 Replace x with -12.
subtracting one
-36 + 6y = 30 Multiply. equation from another
-36 + 36 + 6y = 30 + 36 Add 36 to each side. in order to eliminate a
6y = 66 Simplify. variable, do not forget
6y 66 to distribute the
 __ __
negative sign to each
y = 11 Simplify. term of the expressions
on both sides of the
The solution is (-12, 11).
equals sign.
Check
-2x + 3y = 48
7x + 3y = 21
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Using Subtraction
COMPUTERS Mei and Kara build computers from parts and sell them
to make a profit. Mei can build a computer in 0.9 hour, and Kara can
build one in 1.2 hours. During a typical week, Mei and Kara spend a
total of 15 hours building computers. One week, Mei builds twice as
many computers, and the two spend a total of 24 hours on their
project. How many computers do Mei and Kara each make during a
typical week?
Think About It!
Mei’s time plus Kara’s
What assumption was Words is 15 hours.
spent time spent
made about the rates
at which Mei and Kara Let m = the number of computers that Mei built and
Variables
build computers? Why k = the number of computers that Kara built.
is that assumption Equations 0.9m + 1.2k = 15
made?
Double Mei’s plus Kara’s
Words is 24 hours.
time spent time spent
Let m = the number of computers that Mei built and
Variables
k = the number of computers that Kara built.
Equations 2(0.9m) + 1.2k = 24
Step 1 and 2 Write the equations vertically and subtract.

0.9m + 1.2k = 15
(-) 2(0.9m) + 1.2k = 24
____________________

         The variable k is eliminated.
         -0.9m = -9
  _____ ____
-0.9m -9
-0.9 =  -0.9 Divide each side by -0.9.
m = 10 Simplify.
Step 3 Substitute 10 for m in either equation to find the value of k.

0.9m + 1.2k = 15 First equation
0.9(10) + 1.2k = 15 Replace m with 10.
9 + 1.2k = 15 Multiply.
9 - 9 + 1.2k = 15 - 9 Subtract 9 from each side.
1.2k = 6 Simplify.
1.2k 6
 ___ __
1.2 =   1.2 Divide each side by 1.2.
k=5 Simplify.
During a typical week, Mei builds 10 computers and Kara builds 5.

Since they cannot sell part of a computer, it makes sense that they would
build a whole number of computers in a week. Therefore 10 computers
and 5 computers are viable solutions.
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Practice
Examples 1, 3
Use elimination to solve each system of equations.
1. -v + w = 7 2. y + z = 4 3. -4x + 5y = 17
v + w = 1 y - z = 8 4x + 6y = -6
4. 5m - 2p = 24 5. a + 4b = -4 6. 6r - 6t = 6
3m + 2p = 24 a + 10b = -16 3r - 6t = 15
7. 6c - 9d = 111 8. 11f + 14g = 13 9. 9x + 6y = 78

5c - 9d = 103 11f + 10g = 25 3x - 6y = -30
10. 3j + 4k = 23.5 11. -3x - 8y = -24 12. 6x - 2y = 1

8j – 4k = 4 3x - 5y = 4.5 10x - 2y = 5
13. x - y = 1 14. -x + y = 1 15. x + 4y = 11

x + y = 3 x + y = 11 x - 6y = 11
16. -x + 3y = 6 17. 3x + 4y = 19 18. x + 4y = -8

x + 3y = 18 3x + 6y = 33 x - 4y = -8
19. 3x + 4y = 2 20. 3x - y = -1 21. 2x - 3y = 9

4x - 4y = 12 -3x - y = 5 -5x - 3y = 30
22. x – y = 4 23. 3x - y = 26 24. 5x - y = -6

2x + y = -4 -2x - y = -24 -x + y = 2
25. 6x - 2y = 32 26. 3x + 2y = -19 27. 7x + 4y = 2

4x - 2y = 18 -3x - 5y = 25 7x + 2y = 8
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Example 2
28. Twice a number added to another number is 15. The sum of the two numbers is
11. Find the numbers.
29. Twice a number added to another number is –8. The difference of the two
numbers is 2. Find the numbers.
30. The difference of two numbers is 2. The sum of the same two numbers is 6. Find
the numbers.
Example 4
31. GOVERNMENT The Texas State Legislature is comprised of state senators and
state representatives. The sum of the number of representatives and senators is
181. The difference of the number of representatives and senators is 119.
a. Write a system of equations to find the number of state representatives, r,
and senators, s.
b. How many senators and how many representatives make up the Texas State
Legislature?
32. SPORTS As of 2017, the New York Yankees had won the World Series more than
any other team in baseball. The difference of the number of World Series
championships won by the Yankees and 2 times the number of World Series
championships won by the second-most-winning team, the St. Louis Cardinals,
is 5. The sum of the two teams’ World Series championships is 38.
a. Write a system of equations to find the number of World Series
championships won by the Yankees, y, and the number of World Series
championships won by the Cardinals, x.
b. How many times has each team won the World Series?
Mixed Exercises
33. 4(x + 2y) = 8 34. 3x - 5y = 11 35. 4x + 3y = 6
4x + 4y = 12 5(x + y) = 5 3(x + y) = 7
1 1 1
36. 0.3x - 2y = -28 37.  __
2 q - 4r = -2 38.  __ _
2 x +   3 y = -1
1 1 2
0.8x + 2y = 28  __ __ __
6 q - 4r = 10 -  2 x +   3 y = 10
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39. REASONING At the end of a recent WNBA regular season, the difference
of the number of wins and losses by the Phoenix Mercury was 12.
The difference of the number of wins and two times the number of
losses was 1. How many regular season games did the Phoenix
Mercury play during that season?
40. USE A MODEL Marisol works for a florist that sells two Seasonal Bouquets
types of bouquets, as shown at the right. On Monday,
Spring Mix 12 tulips
Marisol used 96 tulips to make the bouquets. On Tuesday,
she used 192 tulips to make the same number of Spring Garden Delight 16 tulips
Mix bouquets as Monday, but 3 times as many Garden
Delight bouquets.
a. W
rite a system of equations that you can use to find how many
bouquets of each type Marisol made. Describe what each variable
represents.
b. F
ind the total number of tulips Marisol used to make Garden Delight
bouquets on Monday and Tuesday. Explain your answer.
41. USE A MODEL Jeremy and Kendrick each

Bags of Plates of Total Cost
bought snacks for their friends at a skating Name
Popcorn Nachos
rink. The table shows the number of bags of
popcorn and the number of plates of nachos Jeremy 4 2 $18.50
each person bought, as well as the total cost Kendrick 7 2 $26.75
of the snacks.
a. W
rite a system of equations that you can use to find the prices
of the popcorn and the nachos. Describe what each variable
represents.
b. S
olve the system of equations and explain what your solution
represents.
42. USE A MODEL The table shows the time Erin spent jogging and walking this
weekend and the total distance she covered each day. Erin always jogs at the
same rate and always walks at the same rate.
Day Time Jogging Time Walking Total Distance

Saturday 15 min 30 min 3.5 mi
Sunday 1h 30 min 8 mi
a. W
rite a system of equations that you can use to represent this situation.
Describe what each variable represents.
b. Solve the system by elimination. Show your work. Then interpret the solution.
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43. STRUCTURE Consider the system of equations 0.4x - 2y = 6 and 0.8x + 2y = 0.
a. What is the first step to solving the system of equations by elimination?
b. W
hat is the solution, as an ordered pair?
c. G
raph the equations on a coordinate plane. Explain how you can use the
graph to check your solution.
d. H
ow would the solution change if the second equation was x - 5y = 15?
Explain.
e. H
ow would the solution change if the second equation was 0.4x - 2y = 0?
Explain.

44. ANALYZE Mikasi says that if you solve a system of equations using elimination
by addition and the result is 0 = 0, then the solution of the system is (0, 0).
Provide a counterexample to show that his statement is false. Justify your
argument.
45. ANALYZE Reece says that if you solve a system of equations using elimination
by addition and the result is 0 = 2, then the solution of the system is (0, 2).
Provide a counterexample to show that her statement is false. Justify your
argument.
46. CREATE Create a system of equations that can be solved by using addition to
eliminate one variable. Formulate a general rule for creating such systems.
47. CREATE The solution of a system of equations is (-3, 2). One equation in the
system is x + 4y = 5. Find a second equation for the system. Explain how you
derived this equation.
48. PERSEVERE The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 8. The result of
subtracting the units digit from the tens digit is –4. Define variables and write the
system of equations that you would use to find the number. Then solve the
system and find the number.
49. WRITE Describe when it would be most beneficial to use elimination to solve a
system of equations.
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Lesson 7-4
Elimination Using Multiplication

Today’s Goal
Explore Graphing and Elimination Using Multiplication ● Solve systems of
equations by eliminating
a variable using
Online Activity Use an interactive tool to complete the Explore. multiplication and
addition.
INQUIRY How can you produce a new

system of equations with the same solution Think About It!
as the given system? How does the process
of solving a system of
equations by elimination
Learn Solving Systems of Equations by Elimination using multiplication
differ from elimination
with Multiplication
using just addition?
Key Concept • Elimination Method Using Multiplication
Step 1 Multiply at least one equation by a constant to get two
equations that contain opposite terms.
Step 2 Add the equations, eliminating one variable. Then solve the
equation.
Study Tip
Example 1 Elimination Using Multiplication
Common Factors If the
Use elimination to solve the system of equations. coefficients of a variable
are not the same, or are
10x + 5y = 30 opposites, and they share
5x - 3y = -7 a greatest common factor
Step 1 Multiply an equation by a constant. greater than 1, then that
variable is the easiest to
The coefficients of X will be opposites if the second equation is eliminate using
multiplied by −2. multiplication. For
5x − 3y = −7 Second equation.
example, the system in
this example has two
(−2)(5x − 3y) = (−2)(−7) Multiply each side by -2. variables, x and y. The
coefficients of the
−10 + 6y = 14 Simplify.
y-variable expressions are
Step 2 Add the equations. 5 and –3, which share no
common factor greater
10x + 5y = 30
than 1. However, the
(+) - 10x + 6y = 14 coefficients of the
x-variable expressions are
11y = 44 The variable x is eliminated. 10 and 5, which share a
___11y 44
  11 = __
  11  Divide each side by 11. common factor of 5. Thus,
the x-variable requires
y=4 Simplify. fewer steps to eliminate.
Lesson 7-4 • Elimination Using Multiplication 413
413_418_RM_INT1_S_M07_L04_700687.indd 413 15/04/19 2:21 PM

Step 3 Substitute 4 for y in either equation to find the value of x.
Talk About It! 10x + 5(4) = 30 Replace y with 4.

Would you get the 10x + 20 = 30 Multiply.
solution (1, 4) if you
eliminated the 10x + 20 - 20 = 30 - 20 Subtract 20 from each side.
10x 10
y-variable instead of  ___
10 =
__
the x-variable? If no,
explain your reasoning. x=1 Simplify.
If yes, explain why the The solution is (1, 4).
y-variable was selected
for elimination instead
of the x-variable. Check
13x + 14y = 59
4x + 7y = 37
Example 2 Multiply Both Equations to Eliminate

a Variable
3x + 4y = -22
-2x + 3y = -8
Step 1 Multiply both equations by a constant.

3x + 4y = -22 Original equation -2x + 3y = -8
2(3x + 4y) = 2(-22) Multiply by 3(-2x + 3y) = 3(-8)

a constant.

Distributive
2(3x) + 2(4y) = 2(-22) 3(-2x) + 3(3y) = 3(-8)
Property

6x + 8y = -44 Simplify -6x + 9y = -24

6x + 8y = −44
(+)−6x + 9y = −24
17y = −68 The variable x is eliminated.
17y
 ___ ____
−68
y = −4 Simplify.
413_418_RM_INT1_S_M07_L04_700687.indd 414 15/04/19 2:21 PM

Step 3 Use substitution to find the value of x.
3x + 4y = -22 First equation
3x + 4(-4) = -22 Replace y with −4.
3x - 16 = -22 Multiply.
3x - 16 + 16 = -22 + 16 Add 16 to each side.

__ 3x 6
  3 = - __3 Divide each side by 3.
x = -2 Simplify.
The solution is (-2, -4).
Check
11x - 6y = 25
3x + 9y = 60 Math History
Minute
German mathematician
Carl Friedrich Gauss
(1777-1855) contributed
Example 3 Write and Solve a System Using significantly to many
fields, including number
Multiplication theory, algebra, and
COMICS Jorge’s comic book collection consists of single issues that statistics. The elimination
cost $4 each and paperback collections that cost $12 each. He has method is related to the
Gaussian elimination
100 books in all. His collection cost him $616. Write and solve a
method, an algorithm for
system of equations to determine how many single issues and
solving systems of linear
paperbacks Jorge has in his collection.
equations that was
known to Chinese
Complete the table to write the system of equations. Let c = the mathematicians as early
number of single issue comics and p = the number of paperback as 179 B.C.
collections.
The number the number 100

of single plus of paperback is books
issue comics collections
c + p = 100
$4 per single $12 per $616

issue comic plus paperback is
collection
4c + 12p = 616
413_418_RM_INT1_S_M07_L04_700687.indd 415 15/04/19 2:21 PM

Step 1 Multiply an equation by a constant.
Think About It! c + p = 100 First equation
Is (73, 27) a viable -4(c + p) = -4(100) Multiply each side by –4.
solution in the context
of the situation? -4c - 4p = -4(400) Distributive Property
-4c - 4p = -400 Simplify.

-4c - 4p = -400
(+)4c + 12p = 616
 _______________
           
     The variable c is eliminated.
8p 216
___
  8  = ___
p = 27 Simplify.
Step 3 Use substitution to find the value of c.

Substitute 27 for p in either equation to find the value of c.
c + p = 100 First equation.
c + 27 = 100 Replace p with 27.

c + 27 - 27 = 100 – 27 Subtract 27 from each side.
c = 73 Simplify.
Jorge has 73 single issue comics and 27 paperback collections.
Check
SOFTWARE A software company releases two products: a home
version of their photo editor, which costs $20, and a professional
version, which costs $45. The company sells 1000 copies of the photo
editing software, earning a total revenue of $38,075. Write and solve a
system of equations to determine how many home versions and
professional versions of the software the company sold.
Let h = the number of home versions sold and p = the number of
professional versions sold.
Go Online to Part A Write the system of equations.

practice what you’ve
learned about choosing
a method to solve a
system in the Put It All
Together over Lessons Part B Solve the system of equations.
7-1 through 7-4.
The software company sold ? home versions and ?

professional versions of their photo editor.
413_418_RM_INT1_S_M07_L04_700687.indd 416 15/04/19 2:21 PM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
1. x + y = 2 2. x - y = -8 3. x + 5y = 17
-3x + 4y = 15 7x + 5y = 16 -4x + 3y = 24
4. 6x + y = -39 5. 2x + 5y = 11 6. 3x - 3y = -6
3x + 2y = -15 4x + 3y = 1 -5x + 6y = 12
7. 3x + 4y = 29 8. 8x + 3y = 4 9. 8x + 3y = -7
6x + 5y = 43 -7x + 5y = -34 7x + 2y = -3
10. 4x + 7y = -80 11. 12x - 3y = -3 12. -4x + 2y = 0

3x + 5y = -58 6x + y = 1 10x + 3y = 8
Example 3
13. SPORTS The Fan Cost Index (FCI) tracks the average costs for attending sporting
events, including tickets, drinks, food, parking, programs, and souvenirs. According
to the FCI, a family of four would spend a total of $592.30 to attend two Major
League Baseball (MLB) games and one National Basketball Association (NBA)
game. The family would spend $691.31 to attend one MLB and two NBA games.
a. W
rite a system of equations to find the family’s costs for each kind of
game according to the FCI.
b. S
olve the system of equations to find the cost for a family of four to attend
each kind of game according to the FCI.
14. ART Mr. Santos, the curator of the children’s

Firing Clay (kg) Polymer Clay (kg) Total Cost
museum, recently made two purchases of
firing clay and polymer clay for a visiting 5 24 $64.05
artist to sculpt. Use the table to find the 25 8 $51.45
cost of each product per kilogram.
a. Write a system of equations to find the cost of each product per kilogram.
b. Solve the system of equations to find the cost of each product per kilogram.
Mixed Exercises
15. T
wo times a number plus three times another number equals 13. The sum of the two numbers
is 7. What are the numbers?
16. Four times a number minus twice another number is -16. The sum of the two
numbers is -1. Find the numbers.
413_418_RM_INT1_S_M07_L04_700687.indd 417 15/04/19 2:21 PM

17. FUNDRAISING Trisha and Byron are washing and vacuuming cars to raise money
for a class trip. Trisha raised $38 by washing 5 cars and vacuuming 4 cars. Byron
raised $28 by washing 4 cars and vacuuming 2 cars. Find the amount they
charged to wash a car and vacuum a car.
18. STRUCTURE Consider the system of equations -2x + 3y = -5 and 3x - 4y = 6.
a. Describe two different ways to solve the system by elimination.
b. Explain why multiplying the first equation by 6 and the second equation
by 5 and then adding is not useful for solving the system.
c. Solve the system by elimination.
19. REASONING The owner of a juice stand wants to make Juice Drinks
a new juice drink. He would like to mix Tropical Breeze,
Tropical Breeze 20% pineapple juice
t, and Kona Cooler, k, to make 10 quarts of a new drink
that is 40% pineapple juice. Kona Cooler 50% pineapple juice
a. Make a table to help write a system of equations that the owner of the juice
stand can solve to determine the amount of each drink he should use to make
the new drink.
b. Solve the system and explain what your solution represents.
c. Explain how you know your answer is correct.
20. USE A MODEL Marlene works as a cashier at a grocery store. At the end of the
day, she has a total of 125 five-dollar bills and ten-dollar bills. The total value of
these bills is $990.
a. Write a system of equations that you can use to find the number of five-dollar
bills and the number of ten-dollars bills. Describe what each variable
represents.
b. Solve the system and explain what your solution represents.

21. FIND THE ERROR Jason and Daniela are
solving a system of equations. Is either of Jason Daniela
them correct? Explain your reasoning. 2r + 7t = 11 2r + 7t = 11
r - 9t = -7 (-) r - 9t = -7
22. ANALYZE Determine whether the following 2r + 7t = 11
statement is true or false: A system of linear r = 18
(-) 2r = 18t = -14
equations will only have infinitely many 25t = 25 2r + 7t = 11
solutions if the equations have the same t=1 2(18) + 7t = 11
coefficients. Justify your argument. 2r + 7t = 11 36 + 7t = 11
2r + 7(1) = 11 7t = -25
2r + 7 = 11 __ 7t 25
  7 = __
 7 
23. CREATE Write a system of equations that can 2r = 4
be solved by multiplying one equation by –3 __ 2r 4 t = -3.6
  2 = _2   
and then adding the two equations together. The solution is (18, -3.6).
r=2
24. PERSEVERE The solution of the system The solution is (2, 1).
4x + 5y = 2 and 6x - 2y = b is (3, a). Find the
values of a and b. Discuss the steps you used.
25. WRITE Why is substitution sometimes more helpful than elimination, and vice versa?
413_418_RM_INT1_S_M07_L04_700687.indd 418 15/04/19 2:21 PM

Lesson 7-5
Systems of Inequalities
Today’s Goal
● Solve systems of linear
Explore Solutions of Systems of Inequalities inequalities by graphing.
Online Activity Use an interactive tool to complete the Explore.
INQUIRY How are the solutions of a system

of inequalities represented on a graph?
Go Online
Learn Solving Systems of Inequalities by Graphing to see how to solve a
system of linear
A set of two or more inequalities with the same variables is a system inequalities.
of inequalities. The solution of a system of inequalities with two
variables is the set of ordered pairs that satisfy all of the inequalities in
the system. The solution is represented by the overlap, or intersection,
of the graphs of the inequalities.
Example 1 Solve by Graphing Think About It!

The boundaries for the
Solve the system of inequalities by graphing. system y > 3,
x - 2y > -6 y ≤ −2x + 1 intersect
at (−1, 3). Is (−1, 3)
y < 3x included in the
solution? Explain.
Step 1 Graph one inequality of the system.
The boundary of x - 2y > -6 is dashed and is not included in
the solution. The half-plane is shaded in yellow to indicate
solutions of x - 2y > -6.
Step 2 Graph the second inequality of the system.

The boundary of y < 3x is dashed and is not included in the
solution. The half-plane is shaded in blue to indicate solutions
of y < 3x. y
Solution Go Online
The solution of the system is the set of You can watch a video
ordered pairs in the intersection of the O x
to see how to use a
graphs of x - 2y > -6 and y < 3x. The graphing calculator
region is shaded green. with this example.
Lesson 7-5 • Systems of Inequalities 419
419_424_RM_INT1_S_M07_L05_700687.indd 419 15/04/19 2:23 PM

Check
Graph the system of inequalities.
_ 1
  3 x + 2 < y
x ≥ -3
Example 2 Solve by Graphing, No Solution

Talk About It! Solve the system of inequalities by graphing.
Is it possible for a -3x + 4y > 0
system of inequalities
3x – 4y ≤ 8
that has boundaries
with different slopes to
have no solution? Step 1 Graph one inequality of the system.
The boundary of –3x + 4y > 0 is dashed and is not included in
the solution. The half-plane is shaded in yellow to indicate
solutions of –3x > 4y > 0.
Step 2 Graph the second inequality of the system.

The boundary of 3x - 4y ≤ 8 is solid and is included in the
solution. The half-plane is shaded in blue to indicate solutions
of 3x - 4y ≤ 8.
Study Tip
y
When graphing more
than one region, it is
helpful to use a different
color of pencil or a
O x
different pattern for each
region. This will make it
easier to see where the
regions intersect and find
possible solutions.
Solution
The graphs of -3x + 4y = 0 and 3x - 4y = 8 are parallel lines. The
regions do not intersect at any point, so the system has no solution.
419_424_RM_INT1_S_M07_L05_700687.indd 420 15/04/19 2:23 PM

Check
Graph the system of inequalities.
x+3<y
3x - 3y ≥ 12
Example 3 Apply Systems of Inequalities

SEWING A family and consumer sciences class is making pillows and
blankets to donate to a local shelter. The class has 40 yards of fabric Think About It!
to use. Pillows require 1.25 yards of fabric and 1 hour to make. Can the class make 2
Blankets use 4 yards of fabric and take 2.5 hours to make. The class blankets and 24
pillows? Explain.
has 28 hours of class time left for the semester. Determine the
number of pillows and blankets the class can make for the shelter.
Part A D
efine the variables, and write a system of inequalities to
represent the situation.
Let p represent the number of pillows the class can make.
Let b represent the number of blankets the class can make.
Fabric and time are two constraints on the numbers of pillows
and blankets the class can make.
Since pillows use 1.25 yards of fabric and blankets use 4 yards
of fabric, the inequality that represents the fabric constraint is
1.25p + 4b ≤ 40.
Making a pillow takes 1 hour and making a blanket takes 2.5
hours. Since the class has only 28 hours left, the inequality that
represents the time constraint is p + 2.5b ≤ 28.
Part B Graph the system. y
30
Part C Find a viable solution. 1.25p + 4b ≤ 40
Only whole-number solutions 24 Think About It!
Pillows Made
make sense in this situation. 18

Could the graph be
One possible solution is p + 2.5b ≤ 28 represented with
12 “Pillows Made” as the
(4, 15); 4 blankets and 15
x-axis and “Blankets
pillows can be made. 6
Made” as the y-axis?
0 x
Explain.
2 4 6 8 10
Blankets Made
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Check
BAKERY Aisha can work up to 20 hours per week. Working at a
bakery, she earns $7 per hour most of the time and $8.50 per hour
during the early morning shift. Aisha needs to earn at least $150 this
week to pay for a trip with her friends. Determine the number of
regular and early morning hours that Aisha could work.
Part A S
elect the correct system and graph. Let r = regular hours and
m = early morning hours.
A. r + m ≥ 20 B. r < 20
r + m ≤ 150 7r + 8.5m ≥ 150
20 200
Early Morning Hours

Early Morning Hours
16 160
12 120
8 80
4 40
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 40 80 120 160 200

Regular Hours Regular Hours
C. r + m ≤ 20 D. 7r + 8.5m > 20
7r + 8.5m ≥ 150 7r + 8.5m ≥ 150
20 20
Early Morning Hours
Early Morning Hours
16 16
12 12
8 8
4 4
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 16 20
Regular Hours Regular Hours
Part B Identify each solution as viable or nonviable.
Solutions
(2, 17) (10, 10)

(4, 7) (18, 6)
(5, 15) (21, 6)
(8, 13)
419_424_RM_INT1_S_M07_L05_700687.indd 422 15/04/19 2:23 PM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Solve each system of inequalities by graphing.
1. y < 6 2. y ≥ 0 3. y ≤ x + 10
y > x + 3 y ≤ x - 5 y > 6x + 2
4. y ≥ x + 10 5. y < 5x - 5 6. y ≥ 3x - 5
y ≤ x - 3 y > 5x + 9 3x – y > -4
7. x > -1 8. y > 2 9. y > x + 3

y ≤ -3 x < -2 y ≤ -1
10. x < 2 11. x + y ≤ -1 12. y – x > 4

y - x ≤ 2 x + y ≥ 3 x + y > 2
Example 3
13. FITNESS Diego started an exercise program in which each week he works out at
the gym from 4.5 to 6 hours and walks from 9 to 12 miles.
a. Write a system of inequalities to represent this situation. Define your variables.
b. Graph the system.
c. List three viable solutions.
14. SOUVENIRS Emiliana wants to buy turquoise stones on her trip to New Mexico to
give to at least 4 of her friends. The gift shop sells stones for either $4 or $6 per
stone. Emiliana has no more than $30 to spend.
a. Write a system of inequalities to represent this situation. Define your variables.
b. Graph the system.
c. List three viable solutions.
Mixed Exercises
Write a system of inequalities for each graph.
15. y 16. y 17. y
O x O x O x
419_424_RM_INT1_S_M07_L05_700687.indd 423 15/04/19 2:23 PM

18. PRECISION Write a system of inequalities to represent the graph shown at y
the right.
19. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Is (2.5, 1) a solution of the system of inequalities

O x
2x + 3y > 8 and 4x - 5y ≥ 2? Justify your argument. Then explain how
you can tell if the point is a solution without graphing the inequality.
20. PETS Priya’s Pet Store never has more than a combined total of 20 cats
and dogs and never more than 8 cats. This is represented by the inequalities
x ≤ 8 and x + y ≤ 20. Solve the system of inequalities by graphing.
21. FUNDRAISING The camp baseball team plans to sell tins of popcorn and peanuts
as a fundraiser. The team members have $900 to spend on products to sell and
can order up to 200 tins. They also want to order at least as many tins of popcorn
as tins of peanuts. Each tin of popcorn costs $3, and each tin of peanuts costs $4.
Define the variables and write a system of inequalities to represent this situation.
Then list any constraints for the variables.
22. BUSINESS For maximum efficiency, a factory must have at least 100 workers, but
no more than 200 workers on a shift. The factory also must manufacture at least
30 units per worker.
a. Let x be the number of workers and let y be the number of units. Write four
inequalities expressing the conditions in the problem.
b. Graph the systems of inequalities.
c. Find three possible solutions.
23. DESIGN LaShawn designs Web sites for local businesses. He charges $25 an
hour to build a Web site and charges $15 an hour to update Web sites once he
builds them. He wants to earn at least $100 every week, but he does not want to
work more than 6 hours each week. What is a possible number of hours LaShawn
can spend each week building Web sites x and updating Web sites y that will
allow him to obtain his goals?

24. PERSEVERE Create a system of inequalities equivalent to |x| ≤ 4.
25. ANALYZE State whether the following statement is sometimes, always, or never
true. Justify your argument.
Systems of inequalities with parallel boundaries have no solutions.
26. CREATE One inequality in a system is 3x - y > 4. Write a second inequality so

that the system will have no solution.
27. PERSEVERE Graph the system of inequalities y ≥ 1, y ≤ x + 4, and y ≤ -x + 4.

Estimate the area of the solution.
28. WRITE Describe the graph of the solution of the system 6x - 3y ≤ -5 and
6x - 3y ≥ -5 without graphing. Explain your reasoning.
419_424_RM_INT1_S_M07_L05_700687.indd 424 15/04/19 2:23 PM

Module 7 • Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
Review
Essential Question
How are systems of equations useful in the real world?
Writing and solving systems of equations can help you find unknown values in
real-world situations.
Module Summary
Lesson 7-1 eliminating one variable. Then solve the
equation. Substitute this value into one of the
Graphing Systems of Equations equations and solve for the other variable. Write
• When you solve a system of equations with the solution as an ordered pair. You may need to
y = f(x) and y = g(x), the solution is an ordered multiply at least one equation by a constant to
pair that satisfies both equations. Thus, the get two equations that contain opposite terms.
x-coordinate of the intersection of y = f(x) and
y = g(x) is the value of x where f(x) = g(x).
Lesson 7-5
• A system of equations is consistent if it has
at least one ordered pair that satisfies both Systems of Inequalities
equations. • A set of two or more inequalities with the same
• A system of equations is independent if it has variables is called a system of inequalities.
exactly one solution. • The solution of a system of inequalities with two
• A system of equations is dependent if it has an variables is the set of ordered pairs that satisfy
infinite number of solutions. all of the inequalities in the system. The solution
is represented by the overlap, or intersection, of
• A system of equations is inconsistent if it has no
the graphs of the inequalities.
ordered pair that satisfies both equations.
Study Organizer
Lesson 7-2 through 7-4
Foldables
Solving Systems of Equations
Algebraically Use your Foldable to review 7-1 Graphing Systems
of Equations
this module. Working with a
• To use the substitution method, solve at least
partner can be helpful. Ask 7-2 Substitution
one equation for one variable. Substitute the
for clarification of concepts as 7-3 Elimination
resulting expression into the other equation to Using Addition and
needed. Subtraction
replace the variable. Then solve the equation. 7-4 Elimination Using
Substitute this value into either equation, and Multiplication
7-5 Systems of
solve for the other variable. Write the solution as Inequalities
an ordered pair. Vocab
• To use the elimination method, write the system

so like terms with opposite coefficients are
aligned. Add or subtract the equations,
Module 7 Review • Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities 425

Test Practice
1. MULTI-SELECT Use the graph. Which systems 4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Use a system of equations
of equations are consistent and independent? and a graphing calculator to solve 6.9x + 4.3
(Lesson 7-1) = 4.7x + 8. Round your answer to the
nearest hundredth, if necessary. (Lesson 7-1)
y
A.
1.06
x = -2 y=3 B.
1.68
O x C.
2.14
y = 2x + 1
y + 2 = 2x
D.
5.59
x=2
5. OPEN RESPONSE Taylan is selling plastic and

A.
y = 2x +1 wooden frames. He sold 7 total frames. The
y + 2 = 2x number of plastic frames Taylan sold was 5
B.
y = 2x + 1 less than twice the number of wooden
y=3 frames. How many of each type of frame did
Taylan sell? (Lesson 7-2)
C.
y=3
x = -2
D.
x=2
y + 2 = 2x
6. MULTIPLE CHOICE Consider the system of
E.
x = -2
equations.
x=2
3x - 2y = 0
2. OPEN RESPONSE Consider the system of x + y = 10
equations. (Lesson 7-1) What is the solution of the system? (Lesson 7-2)
8x + 2y = 8 A. The solution to the system is (20, −10).
y = -4x + 4
B. The solution to the system is (3, 7).
How many solutions are there for the
system? Is the system dependent or C. The solution to the system is (3, 7).
independent?
D. The solution to the system is (6, 4).
3. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which system of equations

can be entered into a graphing calculator to
solve 3.5x + 18 = -5.8x + 30? (Lesson 7-1)
A. y = 3.5x
y = -5.8x
B. y = 3.5x + 18
y = -5.8x + 30
C. 0
= 3.5x + 18
0 = -5.8x + 30
D. y = 9.3x - 12
426 Module 7 Review • Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

7. OPEN RESPONSE Determine whether the 10. MULTIPLE CHOICE A rectangle is x inches wide
system has no solution, one solution, or and 3y inches long. The sum of the length and
infinitely many solutions. If the system has width is 36 inches and the difference between
one solution, name it. (Lesson 7-2) the length and twice the width is 12 inches.
Find the length and width. (Lesson 7-3)
x+y=5
3x + 2y = 8 3y
A. width: 8 inches; length: 28 inches

8. OPEN RESPONSE The sum of the measures of
two complementary angles is 90 degrees. B. width: 8 inches; length: 9.3 inches
Angles P and Q are complementary, and the
C. width: 12 inches; length: 24 inches
measure of angle P is 6 degrees more than
twice the measure of angle Q. D. width: 15 inches; length: 21 inches
11. MULTI-SELECT Select all of the ways the

system can be solved. (Lesson 7-4)
Q 9x - 2y = 4
P 3x + 8y = -12
Write a system of equations and use A. M
ultiply the first equation by 4, then add
substitution to find the measure of angles P the equations.
and Q. (Lesson 7-2)
B. M
ultiply the second equation by 3, then
subtract the equations.
C. M
ultiply the first equation by 3, then add
the equations.
9. OPEN RESPONSE Solve the system of
equations. (Lesson 7-3) D. M
ultiply the second equation by 3, then
add the equations.
3x + y = 34
0.5x − y = 1 E. M
ultiply the first equation by 3, then
subtract the equations.
12. OPEN RESPONSE Solve the system of

equations. (Lesson 7-4)
2x + 5y = 5
3x + 4y = -3
Module 7 Review • Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities 427

13. OPEN RESPONSE Solve the system of 16. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which graph represents
equations. (Lesson 7-4) the solution of the system of inequalities?
(Lesson 7-5)
2r - t = 7
r-t=1 x-y≥2
2x + y > -3
A. y
14. OPEN RESPONSE It takes 3 hours to paddle a O x

kayak 12 miles downstream and 4 hours for
the return trip upstream. Find the rate of the
kayak in still water.
B. y
Let k = the rate of the kayak in still water and
c = the rate of the current. (Lesson 7-4)
O x
r t d rt = d
Downstream k + c 3 12 3(k + c) = 12
Upstream k-c 4 12 4(k - ) = 12
C. y
O x
15. MULTIPLE CHOICE The graph shows the

solution to the given system of inequalities.
(Lesson 7-5) D. y
-x + 2y ≤ 1
-3x + 2y ≥ 2
O x
y
A B
17. MULTIPLE CHOICE Diana wants to build a

O x
rectangular pen for her goats. The length of
D C the pen should be at least 50 feet, and the
perimeter of the pen should be no more than
190 feet. What is a viable solution for the
In what region is the solution set? dimensions of the pen? (Lesson 7-5)
A. 29 feet by 40 feet
A. A
B. 29 feet by 76 feet
B. B
C. 29 feet by 65 feet
C. C
D. 29 feet by 29 feet
D. D
428 Module 7 Review • Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

Module 8
Essential Question
When and how can exponential functions represent real-world situations?

KEY Before After
graph exponential growth functions

graph exponential decay functions
translate exponential functions
dilate exponential functions
reflect exponential functions
solve problems involving exponential growth and decay
transform exponential expressions
generate geometric sequences
write recursive formulas
translate between recursive and explicit formulas
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about
exponential functions. Begin with a sheet of 11″ × 17″ paper and six index cards.
1. Fold lengthwise about 3″ from the bottom.
2. Fold the paper in thirds.
3. Open and staple the edges on either side to form three pockets.
4. Label the pockets as shown. Place two index cards in each pocket.
tions Growth and Seque

forma nces
Trans Decay
Module 8 • Exponential Functions 429

• asymptote • exponential function
• common ratio • exponential growth function
• explicit formula • geometric sequence
• exponential decay functions • recursive formula
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
5 1
Evaluate 2x for x = 5.
3
Divide __
 6 ÷ __
  3 .
5 1 5 3
2x3 Original expression  __ _ __ _
6 ÷   3 =   6 ⋅   1  Multiply by the reciprocal.
= 2(5) 15
Substitute 5 for x. = __
3
  6 Multiply the numerators and multiply
= 2(125) Evaluate the exponent. the denominators.
5
= 250 Multiply. = __
  2 Find the simplest form.
Quick Check
Evaluate each expression for the Divide.
given value.
1. –4x2 for x = 7 5. 128 ÷ 4
1
2. 3x2 for x = 3 6.  _
3 ÷ 2
3. 0.25x4 for x = 1 7. -9 ÷ 3
1 1
4. x5 for x = 3 8.  __ __
8 ÷   2
How did you do?

430 Module 8 • Exponential Functions

Lesson 8-1
Today’s Goals
● Recognize situations
Explore Exponential Behavior modeled by linear or
exponential functions.
Online Activity Use a table to complete the Explore. ● Graph exponential
functions, showing
intercepts and end
INQUIRY How does exponential behavior behavior.
differ from linear behavior?
exponential function
exponential growth
function
exponential decay
Learn Identifying Exponential Behavior function
asymptote
An exponential function is a function of the form y = abx, where
a ≠ 0, b > 0, and b ≠ 1. Some examples of exponential functions
are y = 2(3)x, y = 4x, and y = (__
  2 ) .
1 x
Linear Exponential
y y
16 16
14 y = 2x 14 y = 2x
12 12
10 y=x 10 y=x
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
−8 −6 −4−2 O 2 4 6 8x −8 −6 −4−2 O 2 4 6 8x
the rate of change remains the rate of change increases

constant by the same factor
Note that in the linear function, the rate of change remains constant.
In the exponential function, the rate of change increases by the
same factor.
Lesson 8-1 • Exponential Functions 431
431_438_RM_INT1_S_M08_L01_700687.indd 431 16/04/19 7:16 AM

Example 1 Identify Exponential Behavior
EARTHQUAKES The Richter Scale
Think About It! measures the energy that an earthquake Magnitude TNT (tons)
Is a function that releases and assigns a magnitude to it. 1 0.6
relates an independent These orders of magnitude can be 2 6
variable to a change in approximated by comparing them to the
3 60
order of magnitude explosive power of TNT. Determine
always exponential? whether the set of data displays 4 600
Explain your exponential behavior. 5 6000
reasoning. 6 60,000
7 600,000
8 6,000,000
Magnitudes 1 and 2
As the order of magnitude increases from 1 to 2, the amount of TNT
that is approximately equal in magnitude increases from 0.6 tons to
6 tons. That is an increase by a factor of 10.
Magnitudes 2 and 3
As the order of magnitude increases from 2 to 3, the amount of TNT
that is approximately equal in magnitude increases from 6 tons to
60 tons. That is an increase by a factor of 10.
Think About It!
Since the change in the amount of TNT increases by the same factor
Can you confirm that
the entire data set
given an equal change in magnitude, the data set displays exponential
displays exponential behavior.
behavior by looking at
the first two intervals? Check
MEMORY In the 19th century, psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus
created a formula to approximate how quickly people forget
information over time. The approximate percentage of the newly
learned information a person retains over time is shown in the table.
Determine whether the data displays exponential behavior.
Time (days) % Retained
0 100
1 80
Go Online 2 64
An alternate method is 3 51.2
available for this 4 40.96
example.
The data set ? display exponential behavior.
431_438_RM_INT1_S_M08_L01_700687.indd 432 16/04/19 7:16 AM

Explore Restrictions on Exponential Functions
INQUIRY Why are exponential functions

defined such that a ≠ 0, b > 0, and b ≠ 1?
Learn Graphing Exponential Functions

Go Online
Functions of the form y = abx, where a > 0 and b > 1, are called
exponential growth functions. Functions of the form y = abx, where to see how to graph
a > 0 and 0 < b < 1, are called exponential decay functions. exponential functions.
The graphs of exponential functions have an asymptote. An
asymptote is a line that a graph approaches.
Key Concept • Types of Exponential Functions
Exponential Growth Functions Exponential Decay Functions
Equation
f(x) = abx, a > 0, b > 1 f(x) = abx, a > 0, 0 0} D = all real numbers; R = {y > 0}
Intercepts
one y-intercept, no x-intercepts one y-intercept, no x-intercepts
End Behavior
as x increases, f(x) increases; as x increases, f(x) approaches 0;
as x decreases, f(x) approaches 0 as x decreases, f(x) increases
Graph
f(x) f(x)
O x O x
431_438_RM_INT1_S_M08_L01_700687.indd 433 16/04/19 7:16 AM

Think About It! Example 2 Exponential Growth Function
How can you determine FOLDING Each time you fold a piece of paper in half, it doubles in
the y-intercept without thickness. If a piece of paper is 0.05 millimeter thick, then you can
substituting into the determine the thickness y of a piece of paper given the number of
original equation? (Hint: folds x with the function y = 0.05(2)x. Identify the key features of
Consider what x = 0 the function, graph it, and then identify the relevant domain and
and the y-intercept
range in the context of the situation.
mean in the context of
the situation.) Part A Identify key features.
Because a > 0 and b > 1, y = 0.05(2)x is an exponential growth
function. The domain is all real numbers and the range is y > 0.
The y-intercept is the value of y when x = 0.
y = 0.05(2)0
y = 0.05(1)x
= 0.05
Problem-Solving Tip The y-intercept is 0.05.
Make an Organized
Part B Graph the function.
List Making an
organized list of x-values x y = 0.05(2)x y
y
and corresponding –2 y= 0.05(2)-2 0.0125 0.8
y-values is helpful in
Thickness (mm)
0.7
graphing the function. –1 y = 0.05(2)-1 0.025 0.6
0.5
It can also help you 0 y= 0.05(2)0 0.05 0.4
identify patterns in 1 y= 0.05(2)1 0.1 0.3
the data. 0.2
2 y= 0.05(2)2 0.2 0.1
3 y= 0.05(2)3 0.4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5x
4 y= 0.05(2)4 0.8 Folds
Part C Identify relevant domain and range.

Because the number of folds cannot be negative and folds must be
counted in integers, the potential domain is the set of whole numbers
and the potential range is the set of integers greater than or equal to
Go Online 0.05. However, because the paper cannot be folded indefinitely, the
You can watch a video thickness of the paper cannot continue to grow to infinity. So the
to see how to use a domain will be restricted to the greatest possible number of folds, and
graphing calculator the range will be restricted to the greatest thickness of the paper.
with this example.
431_438_RM_INT1_S_M08_L01_700687.indd 434 16/04/19 7:16 AM

Check
Consider y = 3x.
Part A
List the key features that apply to y = 3x. Include the domain, range,
y-intercept, and end behavior of the function.
FILM The function y = 3x can be used to model a real-world situation.

Sarah wants to crowdfund a film project. To spread the word, she
shares the page with 3 friends, and requests that each friend share it
with 3 more friends. The function that models the number of people Math History Minute
with a link to the crowdfunding page y given the number of cycles x is While a junior in high
defined by the function y = 3x. school, Britney Gallivan
(1985-) showed that a
single length of toilet
Part B
paper 4000 feet long can
Select the correct graph of y = 3x. be folded in half a
maximum of twelve times.
y 450
y Britney’s proof involved
A. B.
Crowdfunding Page
16 the exponential equation

Crowdfunding Page
400
14
350
L = __
πt
People with
  6 (2n + 4)(2n - 1),

People with
12
300
10
250 where L is the length of
8
6
200 the paper, t is the
150
4
100 thickness of the material
2
50 to be folded, and n
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5x represents the number of
Number of Cycles Number of Cycles folds desired.
y
450
C. D. y
Crowdfunding Page
400
Crowdfunding Page
20
350 15
People with
People with
300 10
250 5
200
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
150 −5
100 −10
50 −15
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3x −20
Number of Cycles Number of Cycles
Part C
Describe the relevant range in the context of the situation.
431_438_RM_INT1_S_M08_L01_700687.indd 435 16/04/19 7:16 AM

Use a Source Example 3 Exponential Decay Function
Research the amount of CAFFEINE The half-life of a substance describes how long it takes
caffeine in another
for the substance to deplete by half. The half-life of caffeine in the
caffeinated drink. Write
body of a healthy adult is approximately 5 hours, meaning that it
a function that models
takes 5 hours for the body to break down half of the caffeine. For
the amount of caffeine
left in your system after teenagers, it takes even longer. Suppose an energy drink contains
x hours, and identify the 160 milligrams of caffeine. The amount of caffeine y left in your
x
__
1   5
key features of the system after x hours is modeled by the function y = 160(__
  2 )  .
function.
Identify the key features of the function, graph it, and then identify
the relevant domain and range in the context of the situation.
Part A Identify key features.
__ x
1   5
Because a > 0 and 0 0.
The y-intercept is the value of y when x = 0.
0
__
1 5
y = 160(__
2 ) 
= 160(1 ) = 160
The y-intercept is 160.
Part B Graph the function.
x
y
__ 180

160(__
 2 ) 
1 5 y
x 160
Caffeine (mg)
140
−1
__ 120
1   5
160(__
  2 )  184 100
–1 80
60
_ 0
1  5  40
0 160(__
  2 )  160 20
O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 x
_ 1
  5 
160(__
  2 ) 
1 139 Time (hours)
1
_2
1   5 
2 160(__
  2 )  121
_3
1   5 
3 160(__
  2 )  106
_4
1   5 
4 160(__
  2 )  92
_5
1   5 
5 160(__
  2 )  80
Part C Identify relevant domain and range.

Because time cannot be negative, the relevant domain is {x ≥ 0}.
Since the amount of caffeine cannot be negative, the relevant range is
{y ≥ 0} .
431_438_RM_INT1_S_M08_L01_700687.indd 436 16/04/19 7:16 AM

Practice
Example 1
Determine whether the set of data displays exponential behavior. Write yes or no.
Explain why or why not.
1. 2.
x -3 -2 -1 0 x 0 5 10 15
y 9 12 15 18 y 20 10 5 2.5
3. 4.
x 4 8 12 16 x 50 30 10 -10
y 20 40 80 160 y 90 70 50 30
5. PICTURE FRAMES Since a picture frame includes a border, Frame Length Picture Area
the picture must be smaller in area than the entire frame.
(in.) (in2)
The table shows the relationship between picture area and
frame length for a particular line of frames. Is this an 5 6
exponential relationship? Explain. 6 12
7 20
Examples 2 and 3
8 30
6. WASTE Suppose the waste generated by nonrecycled 9 42
paper and cardboard products in tons y after x days can be
approximated by the function y = 1000(2)0.3x.
a. Identify key features.
c. Identify relevant domain and range.
7. IODINE Iodine 131 is a radioisotope that is related to nuclear

energy, medical diagnostic and treatment procedures, and
natural gas production. A scientist is testing 50 milligrams of
Iodine 131. The scientist knows that the half-life of Iodine 131 is
about 8.02 days. The function y = 50(_   2 ) represents the
1 x
amount of Iodine 131 remaining in milligrams y after x days.

a. Identify key features.
c. Identify relevant domain and range.
8. DEPRECIATION Suppose a company’s computer equipment is decreasing in value

according to the function y = 4000(0.87)x. In the equation, x represents the
number of years that have elapsed since the equipment was purchased and y
represents the value in dollars. What was the value 5 years after the computer
equipment was purchased? Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
431_438_RM_INT1_S_M08_L01_700687.indd 437 16/04/19 7:17 AM

Mixed Exercises
MODELING Graph each function. Find the y-intercept and state the domain, range, and the
equation of the asymptote. See margin for y-intercept, domain, range, and asymptote.
9. y = 2(_
  6 ) 10. y = (_
  12 )
1 x 1 x
11. y = -3(9x)
12. y = -4(10x) 13. y = 3(11x)

14. y = 4x + 3
15. METEOROLOGY The atmospheric pressure in millibars at altitude x meters above

sea level can be approximated by the function f(x) = 1038(1.000134)-x when x is
between 0 and 10,000.
a. What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
b.
The McDonald Observatory in Texas is at an altitude of 2000 meters. What is
the approximate atmospheric pressure there?
c. As altitude increases, what happens to atmospheric pressure?

16. PERSEVERE Use tables and graphs to compare and contrast an exponential
function f(x) = abx + c, where a ≠ 0, b > 0, and b ≠ 1, and a linear function
g(x) = ax + c. Include intercepts, symmetry, end behavior, extrema, and intervals
where the functions are increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative.
17. CREATE Write an exponential function that passes through (0, 3) and (1, 6).
18. ANALYZE Determine whether the graph of y = abx, where a ≠ 0, b > 0, and b ≠ 1,
sometimes, always, or never has an x-intercept. Justify your argument.
19. WRITE Find an exponential function that represents a real-world situation, and
graph the function. Analyze the graph, and explain why the situation is modeled
by an exponential function rather than a linear function.
431_438_RM_INT1_S_M08_L01_700687.indd 438 17/04/19 10:58 AM

Lesson 8-2
Transformations of Exponential Functions

Today’s Goals
● Apply translations to
Explore Translating Exponential Functions exponential functions.
● Apply dilations to
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the Explore. exponential functions.
● Apply reflections to
INQUIRY What effect does adding to or
● Use transformations to
subtracting from a function before or after it
identify exponential
has been evaluated have on the function? functions from graphs
and write equations of
Learn Translations of Exponential Functions

Key Concept • Vertical Translations of Exponential Functions
• The graph of g(x) = bx + k is the graph of f(x) = bx translated vertically. Go Online
You can watch a
• If k > 0, the graph of f(x) is translated k units up.
video to see how to
• If k < 0, the graph of f(x) is translated |k| units down. describe translations
of functions.
Key Concept • Horizontal Translations of Exponential Functions
• The graph of g(x) = bx - h is the graph of f(x) = bx translated
horizontally. Think About It!
• If h > 0, the graph of f(x) is translated h units right. For h < 0, why must
you move |h| units left
• If k < 0, the graph of f(x) is translated |h| units left.
instead of h units?
Example 1 Vertical Translations of Exponential

Functions
Describe the translation in g(x) = 2 x + 3 as it relates to the graph of
the parent function f(x) = 2 x.
y Think About It!
What do you notice
g(x) about the asymptote of
a vertically translated
f(x) exponential function
compared to the
O x asymptote of the
parent function?
The constant k is added to the function after it has been evaluated, so
k affects the output values.
The value of k is greater than 0, so the graph of f(x) = 2x is translated
3 units up.
Lesson 8-2 • Transformations of Exponential Functions 439
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 439 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Example 2 Horizontal Translations of Exponential
Functions
Think About It! Describe the translation in g(x) = 3x + 1 as it relates to the graph of
What do you notice the parent function f(x) = 3x.
about the asymptote y
of a horizontally
translated exponential
function compared to
the asymptote of the
g(x) f(x)
parent function?
O x
The constant h is subtracted from x before the function is performed,

so h affects the input values.
The value of h is less than 0, so the graph of f(x) = 3x is translated
1 unit left.
Think About It! Example 3 Multiple Translations of Exponential

How can the placement Functions
of the constant tell you
Describe the translation in g(x) = (__
  2 )
1 x-2
if the resulting -4 as it relates to the
transformation will be a
graph of the parent function f(x) = (  2 ) .
1 x
__
vertical or horizontal
translation? 12
y
10
f(x) 8
6
4
2
−6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8 10 x
−4
g(x)
The value of h is subtracted from x before the function is performed

and is greater than 0, so the graph of f(x) = (_
  2 ) is translated
1 x
2 units right.
The value of k is added to the function after it has been
evaluated and is less than 0, so the graph of f(x) = (_
  2 ) is also
1 x
translated 4 units down.
Check
Describe the translation in g(x) = 2x + 1 - 8 as it relates to the graph of
the parent function f(x) = 2x.
The graph of g(x) = 2x + 1 - 8 is the translation of the graph of the
parent function 1 unit ? and 8 units ? .
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 440 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Example 4 Identify Exponential Functions from Graphs
(Vertical Translations)
The given graph is a translation of the parent function f(x) = (   4 )x .
1
__
y
f(x)
O x
g(x)
g(x) = (_
  4 ) -2
1 x
The horizontal asymptote of g(x) is different from the horizontal asymptote

of f(x), implying a vertical translation of the form g(x) = (   4 ) + k. The
1 x
_
parent graph has a y-intercept at (0, 1). The translated graph has a
y-intercept at (0, -1). The y-intercept is shifted 2 units down,
so k = -2.
Study Tip
Example 5 Identify Exponential Functions from Graphs Horizontal Translations
(Horizontal Translations) Any exponential parent
function has a
The given graph is a translation of the parent function f(x) = 2 x. Use y-intercept at (0, 1). By
the graph of the function to write its equation. examining how far this
y point is shifted right or
left, you can easily
determine the value of
f(x)
h when identifying
g(x)
O g(x) = 2x - 3x
The horizontal asymptote of g(x) is the same as the horizontal

asymptote of f(x), implying a vertical translation of the form g(x) = 2x - h.
The parent graph passes through (0, 1). The translated graph has a
y-value of 1 at (3, 1). The graph is shifted 3 units right, so h = 3.
Check
The given graph is a translation of f(x) = 5x.
y
Which is the equation for the function shown in
the graph?
A. g(x) = 5x + 4
O x
B. g(x) = 5x − 4
C. g(x) = 5x − 4
D. g(x) = 5x + 4
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 441 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Explore Dilating Exponential Functions
INQUIRY What effect does multiplying a

function by a value before or after it has
been evaluated have on the function?
Learn Dilations of Exponential Functions

Key Concept • Vertical Dilations of Exponential Functions
• The graph of g(x) = abx is the graph of f(x) = bx stretched or
compressed vertically by a factor of |a|.
• If |a| > 1, the graph of f(x) is stretched vertically away from the x-axis.
• If 0 < |a| < 1, the graph of f(x) is compressed vertically toward the
x-axis.
Go Online Key Concept • Horizontal Dilations of Exponential Functions

• The graph of g(x) = bax is the graph of f(x) = bx stretched or
to see how to describe 1
dilations of functions. compressed horizontally by a factor of __ |a| .
• If |a| > 1, the graph of f(x) is compressed horizontally toward the
y-axis.
• If 0 < |a| < 1, the graph of f(x) is stretched horizontally away from the
y-axis.
Study Tip Example 6 Vertical Dilations of Exponential Functions

1
Vertical Dilations For Describe the dilation in g(x) = __
 4 (3)x as it relates to the graph of the
a vertical dilation, if parent function f(x) = 3x
you multiply each 1
y-coordinate of the Since f(x) = 3x, g(x) = a ⋅ f(x), where a = _
  4 .
function f(x) by a, you’ll 1 1
g(x) =  _ x _
4 (3) → g(x) =   4 f(x)
get the corresponding
y-coordinate of the The function is multiplied by the positive y
function g(x). For constant a after it has been evaluated, and |a|
example, for the is between 0 and 1, so the graph of
function above, the f(x) = 3x is compressed vertically by a factor
point (1, 3) on f(x) 1 f(x)
corresponds to the of |a|, or _
  4 . g(x)
point (   4 ) on g(x).

3
1, _ O x
The y-coordinate of
f(x), 3, is multiplied
by a.
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 442 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Example 7 Horizontal Dilations of Exponential
Functions Think About It!
Describe the dilation in g(x) = (__
  3 )
5 2x How can you easily tell
as it relates to the graph of the
if an exponential
parent function f(x) = (   3 ) .
5 x
__ function is going to be
horizontally dilated?
x is multiplied by the positive constant a before y
it has been evaluated, and |a| is greater than 1,

so the graph of f(x) = (   3 ) is compressed
5 x
__
1 1
horizontally by a factor of __
 |a| , or _
  2 .
g(x)
f(x)
Check O x
Identify the dilation in each function as it relates

to the parent function f(x) = 4x by copying and completing the table and Think About It!
writing the type of dilation and dilation factor next to each equation. Why does a horizontal
dilation not change the
2
__ y-intercept of an
g(x) = 4    3 x exponential function?
h(x) = 3(4)x
6
k(x) = __
  7 (4)x
5
__
g(x) = 4    2 x
Example 8 Describe Dilations of Exponential

Functions
ENERGY Since 2000, solar PV capacity in the world has been
growing exponentially. It can be approximated by the function
Study Tip
c(x) = 0.897(1.46)x, where c(x) is the solar PV capacity in gigawatts,
x is the number of years since 2000, and 0.897 is the initial capacity. Assumptions
Assuming that the rate
Describe the dilation in c(x) = 0.897(1.46)x as it is related to the
at which PV capacity
parent function f(x) = (1.46)x.
increases remains the
The parent function is f(x) = (1.46)x. same allows us to
PV Capacity represent the situation
Then c(x) = af(x), where a = 0.897. y
with an exponential
Capacity (gigawatts)
c(x) = 0.897(1.46)x → c(x) = 0.897f(x) function.
The function is multiplied by the positive f(x)

constant a after it has been evaluated and
|a| is between 0 and 1, so the graph of f(x) =
(1.46)x is compressed vertically by a factor of c(x)
|a|, or 0.897. O x
Years Since 2000
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 443 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Talk About It!
Example 9 Identify Exponential Functions from
Make a conjecture
Graphs (Dilations)
about the y-intercept of The given graph is a dilation of the parent function f(x) = 2 x.
g(x) and the value of a.
Will this hold true for Notice that every point on the graph of g(x) y
any vertical dilation of is closer to the x-axis, implying a vertical f(x)

an exponential compression of the form g(x) = a(2)x.
function? Explain your
The point (2, 1) lies on the graph. Substitute
reasoning.
the coordinates in for x and y to solve for a. g(x)
1= a(2)2 O x
1 = 4a
1
1 g(x) = _
4 (2)
x
 _
4 = a
Check
The given graph is a translation of f(x) = 3x. Which is the equation for
the function shown in the graph? y
A. g(x) = 0.007(3)x
(1, 4.5)
2
B. g(x) = __
  3 (3)x
3
C. g(x) = 3x + __
  2
3 O x
D. g(x) = __
  2 (3)x
Think About It! Explore Reflecting Exponential Functions

What does the general
form of an exponential
function look like once
it has been reflected INQUIRY What effect does multiplying a
across the x-axis? function by -1 before or after it has been
evaluated have on the function?
Learn Reflections of Exponential Functions

Key Concept • Reflections of Exponential Functions Across the x-axis
he graph of -f(x) is the reflection of the graph of f(x) = bx across the
• T
x-axis.
• E
very y-coordinate of -f(x) is the corresponding y-coordinate of f(x)
Go Online multiplied by −1.
to see how to describe
reflections of functions. Key Concept • Reflections of Exponential Functions Across the y-axis
he graph of f(−x) is the reflection of the graph of f(x) = bx across the
• T
y-axis.
• E
very x-coordinate of f(−x) is the corresponding x-coordinate of f(x)
multiplied by −1.
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 444 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Example 10 Vertical Reflections of Exponential
Functions
Describe the reflection in g(x) = −3(2)x as it relates to the graph of
the parent function f(x) = 2 x. y
The function is multiplied by -1 and the

positive constant a after it has been f(x)
evaluated and |a| is greater than 1, so the O x
graph of f(x) = 2x is stretched vertically and
reflected across the x-axis. g(x)
Example 11 Horizontal Reflections of Exponential

Functions
Think About It!
Describe the reflection in g(x) = (3)−2 x as it relates to the graph of The example shows
the parent function f(x) = 3x. y the reflection of an
The function is multiplied by −1 and the exponential function of
constant a before it is evaluated and |a| is the form f(x) = abx over
greater than 1, so the graph of f(x) = 3x is
f(x) the y-axis for the case
g(x)
where b > 1. Examine
compressed horizontally and reflected
the following cases
across the y-axis.
O x and describe the effect
a reflection across the
Check y-axis would have on
the end behavior of
Match each function with its graph.
the parent function
1. g(x) = -3x A. B. f(x) = abx.
y y
2. h(x) = (   3 ) Case 1: g(x) = ab-x
1 -x
_
where b > 1.
3. k(x) = -(_
  3 )
1 x
Case 2: g(x) = ab-x
O x O x where 0 < b < 1.
4. g(x) = 3-x
C. D.
y y
O x O x
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 445 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Go Online
Learn Transformations of Exponential Functions
You can watch a video The general form of an exponential function is f(x) = abx-h + k, where
to see how to graph a, h, and k are parameters that dilate, reflect, or translate a parent
transformations of function with base b.
exponential functions
using a graphing • The value of |a| stretches or compresses (dilates) the parent graph.
calculator. • When a is negative, the graph is reflected across the x-axis.
• The value of h shifts (translates) the parent graph right or left.
• The value of k shifts (translates) the parent graph up or down.
Think About It! Example 12 Multiple Transformations of Exponential

Write an exponential Functions
function that is the Describe how the graph of g(x) = - __
1
x-2 - 1 is related to the
parent function f(x) = 2x 2 (3)
stretched vertically and graph of the parent function f(x) = 3x.
translated 3 units left a < 0 and 0 < |a| < 1, so the graph of f(x) = 3x y
and 6 units up. is reflected across the x-axis and compressed
1 f(x)
vertically by a factor of |a|, or _
  2 .
h > 0, so the graph is then translated h units O x
right, or 2 units right.
g(x)
k < 0, so the graph is then translated |k| units
down, or 1 unit down.
Check
Part A
1 x+5
Describe how the graph of g(x) = -4(__
  2 )  -2 is related to the graph
x
of the parent function f(x) = (   2 )  .
1
__
x
The graph of f(x) = (   2 )  is reflected across the
1
__ ? and ?
vertically. The graph is translated 5 units ? and 2 units ? .
Part B
1 x+5
Sketch the graph of g(x) = -4(__
  2 )  - 2.
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 446 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Practice
Examples 1–3, 6–7, 10–12
Describe the transformation of g(x) as it relates to the parent function f(x).
1. f(x) = 6x; g(x) = 6x + 8 2. f(x) = 5x; g(x) = −5x
3. f(x) = 3x + 1; g(x) = 32x + 1 4. f(x) = 4x - 3; g(x) = 40.5x - 3
5. f(x) = 2.3x; g(x) = -2.3x − 1 6. f(x) = 2x; g(x) = 2−x + 1
7. f(x) = 5x + 2; g(x) = 5-x + 6 8. f(x) = 1.4x - 1; g(x) = -1.4x + 6
1
9. f(x) = 3x + 1; g(x) = 2(3x + 1) 10. f(x) = -4x; g(x) = _
3 (-4x)
x x
12. f(x) = (__
2 ) + 5; g(x) = (__
2 )
1 1
11. f(x) = 4x; g(x) = 4x - 3
Examples 4–5, 9
Each graph is a transformation of the parent function y = 2 x. Use the graph of the
function to write its equation.
13. y 14. y
6
−4 −2 O 2 x
4
−2
2
−4
−2 O 2 4 x
−6
15. y 16. y
12 12
8 8
4 4
−2 O 2 4 x −6 −4 −2 O x
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 447 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Example 8
17. SAVING Celia invests $2000 in a savings account that earns 1.25% interest
per year compounded annually. The amount of money in her bank account after
x years can be modeled by the equation g(x) = 2000(1.0125)x. Describe the
dilation in g(x) as it relates to the parent function f(x) = 1.0125x.
18. CAFFEINE Suppose an 8-ounce cup of coffee contains 100 milligrams of caffeine.
The rate at which caffeine is eliminated from an adult’s body is 11% per hour. The
function f(x) = 100(0.89)x can be used to model the amount of caffeine left in a
person’s bloodstream after x hours of consuming the cup of coffee. Suppose the
function g(x) = 25(0.89)x represents the amount of caffeine left in a person’s
bloodstream after x hours of consuming an 8-ounce cup of green tea. Describe
g(x) as a transformation of f(x).
19. VISITORS The number of visitors to a new skateboarding park can be modeled by
the exponential function g(x) = 20(2x), where x represents the number of months
since the park’s grand opening. Explain how the number of visitors during that
first month is a dilation of the parent function f(x) = 2x.
20. DEPRECIATION Depreciation is the decrease in the value 20,000

of an item resulting from its age or wear. When an item 18,000
16,000
loses about the same percent of its value each year, an
14,000
Car Value ($)
exponential function can be used to model its decreasing 12,000
value over time. The function g(x) = 12,000(0.85)x can be 10,000
used to model the value of a $12,000 car as it depreciates 8000
g(x)
at an annual rate of 15% over x years. g(x) is a dilation of 6000
the parent function f(x) = 0.85x. The graph shows the 4000
2000
function g(x).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a.
Write the equation of a function h(x) that represents the Years
depreciation of a $20,000 car depreciating at the same
rate over x years.
b. Describe h(x) as it relates to the parent function.
c.
What is the difference between the values of the $12,000 car and the $20,000
car after 5 years?
Mixed Exercises
Describe the transformation of g(x) as it relates to the parent function f(x) = 2 x.
21. y = 2x + 6 22. g(x) = 3(2)x
1
23. g(x) = - __
4 (2)
x 24. g(x) = -3 + 2x
25. g(x) = (-2)x 26. g(x) = -5(2)x
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 448 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Write a function g(x) to represent the transformation of the parent function f(x).
27. f(x) = 2 x translated 3 units up 28. f(x) = 8x translated 1 unit down
29. f(x) = 5x translated 2 units right 30. f(x) = 3x translated 4 units left
31. f(x) = 6x + 7 translated 2 units down 32. f(x) = -2 x + 3 translated 5 units right
33. f(x) = 4x is compressed vertically 34. f(x) = 3x is stretched vertically

1
by a factor of  __
2 by a factor of 5
35. f(x) = 2 x is compressed horizontally 36. f(x) = 5x is stretched horizontally

1
by a factor of 3 by a factor of _
 4
Each graph is a transformation of the parent function f(x) = 5x. Use the graph of
the function to write its equation.
37. y 38. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
39. y 40. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
41. ASSETS Thomas and Rebecca each put $1000 into a

1900
bank account that earns 1.5% interest per year
1800
compounded annually. Thomas also has an antique 1700
Assets Value ($)
toy automobile. The graph shows the amount of their 1600

assets over time. 1500
1400
a.
Describe the graph of Thomas’ assets as a 1300
Thomas
transformation of Rebecca’s assets. 1200
Rebecca
1100
b.
Use the graph to extrapolate the value of Thomas’ 1000
antique toy automobile. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (years)
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 449 16/04/19 7:38 AM

The graph of g(x) is a transformation of the parent function f(x). Graph g(x) and
describe the transformation in each function as it relates to the parent function.
42. f(x) = 3x 43. f(x) = 2x
g(x) = 5 · 3x+2 -4
g(x) = -3 · 2-x + 1
44. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Name the coordinates of the point at which the graphs of
g(x) = 2x + 3 and h(x) = 5x + 3 intersect. Explain your reasoning.
45. STRUCTURE Describe the similarities between the graph of f(x) = 4x + 2 and
the graph of g(x) = 16 · 4x. Use the properties of exponents to justify
your answer.

46. ANALYZE What would happen to the shape of the graph of an exponential
function if the function is multiplied by a number between 0 and -1? What would
happen to its shape if the exponent is multiplied by a number between 0 and -1?
47. FIND THE ERROR Jennifer claims that the graph of g(x) = 2(2x) is a graph that rises
more rapidly than its parent function f(x) = 2x. James claims that it is actually the
parent graph shifted to the left 2 units. Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.
48. WRITE A deficit is a negative amount of some quantity, such as money. A deficit
that is growing exponentially can be modeled by y = abc(x - h) + k. Describe the
constraints on a, b, and c.
49. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Consider each pair of transformations of the
function f(x) to g(x). Which one does not belong? Justify your conclusion.
f (x) = 3x + 2 f (x) = 2x f(x) = 4x + 1
g(x) = 3x - 1 + 2 g(x) = 2x + 3 + 2 g(x) = 4x + 4 + 2
50. CREATE The graph shows a parent function f(x).

y
a. Write a function to represent the parent function f(x). 4
3
2
b.
Write a function to represent a transformation of the parent 1
function g(x). −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
−2
c.
Describe the transformation. −3
−4
d. Graph the transformed function g(x).
439_450_RM_INT1_S_M08_L02_700687.indd 450 16/04/19 7:38 AM

Lesson 8-3
Writing Exponential Functions

Today’s Goals
● Construct exponential
Explore Writing an Exponential Function to Model functions by using a
graph, a description, or
Population Growth two points.
● Create equations and
solve problems involving
exponential growth.
INQUIRY How can you find an equation that ● Create equations and
models the population growth of a colony of solve problems involving
organisms that grows exponentially? exponential decay.
Learn Constructing Exponential Functions Study Tip

Graphs If you write an
If you are given two points, a graph, or a description of an exponential exponential equation
function, you can write an exponential function to model the data. based on a graph that
Given Two Points includes the y-intercept,
you can substitute the
Substitute the values of x and y into the equation y = abx. The result y-value of the intercept
will be a system of equations in two variables, each with a and b as for a in y = abx. Since
unknowns. You can then solve the system using substitution. b0 = 1, y = a. You can
then use another point
Given a Graph to find the common
Use any two points to write an equation in the form y = abx. Substitute ratio b.
the values of x and y into the equation, and solve the resulting system
of equations for a and b using substitution.
Given a Description
Use the information to create a table or a graph. Then look for a
pattern between the input and output values. Keep an eye out for
words such as exponential, linear, multiple, constant, and factor, which
can help you determine whether the function is exponential.
Example 1 Write an Exponential Function Given

Two Points
Write an exponential function for the graph that passes through
(1, 6) and (3, 24).
Substitute x and y into y = abx to get a system of two equations.
y = abx General form y = abx General form
6 = ab1 y = 6 and x = 1 24 = ab3 y = 24 and x = 3
Lesson 8-3 • Writing Exponential Functions 451
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Solve the system of equations using substitution.
Solve the first equation for a.
6 = ab1 First equation
6
 __
b = a Division Property of Equality
6
Substitute __   b for a in the second equation to find b.
24 = ab3 Second equation
6 6
24 = __
  b b3 Substitute __
  b for a.
6b3
24 = __   b  Multiply.
24 = 6b2 Quotient of Powers

Study Tip 4 = b2 Division Property of Equality; then simplify
Assumptions The
graphs of multiple 2=b Definition of exponent
functions pass through Substitute 2 for b in either equation to find a.
the points (1, 6) and
(3, 24). For example, 6 = ab1 Second equation
the linear equation 6 = a(2)1 Substitute 2 for b.
y = 9x − 3 also passes
through these points. 3=a Simplify.
However, because you Write the equation.
are told to find the x
exponential function y=3×2
that passes through
those points, you can Check
assume that the
exponential relationship Write an exponential function that passes through (−1, 20) and (1, 5).
is the correct one. y= ? × ?
Example 2 Write an Exponential Function Given a Graph

Write an exponential function for the graph.
14
y
x y You can use any two points
12 to write a system of two
-2 10
10 equations using y = abx.
8 -1 5
6 2.5 = ab0
Think About It! 4 0 2.5
1.25 = ab1
Use the graph to
2
1 1.25
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
estimate the value of y
when x = 2. Then use
the function to find y Since there is a zero exponent in the first equation, solve it for a.
when x = 2.
a = 2.5
Then substitute this value into the second equation to find b.
b = 0.5
The graph can be modeled by the function y = 2.5(0.5)x.
451_460_RM_INT1_S_M08_L03_700687.indd 452 16/04/19 7:53 AM

Check 10
y
8
Part A Use the graph to estimate the
6
value of y when x = 4. 4
2
Part B Write an exponential function that −10−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8 10 x
models the graph. −4
−6
Part C Use the function in Part B to find y −8
when x = 4. −10
Example 3 Write an Exponential Function Given a

Description
Prize Talk About It!
CONTEST A radio station is giving away Hour (h)
Total (P) Why is the common
$1000 to the first listener who answers a ratio 1.1 and not 0.1?
0 1000
question correctly. If the question goes Explain.
unanswered for one hour, the prize increases 1 1100
by 10% until it is answered correctly. Write a 2 1210
function to describe this situation. 3 1331
This is an example of exponential growth, so b > 1. Divide each value
of P by the preceding term to find a common ratio of 1.1.
The value of a can be found by identifying the y-intercept.
a = 1000
Write the function that best models the situation.
P = 1000(1.1)h
Learn Solving Problems Involving Exponential Growth

Key Concept • Equation for Exponential Growth
y = a(1 + r)t Think About It!
y is the final amount. Why is the constant 1 in
t is time. the exponential growth
formula? What does it
a is the initial amount.
represent?
r is the rate of growth expressed as a decimal, r > 0.
Key Concept • Equation for Compound Interest

r
A = P(1 + _
  n )nt

A is the current amount.
r is the annual interest rate expressed as a decimal, r > 0.
n is the number of times the interest is compounded each year.
t is time in years.
P is the principal, or the initial amount.
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Think About It! Example 4 Exponential Growth
Why do you not GOODS The gross domestic product (GDP) is the monetary value of
substitute 2016 for t to all the goods and services produced within a country in a specific
determine the GDP per time period. The GDP per capita is this value divided by the
capita in 2016? population. One model says that the GDP per capita in the United
States was $13,513 in 1946, and it has increased by 2% every year.
Part A W
rite an equation to represent the GDP per capita after t years,
where a represents the initial GDP in 1946, and r represents
the rate of growth each year.
If the initial year was 1946, the initial GDP was $13,513.
So a = 13,513. The GDP grew 2% each year, so
r = 2% or 0.02.
Study Tip y = a(1 + r)t Equation for exponential growth
Assumptions The
y = 13,513(1 + 0.02)t a = 13,513 and r = 2% or 0.02
actual rates of change
for the GDP are y = 13,513(1.02)t Simplify.
calculated annually and
have varied from −11% In this equation, y is the GDP per capita, and t is the time in
to 18%, depending on years since 1946.
the current economy. Part B If this trend continued, calculate the GDP per capita in 2016.
For the purposes of this
lesson, we will assume t = 70
that a constant rate of
y = 13,513(1.02)2 = 54,046
change.
Check
POPULATION From 2013 to 2014, the city of Austin, Texas, saw one
of the highest population growth rates in the country at 2.9%. The
population of Austin in 2014 was estimated to be about 912,000.
Part A If the trend were to continue, which equation represents
the estimated population after t years?
A. y = 912,000(0.029)t
B. y = 912,000(3.9)t
C. y = 1.029(912,000)t
D. y = 912,000(1.029)t
Part B T
o the nearest person, predict the population of Austin in
5 years.
? people
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Apply Example 5 Compound Interest
COLLEGE PLANNING Maria invests $5500 into a college savings
account that pays 3.25% compounded quarterly. How much money
will there be in the account after 5 years?
1 What is the task?
Sample answer: I need to determine how much money will be in
Maria’s account after 5 years. How can I write an equation to represent
this situation? I can what I have learned about different types of
functions.
2 How will you approach the task? What have you learned that
Sample answer: I will substitute the information I know into the
compound interest equation and simplfy. Then I will find the amount of
money in Maria’s account after 5 years. I will use the properties of
exponents to simplify my equation.
Write an equation to represent the amount of money in Maria’s
account after t years.
A = 5500(1.008125)4t
How much money will be in Maria’s account after 5 years?
$6466.22
your solution.
Sample answer: My solution is reasonable because if I find the amount
of money in the account after each quarter, I get the same answer as I
do when I use the compound interest equation.
Check
BANKING Twin brothers Amare and Jermaine each received $1000 for
graduation. Amare invests his money in an account that pays 2.25%
compounded daily. Jermaine invests his money in an account that
pays 2.25% compounded annually.
Part A Which brother will have more money at the end of 10 years?
A. Amare
B. Jermaine
C. The accounts will be equal.
Part B To the nearest cent, how much more money? $ ?
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Think About It!
Learn Solving Problems Involving Exponential Decay
What major difference Key Concept • Equation for Exponential Decay
do you notice between y = a(1 - r)t
the equation for y is the final amount.
exponential growth and
t is time.
the equation for
exponential decay? a is the initial amount.
r is the rate of decay expressed as a decimal, 0 < r < 1.
Example 6 Exponential Decay

BANKS In banking, a dormant account is one that has not been used
in over a year. A bank charges a monthly fee on dormant accounts of
0.8% of the account balance. One dormant account initially had a
balance of $1609.
Part A W
rite an equation to represent the balance in the account after
t months.
y = a(1 - r)t Equation for exponential decay
Think About It!
Why is the rate y = 1609(1 - 0.008)t a = 1609 and r = 0.8% or 0.008
subtracted from 1 in the
equation for exponential y = 1609(0.992)t Simplify.
decay, but added to 1 in The equation is y = 1609(0.992)t, where y is the balance in the account
the equation for after t months.
exponential growth?
Part B E
stimate the balance in the account after a year.
t = 12
y = 1609(0.992)t = 1461
Check
CITY PLANNING A city has been experiencing a slight population loss
over the last few years. In 2014, the population was 1.8503 million,
representing a 0.18% decrease from the previous year.
Part A If the trend were to continue, which equation represents the
estimated population in millions after t years?
A. y = 1.8503(0.18)t
B. y = 1.8503(0.9982)t
Go Online
to practice what C. y = 1.8503(1.0018)t
you’ve learned about D. y = 1.8503(1.9982)t
exponential growth
and decay in the Put Part B T
o the nearest ten thousandth, predict the population in
It All Together over 15 years. ? million
Lessons 8-1 through 8-3.
451_460_RM_INT1_S_M08_L03_700687.indd 456 17/04/19 11:02 AM

Practice
Example 1
Write an exponential function for a graph that passes through the points.
1. (2, 16) and (3, 32) 2. (1, 1) and (3, 0.25) 3. (2, 90) and (4, 810)
4. (-2, 4) and (1, 0.5) 5. (1, 12) and (3, 192) 6. (1, 18) and (3, 72)
Example 2
Write an exponential function for the graph.
7. 4
y 8. 4
y
3 3
2 2
1 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
9. y 10. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
Example 3
11. BIOLOGY A certain species of bacteria in a laboratory culture begins with 50 cells
and doubles in number every 30 minutes. Write a function to model the situation.
12. DEPRECIATION Amrita bought a new delivery van for $32,500. The value of this
van depreciates at a rate of 12% each year. Write a function to model the value of
the van after x years of ownership.
13. COMMUNICATION Cell phone usage grew about 23% each year from 2010 to
2016. If cell phone usage in 2010 was 43 million, write a function to model U.S. cell
phone usage over that time period.
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Examples 4–6
14. INVESTING Robyn invests $1500 at 4.85% compounded quarterly. Write an
equation to represent the amount of money she will have in t years.
15. POPULATION The population of New York City increased from 8,192,426 in 2010 to
8,550,405 in 2015. The annual rate of population increase for the period was
about 0.9%.
a. Write an equation for the population t years after 2010.
b. Use the equation to predict the population of New York City in 2025.
16. SAVINGS A company has a bonus incentive for its employees. The company
pays employees an initial signing bonus of $1000 and invests that amount for
the employees. Suppose the investment earns 8% interest compounded
quarterly.
a. If an employee receiving this incentive withdraws the balance of the account
after 5 years, how much will be in the account?
b. If an employee receiving this incentive withdraws the balance of the account

after 35 years, how much will be in the account?
17. MANUFACTURING A textile company bought a piece of weaving equipment for

$60,000. It is expected to depreciate at an average rate of 10% per year.
a. Write an equation for the value of the piece of equipment after t years.
b. Find the value of the piece of equipment after 6 years.
18. HIGHER EDUCATION The table lists the average annual costs of attending a four-
year college in the United States during a recent year.
College Sector Tuition and Fees Room and Board

Four-year Public $9,410 $10,138
Four-year Private $32,410 $11,516
Source: College Board
Rayelle’s parents plan to invest $15,000 in a mutual fund earning an average of

4.5 percent interest, compounded monthly. After 15 years, for how many years will
this investment be able to cover the tuition, fees, room, and board for Rayelle at a
public college if costs stay the same? Round your answer to the nearest month.
451_460_RM_INT1_S_M08_L03_700687.indd 458 16/04/19 7:53 AM

19. DEPRECIATION The value of a home theater system depreciates by about 7%
each year. Aeryn purchases a home theater system for $3000. What is its value 4
years after purchase? Round your answer to the nearest hundred.
20. MONEY Hans opens a savings account by depositing $1200. The account earns
0.2 percent interest compounded weekly. How much will be in the account in 10
years if he makes no more deposits? Assume that there are exactly 52 weeks in a
year, and round your answer to the nearest cent.
21. POPULATION In 2016 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population of the
United States at 322 million. If the annual rate of growth was about 0.81%, find the
expected population at the time of the 2030 census. Round your answer to the
nearest ten million.
Mixed Exercises
Write an exponential function for a graph that passes through the points.
22. (2, 1.4) and (4, 5.6) 23. (1, 10.4) and (4, 665.6) 24. (1, 42) and (3, 2688)
25. POPULATION The population of Camden, New Jersey, has been decreasing by
0.12% a year on average. If this trend continues, and the population was 79,318 in
2006, estimate Camden’s population in 2025.
26. MEDICINE When doctors prescribe medication, they have to consider the rate at
which the body filters a drug from the bloodstream. Suppose it takes the human
body 6 days to filter out half of a certain vaccine. The amount of the vaccine
remaining in the bloodstream x days after an injection is given by the equation
x
y = y0(0.5)    6 , where y0 is the initial amount. Suppose a doctor injects a patient
__
with 20 μg (micrograms) of the vaccine.

a. How much of the vaccine will remain after 1 day? Round your answer to the
nearest tenth.
b. How much of the vaccine will remain after 12 days? Round your answer to the
nearest tenth.
c. After how many days will the amount of vaccine be less than 1 μg?
27. USE TOOLS Graham invested money to save for a car. After x years, the value of
Graham’s investment can be modeled by the equation y = 2400(0.95)x. How
much did Graham originally invest? Is the value of his investment increasing or
decreasing? Explain your reasoning. Use technology to find when the investment
will be worth half of its starting value.
451_460_RM_INT1_S_M08_L03_700687.indd 459 16/04/19 7:53 AM

28. USE A MODEL There is a leak in a container that holds a certain nontoxic gas. Each
hour, it loses 10% of its volume.
a. Write an equation that models the amount of gas left in the container after x hours,
assuming there were 300 cubic centimeters in the container before the leak. Then
use your equation to determine the amount of gas left in the container after
11 hours. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
b. Dewanda believes a graph of this function should be a scatter plot instead of a

continuous curve. Do you agree? Explain how this relates to the domain of the
function.
Years of Study 0 1 2 3
29. STRUCTURE A wildlife researcher is studying the
population of deer in a forest. Population 128 160 200 250
a. The table shows the estimated number of deer in the forest over a 3-year
period. Write an exponential function that fits this data and can be used to
predict the deer population in future years.
b. The average rate of change is the change in the value of the dependent
variable divided by the change in the value of the independent variable.
What was the average rate of change in population during those three
years?
c. If the population growth follows the model from part a, do you expect the deer
population to continue to increase by the value you came up with in part b?
Explain.
d. Use the values in the table to show how you know the function is exponential,
not linear.
30. ANALYZE Determine the growth rate (as a percent) of a population that quadruples
every year. Justify your argument.
31. PERSEVERE Santos invested $1200 into an account with an interest rate of 8%
compounded monthly. Use a calculator to approximate how long it will take for
Santos’s investment to reach $2500.
32. ANALYZE The amount of water in a container doubles every minute. After 8 minutes,
the container is full. After how many minutes was the container half-full? Justify your
argument.
33. WRITE What should you consider when using exponential models to make decisions?
34. WRITE Compare and contrast the exponential growth formula and the
exponential decay formula.
35. CREATE Honovi purchased a new car for $25,000 and has $5000 left to invest.
a. Choose an interest rate between 4% and 7% for Honovi’s investment, and find the
length of time it would take for the investment to double.
b. Choose an annual depreciation rate from 8% to 10% for the new car that
Honovi purchased, and find the length of time it would take for the car’s value
to be equal to one-half of the purchase price.
c. Using the rates from part a and part b, find the length of time it would take for
the investment to be equal to the value of the car. What is the value at that time?
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Lesson 8-4
Transforming Exponential Expressions

Today’s Goal
Example 1 Write Equivalent Exponential ● Use the properties of
exponents to transform
Expressions expressions for
BANKING Savewell Bank offers a savings account with 0.15%
interest compounded monthly, and Second Local Bank offers a
savings account with 2% interest compounded annually.
To compare the two accounts, we need to compare rates with the same
compounding frequency. One way to do this is to compare the
approximate monthly interest rates offered by each bank, which is also
called the effective monthly interest rate.
Part A Compare monthly rates.
Write a function to represent the amount A that would be earned

after t years with Second Local Bank. Then write an equivalent
function that represents monthly compounding.
For convenience, let the initial amount of the investment be $1.
y = a(1 + r)t Equation for exponential growth
A(t) = 1 (1 + 0.02)t y = A(t), a = 1, r = 2% or 0.02
A(t) = 1.02t Simplify.
Then write a function that represents 12 compoundings per year, a

power of 12t, instead of 1 compounding per year, a power of 1t.
A(t) = 1.021t Original function
1 .02  (  12 )t 1

1 ⋅ 12
___ 1 year
A(t) = year = _______
  12 months ⋅ 12 months
12t
A(t) = (1.02   12) 
1
__
Power of a Power
1 ____
A(t) ≈ 1.0016512t (1.02)    12 = √1.02 or about 1.00165
__ 12
The effective monthly interest rate offered by Second Local Bank is about
0.00165 or about 0.165% per month. It is slightly more than the 0.15%
offered by Savewell Bank. So, Second Local Bank is a better choice.
Part B Compare annual rates.
Write a function to represent the amount A earned after t months by

Savewell Bank. Then write an equivalent function that represents Go Online You
can watch a video to
annual compounding.
see how to compare
y = a(1 + r)t Equation for exponential growth compare savings
accounts.
A(t) = 1 (1 + 0.0015)t y = A(t), a = 1, r = 0.15% or 0.0015
A(t) = 1.0015t Simplify.
Lesson 8-4 • Transforming Exponential Expressions 461
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A(t) = 1.0015t represents the amount earned with a savings account at
Savewell Bank after t months.
Talk About It Write an equivalent function that represents 1 compounding per year.
1
Since there are 12 months in a year, the exponent should be __
 12 t.
Does the result in Part B
make sense compared A(t) = 1.00151t Original function
to the result of Part A? __1 1 year
A(t) = 1 .0015  (12 ⋅   12)t 1 year = 12 months ⋅ _______
  12 months
Explain.
1
__
A(t) = (1.001512)   12t Power of a Power
__1
A(t) = ( 1.018)    12 t 1.001512 ≈ 1.018
From this expression, we can determine that the effective annual
interest rate of Savewell Bank is about 0.018, or about 1.8%, which is
less than the 2% interest rate offered by Second Local Bank.
Check
SAVINGS Tareq is planning to invest money into a savings account.
Oak Hills Financial offers 3.1% interest compounded annually. First City
Bank has savings accounts with a quarterly compounded interest rate
of 0.7%.
Part A W
rite the expression A(t) to represent the amount that Tareq
earns after t quarters through Oak Hills Financial.
A(t) = ?
What is the effective quarterly interest rate of Oak Hills
Financial, rounded to the nearest hundredth?
Part B W
rite the expression A(t) to represent the amount that Tareq
earns after t years through First City Bank.
A(t) = ?
What is the effective annual rate of First City Bank, rounded to
the nearest hundredth?
? is the better bank for Tareq’s savings account.
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Practice
Example 1
1. INVESTING Kimiyo is planning to invest money in a savings account. She is
comparing the interest rates of savings accounts at two banks. Bank A offers a
savings account with 2.1% interest compounded annually. Bank B offers a savings
account with a quarterly compounded interest rate of 0.8%.
a. Write a function to represent the amount A that Kimiyo would earn after t years
through Bank A, assuming an initial investment of $1. Then write an equivalent
function that represents quarterly compounding.
b. Which is the better plan? Explain.
c. What is the approximate effective annual interest rate at Bank B? How does
your result relate to your answer to part b?
2. COLLECTIONS Keandra is comparing the growth rates in the value of two items in
a collection. The value of a necklace increases by 3.2% per year. The value of a
ring increases by 0.33% per month.
a. Write a function to represent the value A of the necklace after t years,
assuming an initial value of $1. Then write an equivalent function that
represents monthly compounding.
b. Which item is increasing in value at a faster rate? Explain.
c. What is the approximate annual rate of growth of the ring? How does your
result relate to your answer to part b?
3. SAVINGS Amir is trying to decide between two savings account plans at two
different banks. He finds that Bank A offers a quarterly compounded interest rate
of 0.95%, while Bank B offers 3.75% interest compounded annually. Which is the
better plan? Explain.
4. BACTERIA The scientist found that Bacteria A has a growth rate of 0.99% per
minute, while Bacteria B has a growth rate of 0.018% per second. Determine
which bacterium has a faster growth rate. Explain.
5. POPULATION The population of Species A is decreasing at a rate of about 0.25% per

quarter. The population of Species B is decreasing at a rate of about 1.34% per year.
Determine which species has a population that is decreasing at a faster rate. Explain.
Mixed Exercises Year Population Population

6. POPULATION The table shows the population of two small Town A Town B
towns that experience increases in population. 2012 8,000 9,500
a. Write a function that can be used to estimate the population 2013 8,480 9,975
P(t) of Town A t years after 2012. 2014 8,989 10,474
b. Write a function that can be used to estimate the population 2015 9,528 10,997
P(t) of Town B t years after 2012. 2016 10,100 11,547
c. Use your equations and properties of exponents to find the approximate

effective monthly increase in the populations of Town A and Town B.
Lesson 8-4 • Transforming Exponential Expressions 463
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7. ACCOUNTS Dominic is trying to decide between two checking account plans. Plan A
offers a monthly compounded interest rate of 0.05%, while Plan B offers 0.5% interest
compounded annually. Which is the better plan?
8. CAR DEPRECIATION Juana is deciding between two cars to purchase. Car A
depreciates annually at a rate of 3.5%, while Car B depreciates monthly at a rate
of 0.32%. Which car has a better effective rate of depreciation?
9. INVESTMENT As a wedding gift, Dotty and Brad received $10,000 cash from
Dotty’s grandparents. The couple is trying to decide where to invest the money.
Account A offers 2.3% interest compounded semi-annually. Account B offers 4.2%
interest compounded annually. Which account has the better rate? Explain.
10. SAVINGS Hernando is deciding between two certificate of deposit accounts.
Account Y offers 4.5% interest compounded annually. Account Z offers 1.13%
interest compounded quarterly. Which is the better deal? Explain.
11. FINANCE Gita is deciding between two retirement accounts. Account A offers
0.5% interest compounded monthly. Account B offers 2.5% interest compounded
annually. Which is the better deal? Explain.
12. WILDLIFE The table shows that the population Year Hawk Population Hawk Population
of hawks in two different nature preserves has (Nature Preserve A) (Nature Preserve B)
been decreasing.
2013 114 120
a. Write a function that can be used to estimate 2014 111 115
the population P(t) of the hawks in Nature 2015 108 111
Preserve A t years after 2013.
2016 106 106
b. Write a function that can be used to estimate
the population P(t) of the hawks in Nature Preserve B t years after 2013.
c. Use your equations and properties of exponents to find the approximate
effective quarterly decrease in population of hawks in Nature Preserve A and
Nature Preserve B.
13. PERSEVERE The rate at which an object cools is related to the temperature of the
surrounding environment. At the time of an experiment, Mrs. Haubner’s lab
temperature was 72°F. The approximate temperature of the water at time t in minutes
in Mrs. Haubner’s lab is predicted by the function T(t) = 72 + (212 – 72)2.72–0.4t,
where –0.4° per minute is defined as the rate of cooling. Rewrite this function so that
the coefficient of t in the exponent is 1.
14. WRITE Explain why it is important for a consumer to compare rates in the same
unit before making a purchase.
15. CREATE Write a scenario that compares two accounts with interest rates
compounded at different rate units. Then determine which account has the better rate.
16. FIND THE ERROR Marsha is opening a savings account. Eagle Savings Bank is
offering her an account with a 0.13% monthly interest rate, while Admiral Savings
Bank is offering an account with a 1% annual interest rate. Marsha believes the
account at Admiral Savings bank is better because 1% is a greater interest rate
than 0.13%. Why is Marsha incorrect? Explain your reasoning.
461_464_RM_INT1_S_M08_L04_700687.indd 464 16/04/19 8:03 AM

Lesson 8-5
Geometric Sequences
Today’s Goals
● Identify and generate
Explore Modeling Geometric Sequences geometric sequences.
● Construct and use
Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the Explore. exponential functions
for geometric
sequences.
INQUIRY How can you create a formula to
predict how a ball bounces? Today’s Vocabulary
geometric sequence
common ratio
Learn Geometric Sequences Talk About It!

Why must neither the
A geometric sequence is a pattern of numbers that begins with a first term nor the
nonzero term and each term after is found by multiplying the previous common ratio of a
term by a nonzero constant r. This constant is called the common geometric sequence
ratio. Dividing a term by the previous term results in the common ratio. be zero?
To find the common ratio, divide each term by the previous term. Then,
write the ratio in simplest form.
Example 1 Geometric Sequences

Determine whether the sequence -432, 144, −48, 16, … is
geometric. Explain.
144 1 1 16 1
  ____ _   ___ _  ___ _
-48
-432 = − 3 144 = − 3 -48  = − 3
1
Since the ratio is the same for all of the terms, −_
3 , the sequence is
geometric. Watch Out!
Find the Common
Ratio Be sure to write
the term as the
Example 2 Identify Geometric Sequences numerator and the
Determine whether the sequence 16, 12, 8, 4, … is geometric. previous term as the
Explain. denominator when
12 3 8 2 4 1
finding the common
__
  16 = __
 4  __
  __ __
  8 = _
12 =  3  2  ratio. Otherwise, you
The ratios are not the same, so the sequence is not geometric. will be calculating the
reciprocal of the
common ratio.
Lesson 8-5 • Geometric Sequences 465
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Check
Determine whether each sequence is geometric. If so, determine its
common ratio.
a. n 1 2 3 4 …
an 8 20 50 125 …
This sequence ? a geometric sequence. It has a common ratio

of ? .
b. −0.7, 0.07, −0.007, 0.0007
This sequence ? a geometric sequence. It has a common ratio
of ? .
Think About It! Example 3 Find Terms of Geometric Sequences

How could you Find the next three terms in each geometric sequence.
determine a term prior
to any given term of a a. 64, 16, 4, 1, ...
geometric sequence? Step 1 Find the common ratio.
16 1 4 1 1 1
 __ _ __ _ _ _
64 =   4   16  =   4   4 =  4
1
The common ratio is _
 4 .
Step 2 Multiply by the common ratio.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1×_
  4 = _
  4  _ _ __
4 ×   4 =   16  __ _ __
16 ×   4 =   64 
1 1 __ 1
The next three terms are _
 4 , __
  16 ,   64 .
b.
n 1 2 3 4 …
an 8 12 18 27 …
Step 1 Find the common ratio.

__ 12 18 27
  8 = 1.5  __ __
12  = 1.5   18 = 1.5
The common ratio is 1.5.
Step 2 Multiply by the common ratio.
27 × 1.5 = 40.5 40.5 × 1.5 = 60.75 60.75 × 1.5 = 91.125
The next three terms are 40.5, 60.75, 91.125.
Check
Find the next three terms in each geometric sequence.
a. 729, 243, 81, ? , ? , ?
b. –4, –44, –484, ? , ? , ?
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Learn Geometric Sequences as Exponential Functions
Key Concept • nth Term of a Geometric Sequence
Think About It!
The nth term an of a geometric sequence with first term a1 and common
When finding the nth
ratio r is given by the following formula, where n is any positive integer
term of a geometric
and a1, r ≠ 0.
sequence, why is r
an = a1rn - 1 raised to the n - 1
power instead of to the
nth power?
Example 4 Find the nth Term of a Geometric

Sequence
Use an explicit formula to find the 11th term of each geometric
sequence.
512, 256, 128, 64, ...
The first term of the sequence is 512. So, a1 = 512.
Find the common ratio.
Watch Out!
___256 1 128 1 64 1
  512 = __
  2  ___ __ ___ __
256  =   2   128 =   2 Exponents Remember
1 that the base, which is
The common ratio is __
 2 .
the common ratio, is
Use the common ratio to find the 11th term of the sequence. raised to n − 1 instead
of n.
an = a1rn - 1 Formula for the nth term
an = 512(  2 )
1 n-1
__ 1
a1 = 512 and r = __
  2
a11 = 512(__
  2 )
1 11 - 1
To find the eleventh term, n = 11.
= 512(  2 )
1 10
__
Simplify.
= 512(____
  1024 ) (__
  2 ) = (____
  1024 )
1 1 1 10

1
= __
  2 Simplify.
Check
Write the equation for the nth term of the geometric sequence.
n 1 2 3 4 …
an 729 243 81 27 …
an = ?
Find the 8th term of the sequence.
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Example 5 Use a Geometric Sequence
Think About It! POPULATION North Dakota’s population is
What assumption is increasing more quickly than any other state’s
made when calculating population. In 2011, the population was
the population of 685,242, and it has been increasing by an
North Dakota in 2030?
average of 2.5% each year. If this trend
continues, determine the estimated
population in 2030.
Since the population is growing exponentially, we can apply the
equation for exponential growth, y = a(1 + r)t to determine the
common ratio. An increase of 2.5% means that the population is being
multiplied by 1 + 0.25 or 1.025 each year. So, r = 1.025. Since
a1 = 685,242 in 2011, the population in 2030 is represented by the
twentieth term, a20.
an = a1rn - 1 Formula for the nth term
a20 = 685,242(1.025)20 - 1 a1 = 685,242, r = 1.025, n = 20
a20 = 685,242(1.025)19 Simplify.
a20 = 1,095,462 Use a calculator.
In 2030, the estimated population of North Dakota will be 1,095,462.
Check
BOUNCES A rubber bouncy ball is dropped from a height of 5 feet.
Each time the ball bounces back to 85% of the height from which it fell.
Determine the height of the ball after 6 bounces and after 10 bounces.
Round to the nearest hundredth.
a6 = ? ft
a10 = ? ft
Dmitry Kaminsky/Shutterstock
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Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Determine whether each sequence is geometric. Explain.
1. 4, 1, 2, … 2. 10, 20, 30, 40, …
3. 4, 20, 100, … 4. 212, 106, 53, …
5. -10, -8, -6, -4, … 6. 5, -10, 20, 40, …
7. –96, –48, –24, –12, … 8. 7, 13, 19, 25, …
9. 3, 9, 81, 6561, … 10. 108, 66, 141, 99, …
3 1 5 9 7
11.  __ __ __ __
8 , -  8 , -  8 , -  8 , … 12.  _
3 , 14, 84, 504, …
Example 3
Find the next three terms in each geometric sequence.
13. 2, -10, 50, … 14. 36, 12, 4, …
15. 4, 12, 36, … 16. 400, 100, 25, …
17. -6, -42, -294, … 18. 1024, -128, 16, …
19. 2, 6, 18, … 20. 2500, 500, 100, …
4 2 1
21.  __ __ __
5 ,   5 ,   5 , … 22. -4, 24, -144, …
23. 72, 12, 2, … 24. -3, -12, -48, …
Example 4
Use an explicit formula to find the 10th term of each geometric
sequence
25. 1, 9, 81, 729, … 26. 2, 8, 32, 128, …
27. −9, 27, −81, 242, … 28. 6, −24, 96, −384, …
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Example 5
29. MUSEUMS The table shows the annual visitors to a
Year Visitors (millions)
museum in millions. Write an equation for the projected
number of visitors after n years. 1 4
2 6
3 9
30. WORLD POPULATION The CIA estimates that the world 1
4 13 __
2
population is growing at a rate of 1.167% each year. The
world population in 2015 was about 7.3 billion. n ?
a. Write an equation for the world population after n years.
b.
Find the estimated world population in 2025.
31. DEPRECIATION Te’Andra has a computer system that she

bought for $5000. Each year, the computer system loses
one-fifth of its then-current value. How much money will the
computer system be worth after 6 years?
Mixed Exercises
32. POPULATION The table shows the projected population of Year Population
the United States through 2060. Does this table show an
2020 334,503,000
arithmetic sequence, a geometric sequence, or neither?
Explain. 2030 359,402,000
2040 380,219,000
2050 398,328,000
33. SAVINGS ACCOUNTS A bank offers a savings account that
2060 416,795,000
earns 0.5% interest each month.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
a. Write an equation for the balance of the savings account
after n months.
b. Given an initial deposit of $500, what will the account
balance be after 15 months?
34. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric sequence 3, -24, 192, … .
Then find the 9th term of this sequence.
9 3 1
35. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric sequence  __ __ _
16 ,   8 ,   4 , … . Then
find the 7th term of this sequence.
36. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric sequence 1000, 200, 40, … .Then
find the 5th term of this sequence.
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1
37. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric sequence -8, -2, - __
2 , … .
Find the 8th term of this sequence.
38. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric sequence 32, 48, 72, … .
Find the 6th term of this sequence.
39. USE A SOURCE Research the average annual salary for a 25-year-old and the
average rate of increase in salary per year. Then write an equation for the nth
year of employment. Find the 20th term of this sequence, and explain what it
means.
40. STRUCTURE For each of the geometric sequences below, fill in the missing terms,
write the corresponding exponential equation, and use the exponential equation
to determine the 10th term in the sequence.
a. 0.5, 6 ; f(x) = ; 10th term:
b. , 10, , 40, ; g(x) = ; 10th term:
41. REASONING Find the previous three terms of the geometric sequence, −192,
−768, -3072, ... .
42. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION Consider two different geometric sequences. Each
starts with the same constant. The common ratio producing subsequent terms in
the first is positive and is the reciprocal of the common ratio producing
subsequent terms in the second. How would the graphs of the two sequences
compare? Think about intercepts, asymptotes, and symmetry. Then graph an
example of the situation.
43. REASONING You have just been offered a part-time job. Method 1 Method 2
The employer offers two different methods of payment. They Month
Payment Payment
are shown in the table.
1 $100.00 $0.01
a. Describe the two different methods of payment being 2 $108.00 $0.02
offered.
3 $116.00 $0.04
b. What kind of mathematical equations can you use to 4 $124.00 $0.08
model each situation? How do you know? Write each
equation.
c. You are planning to work at this job for two years. Your manager promises to
raise your salary the way it is described in the table, as long as you meet the
minimum performance rating each month. Which payment plan would you
choose? Explain your reasoning.
44. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS The terms of a geometric sequence are defined by

the equation an = 512(0.5) x. A second sequence contains the terms b3 = 7168
and b7 = 28.
a. Determine which sequence has the greater common ratio.
b. What is the initial term of each sequence? Explain your reasoning.
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45. REGULARITY The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°. The interior
angles of a pentagon add to 540°. Is the relationship between the number of
sides in a polygon and the sum of interior angles a geometric sequence? Use the
sum of the measures of the interior angles of a square to justify your answer.
a k
j l
c
b n m
a + b + c = 180° j + k + l + m + n = 540°

46. PERSEVERE Write a sequence that is both geometric and arithmetic. Explain your
answer.
47. FIND THE ERROR Haro and Matthew are finding the ninth term of the geometric
sequence –5, 10, –20, … . Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
Haro Matthew
10 10
r =   ___
-5  or -2 r =  __
-5 or -2
a9 = -5(-2)9 - 1 a9 = -5 · (-2)9 - 1
= -5(512) = -5 · -256
= -2560 = 1280
48. ANALYZE Write a sequence of numbers that form a pattern but are neither
arithmetic nor geometric. Justify your argument.
49. WRITE How are graphs of geometric sequences and exponential functions
similar? How are they different?
50. WRITE Summarize how to find a specific term of a geometric sequence.
51. CREATE Give a counterexample for the following statement:

As n increases in a geometric sequence, the value of an will move farther away
from zero.
52. CREATE Write a geometric sequence. Then explain why your sequence is
geometric.
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Lesson 8-6
Recursive Formulas
Today’s Goals
Calculate terms in
Learn Using Recursive Formulas
●
sequences by using
An explicit formula allows you to find any term of a sequence by using recursive formulas.
a formula written in terms of n. A recursive formula allows you to find ● Write arithmetic and
the nth term of a sequence by performing operations to one or more geometric sequences
recursively and use
of the preceding terms.
them to model
situations.
Example 1 Recursive Formula for an Arithmetic
Sequence Today’s Vocabulary
explicit formula
Find the first five terms of the sequence a1 = 7 and an = an - 1 - 9 if recursive formula
n ≥ 2.
Use a1 = 7 and the recursive formula to find the next four terms.
a2 = a2 - 1 - 9 n=2 a3 = a3 - 1 - 9 n=3
= a1 - 9 Simplify. = a2 - 9 Simplify. Think About It!
What is a6?
=7-9 a1 = 7 = -2 - 9 a2 = -2
= -2 Simplify. = -11 Simplify. What is a-1?
a 4 = a4 - 1 - 9 n=4 a5 = a5 - 1 - 9 n=5
= a3 - 9 Simplify. = a4 - 9 Simplify.
= -11 - 9 a3 = -11 = -20 - 9 a4 = -20
= -20 Simplify. = -29 Simplify.
The first five terms of the sequence are 7, -2, -11, -20, and -29.
Study Tip
Example 2 Recursive Formula for a Geometric
Recursive and Explicit
Sequence Formulas Recursive
Find the first five terms of the sequence a1 = 5 and an = 3an - 1 if n ≥ 2. formulas are used for
generating sequences
n an = 3an - 1 an of numbers. They are
not as useful for
1 — 5
finding, for example,
2 an = 3(5) 15 the fiftieth term of a
3 an = 3(15) 45 sequence since you
would first have to find
4 an = 3a4 - 1 135 terms one through
5 an = 3a5 - 1 405 forty-nine. For this type
of calculation, it is
The first five terms of the sequence are 5, 15, 45, 135, and 405. better to use an explicit
formula.
Lesson 8-6 • Recursive Formulas 473
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Explore Writing Recursive Formulas from Sequenes
Online Activity Use an interactive tool to complete the Explore.
INQUIRY How can you write a formula that

relates the numbers in a geometric
sequence?
Talk About It! Learn Writing Recursive Formulas

When writing a
recursive formula for Key Concept • Writing Recursive Formulas
an arithmetic or Step 1 Determine whether the sequence is arithmetic or geometric
geometric sequence, by finding a common difference or a common ratio.
how do you know Step 2 Write a recursive formula.
which formula to use?
Arithmetic Sequence
an = an − 1 + d, where d is the common difference
Geometric Sequence
an = r ∙ an − 1, where r is the common ratio
Step 3 State the first term and domain for n.
Example 3 Write a Recursive Formula Using a List

Write a recursive formula for 16, 48, 144, 432, ...
Step 1 Determine whether a common difference or ratio exists.
Subtract each term from the term that follows it to check for a
common difference.
Study Tip 48 - 16 = 32 144 - 48 = 96 432 − 144 = 288

For the nth term of a There is no common difference.
sequence, the value of
Check for a common ratio by dividing each term by the term
n must be a positive
that precedes it.
integer. Although we
__ 48 ___144 ___432
must still state the   16 = 3   48 = 3   144 = 3
domain of n from this
point forward, we will The common ratio is 3. The sequence is geometric.
assume that n is an Step 2 Write a recursive formula.
integer.
an = r ∙ an−1 Recursive formula for geometric sequence
an = 3 ∙ an−1 r=3
Go Online
The first term a1 is 16, and n ≥ 2.
You may want to
complete the Concept A recursive formula for the sequence is a1 = 16,
Check to check your an = 3 an-1, n ≥ 2.
understanding.
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Check
SOCIAL MEDIA The table shows the total number Day Views
of views at the end of each day for a video.
1 100
Write a recursive formula for the sequence. 2 9000
a1 = ? 3 17,900
an = an-1 ? 4 26,800
Example 4 Write a Recursive Formula Using a Graph Think About It!

How can you make
Write a recursive formula for the graph. sure that your recursive
Step 1 F
ind a common difference or y
formula is correct?
(1, 109)
100
common ratio, or determine that
(2, 84)
neither exists. 80
84 - 109 = -25 60 (3, 59)
59 - 84 = -25 40
(4, 34)
34 - 59 = -25 20
The common difference is -25. O x

1 2 3 4
The sequence is arithmetic.
Step 2 Write a recursive formula.
an = an-1 + d Recursive formula for arithmetic sequence
an = an-1 + (-25) d = -25
The first term a1 is 109, and n ≥ 2.
A recursive formula for the sequence is a1 = 109, an =
an-1 - 25, n ≥ 2.
Example 5 Write Recursive and Explicit Formulas

MOVIES The premise of a movie is that a Day Infected Persons
new virus is spreading, turning infected 1 3
Math History Minute
persons into zombie-like creatures. The 2 12 Hungarian mathematician
table outlines the total number of infected 3 48 Rózsa Péter (1905–1977)
persons at the end of each day. 4 192 was the first Hungarian
a. Write a recursive formula for the sequence. 5 768 female mathematician to
become an Academic
Step 1 Find a common difference or common ratio. Doctor of Mathematics.
12 - 3 = 9 48 - 12 = 36 192 - 48 = 144 She helped to establish
the modern field of
There is no common difference. Check for a common ratio by dividing recursive function theory,
each term by the term that precedes it. and she was the author
12 48 192 768 of Playing with Infinity:
 __ __ ___ ___
3 = 4   12 = 4   48 = 4   192 = 4
Mathematical Explorations
There is a common ratio of 4. The sequence is geometric. and Excursions.
473_480_RM_INT1_S_M08_L06_700687.indd 475 17/04/19 7:43 PM

Step 2 Write a recursive formula.
an = r·an–1 Recursive formula for geometric sequence
an = 4an–1 r=4

The first term a1 is 3, and n ≥ 2. A recursive formula for the
sequence is a1 = 3, an = 4an–1, n ≥ 2.
b. Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
Steps 1 and 2 The common ratio is 4.
Step 3 Use the formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence.
an = a1r n–1 Formula for the nth term
= 3(4)n–1 a1 = 3 and r = 4
An explicit formula for the sequence is an = 3(4)n–1.
Example 6 Translate Between Recursive

Think About It!
and Explicit Formulas
For the sequence in
part b, find a2. A recursive formula is useful when finding a number of successive
terms in a sequence. An explicit formula is useful when finding the nth
term of a sequence. Therefore, it may be necessary to translate
between the two forms.
a. Write a recursive formula for an = 0.5n + 2.
an = 0.5n + 2 is an explicit formula for an arithmetic sequence with
d = 0.5 and a1 = 0.5(1) + 2 or 2.5.
Therefore, a recursive formula for an is a1 = 2.5, an = an-1 + 0.5, n ≥ 2.
Study Tip:
b. Write an explicit formula for a1 = 1011, an = 1.25an-1, n ≥ 2.
Geometric Sequences
Recall that the formula an = 1.25an-1 is a recursive formula for a geometric sequence with
for the nth term of a a1 = 1011 and r = 1.25.
geometric sequence is
Therefore, an explicit formula for an is an = 1011 ∙ (1.25)n-1.
an = a1r n-1.
Check
1
Part A Write a recursive formula for an = __
  2 (n - 1)10.
a1 = ?
an = 1.25an-1 ?
Part B Write an explicit formula for a1 = -60, an = 1.5an-1, n ≥2.
an = ? ( ? )n-1
473_480_RM_INT1_S_M08_L06_700687.indd 476 16/04/19 8:58 AM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Find the first five terms of each sequence.
1. a1 = 23, an = an-1 + 7, n ≥ 2 2. a1 = 48, an = -0.5an-1 + 8, n ≥ 2
3. a1 = 8, an = 2.5an-1, n ≥ 2 4. a1 = 12, an = 3an-1 - 21, n ≥ 2
1 3
5. a1 = 13, an = -2an-1 -3, n ≥ 2 6. a1 = __
  2 , an = an-1 + __
  2 , n ≥ 2
Example 3
Write a recursive formula for each sequence.
7. 12, -1, -14, -27, … 8. 27, 41, 55, 69, …
9. 2, 11, 20, 29, … 10. 100, 80, 64, 51.2, …
11. 40, -60, 90, -135, … 12. 81, 27, 9, 3, …
Example 4
Write a recursive formula for each graph.
13. y 14. y
O x
O x
15. y 16. y
O x
O x
473_480_RM_INT1_S_M08_L06_700687.indd 477 16/04/19 8:58 AM

Write a recursive formula for each graph.
17. y 18. y
O x
O x
Example 5
19. VIRAL VIDEOS A viral video got 175 views in one hour, 350 views in two hours,
525 views in three hours, 700 views in four hours, and so on.
a. Find the next 5 terms in the sequence.
b. Write a recursive formula for the sequence.
c. Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
20. PAPER A piece of paper is folded several times. The number of Number of Folds Sections
sections into which the piece of paper is divided after each fold
1 2
is shown.
2 4
a. Write a recursive formula for the sequence.
3 8
b. Write an explicit formula for the sequence. 4 16
5 32
21. SNOW A snowman begins to melt as the temperature rises. The height of Hour Height (ft)
the snowman in feet after each hour is shown.
1 6.0
a. Write a recursive formula for the sequence.
2 5.4
b. Write an explicit formula for the sequence. 3 4.86
4 4.374
Example 6
For each recursive formula, write an explicit formula. For each explicit formula,
write a recursive formula.
22. an = 3(4)n-1 23. a1 = -2, an = an-1 - 12, n ≥ 2
1
24. a1 = 38, an = __
  2 an-1, n ≥ 2 25. an = -7n + 52
26. a1 = 38, an = an-1 -17, n ≥ 2 27. an = 5n - 16
28. an = 50(0.75) n-1 29. a1 = 16, an = 4an-1, n ≥ 2
473_480_RM_INT1_S_M08_L06_700687.indd 478 16/04/19 8:58 AM

Mixed Exercises
30. CLEANING An equation for the cost an in dollars that a carpet cleaning company
charges for cleaning n rooms is an = 50 + 25(n - 1). Write a recursive formula to
represent the cost an.
31. SAVINGS A recursive formula for the balance of a savings account an in dollars at
the beginning of year n is a1 = 500, a1 = 1.05 an-1, n ≥ 2. Write an explicit formula
to represent the balance of the savings account an.
32. USE TOOLS In 2010, a county had a population of 1.3 million

1300
people. The largest factory in the area produced 1700 million
Widgets per person

widgets per year. The county produces the most widgets per 1250
person in the country. The county’s population is projected to
grow at 1.2% per year, and the number of widgets is expected 1200
to grow by 10 million per year.
1150
a. Develop explicit formulas for the population and daily
annual production, in millions, as functions of the number
0
of years n after 2010. 2 4 6 8
Years After 2010
b. The graph shows annual widget production per person for the first ten years
after 2010 for this county and the next-highest widget-producing county, which
stays at a constant 1200 widgets per person. Use a graphing calculator to
extend the graph and find the year when the county will no longer be the
leader. Explain your results.
33. USE A MODEL Ramon has been tracing his family tree with his parents. He claims
that he has over 250 great- great- great- great- great- great-grandparents. Is this
possible? Write both an explicit and recursive formula for this situation.
34. REASONING Carl Friedrich Gauss, a German mathematician of the 1700s, was
asked as a young boy for the sum of the integers from 1 to 100, and he
unhesitatingly replied with the correct answer.
a. Identify the type of the sequence 1, 2, 3, … 100, and explore a way to find its sum
based on grouping pairs of numbers from each end of the sequence. Then explain
how Guass was able to find the sum so quickly.
b. Find an explicit formula for the sum S of n terms of an arithmetic sequence

whose first term is a1 and whose nth, or last, term is an.
473_480_RM_INT1_S_M08_L06_700687.indd 479 16/04/19 8:58 AM

35. REGULARITY The first ten numbers in the Fibonacci Fibonacci sequence
sequence can be defined by an + 1 = an + an - 1, A B C
an
and each ratio   ___
an-1 can be computed using a 1 1 1
spreadsheet (see column C). 2 2 1 1
3 3 2 2
a. Which spreadsheet formulas could have been 4 4 3 1.5
used to calculate the entries in cells B3 and C2? 5 5 5 1.666667
an 6 6 8 1.6
b. Compute the ratio ___
an-1 up to n = 50. What do 7 7 13 1.625
you observe? 8 8 21 1.615385
9 9 34 1.619048
10 10 55 1.617647
36. STRUCTURE There is a famous puzzle called the
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3
“Tower of Hanoi.” There are three pegs, and a
certain number of disks of varying sizes can be set
on each peg. The puzzle starts with the disks in a stack on the
left-most peg, with the heaviest disk on the bottom and the
disks getting smaller as they are stacked. The goal is to
move the disks from the left-most peg to the right-most peg
while obeying three rules. First, only one disk can be moved
at a time. Second, only the top disk on any peg can be
moved. Third, at no time can a larger disk be placed on a
smaller disk.
a. If an is the number of moves it takes to solve a puzzle consisting of n disks,
discuss why the recursive formula an = an - 1 + 1 + an - 1 makes sense.
b. Simplify the recursive formula. What is a1? Why?

37. FIND THE ERROR Pati and Linda are working on a math problem that involves the
sequence 2, -2, 2, -2, 2, … . Pati thinks that the sequence can be written as a
recursive formula. Linda believes that the sequence can be written as an explicit
formula. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
38. PERSEVERE Find a1 for the sequence in which a4 = 1104 and an = 4an - 1 + 16.
39. ANALYZE Determine whether the following statement is true or false. Justify your
argument. There is only one recursive formula for every sequence.
40. PERSEVERE Find a recursive formula for 4, 9, 19, 39, 79, … .
41. WRITE Explain the difference between an explicit formula and a recursive
formula.
42. CREATE Give a counterexample for the following statement:

In a recursive sequence, if a1 = a2, then a2 = a3, and so on.
473_480_RM_INT1_S_M08_L06_700687.indd 480 16/04/19 8:58 AM

Module 8 • Exponential Functions
Review
Essential Question
When and how can exponential functions represent real-world situations?
Exponential functions can be used in real life to represent situations that grow or decay. One
example is representing compound interest.
Module Summary
Lesson 8-1 Lesson 8-5
Exponential Functions Geometric Sequences

• Functions of the form y = abx, where a ≠ 0 and • A geometric sequence is a pattern of numbers
b > 1, are exponential growth functions. that begins with a nonzero term and each term
• Functions of the form y = abx, where a ≠ 0 and after is found by multiplying the previous term by
0 < b < 1, are exponential decay functions. a nonzero constant r.
• The graphs of exponential functions have an • The nth term an of a geometric sequence with
asymptote. first term a1 and common ratio r is given by
the formula an = a1rn-1, where n is any positive
integer, a1 ≠ 0, and r ≠ 0.
Lessons 8-2 through 8-4
Transforming and Writing Exponential Lesson 8-6

Functions
Recursive Functions
• The graph f(x) = bx is a parent graph of an
• An explicit formula allows you to find any term
exponential function.
an of a sequence by using a formula written in
• The graph of g(x) = bx + k is the graph of f(x) = bx terms of n.
translated vertically.
• To write a recursive formula for an arithmetic or
• The graph of g(x) = bx - h is the graph of f(x) = bx geometric sequence, determine whether the
translated horizontally. sequence is arithmetic or geometric by finding a
• The graph g(x) = abx is the graph of f(x) = bx common difference or a common ratio.
stretched or compressed vertically by a factor of |a|.
• The graph g(x) = bax is the graph of f(x) = bx Study Organizer
stretched or compressed horizontally by a factor
of __
1
  |a| . Foldables
• When an exponential function f(x) is multiplied Use your Foldable to review this module. Working
by -1, the result is a reflection across the x- or with a partner can be helpful. Ask for clarification
y-axis. of concepts as needed.
• In the equation y = a(1 + r)t, y is the final amount,

a is the initial amount, r is the rate of change Transf
ormat
ions Growth and
Decay
Sequen
ces
expressed as a decimal, and t is time.
Module 8 Review • Exponential Functions 481

Test Practice
1. GRAPH The table shows the function 3. OPEN RESPONSE Describe the end behavior
y = 2x – 1. (Lesson 8-1) of the graph of the exponential function
shown on the graph. (Lesson 8-1)
x y
y
0 0
1 1
y = 2x
2 3
3 7
Graph the function. O x
4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Consider the graph. Which

function represents the reflection of the
parent function f(x) = 3x across the y-axis?
2. MULTIPLE CHOICE The table shows the (Lesson 8-2)
number of text messages Ernesto sent each
f(x)
month. (Lesson 8-1) 8
7
Month Text Messages 6
5
April 2 4
May 6 3
2
June 18 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
July 54
A. f(x) = -3x
What type of behavior is shown in the table?
B. f(x) = 3-x
A. linear
C. f(x) = 3-2x
B. piece-wise
D. f(x) = -2(3)x
C. exponential
D. none of the above
482 Module 8 Review • Exponential Functions

5. MULTIPLE CHOICE Describe the translation in Use the table below for Exercises 9–11.
h(x) = 2x + 5 as it relates to the parent Joey wants to invest money in a savings
function h(x) = 2x. (Lesson 8-2) account. The table compares two banks he is
considering. Joey needs to decide which is
A. Up 5 units
the better deal for investing his money.
B. Down 5 units Interest Compound
Rate Frequency
C. Right 5 units
First & Loan 0.6% monthly
D. Left 5 units
Local Credit Union 9% annually
6. OPEN RESPONSE Horticulturists can estimate

the number of hybrid plants of a certain type 9. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the effective
they will sell based on the parent function monthly interest rate offered by Local Credit
b(x) = 2.5x. Suppose a new facility starts with Union? (Lesson 8-4)
4 of these plants to hybridize, which can be
modeled with the function b(x) = 4(2.5)x. A. 5.5%
Describe the effect on the graph as it relates
B. 2.2%
to the parent function. (Lesson 8-2)
C. 0.75%

D. 0.72%
10. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the effective

7. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which exponential annual interest rate offered by First & Loan?
function models the graph? (Lesson 8-3) (Lesson 8-4)
f(x)
48 (3, 48) A. 7.4%
42
36 B. 7.2%
30
24
C. 1.006%
18
12
6 D. 0.6%
(1, 3)
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 x

3 11. OPEN RESPONSE Which bank gives Joey the
A. y = __
  4 (4)x
better savings plan? Justify your answer.
B. y = 4(__  34 )
x
(Lesson 8-4)
3
C. y = __
  4 (x)4
D. y = 4(x)x
8. OPEN RESPONSE A population, f(x), after x years

may be modeled with f(x) = 2(3)x. What is the initial
amount, growth rate, domain and range? (Lesson 8-3)
Module 8 Review • Exponential Functions 483

12. MULTIPLE CHOICE Whitney invests $3000 in 15. OPEN RESPONSE The table shows the
an account earning 4.5% interest that is number of pages Aaron read in his book
compounded annually. How much money will each day. Write a recursive formula for the
be in Whitney’s account after 10 years? sequence. (Lesson 8-6)
(Lesson 8-3)
Day 1 2 3 4
A. $1893.02 Pages Read 20 35 50 65
B. $4658.91

C. $4700.98
D. $123,254.07
16. OPEN RESPONSE What are the first five terms
of the sequence for a1 = -2 and an = 2an-1 + 5
13. OPEN RESPONSE Attendance for local if n ≥ 2. (Lesson 8-6)
baseball games has been increasing by an
average of 10% per year for the last few
years. In 2018, the average attendance was
100 people.
Predict the average number of people 17. OPEN RESPONSE Copy and complete the table
attending local baseball games in 2022 if this for the geometric sequence. (Lesson 8-6)
trend continues. Round to the nearest whole a1 = 3 and an = 4an-1, if n ≥ 2
number. (Lesson 8-5) n formula an
1 — 3
2 an = 4(3) ?
14. MULTIPLE CHOICE What equation can be 3 an = 4( ? ) ?

written for the nth term of this geometric 4 an = 4( ? ) ?
sequence? (Lesson 8-5)
n 1 2 3 4
an 100 -50 25 -12.5
A. An = 100(2)n-1
B. An = 100(-2)n-1
C. An = 100(- __
2 ) 
1 n-1

D. An = 100(__
  2 ) 
1 n-1

484 Module 8 Review • Exponential Functions

Module 9
Statistics
Essential Question
How do you summarize and interpret data?
What will you learn?

KEY Before After
find measures of center in a data set

calculate percentiles
represent data in dot plots, bar graphs, and histograms
collect data and analyze bias
represent data in box plots
calculate standard deviation
analyze data distributions
transform linear data
compare two data sets
represent data in two-way frequency tables
find frequencies, including marginal and conditional relative frequencies
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize

your notes about statistics. Begin with 8 sheets
1
of 8 __
 2″ by 11″ paper. Measures of
1. Fold each sheet of paper in half. Cut 1 inch from Center
the end to the fold. Then cut 1 inch along the fold.
2. Write the lesson number and title on each page.
3. Label the inside of each sheet with Definitions
and Examples. Definitions
Statistics
4. Stack the sheets. Staple along the left side.
Write Statistics on the first page. Examples
Module 9 • Statistics 485

• bar graph • lower quartile • sample
• bias • measurement data • standard deviation
• box plot • measures of center • statistic
• categorical data • measures of spread • symmetric distribution
• conditional relative frequency • median • two-way frequency table
• distribution • negatively skewed distribution • two-way relative frequency
• dot plot • outlier table
• extreme values • percentile • univariate data
• five-number summary • population • upper quartile
• histogram • positively skewed distribution • variable
• interquartile range • quartile • variance
• joint frequencies • range
• linear transformation • relative frequency
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
33
Add the set of values. Write the fraction ___
 80 as a percent. Round to the
nearest tenth.
12.5, 3.4, 1.75, 9
__ 33
12.5   80 ≈ 0.413 Simplify and round.
3.4 0.413 · 100 = 41.3 Multiply the decimal by 100.

__ 33
1.75 Align the numbers at the decimal.   80 ≈ 41.3% Write as a percent.
+9
26.65
The sum is 26.65.
Quick Check
Add each set of values. Write each fraction as a percent.
Round to the nearest tenth.
1. 13.2, 15, 17.68
14 7
5.  __
17 6.  __
8
2. 4.5, 1.95, 2.36, 8.1
107 625
2 3 5 9 7.  ___
125 8.  ____
1024
3.  __ _ __ __
3 ,   4 ,   6 ,   10
4. −8, −4, 1, 5
How did you do?

486 Module 9 • Statistics

Lesson 9-1
Measures of Center
Today’s Goals
Learn Mean, Median, and Mode ● Represent sets of data
by using measures of
•• A variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be center.
counted or measured. A variable is an item of data. ● Represent sets of data
•• Data that have units and can be measured are called measurement by using percentiles.
data or quantitative data. Today’s Vocabulary
•• Data that can be organized into different categories are called variable
categorical data or qualitative data. measurement data
•• Measurement data in one variable, called univariate data, are often categorical data
summarized using a single number to represent what is average, univariate data
or typical. measures of center
•• Measures of what is average are called measures of center or percentile
central tendency. The most common measures of center are mean,
median, and mode.
Mode: the value of the elements that appear most often in a Talk About It
set of data A set of data can have
Mean: the sum of the elements of a data set divided by the total only one value for the
number of elements in the set mean and median. How
Median: the middle element, or the mean of the two middle many values can a set of
elements, in a set of data when the data are arranged in data have for the mode?
numerical order Explain your reasoning.
Example 1 Measures of Center

BASKETBALL The table shows the total number of points scored in
several NCAA Championship Basketball Games. Find the mean,
median, and mode of the data.
Year Score Year Score
2016 150 2008 143
2015 131 2007 159
2014 114 2006 130
2013 158 2005 145 Study Tip
2012 126 2004 155 Mean When
calculating the mean,
2011 94 2003 159
your answer will always
2010 120 2002 116 be between the least
2009 161 and greatest values of
the data set. It can
never be less than the
least value or greater
(continued on the next page) than the greatest value.
Lesson 9-1 • Measures of Center 487
487_494_RM_INT1_S_M09_L01_700687.indd 487 16/04/19 11:54 AM

Mean
To find the mean, find the sum of all the points and divide by the
Watch Out! number of years in the data set.
150 + 131 + 114 + 158 + 126 + 94 + 120 + 161 + 143 + 159 + 130 + 145 + 155 + 159 + 116
Median If there is an = _______________________________________________________
            
15
even number of values 2061
in the set of data, you = ____
  15 or about 137.4.
will have to find the The mean is about 137 points.
average of the two
middle values to find
the median. To do this, Median
divide the sum of the To find the median, order the points from least to greatest and find the
two middle values
middle value.
by 2.
94, 114, 116, 120, 126, 130, 131, 143, 145, 150, 155, 158, 159, 159, 161
median mode
Think About It!
The median is 143.
Carlos says that a set
of data cannot have From the arrangement of data values, we can see that 159 is the only
the same mean and value that appears more than once. So, the mode is 159.
mode. Do you agree or
The mean and median are close together, so they both represent the
disagree? Explain your
average of the scores well. Notice that the median is greater than the
reasoning or provide a
counterexample. mean. This indicates that the scores less than the median are more
spread out than the scores greater than the median. The mode is
greater than most of the scores.
Check
FOOTBALL The data show the number of interceptions thrown during
the regular season for each team in the NFC. Find the mean, median,
and mode. Round to the nearest whole number, if necessary.
13 17 10 12 22 14 8 11
12 14 18 12 8 15 11
Study Tip Mean: ?
Tools To quickly
calculate the mean x 
 ¯ Median: ?
and the median Med of Mode: ?
a data set, enter the
data as L1 in a graphing
calculator, and then use
the 1-VAR Stats feature
from the CALC menu.
487_494_RM_INT1_S_M09_L01_700687.indd 488 16/04/19 11:54 AM

Explore Finding Percentiles Go Online
Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the Explore. to see how to find
percentile rank.
INQUIRY How can you describe a data value

based on its position in the data set?
Learn Percentiles
A percentile is a measure that is often used to report test data, such
as standardized test scores. It tells us what percent of the total scores
were below a given score.
•• Percentiles measure rank from the bottom.
•• There is no 0 percentile rank. The lowest score is at the 1st
percentile.
•• There is no 100th percentile rank. The highest score is at the 99th
percentile.
Key Concept • Finding Percentiles Study Tip
To find the percentile rank of an element of a data set, use these steps. Percent vs Percentile
Step 1 Order the data values from greatest to least. Percent and percentile
mean two different
Step 2 F
ind the number of data values less than the chosen element. things. For example, a
Divide that number by the total number of values in the data set. score at the 40th
Step 3 Multiply the value from Step 2 by 100. percentile means that
40% of the scores are
either the same as the
Example 2 Find Percentiles score at the 40th
percentile or less than
FIGURE SKATING The table shows the total points scored by each
the score at that rank.
country in the team figure skating event in the 2014 Olympic Winter
It does not mean that
Games. Find the United States’ percentile rank. the person scored 40%
of the possible points.
Country Score
Canada 65
China 20
France 22
Germany 17
Great Britain 8
Italy 52
Japan 51
Russia 75
Ukraine 10
United States 60

487_494_RM_INT1_S_M09_L01_700687.indd 489 16/04/19 11:54 AM

Step 1 Order the data.
Order the data values from greatest to least.
Country Score
Russia 75
Canada 65
United States 60
Italy 52
Japan 51
France 22
China 20
Germany 17
Ukraine 10
Great Britain 8
Study Tip
Step 2 Divide.
Percentiles The team
with the highest score Divide the number of teams with scores lower than the United States
is at the 99th percentile by the total number of teams.
rank, and the team with number of teams below the United States
____________________________ 7
        
Total number of teams = __
  10
the lowest score is at
the 1st percentile rank. Step 3 Multiply by 100.
__ 7
  10 • 100 or 70
The United States figure skating team scored at the 70th percentile in
the 2014 Olympics.
Think About It!
Which team scored at Check
the 40th percentile? DRUM CORPS The table shows the scores of the corps that competed
in the Drum Corps International World Championship World Class
Finals in 2015.
Corps Score
Bluecoats 96.925
Blue Devils 97.650
Blue Knights 91.850
Blue Stars 85.150
Boston Crusaders 86.800
Carolina Crown 97.075
Crossmen 85.025
Madison Scouts 88.750
Phantom Regiment 90.325
Santa Clara Vanguard 93.850
The Cadets 95.900
The Cavaliers 88.325
The Cavaliers scored at the ? th percentile. The ?

scored at the 75th percentile.
487_494_RM_INT1_S_M09_L01_700687.indd 490 16/04/19 11:54 AM

Practice
Example 1
Find the mean, median, and mode for each data set.
1. {17, 11, 8, 15, 28, 20, 10, 16} 2. {2.5, 6.4, 7.0, 5.3, 1.1, 6.4, 3.5, 6.2, 3.9, 4.0}
3. 2 1 1 5 7 4. 50 30 40 10
3 2 4 6 2 20 80 60 90
10 30 110 70
5. number of students helping at a booth each hour: 3, 5, 8, 1, 4, 11, 3
6. weight in pounds of boxes loaded onto a semi-truck: 201, 201, 200, 199, 199
7. car speeds in miles per hour observed by a highway patrol officer: 60, 53, 53, 52,
53, 55, 55, 57
8. number of songs downloaded by students last week in Ms. Turner’s class: 3, 7, 21,
23, 63, 27, 29, 95, 23
9. ratings of an online video: 2, 5, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1.5, 2.5, 2, 3, 3.5
Example 2
MARCHING BAND A competition was recently held Band Score Band Score
for 12 high school marching bands. Each band
Freeport 78 Madison 69
received a score from 0 through 100, with 100
Ross 85 Monmouth 67
being the highest.
Hamilton 88 Carlisle 65
10. Find Hamilton High School’s percentile rank.
Groveport 94 Dupont 48
Lakehurst 56 Cave City 90
11. Find Monmouth High School’s percentile rank.
Benton 77 Monroe 80
12. Find Freeport High School’s percentile rank.
Mixed Exercises
13. REASONING The mean number of people at the movies on Saturday nights
throughout the year is 425, and the median is 412. Explain why the mean could be
slightly higher.
14. REASONING The mode length of time it takes to fly from New York City to
Chicago is 2 hours 35 minutes, and the mean is 3 hours 15 minutes. Explain why
the mode could be slightly lower.
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15. FOOTBALL Find the mean, median, and mode for the data set. The weights in
pounds of 5 offensive linemen of a football team: 217, 212, 285, 245, 301.
16. WEB SITES The ratings for a new recipe Web site varied from very low, 1 point, to
very high, 10 points, with half of the scores receiving a rating of 7. If a new rating
of 7 were added to the data set, how would the mode be affected? Explain.
17. Find a mean of {16, 19, 22, 27, 33, 19, 25}.
18. SINGING In a singing competition that involved 50 contestants, Reina’s score

ranked higher than 40 of the contestants. In what percentile did Reina score?
19. SPORTS The table shows the number of points scored by a basketball team
during their first several games. Find the mean, median, and mode of the number
of points scored.
Game 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Points 43 50 52 47 55 61 48 56
20. PERFORMANCE At a bodybuilding competition, Shawnte earned a score of

42 points. There were 19 competitors who received a lower score than Shawnte
and 5 competitors who earned a higher score. What was Shawnte’s percentile
rank in the bodybuilding competition?
21. GRADES On her first four quizzes, Rachael has earned scores of 21, 24, 23, and 17
points. What score must Rachael earn on her fifth and final quiz so that both the
mean and median of her quiz scores is 21?
22. QUIZZES Sequon scored 95, 86, 81, 83, and 95 on his math quizzes this quarter.
Find the mode of his quiz scores.
23. BAND Out of the 30 bands at the competition, Coastal High School’s band scored
higher than 27 others. Find the percentile rank for Coastal High School’s band.
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24. SHOPPING The table shows the prices of comparable laptop Retailer Price ($)
computers at different retailers.
A 389
a. Find the mean, median, and mode of the prices. B 425
C 350
b. Why are the mean and median much lower than the mode?
D 499
c. After deliberation, Nikki is interested in buying a laptop from E 475
either retailer C, F, or J. What are percentile ranks for the laptop at F 360
each of these retailers? G 319
H 425
I 299
J 379
25. NOVELS The table shows the lengths (in words) of the Novel Number of Words
seven novels on the required reading list of Miguel’s
Old Yeller 35,968
language arts class.
Lord of the Flies 59,900
a. Find the mean, median, and mode for the data set.
Moby Dick 206,052
b. Predict which novels will be lower than the 50th Jane Eyre 183,858
percentile in length. Verify your prediction. Great Expectations 183,349
Call of the Wild 31,750
c. If Lord of the Flies comes with an additional The Color Purple 66,556
10,020-word online reading assignment, then how
will the median length be affected? How will the mean
be affected?
26. VOLUNTEERING The table shows the number of hours Volunteer Hours
different students spent as part of a community outreach
25 30 35 40 35
program. Find the mean, median, and mode of the data set.
25 50 45 25 90
27. USE A SOURCE Research the total medal counts for Canada, France, Japan,
Russia, Brazil, and Great Britain at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. Make a
table of the data you collect. Then find the percentile rank of each country.
28. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS The table shows the number of

Pet Adoptions
pet adoptions each week for a shelter over a two-month
7 19 26 20
period. If there are 65 pets adopted next week, how are the
mean, median, and mode affected? 23 21 24 20
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29. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION A data set has a mean of 37, a median of 36.5, and a
mode of 37. What assumption(s) can you make about the dataset?
30. BOWLING The table shows Lucinda’s score for each of her last ten Game Score
bowling games. 1 220
a. Find the mean, median, and mode of the scores. Round to the 2 235
nearest whole number.
3 255
b. Why is the mean slightly higher than the median?
4 210
31. DANCE COMPETITION At a dance competition, Pascal earned a score 5 240
of 73 points. There were 12 competitors who received a lower score 6 220
than Pascal and 3 competitors who earned a higher score. What was 7 225
Pascal’s percentile rank in the dance competition? 8 220
9 250
Higher-Order Thinking Skills 10 210
32. CREATE Create a data set that has a mean of 11, a median of 10, and a mode of 8.
33. WRITE Describe how an outlier value that is greater than the numbers in the data
set affects each measure of center.
34. ANALYZE Determine whether the statement is true or false. If it is false, explain
how to make the statement true.
To find percentile rank, divide the selected value by the total of all the values.
35. PERSEVERE Describe the effect on the mean, median, and mode of a set when all
the items in the set are multiplied by the same number.
36. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Analyze each situation. Which situation is NOT
best described by the median of the data? Explain.
An art gallery has Most of the students The amusement park had
many items for sale volunteered 2 hours about the same number of
that are reasonably each week, but James attendees each day. On the
priced, but it also volunteered 8 hours annual bring-a-friend-for-
carries luxury priced per week. free day, the number of
paintings. attendees tripled.
37. FIND THE ERROR Julio is studying botany and has been tracking the growth of 10
tomato plants each week. The first week, the plants measured the following
growth: 1 in., 1.5 in., 2.2 in., 0.5 in., 1 in., 1.25 in., 1.4 in., 2 in., 2.1 in., 1.9 in. In his
research paper, Julio includes the median growth value for the week. Has Julio
chosen the best measure of center to describe the plant growth? Explain
38. STRUCTURE Explain how you determine a data set that is best described by
the mean.
39. WRITE Explain in your own words the process for finding a percentile rank.
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Lesson 9-2
Representing Data
Learn Dot Plots Today’s Goals
● Represent sets of data
One way to represent data is by using a dot plot, which is a diagram by using dot plots.
that shows the frequency of data on a number line. ● Determine whether
discrete or continuous
graphical
representations are
appropriate, and
represent sets of data
by using bar graphs or
histograms.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key Concept • Making Dot Plots dot plot
bar graph
Step 1 Write the data points in order from least to greatest.
histogram
Step 2 Make a number line that starts at the least data point and ends
at the greatest data point. Choose an appropriate scale.
Step 3 Plot the dots on the number line. Stack the points when there is
more than one data point with the same number. Think About It!
What would be the
Step 4 If appropriate, include a label for the number line and title for the
benefit of representing
dot plot.
data in a dot plot?
Example 1 Make a Dot Plot

Represent the data as a dot plot.
11, 12, 14, 15, 12, 13, 15, 13, 9, 15, 12, 13, 15, 15, 11
9, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15
Step 2 Make a number line.
The data are whole numbers ranging from 9 to 15. So, make a
number line starting at 9 with intervals of 1.
Step 3 Plot the dots on the number line. Study Tip
Accuracy Count the
listed data and check
that the number of data
points matches the
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 sum of the frequency
table. Missing just one
Step 4 If appropriate, include a label for the number line and title for or two pieces of data
the dot plot. can change the values
Because no information is given regarding what these data of statistics.
represent, no title is needed for this dot plot.
Lesson 9-2 • Representing Data 495
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Check
Represent the data as a dot plot.
8, 6, 0, 2, 7, 1, 8, 1, 4, 8, 0, 1, 2, 8, 4, 7, 1, 5, 9, 1
Example 2 Make a Dot Plot by Using a Scaled

Number Line
Think About It!
INTERNET USAGE The data show Internet users from Middle Eastern
How would these data
countries as a percentage of their total population. Represent the
appear if the number
data as a dot plot.
line were scaled by 1
instead of 10? Do you
think a scale of 1 would 96.4 57.2 33.0 74.7 86.1 78.7 80.4
be a good way to 78.6 64.6 91.9 65.9 28.1 93.2 22.6
represent the data?
Explain.
22.6, 28.1, 33.0, 57.2, 64.6, 65.9, 74.7, 78.6, 78.7, 80.4, 86.1, 91.9,
93.2, 96.4
Step 2 Make a number line.
The data range from 22.6 to 96.4. Since these data represent
a broad range with specific values, it is unlikely that any data
point is represented more than once. To represent the data in
a meaningful way, scale the number line.
Step 3 Plot the dots on the number line.
Internet Usage from Middle Eastern Countries

20
30
40
50
60
70
80 79.9
90
.0– .9
.0– 9
.0– .9
.0–
.0–
.0– 9
.0–
.0– 9
3
49
89
29
59
69
99
9
.
.
.9
.9
Percentage of Population
Step 4 If appropriate, include a label for the number line and title for
the dot plot.
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Check
MOUNTAINS The data give the elevation of the highest mountain peaks
in the United States. Create a dot plot that best represents the data.
20,308 18,009 17,402 16,421 16,391
16,237 15,325 14,951 14,829 14,573
Learn Bar Graphs and Histograms

A bar graph is a graphical display A histogram is a graphical display
that compares categories of data that uses bars to display numerical
using bars of different heights. Bar data that have been organized in
graphs are used when the data are equal intervals. A histogram
discrete. To indicate this, there is a represents continuous data, so the
space between each of the bars. bins have no spaces between them.
Favorite Sport Ages of Presidents
Number of Students
30 16
Number of Presidents
20 12
8
10
4
0
Ba
Fo
So
Ba
0
ot
sk
se
cc
45
40
ba
60
65
et
er
50
55
ba
ba
ll
–4
–4
–6
–6
l
–5
–5
l
l
9
4
l
9
4
9
4
Sport Age at Inauguration
Key Concept • Making a Bar Graph or Histogram

Step 1 Determine whether the data should be represented as a
bar graph or histogram.
Step 2 Determine appropriate categories or bins, and tally the
data, if necessary.
Step 3 Draw bars to represent each category or bin.
Step 4 Label the axes. If appropriate, include a title for the graph.
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Apply Example 3 Determine an Appropriate
Graph for Discrete Data
OLYMPICS The table shows the total number of Olympic medals
won by U.S. athletes competing in selected events from the first
Summer Olympics in 1896 through 2012. Make a graph of the data
to show the total medals won for each sport.
1 What is the task?

Determine whether the data should be represented as a bar graph or
histogram. These data represent discrete, categorical data, so use a
bar graph.
2 H
I’ll tally the number of medals won for each sport and then I’ll create
the bar graph. Each event will be represented by one bar. I have
learned how to make a bar graph.

Event Gold Silver Bronze Total
Boxing 49 23 39 111
Diving 48 41 43 132
Swimming 230 164 126 520
Track & Field 319 247 193 759
Wrestling 52 43 34 129
Total Medals Won by U.S. Athletes

800
600
Medals
400
200
0
Bo
Di
Sw
Tr
W
ac
re
vi
xi
im
n
st
k
ng
lin
&
in
g
Fi
g
el
d
Event
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solution.
Sample answer: Because the graph is supposed to represent the total
number of medals in each event, it makes sense for the data to be
organized in categories. Categorical data should be represented by a
bar graph.
Check
VIDEO GAMES The table shows the number of active video game
players in each country. Make a graph that best displays the data.
Germany
Australia
Poland
France
Turkey
Country
Spain
Brazil
Italy
UK
US
Players
9.5 40.2 25.3 38.5 18.6 11.8 17 21.8 33.6 157
(millions)
Example 4 Determine an Appropriate Graph for

Continuous Data
MARATHON The results of the top finishers of the 2015 New York
City Marathon, wheelchair division, are given in the table.
Determine whether the data are discrete or continuous. Then
make a graph.
1:30:54 1:30:55 1:34:05 1:35:19 1:35:21 1:35:37 1:35:38 1:36:45

1:36:59 1:38:39 1:39:22 1:39:22 1:39:27 1:39:27 1:40:36 1:43:04
Step 1 Because racers can finish with any time, the data are
continuous and you can use a histogram.
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Step 2 Because the data are spread over several minutes, group the
Think About It! data by the minute. Then, tally each interval.
Describe the
histogram. What does Time (h:m:s) Frequency Time (h:m:s) Frequency
it show you about the 1:30:00–1:30:59 2 1:37:00–1:37:59 0
racers’ times? What do 1:31:00–1:31:59 0 1:38:00–1:38:59 1
the gaps in the graph 1:32:00–1:32:59 0 1:39:00–1:39:59 3
represent? 1:33:00–1:33:59 0 1:40:00–1:40:59 1
1:34:00–1:34:59 1 1:41:00–1:41:59 0
1:35:00–1:35:59 4 1:42:00–1:42:59 0
1:36:00–1:36:59 2 1:43:00–1:43:59 1
Steps 3 and 4 Draw a bar to represent each bin. Label the axes.
Include a title for the graph.
Marathon Results
5
4
Number of Racers
1:41
1:42 –1:41
1:43 –1:42
1:30
1:31
1:32
1:33 –1:32
1:34 0–1:3 9
1:35 –1:34 9
1:36 –1:35
1:37 –1:36
1:38 –1:37
1:39 0–1:3
1:40 –1:39 9
:00
:00 :40:59
:00
:0
:00
:00
:0
:00
:00
:00
:00
:00
:00
:00
–
–1:4 9
–1:3
–1
1:31
3:5
8
0:5
:59
:59
:59
:5
:59
:5
:5
:5
:59
:59
:59
9
9
Time (h:m:s)
Check
PHOTO SHARING The table shows the users of a photo sharing app
by age group. Make a graph that best displays the data.
Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65+
Users (%) 45 26 13 10 6 1
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Practice
Examples 1 and 2
1. READING The table shows the number of books read by Number of Books Read
students in a summer reading program. Make a dot plot of
3 8 5 6 5
the data.
4 5 5 4 5
2. QUIZ SCORES Represent the quiz scores as a dot plot. Scale
5 6 8 8 4
the number line as needed.
50, 45, 24, 28, 27, 38, 21, 22, 23, 42, 41, 35, 37, 25, 43
Examples 3 and 4
3. SURVEY A survey was conducted among students in Destination Number of Votes
Mr. Dalton’s science class to determine a field trip
zoo 6
destination. The results are shown in the table at the right.
Make a graph to display the data. museum 4
observatory 11
4. MOVIES In a survey, students were asked to name their
favorite type of movie. Of those surveyed, 8 chose action state park 7
movies, 6 chose comedies, 5 chose horror movies, 3 chose
dramas, and 7 chose science fiction movies (sci-fi). Determine Concert Attendees
whether the data are discrete or continuous. Then make a
0–10 400
graph.
10–20 1440
5. CONCERT The table shows the number of attendees by age at
a concert. Determine whether the data should be shown in a 20–30 2400
bar graph or histogram. Then make an appropriate graph for 30–40 2000
the data.
50–60 560
Mixed Exercises 60–70 240
6. PRIZES The table shows the number of prizes won by

customers at a carnival game each of the past several days. Prizes Won
Determine whether the data are discrete or continuous. Then 37 29 53 32 42
make an appropriate graph for the data.
21 41 45 17 27
7. JOGGING The number of miles Lisa jogged each of the last
44 34 24 34 31
10 days are 3, 4, 6, 2, 5, 8, 7, 6, 4, and 5.
19 51 48 35 54
a. Choose the most appropriate type of data display and graph
the data. 46 38 39 49 25
b. How many days did Lisa jog at least 4 miles?
c. What was the greatest number of miles she jogged in a day?
8. MOVIES The number of movies that are released theatrically each
year are shown in the table.
a. Select an appropriate display for the data. Explain your reasoning.
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Number of
563 609 678 661 709 708 718
Movies Released
Source: comScore, MPAA
b. Make a graph of the data.
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9. RUNNING The ages of the participants in a 10K race at Masonville are 65, 47,
23, 70, 41, 55, 32, 29, 56, 39, 12, 57, 25, 33, 15, 18, 35, 22, 63, 49, 23, 30, 37,
40, and 50.
a. Construct an appropriate data display for the data.
b. How many participants are less than 30 years old?
c. In what interval is the most frequent age?
10. ORCHESTRA The ages of the members of an orchestra are 39, 43, 31, 53, 41, 25,
35, 46, 27, 34, 37, 26, 51, 29, 36, 40, 33, 28, 48, 26, 42, and 38 years. Make a
graph of the data.
11. PRECISION A scientific research study tracks the growth of an insect in

millimeters. The growth data for each insect in the study during week 1 are 1.1,
1.25, 1.3, 1.67, 1.9, 2.35, 2.1, 2.3, 1.5, 1.7, 2.25, 2.1, 2.45, 1.37, 1.83. The scientist is
preparing a histogram to show the distribution of growth across the population.
How should the scientist break down his data into categories?
12. PETS The pets owned by Liza’s classmates are rabbit: 2, dog: 6, cat: 3, horse:
2, bird: 5, mouse: 1, fish: 3, and other: 1.
a. Make a dot plot of the data.
b. How many types of pets are represented by the dot plot?
c. Which pet is the most popular?
13. ANALYZE Make two conclusions about a product

that received the ratings shown in the dot plot.
Justify your conclusions.
14. REGULARITY Explain when a histogram is the best

model for data, and describe the process of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
creating a histogram.

15. WRITE Explain why it may be necessary to scale the Peanut Butter Sales
number line of a dot plot. (in 1000’s of dollars)
450
400 Peanut Butter 2016
400
Peanut Butter 2017
16. PERSEVERE Using the data provided in the double 350
300
300
bar graph about peanut butter, what are two 250
250
conclusions the grocery store could infer? 200
200
150 120
100
100 75
17. STRUCTURE How is a bar graph similar to a 50 35 60
50
histogram? How is it different? 0
Creamy Crunchy With Natural Sugar
Jelly Free
495_502_RM_INT1_S_M09_L02_700687.indd 502 17/04/19 11:04 AM

Lesson 9-3
Using Data
Today’s Goals
● Identify potential bias in
Explore Phrasing Questions sampling methods and
questions.
Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the Explore. ● Identify potential bias in
statistics and
representations of data.
INQUIRY How can the way you collect data
affect the results? Today’s Vocabulary
population
sample
Learn Collecting Data bias
statistic
A population consists of all the members of a group of interest about
which data will be collected. Since it may be impractical to examine
every member of a population, a subset of the group, called a sample,
is sometimes selected to represent the population. The sample can
then be analyzed to draw conclusions about the entire population.
Sample data are often used to estimate a characteristic of a
population. Therefore, a sample should be selected so that it closely
represents the entire population. Also, the larger the sample size, or
the more samples taken, the better it represents the population. Think About It!
Some polls use both
A bias is an error that results in a misrepresentation of a population. If landlines and cell
a sample favors one conclusion over another, the sample is biased and phones. How might this
the data are invalid. alleviate the issue of
bias with the landline-
Example 1 Sample Bias only sampling method?
POLLS Before the 2010 elections for members of the U.S. House of
Representatives, pollsters called American households on their
landline phones to see how they planned to vote. What kind of
sample bias might have affected the poll?
Step 1 Identify the intended population.
The population is all likely voters.
Step 2 Identify the sample method.
The data for this poll were collected over landline phones, so
the sample consists of likely voters who have a landline.
Step 3 Determine potential bias.
Because not all likely voters have landline phones, the results
could be skewed because not all likely voters are available for
this sample.
Lesson 9-3 • Using Data 503
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Check
SOCIAL MEDIA Shia wants to determine the age of the average
internet user. He posts a poll to his friends on a social media site,
asking their age. Is this a good sample? If not, what kind of sample
bias might have affected the poll?
A. This is a good sample.
B. This is not a good sample. He asked only people on the Internet.
C. This is not a good sample. He asked only about users’ ages.
D. T
his is not a good sample. He asked only his friends on a specific
Web site.
Think About It! Example 2 Question Bias

Rewrite the question to
SOFT DRINKS A survey organization wants to see what percent of
try to remove the bias.
New York City citizens support a ban on soft drinks. The question
posed is, “Do you support a ban on soft drinks, which contribute to
heart disease and tooth decay?”
Part A Identify bias.
Step 1 Identify the purpose of the question: To find the percent of New
York citizens who support a ban on soft drinks.
Step 2 Identify potential bias in the question: The question lists some
of the health risks of soft drinks. This might make respondents
more likely to respond that they do support a ban.
Study Tip
Assumptions When Part B Identify interests.
you identify and try to The bias in the question might make respondents more likely to support
remove bias, you will
a ban. This bias could serve the interests of health groups who want to
make assumptions
ban soft drinks or companies who sell competing drinks, like juices.
about what information
is important for the
Check
question and what
might create undue FILM One of your friends wants to determine whether people in your
bias. For example, you class prefer to watch movies or television. She asks, “Do you prefer to
need to consider watch movies or television?”
whether details of the
Part A Does this question potentially bias the results?
plan are relevant and
whether the question A. No; the question is as neutral as possible.
includes persuasive B. Yes; your friend asked only people in your class.
language.
C. Yes; your friend provided only two options.
D. Y
es; the framing of the question influences the respondent to
choose television.
Part B W
hose interests might be served by asking the question in this
way?
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Learn Using Statistics and Representations
A statistic is a measure that describes a characteristic of a sample.
Like data, statistics and representations of data are nonneutral. When
the average of a set of data is discussed, it uses a measure of center:
mean, median, or mode. However, depending on the data set and what
information is being conveyed, one measure of center might not give
the whole picture of the data. Even if the data is being discussed in
whole, it can also be misrepresented. For example, a person might
manipulate the scales of the axes of a graph or how the data are
represented graphically to misrepresent the data.
Example 3 Data Summaries

Math History
TEACHING A teacher wants to tell his students how the average Minute
student did on an exam, so he looks at the scores in his gradebook. With M. A. Girschick,
Two students scored a 0 because they stopped showing up for class David Blackwell
in the last month and did not take the exam. He uses the mean, 71, (1919–2010) authored
as the measure of center. Does the mean accurately represent these the classic book
data? Theory of Games and
Statistical Decisions. In
0, 0, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 88, 91, 91, 91 1965, he became the
Step 1 Identify the other measures of center. Round your answer to first African American
the nearest unit. president of the
American Statistical
median = 87 Society.
mode = 91
Step 2 Analyze the measures of center and how they align with the
information the teacher wants to convey.
Mean: The mean, 71, is affected by the two 0 scores. However, no one
who showed up for the exam scored below an 82, so the mean does
not do a good job of indicating the performance of the students who
took the exam.
Median: The median, 87, is not affected by the outliers. It provides a
more accurate average for how students performed on the test
because it includes the scores of the two students who did not take
the exam at all.
Mode: The mode, 91, is both the score most students received and the
highest score received on the exam, but it does not accurately portray
how students performed on average.
Because the teacher wants to discuss the performance of students
who took the exam, the mean is not the best measure of center. It
indicates that all students who took the exam performed worse than
their actual scores.
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Check
READING Karen writes down the number of books she has read for
each of her classes so far: 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5. Using the mean, 5,
she says that she reads around 5 books on average for an English
course. Does the mean accurately represent the data for the situation?
Explain.
A. No; the mean is overly influenced by the low numbers.
B. No; the mean is overly influenced by the high numbers.
C. No; the mean doesn’t tell how many pages are in the average book.
D. Yes; the mean accurately represents the data for the situation.
Example 4 Data Representation

SOCCER A group compares two soccer players who play the same
position for different teams. They make a graph of the number of
goals scored throughout the season for each player. Do the graphs
Think About It! misrepresent the data? Whose interests might be served by the
If the two graphs had representation?
the same scales but Player 1 Player 2
were comparing a 45 90
goalkeeper and a 40 80
forward, how might the 35 70
Total Goals
Total Goals
30 60
data be misleading
25 50
when comparing the
20 40
skill of the two players?
15 30
10 20
5 10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Months Since Months Since
Start of Season Start of Season
Part A Identify misleading representations.

Step 1 Identify the purpose of the graphs. The purpose of the graphs is
Use a Source to compare the number of goals each soccer player scored.
Find a graph or set of
Step 2 Identify differences in the graphs. The graphs appear to be the
statistics online. Ask
same in terms of the data being represented, but the y-axis for
yourself, are the data
accurately represented?
the second player goes up to 90 in increments of 10, whereas
Whose interests are the first goes up to 45 in increments of 5.
served by the graph or Step 3 Identify how this affects the representation of the data.
statistics? Although the numbers are the same, the scale for Player 1
makes it look like he is scoring more goals than Player 2.
Part B Identify interests.
The misleading representation of the data makes it appear that
Player 1 scores more goals than Player 2. This bias could serve the
interests of the team, sponsors of Player 1’s team, or Player 1’s agent.
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Practice
Example 1
1. SPORTS Awan wants to know what the favorite sport is among students. To find
out, he asks everyone he sees leaving school after basketball practice. Identify
the intended population and determine the potential sample bias.
2. STORES Raya wants to conduct a survey at a nearby mall to determine which are
the mall’s most popular stores. How could she choose a sample that is unbiased?
Example 2
3. MUSIC Shea is shopping online, and a survey question pops up that says, “Music
education enriches student learning. Do you support music education in schools?”
a. Identify potential bias in the question.
b. Identify whose interests may be served by the question.
4. CANDIDATES There are three candidates for mayor. To investigate how the
townspeople feel about the candidates, a newspaper posts a poll that lists the
three candidates and asks which candidate people support. The poll appears on
the same page as an opinion piece in support of one of the candidates.
a. Identify potential bias in the question.
b. Identify whose interests may be served by the question.
Example 3
5. BUTTERFLIES Tania recorded the number of butterflies she saw on her daily runs
each day for a week. The numbers are: 1, 8, 2, 2, 5, 6, and 4. Find the mean,
median, and mode of the data. Which measure(s) are appropriate to accurately
summarize the data?
6. OUTLIERS In a data set with an outlier, which measure of center, mean or median,
is the better measure to use to describe the center of the data? Explain your
reasoning.
Example 4
7. SALES The graphs show the number of T-shirts sold at a baseball tournament for
two years by two different vendors. The tournament director wants to compare
the vendors. Do the graphs misrepresent the data? How does that difference
affect the interpretation?
Vendor 1 Vendor 2
160 140
140 120
120 100
100 80
80 60
60 40
20
2016 2017 2016 2017
8. SCALE If the same set of data is graphed with a scale of 0 to 10 on the y-axis and
then with a scale of 0–100 on the y-axis, what effect does that have on the
representation of the data?
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Mixed Exercises
9. SCIENCE A school wants to know which area of science; physics, biology, or
chemistry, is most interesting to its students. Would it be better to survey
students in a class that is an elective or required to get a sample with the least
bias? Explain your reasoning.
10. TAX Before surveying people about whether they favor or oppose a proposed
tax, the surveyors want to present information about the tax. Suppose the
surveyors give facts about the tax without giving opinions. How could the facts
given by the surveyors introduce bias?
11. ARGUMENTS The weights, in pounds, of several dolphins at a sea animal care
facility are 185, 222, 755, 801, 835, 990, and 1104. Which measure of center best
represents the data? Justify your conclusion.
12. FOOD DRIVE The chart shows the number of canned goods Canned Goods Drive
Canned Goods (1000 lbs)

collected by Valley High School in 2012 and 2017. Is the
graph misleading? Explain. 60
13. REASONING The number of participants at reading club for 40

six weeks are 11, 12, 10, 13, 10, and 10. Without calculating 20
the measures of center, how would adding an outlier of
24 participants affect which measure of center most 2012 2017
appropriately represents the data?
14. PRECISION A community garden has 8 tomato plants with heights ranging from
0.4 to 0.9 meters. Regina found the median to be 0.7 meters, which she rounded
and reported as 1 meter. Is Regina’s report of the median accurate? Explain your
reasoning.

15. REGULARITY Describe a general method for assessing a sample for bias.
16. STRUCTURE How are the median and mean scores affected if all data values in a
set are increased by a specific value, such as 10?
17. CREATE Create two sets of data and display them in a graph or chart that shows
bias toward one of the sets of data.
18. WRITE Write two scenarios that have different examples of sample bias. Have a
classmate rewrite your statements without bias.
19. CREATE Think of a topic about which you can survey the teachers at your school.
Conduct the survey. Explain whether your survey question(s) introduce bias.
20. ANALYZE Is a biased sample sometimes, always, or never valid? Justify your argument.
21. PERSEVERE If the mean, median, and mode of a data set are equal, the data set is
symmetric. If a data set has a mean that is less than its median, what does that
tell you about the data set?
22. FIND THE ERROR Two students collected data on the sizes of box turtle shells.
Olivia measured 8 turtles from a pond near her school. Caleb measured 2 turtles
from each of 4 ponds around town. Which is more likely to be free of sample
bias? Explain your reasoning.
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Lesson 9-4
Measures of Spread
Today’s Goals
● Determine measures of
Explore Using Measures of Spread to Describe Data spread, including the
range and interquartile
range, of a set of data.
● Determine the standard
deviation of a data set.
INQUIRY Why might you describe a data set
with more than the mean? Today’s Vocabulary
measures of spread
range
Learn Range and Interquartile Range quartiles
Statisticians use measures of spread or variation to describe how five-number summary
widely data values vary. One such measure is the range, which is the median
difference between the greatest and least values in a set of data. lower quartile
Quartiles divide a data set arranged in ascending order into four groups, upper quartile
each containing about one-fourth, or 25%, of the data. A five-number box plot
summary contains the minimum, quartiles, and maximum of a data set. interquartile range
The median marks the second quartile, Q2, and separates the data standard deviation
into upper and lower halves.
The lower quartile, Q1, is the median of the lower half.
The upper quartile, Q3, is the median of the upper half.
A box plot, or box-and-whisker plot, is a graphical representation of
the five-number summary of a data set. A box is drawn from Q1 to Q3
with a vertical line at the median. This box represents the interquartile
range, or IQR, which is the difference between the upper and lower
quartiles. The whiskers of the box plot are drawn from Q1 to the
minimum and from Q3 to the maximum.
IOR = Q3 - Q1 or 18
Study Tip
Ordering Because the
range involves only the
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 greatest and least
values in a data set, it
Example 1 Range can be determined
without ordering the
GRADES What is the range of the scores? numbers. However, it is
79, 83, 88, 62, 91, 99, 70 often useful to order
the data to avoid
Step 1 Arrange the data in ascending order. 62, 70, 79, 83, 88, 91, 99 missing a number.
Step 2 Determine the range.
range = greatest value - least value
= 99 - 62 or 37
Lesson 9-4 • Measures of Spread 509
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Example 2 Make a Box Plot
BOX OFFICE A financial analyst for a movie studio wants to
Think About It! determine how much most of the top-earning movies have grossed
If Q1 were located to compare his studio’s recent grosses. The worldwide grosses, in
between two numbers, millions of dollars, for the top 10 highest-grossing films of all time
how would you are given. Determine the five-number summary and draw a box plot
determine its value? of the data to see the spread of the data.
2788 2187 2060 1670 1520

1516 1405 1342 1277 1215
Part A Determine the five-number summary.

Step 1 Arrange the data in ascending order.
1215, 1277, 1342, 1405, 1516, 1520, 1670, 2060, 2187, 2788
Step 2 Determine the five-number summary of the data.
1215, 1277, 1342, 1405, 1516, 1520, 1670, 2060, 2187, 2788
1516 + 1520
min Q1 = 1342 Q2 = Q2 = 2060 max
2
or 1518
Part B Construct a box plot.

Step 1 Construct a number line.
Because the minimum is 1215 and the maximum is 2788, your
number line must include those values.
Step 2 Draw the box.
Draw and label a box from Q1 to Q3, with a vertical line at
the median.
Step 3 Draw the whiskers.
Draw a line from the minimum to Q1. Draw a line from Q3 to
the maximum.
Q1 = 1342
Q2 = 1518 Q3 = 2060
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
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Check
MARRIAGE The average age at which women first get married differs
by country. The ages for eight countries are shown. Select the box plot
for the data.
25, 26, 21, 27, 31, 31, 29, 20
A. Average Age of Women at First Marriage
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
B. Average Age of Women at First Marriage
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
C. Average Age of Women at First Marriage
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
D. Average Age of Women at First Marriage
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Example 3 Interquartile Range

AUDIO Sarah wants to upload a song that she recorded and share it
with her friends. She wants to know whether her song, which is
currently -12 decibels on average, is the right volume compared to
other songs online so listeners do not have to adjust their volume.
She writes down the average volume of seven songs. Find the
interquartile range of these average volumes.
-18, -20, -8, -13, -14, -15, -18
Step 1 Order the data: -20, -18, -18, -15, -14, -13, -8
Step 2 Determine Q1 and Q3. -20, -18, -18 -15 -14, -13, -8
Step 3 Determine the IQR.
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = -13 - (-18) or 5
Q1 Q2 Q3
Check
WRITING Cora is writing a novel and tracks the number of pages she
writes each day for a week. The number of pages she wrote each day
for a week is shown. Find the interquartile range of the data set.
6, 5, 0, 3, 8, 1, 4
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Think About It!
Learn Standard Deviation
If all the data in a set In a data set, the standard deviation shows how the data deviate from
were the same value, the mean. A majority of the data in a set, approximately two-thirds, is
then what would the contained within 1 standard deviation below and above the mean. So,
standard deviation be? if two data sets have the same mean, but one has a greater standard
deviation, then the data in that set is more spread out from the mean.
Key Concept • Standard Deviation

Step 1 Find the mean .
Step 2 F
ind the square of the difference between each data value xn
and the mean, ( - xn)2.
Step 3 Find the sum of all the values in Step 2.
Step 4 D
ivide the sum by the number of values in the set of data n. This
value is the variance.
Step 5 Take the square root of the variance.
____________________________
√ 2 2 ...
( ________________________
Formula σ =     
- x1) + ( - x2) + + ( - xn)
       
n
2
Example 4 Calculate Standard Deviation

UNIVERSITY The number of students accepted at the main campus
of each university in the Big Ten East Division are shown. Find and
interpret the standard deviation of the data set.
27,300 12,333 15,570 21,610

17,413 25,772 18,230
Step 1 Find the mean .
27,300 + 12,333 + 15,570 + 21,610 + 17,413 + 25,772 + 18,230
=  __________________________________________
          or 19,747
7
Step 2 Find the square of the differences, ( – xn)2.
(19,747 - 27,300)2 = 57,047,809
Think About It! (19,747 - 12,333)2 = 54,967,396
If another data point (19,747 - 15, 570)2 = 17,447,329
less than 14,719 or
greater than 24,775 is (19,747 - 21,610)2 = 3,470,769
added to the data set, (19,747 - 17,413)2 = 5,447,556
how would that change
the standard deviation? (19,747 - 25,772)2 = 36,300,625
(19,747 - 18,230)2 = 2,301,289
Step 3 Find the sum.
57,047,809 + 54,967,396 + . . . + 2,301,289 = 176,982,773
Step 4 Divide by the number of values. This value is the variance.
Go Online
176,982,773
________
You can complete an Extra   7 ≈ 25,283,253
Example online.
Step 5 Find the standard deviation.
__________
√25,283,253  ≈ 5028
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Practice
Example 1
Find the range of each data set.
1. 12, 27, 43, 52, 43, 18, 45, 53, 26 2. 132, 127, 129, 130, 141, 125, 138, 129
3. 56, 101, 78, 49, 55, 108, 111, 64 4. 5.9, 6.2, 3.9, 3.7, 8.5, 6.2, 9.0, 8.7, 4.5, 9.3
5. EXERCISE Kent tracked his daily number of minutes of exercise. Find the range of
the data set.
Number of Minutes of Exercise

30 35 25 28 40 38
36 29 34 45 42 39
Example 2
Determine the five-number summary and draw a box plot of the data.
6. prices in dollars of smartphones: 311, 309, 312, 314, 399, 312
7. attendance at an event for the last nine years: 68, 99, 73, 65, 67, 62, 80, 81, 83
8. books a student checks out of the library: 17, 9, 10, 17, 18, 5, 2
9. ounces of soda dispensed into 36-ounce cups: 36.1, 35.8, 35.2, 36.5, 36.0, 36.2,
35.7, 35.8, 35.9, 36.4, 35.6
10. ages of riders on a roller coaster: 45, 17, 16, 22, 25, 19, 20, 21, 32, 37, 19, 21, 24,
20, 18, 22, 23, 19
Example 3
Find the interquartile range of each data set.
11. 43, 36, 51, 68, 50, 27, 38, 81, 33 12. 201, 225, 217, 240, 232, 252, 228, 231
13. 94, 87, 105, 99, 118, 97, 102, 85 14. 8.4, 7.1, 6.3, 6.8, 9.2, 7.3, 8.8, 7.9, 5.3, 8.2
15. HEART RATE A nurse tracked the heart rates of several patients. Find the
interquartile range (IQR) of the data set: 108, 88, 119, 75, 96, 88, 100, 99, 125, 81.
Example 4
Find the standard deviation.
16. {10, 9, 11, 6, 9} 17. {6, 8, 2, 3, 2, 9}
18. {23, 18, 28, 36, 15} 19. {44, 35, 40, 37, 43, 38, 40}
20. PARKING A city councilor wants to know how much revenue the city would earn
by installing parking meters on Main Street. He counts the number of cars parked
on Main Street each weekday: {64, 79, 81, 53, 63}. Find the standard deviation.
Mixed Exercises
21. REASONING A hockey team keeps track of how many goals it scores each game:
{2, 4, 0, 3, 7, 2}. Find and interpret the standard deviation of the data.
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22. FOOTBALL The table shows information about the number of Year Number of Carries
carries a running back had over a number of years. Find and
2006 31
interpret the standard deviation of the number of carries.
2007 90
2008 105
23. MOVIES The manager at a movie theater kept track of the age of 2009 115
each person in a matinee movie: 67, 62, 65, 38, 69, 67, 59, 41, 43, 2010 162
36, 45, 22, 69, 68, 18, 15, 9, 60, 64.
a. Determine the five-number summary for the data set.
b. Draw a box plot of the data.
24. GAS PRICES Renee is planning a road trip to her aunt’s house. To estimate how
much the trip will cost, she goes online and finds the price of a gallon of gasoline for
5 randomly selected gas stations along the route: $2.09, $2.19, $3.99, $2.39, $2.29.
a. Determine the five-number summary for the data set.
b. Draw a box plot of the data.
Find the range, five-number summary, interquartile range, and standard deviation
for each data set. Then draw a box plot of the data.
25. SEASHELLS Jorja collected the following number of seashells for the last nine trips
to the beach: 5, 11, 7, 12, 13, 17, 3, 15, 14.
26. SHOE SIZE The following shoe sizes of students at a high school were randomly
recorded for one hour: 6, 8, 8.5, 10, 12, 6.5, 7, 8, 8.5, 7.5, 9, 11.5, 10, 13, 5.5, 6.5, 5, 9.5.

27. FIND THE ERROR Jennifer and Megan are determining one way to decrease the
size of the standard deviation of a set of data. Is either correct? Explain your
reasoning.
Jennifer Megan
Remove the outliers Add data values to the data set
from the data set. that are equal to the mean.
28. ANALYZE Determine whether the statement Two random samples taken from
the same population will have the same mean and standard deviation is
sometimes, always, or never true. Justify your argument.
29. CREATE Write your own survey question and collect data about your question
from 8 classmates. Use that data to find the range, five-number summary,
interquartile range, and standard deviation for the data set. Then draw a box plot
of the data.
30. WRITE What does the interquartile range tell you about how data clusters
around the median of the data?
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Lesson 9-5
Distributions of Data
Learn Shapes of Distributions Today’s Goals
● Interpret differences in
Analyzing the shape of a distribution can help you learn a lot about the shapes of
the data it represents. When data are graphed, the shape of the distributions.
distribution can be seen. ● Account for the
possible effects of
Key Concept • Symmetric and Skewed Distributions extreme data points.
Histograms Box Plots Dot Plots
In a symmetric distribution, the mean and median are approximately equal. distribution
symmetric distribution
negatively skewed
50% 50% distribution
The data are
The whiskers are the same 0 1 2 3 4 positively skewed
evenly
length. The median is in the distribution
distributed. The data are evenly
center of the data. outlier
distributed.
A negatively skewed distribution typically has a median greater
than the mean.
50% 50%
Fewer data on
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Go Online
The left whisker is longer
the left. Fewer data on the left. You may want to
than the right. The median is
closer to the shorter whisker.
Check to check your
A positively skewed distribution typically has a mean greater than understanding.
the median.
50% 50%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fewer data on The right whisker is longer
the right. Fewer data on the right.
than the left. The median is
closer to the shorter whisker.
Analyzing Distribution
Negatively Skewed Symmetric Positively Skewed
Study Tip:
Distribution Shape
For a histogram,
mean median mean drawing a curve over
mean median
Use mean and the data bars may help
Use the five-number Use the five-number
standard deviation. you see the distribution.
summary. summary.
Lesson 9-5 • Distributions of Data 515
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Example 1 Analyze Distribution by Using Technology
Use a graphing calculator to construct a histogram and box plot for
Talk About It! the data. Then describe the shape of the distribution.
How could different bin 78, 53, 24, 75, 76, 83, 78, 60, 64, 53, 36, 47, 32, 75, 54, 68, 68, 74,
widths of a histogram 85, 42
affect the shape of the
distribution? Explain Method 1 Histogram
your reasoning. Steps 1 and 2 Enter the data and then graph the histogram.
Step 3 Analyze the histogram.
The histogram is higher on the
right and has a tail on the left.
Therefore, the distribution is
negatively skewed.
Method 2 Box Plot [20, 90] scl: 10 by [0, 8] scl: 1

Steps 1 and 2 Enter the data and graph the
box plot.
Step 3 Analyze the box plot.
The left whisker is longer than the
right and the median is closer to the
shorter whisker. Therefore, the
distribution is negatively skewed. [0, 90] scl: 10 by [0, 5] scl: 1
Check
Study Tip:
Window Settings On a
Use a histogram or box plot to determine the shape of the data.
TI-84, use ZoomStat 61, 135, 217, 388, 354, 459, 512, 243, 440, 307
from the Zoom menu
The shape of the distribution is ? .
to get a basic fitting
view window. Then,
adjust the window
parameters and bin
width. Example 2 Choose Appropriate Statistics by Using a
Histogram
Describe the center and spread of the data using either the mean
Go Online and standard deviation or the five-number summary. Justify your
to see how to use a choice by constructing a histogram for the data.
graphing calculator with
18, 3, 28, 17, 13, 18, 11, 22, 21, 14, 12, 7, 9,
these examples.
24, 17, 28
Step 1 Graph the histogram.
Use a graphing calculator to create a
histogram. Adjust the parameters of
the graph to appropriately display
the data. [0, 30] scl: 5 by [0, 5] scl: 1
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This graph shows that the frequency of the data in the middle is high
while frequency of data to the left and right are low. Therefore, the
distribution is symmetric.
Step 2 Calculate statistics.
The distribution is symmetric, so the mean
and standard deviation are good statistics to
represent the data.
To display the statistics, press STAT, access
the CALC menu, select 1-VAR Stats, and
press ENTER.
_
The mean  x  is about 16.4 with a standard deviation σ of about 7.0.
Example 3 Choose Appropriate Statistics by Using a

Box Plot
Describe the center and spread of the data using either the mean
and standard deviation or the five-number summary. Justify your
choice by constructing a box plot for the data.
202, 148, 21, 60, 74, 140, 462, 157, 225, 23, 88, 241, 59, 139, 351
Step 1 Graph the box plot.
Use a graphing calculator to create
a box plot. Adjust the parameters of
the graph to appropriately display
the data.
The right whisker is longer than the
left and the median is slightly closer [0, 500] scl: 100 by [0, 5] scl: 1
to the right whisker. So, this distribution is positively skewed.
Step 2 Calculate statistics.
The distribution is positively
skewed, so use the five-number
summary.
To display the statistics, press ,
access the CALC menu, select
1-VAR Stats, and press . Use
the down arrow key to display Maximum: 462
more statistics. Minimum: 21
Median: 140
Lower Quartile: 60
Upper Quartile: 225
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Learn Extreme Data Points
The least and greatest values in a set of data are called extreme
values. An outlier is a value that is more than 1.5 times the
interquartile range above the third quartile or below the first quartile.
Outliers can significantly skew the mean and standard deviation.
Example 4 Choose Appropriate Statistics with

Extreme Data Points
SHARKS The lengths, in feet, of adult sharks of various species are
shown. Describe the center and spread of the data using appropriate
statistics, and identify the effect of extreme data points.
33 5.2 12.5 11.5 12 0.6 11 20 23 10

6.5 18 13 5 12 4 1 20 12 46
Think About It! Step 1 Make a box plot. Step 2 Analyze the graph.
Suppose a new
species of shark is Notice that the right whisker is
discovered that has an longer than the left. So, this
average length of 50 distribution is positively skewed.
feet. How would two The plot also shows that there is
extreme data points an outlier.
affect the measures of
center? Step 4 Describe the effect of the
[0, 50] scl: 5 by [0, 5] scl: 1
outlier.
Step 3 Calculate statistics. Since 46 is an outlier, it has
Include the mean with the five- affected the mean. To see how
number summary to see the effect much, remove 46 from the set of
of the outlier. data and display the statistics
again.
Mean: 13.82 Median: 12
Mean: 12.12 Median: 12
Max: 46 Min: 0.6
Notice that the median did not
Lower Quartile: 5.85
Go Online change when the extreme data
to see how to use a Upper Quartile: 19 point was removed, but the mean
graphing calculator with did. Without the outlier, the mean
The interquartile range is
this example. and median are closer to the
13.15. Since 46 is more than
same value.
19 + 1.5(13.15), 46 is an outlier.
Check
PRECIPITATION The table shows the annual rainfall in Death Valley, CA.
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Rainfall (in.) 0.85 0.18 1.04 0.26 2.41 0.98 0.40 0.51
Part A What year(s) represent outlier(s)?

Part B Because of the outlier, the mean is ? .
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Practice
Example 1
Use a graphing calculator to construct a histogram and a box plot for the data.
Then describe the shape of the distribution.
1. 55, 65, 70, 73, 25, 36, 33, 47, 52, 54, 55, 60, 45, 39, 48, 55, 46, 38
50, 54, 63, 31, 49, 54, 68, 35, 27, 45, 53, 62, 47, 41, 50, 76, 67, 49
2. 42, 48, 51, 39, 47, 50, 48, 51, 54, 46, 49, 36, 50, 55, 51, 43, 46, 37
50, 52, 43, 40, 33, 51, 45, 53, 44, 40, 52, 54, 48, 51, 47, 43, 50, 46
Example 2
Describe the center and spread of the data using either the mean and standard
deviation or the five-number summary. Justify your choice by constructing a
histogram for the data.
3. 32, 44, 50, 49, 21, 12, 27, 41, 48, 30, 50, 23, 37, 16, 49, 53, 33, 25
35, 40, 48, 39, 50, 24, 15, 29, 37, 50, 36, 43, 49, 44, 46, 27, 42, 47
4. 82, 86, 74, 90, 70, 81, 89, 88, 75, 72, 69, 91, 96, 82, 80, 78, 74, 94
85, 77, 80, 67, 76, 84, 80, 83, 88, 92, 87, 79, 84, 96, 85, 73, 82, 83
Example 3
Describe the center and spread of the data using either the mean and standard
deviation or the five-number summary. Justify your choice by constructing a box
plot for the data.
5. 47, 16, 70, 80, 28, 33, 91, 55, 60, 45, 86, 54, 30, 98, 34, 87, 44, 35
64, 58, 27, 67, 72, 68, 31, 95, 37, 41, 97, 56, 49, 71, 84, 66, 45, 93
6. 64, 36, 32, 65, 41, 38, 50, 44, 39, 34, 47, 35, 46, 36, 53, 35, 68, 40
36, 62, 34, 38, 59, 46, 63, 38, 67, 39, 59, 43, 39, 36, 60, 47, 52, 45
Example 4
7.
FLYING The various prices of a flight from Los Angeles to New York are shown.
$182, $234, $264, $271, $277, $314, $317, $455
a. Make a box plot of the data.
b. Calculate the statistics that best represent the data.
c. Describe the effect of the outlier.
8. EXERCISE Yoshiko tracked her minutes of exercise each day for 10 days as
shown. 57, 60, 53, 59, 57, 61, 61, 54, 62, 10
a. Make a box plot of the data.
b. Calculate the statistics that best represent the data.
c. Describe the effect of the outlier.
Mixed Exercises
USE TOOLS Use a graphing calculator to construct a histogram and a
box plot for the data. Then describe the shape of the distribution.
9. 14, 71, 63, 42, 24, 76, 34, 77, 37, 69, 54, 64, 47, 74, 59, 43, 76, 56
78, 52, 18, 54, 39, 28, 56, 74, 68, 36, 20, 49, 67, 47, 69, 68, 72, 69
515_522_RM_INT1_S_M09_L05_700687.indd 519 07/05/19 11:53 AM

10. 53, 34, 36, 38, 43, 49, 52, 36, 39, 37, 58, 45, 37, 38, 46, 52, 45, 39
55, 39, 40, 55, 38, 40, 42, 38, 45, 36, 46, 39, 35, 41, 49, 43, 52, 34
11. 51, 19, 46, 64, 29, 51, 58, 30, 55, 31, 34, 31, 50, 37, 40, 39, 40, 41
42, 32, 24, 48, 43, 45, 38, 43, 58, 47, 34, 36, 50, 54, 46, 28, 60, 22
12. TRACK Daryn recorded the number of laps he walked around the track each
week. Use a graphing calculator to construct a histogram for the data, and
describe the shape of the distribution.

17, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 28, 27, 33, 34, 33, 27, 29, 22, 19, 28, 35
13. GOLF Mr. Swatsky’s geometry class’s miniature golf scores are shown below. Use
a graphing calculator to construct a box plot for the data, and describe the shape
of the distribution.
Scores
36, 38, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 46, 47, 48, 48, 50,
52, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 56, 56, 60, 57, 58, 63
14. HAIR LENGTH Ruth recorded the lengths, in centimeters, of hair of students in her
school. Describe the center and spread of the data using either the mean and
standard deviation or the five-number summary. Justify your choice by creating a
box plot for the data.
40, 39, 37, 26, 25, 40, 35, 34, 26, 39, 42, 33, 26, 25, 34, 38, 41, 34
37, 39, 32, 30, 22, 38, 36, 28, 27, 39, 34, 26, 36, 38, 25, 39, 23, 8
15. PRESIDENTS The ages of the presidents of the United States at the time of their
inaugurations are shown. Describe the center and spread of the data using either
the mean and standard deviation or the five-number summary. Justify your
choice by creating a box plot for the data.
Ages of Presidents
57, 61, 57, 57, 58, 57, 61, 54, 68, 51, 49, 64, 50, 48, 65,
52, 56, 46, 54, 49, 51, 47, 55, 55, 54, 42, 51, 56, 55, 51,
54, 51, 60, 62, 43, 55, 56, 61, 52, 69, 64, 46, 54, 47
16. AUTOMOTIVE A service station tracks the number of cars they service per day.
Cars Serviced
40, 47, 37, 42, 46, 31, 50, 41, 17, 43, 36, 45, 21, 43, 45, 23, 49, 50,
48, 26, 42, 46, 35, 52, 27, 51, 31, 44, 35, 27, 46, 39, 33, 50, 45, 50
a. U
se a graphing calculator to construct a histogram for the data, and describe
the shape of the distribution.
b. Describe the center and spread of the data using either the mean and
standard deviation or the five-number summary. Justify your choice.
515_522_RM_INT1_S_M09_L05_700687.indd 520 07/05/19 11:54 AM

17. COMMUTE The number of miles that Armando drove each Distance (miles)
week during a 15-week period is shown.
62, 110, 92, 430, 73, 84, 525,
a. Use a graphing calculator to construct a box plot.
Describe the center and spread of 123, 86, 290, 114, 98, 103, 312, 71
the data.
b. Armando visited four colleges during this period, and these visits account for
the four highest weekly totals. Remove these four values from the data set.
Use a graphing calculator to construct a box plot that reflects this change.
Then describe the center and spread of the new data set.
c. Calculate and compare the mean and median for the original data set to the
mean and median for the data set from part b.
Elevations in the US
18. ELEVATION The table contains data about 10 elevations in
Mt McKinley, AK 20,237
the United States.
a. Use a graphing calculator to construct a box plot for the Mt Whitney, CA 14,494
data, and describe the shape of the distribution. Mt Elbert, CO 14,433
b. Describe the center and spread of the data using either Cucina Leonardo
Mt Rainier, WA 14,410
the mean and standard deviation or the five-number60
Gannett Peak, WY 13,804
summary. Justify your choice. 40
Mauna Kea, HI 13,796
c. If there is an outlier, describe its effect on the20
Kings Peak, UT 13,528
statistics.
0 Wheeler Peak NM 13,161
200 210 220 230 240 250
Boundary
Grams Peak, NV 13,140
19. The histograms show the weight of sample boxes of two
brands of pasta. Granite Peak, MT 12,799
Cucina Leonardo Rafaello Pasta

60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
200 210 220 230 240 250 210 220 230 240 250 260
Grams Grams
a. Do the two packages of pasta likely have the same advertised weight? Which
manufacturer’s quantity
Rafaello control appears better? Explain your answers based
Pasta
60 on the distributions.
b.40 Infer the two population distribution shapes by sketching smooth curves across
the tops of the histograms. Describe the shapes you have sketched.
20
20. STRUCTURE
0 The United States has been sending astronauts up in the Space
210 220 230 240 250 260
Shuttle since 1981. The table provides data regarding the duration of Space
Grams
Shuttle flights from 1981 to 1985, and then from 2005 to 2011.
Length of Flights from 1981–1985 (days) Length of Flights from 2005–2011 (days)
Days: 2
, 2, 8, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 10, 8, 7, 6, 8, 8, 3, 7, Days: 1 4, 13, 12, 13, 14, 13, 15, 13, 16, 14, 15,
7, 7, 8, 7, 4, 7, 7 13, 13, 16, 14, 11, 14, 15, 12, 13, 16, 13

Choose and calculate the statistics appropriate for the distribution of the data sets. Use the
statistics to compare the two sets.
515_522_RM_INT1_S_M09_L05_700687.indd 521 07/05/19 11:56 AM

21. REASONING Gerardo live streams with 15 of his friends. Most of his streams have
lasted 10–15 days so far, however he has two streams that have lasted 93 days.
Describe what Gerardo’s data distribution would look like currently and how it
would be affected if he lost his longest streams.
22. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Examine the two box plots shown. Without knowing
the data points but assuming the same scale, what conclusion can be made?
23. SUPREME COURT The table gives the ages of the Supreme Supreme Court Justices
Court Justices in 2017.
Neil Gorsuch 49
a. Use a graphing calculator to construct a histogram for the
Elena Kagan 57
data, and describe the shape of the distribution.
b. Describe the center and spread of the data using Sonia Sotomayor 62
appropriate statistics. Justify your choice. Samuel Anthony Alito 67
c. If there is an outlier, describe its effect on the statistics. Stephen G. Breyer 78
Ruth Bader Ginsburg 84
Higher-Order Thinking Skills Clarence Thomas 68
24. PERSEVERE Identify the box plot that corresponds to each Anthony M Kennedy 80
of the following histograms. John G. Roberts Jr. 62
ii
iii

A. B. C.

25. ANALYZE Research and write a definition for a bimodal distribution. How can the
measures of center and spread of a bimodal distribution be described?
26. CREATE Give an example of a set of real-world data with a distribution that is
symmetric and one with a distribution that is not symmetric.
27. WRITE Explain why the mean and standard deviation are used to describe the
center and spread of a symmetrical distribution and the five-number summary is
used to describe the center and spread of a skewed distribution.
515_522_RM_INT1_S_M09_L05_700687.indd 522 07/05/19 11:59 AM

Lesson 9-6
Comparing Sets of Data

Today’s Goal
Explore Transforming Sets of Data by Using ● Describe the effects
that linear
Addition transformations have
on measures of center
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the Explore. and spread.
INQUIRY How can you find the measures of linear transformation
center and spread of a set of data that has
been transformed using addition?
Explore Transforming Sets of Data by Using

Multiplication
INQUIRY How can you find the measures of

center and spread of a set of data that has
been transformed using multiplication?
A linear transformation is one or more operations performed on a set

of data that can be written as a linear function. Common linear
transformations are adding a constant to or multiplying a constant by
every value in the set of data.
Learn Linear Transformations of Data

Key Concept • Linear Transformations of Data
Transformations Using
Transformations Using Addition
Multiplication
A real number k is added to every Every value in a set of data is
value in a set of data, k ≠ 0. multiplied by a constant k, k > 0.
Measures of Center
The mean, median, and mode of The mean, median, and mode of
the new set of data can be found by the new set of data can be found
adding k to the mean, median, and by multiplying each original
mode of the original set of data. statistic by k.
Measures of Spread
The range and standard deviation The range and standard deviation
of the new set of data will be of the new set of data can be
unchanged. found by multiplying each original
statistic by k.
Lesson 9-6 • Comparing Sets of Data 523
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 523 16/04/19 10:40 AM

Example 1 Transformations Using Addition
Find the mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation of the
Study Tip data set obtained after adding 6 to each value.
1-Var Stats To quickly
calculate the mean x ¯,
8, 11, 3, 6, 15, 3, 5, 7, 14, 3, 5, 4
median Med, standard Method 1 A
dd k to the measures of center and spread of the original
deviation σ, and range set of data.
of a data set, enter the
data as L1 in a graphing Find the mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation of the
calculator, and then use original data set.
the 1-VAR Stats feature Mean 7 Mode 3 Standard Deviation 4
from the CALC menu.
Subtract minX from Median 5.5 Range 12
maxX to find the range.
Add 6 to the mean, median, and mode. The range and standard
deviation are unchanged.
Mean 13 Mode 9 Standard Deviation 4
Think About It! Median 11.5 Range 12
the two methods. Method 2 A
dd k to each data value of the original set of data.
Add 6 to each data value.
14, 17, 9, 12, 21, 9, 11, 13, 20, 9, 11, 10
Mean 13 Mode 9 Standard Deviation 4
Median 11.5 Range 12
Example 2 Transformations Using Multiplication

data set obtained after multiplying each value by 4.
12, 18, 20, 12, 14, 18, 11, 21, 13, 18, 11, 24
Think About It! Find the measures of center and spread for the original data set.
Use a calculator and
Mean Median Mode Range Standard
the data set to examine
the effect of multiplying Deviation
by a constant k, k<0. 16 16 18 13 4.2
How can the mean,
median, mode, range,
Multiply the measures of center and spread by 4.
and standard deviation Mean Median Mode Range Standard
of the new data set be
Deviation
found?
64 64 72 52 16.8
Check
data set obtained after multiplying each value by 0.6. Round to the
nearest tenth, if necessary.
45, 33, 43, 51, 39, 48, 34, 39, 30, 39, 47, 44
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 524 16/04/19 10:40 AM

Example 3 Compare Symmetric Distributions of Data
RESTAURANTS The numbers of customers eating at a restaurant
during breakfast, lunch, and dinner each day are shown below.
Breakfast: 71, 58, 65, 48, 44, 56, 68, 64, 51, 67, 74, 62, 59, 53, 62, 73,
54, 49, 63, 55
Lunch: 115, 105, 87, 108, 117, 110, 92, 101, 114, 91, 109, 96, 100, 98,
103, 111, 95, 94, 102, 106
Dinner: 76, 62, 91, 76, 79, 68, 65, 89, 81, 76, 90, 82, 79, 74, 71, 73,
84, 87, 81, 64
Part A C
onstruct a histogram or box plot for each set of data. Then
describe the shape of each distribution.
Method 1 Histogram
Enter the data in L1, L2, and L3. From the STAT PLOT menu, enter L1
as the Xlist for Plot 1, L2 for Plot 2, and L3 for Plot 3. Select as the
Study Tip
plot type for each Plot. View each histogram by turning on Plot 1,
Window and Bin
Plot 2, and then Plot 3. Use the same window dimensions and bin
Settings When setting
width for each graph.
the window dimensions
Breakfast Lunch Dinner for multiple sets of data,
try setting the minimum
and maximum as the
least and greatest
values of all the sets.
When selecting a bin
width, consider the
[40, 120] scl: 5 by [0, 6] scl: 1 [40, 120] scl: 5 by [0, 6] scl: 1 [40, 120] scl: 5 by [0, 6] scl: 1 context of the situation.
For example, if the data
For each time of day, the distribution is high in the middle and low on does not include
the left and right. Therefore, all of the distributions are symmetric. fractional numbers,
as would be the case
Method 2 Box Plot
with number of people,
Enter the data using the same process. Select as the plot type for use a whole number as
each set of data. To view all of the box plots at once, turn on Plot 1, the bin width.
Plot 2, and Plot 3 and graph.
For each time of day, the lengths
of the whiskers are approximately
equal, and the median is in the
middle of the data. The left and
right sides are approximately
mirror images of one another.
Therefore, all of the distributions
are symmetric.
[40, 120] scl: 5 by [0, 6] scl: 1
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 525 16/04/19 10:40 AM

Part B C
ompare the data sets using the means and standard
Talk About It!
deviations.
Describe how this data
could be used to make All of the distributions are symmetric, so use the means and standard
decisions about the deviation to describe the centers and spreads.
restaurant.
Breakfast Lunch Dinner
The means vary, with breakfast having the lowest average number of
customers and lunch having the highest average number of customers.
However, the standard deviations are approximately equal. This means
that, while the average number of customers for each time of day is
very different, the number of customers for each time of day generally
varies by the same amount from day to day.
Go Online
to see how to use a Check
graphing calculator with DOGS The weights, in pounds, for a sample of the three most popular
this example. breeds of dogs are shown below.
Labrador Retriever: 75, 59, 63, 68, 67, 59, 69, 63, 60, 76, 70, 74, 67,
68, 71, 65, 62, 74, 66, 78
German Shepherd: 53, 61, 58, 74, 85, 80, 72, 57, 64, 69, 81, 75, 73,
64, 76, 68, 66, 51, 67, 73
Golden Retriever: 62, 59, 67, 72, 64, 67, 69, 76, 63, 64, 73, 69, 71,
75, 59, 64, 69, 59, 74, 68
Part A U
se a graphing calculator to construct a histogram or box plot for
each set of data. Then complete the statement about the shape of
each distribution.
All of the distributions are ? .
Part B C
ompare the data sets using the means and standard
deviations. What conclusion(s) can you make about the sets of
data? Select all that apply.
A. The average weight of each breed is about the same.
B. The weights of all three breeds are very close to their means.
C. The weights of the German shepherds vary more than the other breeds.
D. On average, the golden retrievers weigh much more than the other
breeds.
E. The means of the weights differ by less than 1.5 pounds.
F. The weights of the Labrador retrievers and golden retrievers are
generally closer to their means than the German shepherds’ weights
are to their mean.
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 526 16/04/19 10:41 AM

Example 4 Compare Skewed Distributions of Data
SPORTS The numbers of high school boys and girls, in hundred
thousands, participating in tennis from 2001–2015 are shown below.
Boys (hundred thousands) Girls (hundred thousands)

144, 139, 145, 153, 149, 153, 157, 156, 164, 160, 163, 168, 169, 174, 177, 172,
157, 163, 161, 160, 157, 161, 157 178, 182, 182, 181, 181, 184, 183
Part A C
onstruct a histogram or box plot for each set of data. Then
Method 1 Histogram
Enter the data in L1 and L2. From the STATPLOT menu, enter L1 as the
Xlist for Plot 1 and L2 for Plot 2. Select as the plot type for each
Plot. View each histogram by turning on Plot 1, and then Plot 2. Use
the same window dimensions and bin width for each graph.
Boys Girls
[139, 189] scl: 5 by [0, 6] scl: 1 [139, 189] scl: 5 by [0, 6] scl: 1
Both distributions are high on the right and have tails on the left.
Therefore, both distributions are negatively skewed.
Method 2 Box Plot
Enter the data using the same process. Select ∆ as the plot type for
each set of data. To view both box plots at once, turn on Plot 1 and
Plot 2 and graph.
For each distribution, the left

whisker is longer than the right,
and the median is closer to the
right whisker. Therefore, both
distributions are negatively skewed.
[139, 189] scl: 5 by [0, 6] scl: 1

Part B Compare the data sets using the five-number summaries.
Both distributions are skewed, so use the five-number summary
to compare the data.
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 527 16/04/19 10:41 AM

The upper quartile for the number of Boys
Go Online boys that participated in tennis is 160,
to see how to use a while the minimum number of girls that
graphing calculator with participated is 160. This means there
this example. were only 160,000 or more boys
participating in tennis for 25% of the
years, while at least 160,000 girls
participated every year.
Think About It! We can conclude that many more girls Girls
Compare two other participated in tennis from 2001 to 2015
statistics from the five- than boys.
number summaries.
What does this tell you
about the number of
girls and boys that
participated in tennis?
Check
FUNDRAISING The number of raffle tickets sold by Darius and Makya
each day are shown below.
Darius: 5, 1, 15, 4, 10, 23, 9, 3, 17, 2, 6, 21, 5, 13, 28, 10, 14, 7, 5, 19, 9, 22,
10, 8, 15, 9, 13, 19, 22, 30
Makya: 18, 1, 17, 10, 19, 3, 7, 20, 9, 22, 12, 13, 16, 18, 16, 5, 17, 15, 6, 11, 18,
14, 16, 18, 1, 16, 18, 23, 15, 10
Part A U
se a graphing calculator to construct a histogram or box plot for
each set of data. Then complete the statement about the shape of
each distribution.
The distribution of Darius’ raffle ticket sales is ? .
The distribution of Makya’s raffle ticket sales is ? .
Part B C
ompare the data sets using the five-number summaries. What
conclusion(s) can you make about the sets of data? Select all
that apply.
A. The median number of tickets Darius sold is much higher than the
median number of tickets Makya sold.
B. The median number of tickets Darius sold is the same as the lower
quartile of Makya’s sales.
C. The data from Darius’ sales is spread over a wider range than the
data from Makya’s sales.
D. The median number of tickets each student sold was the same.
E. The fewest number of tickets each student sold in a day was 1.
F. The upper 50% of Darius’ data spans from 10 to 30, while the upper
75% of Makya’s data spans from 10 to 23.
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 528 16/04/19 10:41 AM

Practice
Example 1
Find the mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation of each data set that is obtained
after adding the given constant to each value.
1. 52, 53, 49, 61, 57, 52, 48, 60, 50, 47; +8 2. 101, 99, 97, 88, 92, 100, 97, 89, 94, 90; +(−13)
3. 27, 21, 34, 42, 20, 19, 18, 26, 25, 33; +(−4) 4. 72, 56, 71, 63, 68, 59, 77, 74, 76, 66; +16
Example 2
after multiplying each value by the given constant.
5. 11, 7, 3, 13, 16, 8, 3, 11, 17, 3; ×4 6. 64, 42, 58, 40, 61, 67, 58, 52, 51, 49; ×0.2
7. 33, 37, 38, 29, 35, 37, 27, 40, 28, 31; ×0.8 8. 1, 5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5, 1; ×6.5
Examples 3 and 4
9. BASEBALL The total wins per season for the first 17 seasons of the Marlins are shown.
The total wins over the same time period for the Cubs are also shown.
Marlins Cubs
64, 51, 67, 80, 92, 54, 64, 79, 76, 79, 91, 84, 49, 73, 76, 68, 90, 67, 65, 88, 67, 88,
83, 83, 78, 71, 84, 87 89, 79, 66, 85, 97, 83
a. Use a graphing calculator to construct a box plot for each set of data. Then
b. Compare the data sets using either the means and standard deviations or the
five-number summaries. Justify your choice.
10. HEALTH CLUBS To plan their future equipment Minutes on Minutes on

purchases, the Northville Health Club Treadmill Last Week Treadmill This Week
randomly chooses 8 patrons and tracks how
30 20
many minutes they spend on the treadmill.
30 30
a. Use a graphing calculator to construct 45 45
a histogram for each set of data.
20 45
Then describe the shape of each
distribution. 60 30
30 60
b. Compare the data sets using either the
30 50
means and standard deviations or the
five-number summaries. Justify your 45 45
choice.
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 529 16/04/19 10:41 AM

Mixed Exercises
after adding or multiplying each value by the given constant(s).
11. 98, 95, 97, 89, 88, 95, 90, 81, 87, 95; +2 12. 32, 30, 27, 29, 25, 33, 38, 26, 23, 31; ×1.6
13. 14, 17, 13, 9, 15, 7, 12, 16, 8, 9; ×5 14. 5, 12, 7, 3, 8, 5, 7, 1, 4, 7, 3, 9; +22
15. 12, 15, 16, 12, 12, 15, 17, 16. 49, 43, 26, 39, 40, 30, 33, 64,
19, 22, 27, 42, 42; +5 26, 45, 23, 26; ×3, +(−8)
17. 71, 72, 68, 70, 72, 67, 68, 72, 65, 70; ×0.2 18. 112, 91, 108, 129, 80, 99, 78, 80; +(−15)
19. 57, 38, 42, 51, 39, 44, 33, 55; +(−7), ×2 20. 55, 50, 58, 52, 56, 57, 50, 55, 50; ×2, +5
21. BOWLING The scores of 15 bowlers are shown in the table.
Score
211, 123, 183, 176, 224, 115, 109, 136, 152, 177, 127, 196, 143, 166, 170
a. Find the mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation of the scores.
b. The handicap of the bowling team will add 56 points to each score. Find the
statistics of the scores while including the handicap.
22. COMPETITION The distances that 18 participants threw a football are shown in
the table.
Distance (feet)
96, 94, 114, 85, 96, 109, 90, 109, 67, 82, 98, 79, 69, 70, 106, 96, 112, 84
a. Find the mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation of the
participants’ distances.
b. Find the statistics of the participants’ distances in yards.
23. TEMPERATURE The monthly average high temperatures for Lexington, Kentucky,
are shown in the table.
Temperature (°F)
40, 45, 55, 65, 74, 82, 86, 85, 78, 67, 55, 44
a. Find the mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation of the
temperatures.
b. Find the statistics of the temperatures in degrees Celsius. Recall that
5
C = __
  9 (F − 32).
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 530 16/04/19 10:41 AM

24. FANTASY SPORTS The weekly total points of Scott’s and Azumi’s fantasy baseball
teams are shown in the tables.
Scott’s Team Azumi’s Team

109, 99, 121, 137, 131, 141, 77, 113, 121, 98, 104, 106, 123, 175,
83, 139, 92, 42, 133, 98, 153, 124, 141, 109, 129, 49, 110, 112, 144,
102, 113, 117, 112, 128, 107, 147 106, 119, 127, 88, 132, 93, 137, 123
a. Use a graphing calculator to construct a box plot for each set of data. Then
b. Compare the data sets using either the means and standard deviations or the
five-number summaries. Justify your choice.
c. How does eliminating the outliers of each data set affect the statistics and
comparison from part b?
25. BUSINESS Saeed owns an electronics store. He is revising his Saeed’s Price Data ($)
pricing for phone accessories. His current prices for an assortment
14.99 4.49 9.99
of accessories are listed at the right. He has also determined that
the mean price for the same assortment of accessories at a rival 18.49 12.99 6.99
store is $10.99. 8.49 21.99 13.49
13.99 9.99 10.99
a. Saeed wants to match his rival’s prices. Make a table to list the
new prices. Explain. 12.49 4.49 12.99
b. Compare the mean and standard deviation of the current prices

to the new prices.
26. REASONING Two different samples on the shell diameter of a species

of snail are shown.
Sample A (mm) Sample B (mm)

45 35 37 26 44 40
40 42 40 27 35 28
28 38 31 26 39 31
a. Use the median and interquartile range to compare the samples.
b. B
ased on your findings and on the data points in
each sample, which sample appears to be more
representative? Explain your reasoning.
Heights of Male Heights of Female
Students (inches) Students (inches)
27. STRUCTURE Height data samples of 17-year-old male
71 69 67 67 62 69
and female students are shown. Use the mean and
68 69 70 65 71 66
standard deviation to compare the samples.
72 74 68 63 65 68
71 69 72 66 63 70
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 531 17/04/19 11:06 AM

28. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Francisca is planning a two-week vacation to one
of two cities and wants to base her decision on the weather history for the
same dates as her vacation. She has collected the number of days that it has
rained during this two-week period for each city over the past 10 years. The
results are shown.
City A City B
5 0 4 4
7 6 6 5
5 6 3 7
6 6 4 3
3 2 5 7
a. Determine the shape of each distribution, and use the appropriate statistics to
find the center and spread for each set of data.
b. Which city do you think Francisca should visit on her vacation. Justify your
argument.

29. WRITE Compare and contrast the benefits of displaying data using histograms
and box plots.
30. ANALYZE If every value in a set of data is multiplied by a constant k, k < 0, then
how can the mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation of the new data
set be found?
31. PERSEVERE A salesperson has 15 SUVs priced between $33,000 and $37,000
and 5 luxury cars priced between $44,000 and $48,000. The average price for
all of the vehicles is $39,250. The salesperson decides to reduce the prices of
the SUVs by $2000 per vehicle. What is the new average price for all of the
vehicles?
32. ANALYZE If k is added to every value in a set of data, and then each resulting
value is multiplied by a constant m, m > 0, how can the mean, median, mode,
range, and standard deviation of the new data set be found? Justify your
argument.
33. WRITE Explain why the mean and standard deviation are used to compare the
center and spread of two symmetrical distributions, and the five-number
summary is used to compare the center and spread of two skewed distributions
or a symmetric distribution and a skewed distribution.
523_532_RM_INT1_S_M09_L06_700687.indd 532 17/04/19 11:06 AM

Lesson 9-7
Summarizing Categorical Data

Today’s Goals
● Organize categorical
Explore Categorical Data data in a two-way
frequency table.
Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the Explore. ● Determine and interpret
the values in a two-way
relative frequency table.
INQUIRY What is the advantage of organizing
data in a two-way table? Today’s Vocabulary
two-way frequency
table
joint frequencies
marginal frequencies
relative frequency
Learn Two-Way Frequency Tables two-way relative
frequency table
A two-way frequency table or contingency table is used to show the
frequencies of data from a survey or experiment classified according conditional relative
to two categories, with the rows indicating one category and the frequency
columns indicating the other.
Suppose you are constructing a two-way frequency table based on
two categories, grade level and employment. The table is constructed
below for sample values.
Grade Employed Unemployed Totals

Junior 8 12 20
Senior 15 10 25
Totals 23 22 45
Subcategories: The subcategories are the column and row headers

that represent the two different types of categories. In this case,
Employed, Unemployed, Junior, and Senior are the subcategories.
Joint frequencies: Joint frequencies are the values for every
combination of subcategories. So, 8 is a joint frequency that
represents the number of students who are employed and juniors.
Marginal frequencies: Marginal frequencies are the totals of each
subcategory. So, 20 is a marginal frequency that represents the total
number of juniors.
Lesson 9-7 • Summarizing Categorical Data 533
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Example 1 Use a Two-Way Frequency Table
NAMES Unisex names are names often used for both males and
Study Tip females. Until 2013, the top two unisex names in the U.S. were
Check For each cell, Casey and Riley, with 176,544 Caseys and 154,861 Rileys. There are
you can see if your 104,161 males with the name Casey and 75,882 females with the
calculations are correct name Riley. Organize the data in a two-way frequency table.
by calculating the value
for that cell using Step 1 Enter the given data in a table.
different data from the
Top Unisex Names in the U.S.
table. For example, you
could calculate the Gender Casey Riley Totals
total number of female Male 104,161
participants in the
Female 75,882
study either by adding
the number of women Totals 176,544 154,861
named Casey or Riley,
or by subtracting the Step 2 Using the information given, the rest of the cells can be filled in.
number of men from
the total number of Top Unisex Names in the U.S.
people named Casey
Gender Casey Riley Totals
or Riley. Either way, you
should get the same Male 104,161 78,979 183,140
number. Female 72,383 75,882 148,265
Totals 176,544 154,861 331,405
Male Rileys: 154,861 - 75,882 = 78,979

Use a Source Total Males: 104,161 + 78,979 = 183,140
Create your own two- Female Caseys: 176,544 - 104,161 = 72,383
way frequency table. Total Females: 72,383 + 75,882 = 148,265
Find data online that Totals: 176,544 + 154,861 = 331,405
divides a group of
subjects into two
categories, with each Check
subject fitting into one TECHNOLOGY Pew Research Center released a survey that asked
subcategory of each.
whether participants thought technological advancements in the future
For example, in the data
will make people’s lives better or worse. Of the people interviewed, 423
shown the categories
are whether each
earned less than $50,000 per year and 328 earned $50,000 or more.
person is male or female Of those earning less than $50,000 per year, 262 thought that people’s
and whether each lives would get better, and 240 of those who earned $50,000 or more
person’s name is Casey thought the same. Copy and complete the two-way frequency table.
or Riley. Determine the
subcategories, enter the Will technological advancements in the future make people’s lives
better or worse?
given data, and fill in any
cells for which values Income Better Worse Totals
are not provided. < $50,000
≥ $50,000
Totals
533_540_RM_INT1_S_M09_L07_700687.indd 534 16/04/19 10:49 AM

Learn Two-Way Relative Frequency Tables
A relative frequency is the ratio of the number of observations in a
category to the total number of observations. A two-way relative
frequency table can help you see patterns of association in the data.
To create a two-way relative frequency table, divide each of the values
by the total number of observations and replace them with their
corresponding decimals or percents.
A conditional relative frequency is the ratio of the joint frequency to

the marginal frequency. Because each two-way frequency table has
two categories, each two-way relative frequency table can provide two
different conditional relative frequency tables.
Example 2 Use a Two-Way Relative Frequency

Table
PARENTING Many parents monitor their teenagers’ Internet usage.
The Pew Research Center conducted a survey of whether parents do
or do not check what sites their teens had visited and whether they
are the parent of a teen between the ages of 13 and 14 or between the
ages of 15 and 17. The results of the survey are shown. Organize the
data in a relative frequency table by age group, and interpret the data.
How Parents Monitor Teenagers’ Internet Usage

Teen’s Age Does Check Does Not Check Totals
13 to 14 299 140 439
15 to 17 348 273 621
Totals 647 413 1060
Part A Organize the data in a relative frequency table.
How Parents Monitor Teenagers’ Internet Usage

Think About It!
Teen’s Age Does Check Does Not Check Totals Based on the data, do
13 to 14
299
 ____ ____ 140 439
____ you think there is an
1060 ≈ 28.2%   1060 ≈ 13.2% 1060 ≈ 41.4%
association between a
348 273 621 teen's age and whether
15 to 17  ____
1060 ≈ 32.8%  ____
1060 ≈ 25.8% ____
1060 ≈ 58.6% their parents check
647 413 1060 their Internet usage?
Totals ____
1060 ≈ 61.0% ____
1060 ≈ 39.0% ____
1060 ≈ 100% Explain.
Part B Interpret the data.

Do more parents check what sites their teens have visited, or do more
parents not check?
61% of parents do check the sites their teens have visited compared to
39% who do not.
533_540_RM_INT1_S_M09_L07_700687.indd 535 16/04/19 10:49 AM

Think About It! Example 3 Use a Two-Way Conditional Relative
If the condition for the Frequency Table
relative frequency table VOTING According to the U.S. Census Bureau, voter turnout
were whether a person describes how many eligible voters show up to vote in an election.
had voted or not rather
The table shows the number of eligible voters who did and did not
than age group, the
vote in 2012 for the oldest and youngest eligible age groups.
joint frequency for
people between the Organize the data in a conditional relative frequency table by age
ages of 18 and 24 who group, and interpret the data.
voted would be 52.5%.
If someone claims that Voter Turnout
this indicates 52.5% of Age Group Voted Did Not Vote Totals
all people who voted in
18 to 24 12,515 13,275 25,790
the 2012 election were
between the ages of 18 75 and over 11, 344 5380 16,724
and 24, would they be Totals 23,859 18,655 42,514
correct? Justify your
argument.
Part A O
rganize the data in a conditional relative frequency table
by age group.
Step 1 Determine which marginal frequencies to use.

The conditional relative frequency relates the number of voters or
nonvoters to the age group, so the relevant marginal frequencies are
the total numbers of voters for each age group.
Step 2 D
etermine the ratios of the joint frequencies to the marginal
frequencies.
Voter Turnout
Age Group Voted Did Not Vote Totals
12,515
_____ 13,275
_____ 25,790
18 to 24   25,790 ≈ 48.5%   25,790 ≈ 51.5% _____
25,790 = 100%
11,344 5380 16,724

75 and over  _____
16,724 ≈ 67.8%  _____
16,724 ≈ 32.2% _____
16,724 = 100%
Part B Interpret the data.

Which age group has the higher voter turnout?
The percent of eligible voters aged 18 to 24 that voted is 48.5%, and
the percent for those aged 75 and over is 67.8%. Based on the data,
there is an association between age and whether a person voted.
People aged 18 to 24 were more likely to not have voted than people
aged 75 and over.
533_540_RM_INT1_S_M09_L07_700687.indd 536 16/04/19 10:49 AM

Practice
Example 1
TREATS The owner of a snow cone stand keeps track of the sizes and flavors sold
one afternoon. He sold 125 snow cones in all. Of these, 40% were large snow
cones, 32% were grape, and 12% were small watermelon snow cones. The stand
sold 15 more cherry snow cones than grape. The most popular snow cone of the
day was small cherry, with a total of 35 sales.
1. Construct a two-way frequency table to organize the data.
2. How many large grape snow cones were sold?
3. How many watermelon snow cones were sold in all?
4. How many more small snow cones were sold than large snow cones?
Example 2
FOREIGN LANGUAGE Christy surveyed several students at her school and asked
each person what foreign language he or she is studying. The results are shown in
the table.
Male Female Total

Spanish 18 20 38
French 16 12 28
German 6 8 14
Total 40 40 80
5. Construct a relative frequency table by converting the data in the table to

percentages. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
6. Find the joint relative frequency of a female student who is studying French.
7. Interpret the data.
Example 3
CLASS PRESIDENT In a poll for senior class president, 68 of the 145 male students
said they planned to vote for Santiago. Out of 139 female students, 89 planned to
vote for his opponent, Measha.
8. Construct a conditional relative frequency table based on voter preference. Show
your calculations.
9. What does each conditional relative frequency represent?
10. What is the probability that a vote for Measha will come from a female student?
How is this different from the probability that a female student intends to vote for
Measha?
533_540_RM_INT1_S_M09_L07_700687.indd 537 16/04/19 10:49 AM

Mixed Exercises
VETERINARIAN The two-way frequency table shows the number of dogs and cats
that were seen at a veterinarian’s office and the primary purpose of their visit.
Dog Cat Total

Exam 12 5 17
Shots 6 3 9
Grooming 7 2 9
Total 25 10 35
11. How many dogs were seen for an exam today?

12. How many more dogs than cats were seen at the veterinarian’s office?
BIRD WATCHING A group of bird-watchers has been tracking the number of tree
swallows, cardinals, and goldfinches in a region. Over the weekend, a total of 40
birds were observed. Of those, 45% were male, 37.5% were cardinals, and 12.5%
were male tree swallows. Twice as many female cardinals were observed as male
cardinals. There were 5 female goldfinches spotted.
13. Construct a two-way frequency table to organize the data.
14. How many more female tree swallows were seen than male cardinals?
15. How many male goldfinch and female cardinals were seen?
16. How many more female birds were seen than male birds?
SCHOOL ACTIVITIES The two-way frequency table shows the number of students
who participate in school sports or clubs at Monroe High School.
Sports or No Sports Total

Clubs or Clubs
Freshmen 48 60 108
Sophomores 60 72 132
Juniors 51 69 120
Seniors 57 63 120
Total 216 264 480
17. Construct a relative frequency table by converting the data in the table to
percentages. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
18. Find the joint relative frequency of a sophomore who participates in school sports
or clubs.
19. What percentage of freshmen do not participate in school sports or clubs? Round
to the nearest tenth percent, if necessary.
20. What percentage of seniors participate in school sports or clubs? Round to the
nearest tenth percent, if necessary.
533_540_RM_INT1_S_M09_L07_700687.indd 538 16/04/19 10:49 AM

SCHOOL MASCOT The freshmen and sophomores at Lakeview High School are
tasked with adopting a new school mascot next school year. The district asked a
representative group of students to vote for one of the three mascot finalists and
to indicate to which grade they belong. The results are shown in the table.
School Mascot Vote Results

Freshmen Sophomores Total
Panthers 30 36 66
Hornets 17 33 50
Lions 28 31 59
Total 75 100 175
21. How many students voted for Panthers?

22. How many students voted for Lions?
23. How many sophomores were in the representative group?
24. Of the students who voted for Hornets, how many of them are freshmen?
25. Of the students who voted for Lions, how many of them are sophomores?
26. To the nearest whole, what percent of all the students voted for Lions?
27. To the nearest whole, what percent of all the students voted for Panthers?
28. To the nearest whole, what percent of all the students who voted were freshmen?
THANKSGIVING PIE An online poll collected a sample of Thanksgiving pie
preferences for different U.S. regions.
Region Apple Sweet Potato Pumpkin Totals

West 77 4 13
Midwest 32 54
South 63 24
Northeast 92 2
Total 213 75 117
29. PRECISION Copy and complete the table. Then find each relative frequency to the nearest
tenth of a percent.
30. USE A MODEL Assuming the poll is representative of the whole population, what is a
reasonable estimate of the probability that a family will be from the northeast and will
be eating pumpkin pie on Thanksgiving?
31. STRUCTURE Construct a table of conditional relative frequencies based on pie

preference. Round each percent to the nearest tenth. Interpret the meaning of
the probabilities in the context of the problem.
32. REGULARITY If we had found the conditional relative frequencies by dividing by the
total replies from each region, what would be the meaning of the probability in each cell?
533_540_RM_INT1_S_M09_L07_700687.indd 539 16/04/19 10:49 AM

VEHICLES The table shows the relative frequencies of drive systems for
different vehicle types in a school parking lot. There are 215 vehicles in the lot.
Vehicle Type 2WD AWD Totals

Hatchbacks 42% 4%
Sedans 28% 6%
SUVs 1% 19%
Total 215
33. USE TOOLS Construct a table to show the joint and marginal frequencies.
34. REASONING Without calculating individual frequencies, how many times greater
will the conditional relative frequencies based on drive systems for AWD be than
the relative frequencies for AWD, and why?
35. PERSEVERE Len conducted a survey among a random group of 1000 families in
his home state of California. He wanted to determine whether there is an
association between gasoline prices and distances traveled on family vacations.
He collected the following information. According to Len’s two-way frequency
table, does there appear to be an association between gasoline prices and
vacation distances traveled? Explain.
$1.75–$3.24 $3.25-$4.74 Total

per gallon per gallon
Less than 250 miles 109 255 364
More than 250 miles 329 86 415
No vacation travel 34 187 221
Total 472 528 1000
36. CREATE Select your own data for a two-way frequency table, write a question
related to the data in the table, and provide the solution.
37. WRITE Compare two-way relative frequency tables and two-way conditional
relative frequency tables.
38. FIND THE ERROR Magdalena took a survey of students in her school to find
out what snack was most popular.
Favorite Snack Vote Results

Freshmen Sophomores Total
Fruit Snack 65 61 126
Granola 27 21 48
Yogurt 21 18 39
Total 113 100 213
a. Interpret the data based on the conditional relative frequency related to age
groups.
b. Magdalena claims that fruit snack is the most popular snack for freshmen and
sophomores, and Ben claims that a higher percentage of sophomores prefer fruit
snack than do freshmen. Is either correct? Explain your reasoning.
533_540_RM_INT1_S_M09_L07_700687.indd 540 17/04/19 11:07 AM

Lesson 9-8
Normal Distributions
Learn Probability Distributions Today’s Vocabulary
random variable
A random variable is a variable with possible values that are the
outcomes of a random event. A probability distribution is a mapping probability distribution
of those outcomes to their probabilities of occurrence. It is usually discrete random
shown as a histogram or bar graph. For example, if the random variable
variable X represents the outcomes of 20 coin flips, a bar graph continuous random
representing the results 8 heads and 12 tails might have bars variable
8 12
showing __
  20 , or 0.4 for heads and __
 20 , or 0.6 for tails. normal distribution
Coin Flips
1.0
Heads Tails
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Probability
0.5
0.4
0.3 Think About It!

Why must the
0.2
probability of each value
0.1 of a random variable be
between 0 and 1?
0.0
Heads Tails
Result
Key Concept • Conditions for Probability Distributions

The probability distribution of a random variable X must satisfy these
conditions.
• The probability of each value of the random variable X must be
between 0 and 1.
• The sum of the probabilities of all of the values of X must equal 1.
There are two types of random variables and distributions. A discrete

random variable is finite and can be counted. The outcomes for
flipping a coin are discrete because there are only two—heads or tails.
A discrete distribution can be represented by a bar graph.
A continuous random variable can take on any value. The outcomes
for teens’ ages are continuous. A continuous distribution can be
represented by a histogram.
Lesson 9-8 • Normal Distributions 541
541_546_RM_INT1_S_M09_L08_700687.indd 541 16/04/19 11:35 AM

Study Tip
Example 1 Analyze a Probability Distribution
Discrete vs. Continuous GROCERIES A grocery store chain
Time (X) Frequency
Variables representing measures the lengths of time the
height, weight, and employees take to scan and bag 0−0:59 12
capacity will always be customers’ items. The frequency of each 1−1:59 27
continuous variables time interval is given. Construct a
because they can take 2−2:59 38
probability distribution to represent the
on any positive value.
data. 3−3:59 25
Step 1 Construct a relative frequency table. 4−4:59 9
The relative frequency table converts the
frequencies to probabilities. Divide each frequency by the total
number of measurements, 111. Round your answers to the nearest
thousandth.
Time (X) Frequency Relative Frequency

0−0:59 12 0.108
1−1:59 27 0.243
2−2:59 38 0.342
3−3:59 25 0.225
4−4:59 9 0.081
Step 2 Graph the probability distribution.

The bars are not separated on the graph because the distribution is
continuous.
Talk About It! Scanning and Bagging Times

If a histogram that 0.4
measures frequency is 0.35
symmetric about the 0.3
Probability
mean, will its probability 0.25

distribution necessarily 0.2
0.15
be symmetric? Explain
0.1
your reasoning.
0.05
0
0–0:59 1–1:59 2–2:59 3–3:59 4–4:59
Time (X)
Learn The Normal Distribution

The normal distribution is the most common continuous probability
distribution. It is bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean.
541_546_RM_INT1_S_M09_L08_700687.indd 542 16/04/19 11:35 AM

Key Concept • The Normal Distribution
• The graph of a normal distribution is continuous, bell-shaped, and
symmetric with respect to the mean.
• The mean, median, and mode are equal and located at the center.
• The curve approaches, but never touches, the x−axis.
• The total area under the curve is equal to 1, or 100%.
The area under the normal curve is 1 because the probability of a data
point falling between the lowest and highest possible values is 1. Thus,
the area under the curve between two values for X represents the
probability that a data point will fall in that interval. Study Tip
Normal Distributions
In order for a distribution
Learn The Empirical Rule to be approximately
When a set of data is normally distributed, or approximately normal, the normal, there must be a
Empirical Rule can be used to determine the area under the normal large number of values
curve at specific intervals. in the data set.
Key Concept • The Empirical Rule

In a normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ,
• approximately 68% of the data fall within 1σ of the mean,

• approximately 95% of the data fall within 2σ of the mean, and
• approximately 99.7% of the data fall within 3σ of the mean.
When a set of data is not

approximately normal, it cannot
be represented by the Empirical
Rule. Skewed data like the graph
at the right is one example of a
set of data that is not
approximately normal.
541_546_RM_INT1_S_M09_L08_700687.indd 543 17/05/19 5:56 PM

Example 2 Approximate Data by Using a Normal
Distribution
HOUSING The values of several houses Values of Houses
on a street are given in thousands of (Thousands of Dollars)
dollars. Create a histogram of the set of
138.8 127.2 101.3 134.9
data. Determine whether the data can
be approximated with a normal 120.5 133.5 128.7 118.7
distribution. 123.1 85.0 136.7 119.4
135.5 117.1 124.0 99.4
104.6 131.3 128.6 132.4
Step 1 Enter the data.

Step 2 Graph the histogram.
Step 3 Analyze the histogram.
The data are positively skewed.
Thus, the data cannot be
approximated with the normal
distribution.
[80, 140] scl: 10 by [0, 8] scl: 1
Standard Area Under Example 3 Use the Empirical Rule to Analyze Data
Deviations Curve for A normal distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of
from the X≤z 4. Find the percent of the data between 42 and 54.
Mean (z)
The table at the left states the area under the normal curve to the left
−3 0.0013
of an X-value. The X-value is defined by the number of standard
−2 0.0228 deviations from the mean. So, if z = −2, then the area under the curve
−1 0.1587 is to the left of the point X = µ − 2σ.
0 0.5000
The normal distribution has a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 4.
1 0.8413 So, the graph shows points at 50 − 4, 46 − 4, 50 + 4, and so on.
2 0.9772
Because 42 = µ − 2σ, or 50 − 2(4),
3 0.9987 the area under the curve in the
interval X ≥ 42 is 0.0228.
Because 54 = µ + σ, the area
Go Online An under the curve in the interval
alternate method is
X ≤ 54 is 0.8413.
available for this
38 42 46 50 54 58 62
example. To find the area in the interval
42 ≤ X ≤ 54, subtract the area to the left of X = 42 from the area to
the left of X = 54. So, the area is 0.8413 − 0.0228, or 0.8185.
The area under the curve between X = 42 and X = 54 is 0.8185. Thus,
the percent of the data between 42 and 54 is approximately 81.85%.
541_546_RM_INT1_S_M09_L08_700687.indd 544 16/04/19 11:35 AM

Practice
Example 1
Construct a probability distribution to represent each set of data.
1. F
OOD SERVICE The table shows the length 2. F
OOD The table shows the numbers of
of time each customer spent in the drive- packages of the five most popular flavors
thru line one day at a fast-food restaurant. of bagels sold in the U.S. in a recent year.
Time (X) Frequency Flavor (X) Packages (millions)
0−0:29 4 plain 136
0:30−0:59 22 cinnamon raisin 56
1:00−1:29 131 everything 40
1:30−1:59 49 blueberry 38
2:00−2:29 18 100% whole wheat 21
3. S
OCIAL MEDIA The table shows the 4. G
OVERNMENT The table shows the
responses teens had to the question “How ages of the U.S. presidents at their
many new friends have you met online?” inauguration.
Time (X) Frequency Age (X) Presidents
0 456 41−45 2
1 22 46–50 8
2−5 233 51–55 16
6 or more 307 56–60 9
61–65 7
66–70 3
Example 2
Determine whether each set of data can be approximated with a normal
distribution. Explain your reasoning.
5. Values of Used Cars (thousands of dollars) 6. Speeds of Cars on I−71 (mph)
4.8 7.2 10.1 4.9 13.9 65 66 61 69 68
12.7 13.1 4.2 11.8 12.6 68 71 62 66 65
13.1 5.6 11.7 13.4 11.3 67 60 72 67 65
9.5 7.7 12.1 9.4 5.6 68 62 66 67 68
60 66 69 71 66
7. Men’s Shot Put Distances (m) 8. Women’s 400 m Relay Times (s)
21.30 19.49 18.58 20.08 19.70 42.91 44.41 44.58 43.34 43.45
18.91 18.21 18.97 19.26 18.49 44.73 43.08 45.09 44.71 44.63
18.31 18.73 19.53 18.81 19.63 44.44 44.27 43.85 43.76 44.65
18.94 17.57 17.09 20.38 18.89 44.85 43.73 45.12 44.47 44.92
18.60 17.19 18.63 18.52 18.67 44.54 44.51 44.68 44.61 44.71
541_546_RM_INT1_S_M09_L08_700687.indd 545 16/04/19 11:35 AM

Example 3
A normal distribution has a mean of 455 and a standard deviation of 24.
9. Find the percent of the data between 407 and 455.
10. What percent of the data are greater than 479?
11. Find the percent of the data that are less than 407.
12. What percent of the data are between 431 and 503?
Mixed Exercises
13. BIRTHS The table shows the numbers of births in the Births States Relative
United States in a recent year. Frequency
a. Complete the relative frequency column. 0−19,999 12
b. C
onstruct a probability distribution to represent 20,000−39,999 9
the data. 40,000−59,999 6
14. REACTION TIME In a test of 1200 teenagers, the 60,000−79,999 7
reaction times to a visual cue were normally 80,000−99,999 4
distributed with a mean of 0.25 second and a 100,000−119,999 3
standard deviation of 0.05 second. 120,000−139,999 3
a. A
bout how many teenagers had reaction times 140,000−159,999 2
between 0.15 and 0.35 second? 160,000 or more 4
b. W
hat is the probability that a teenager selected at Source: Annie E. Casey Foundation
random had a reaction time greater than 0.3 second?

15. ANALYZE The graphing calculator screen shows the graph
of a normal distribution for a large set of data that has a
mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. If every data
point in the set is increased by 5 points, describe how the
mean, standard deviation, and graph of the data changes.
16. FIND THE ERROR Courtney says that the graphs all
represent normal distributions with the same mean but
different standard deviations. Michael says that only the
middle graph represents a normal distribution. Is either
[0, 80] scl: 10 by [0, 0.05] scl: 0.01
correct? Explain.
x = 50 x = 50 x = 50
17. CREATE Create a probability distribution in which one possible value of the random
variable is twice as likely to occur as one other possible value of the random variable.
18. PERSEVERE The boxes of cereal in a shipment are normally distributed with a
mean weight of 17.1 ounces and a standard deviation of 0.2 ounce. Nine of the
boxes weigh more than 17.5 ounces. How many boxes are in the shipment?
541_546_RM_INT1_S_M09_L08_700687.indd 546 16/04/19 11:35 AM

Module 9 • Statistics
Review
Essential Question
How do you summarize and interpret data?
By using statistics, you can analyze data to find meaningful results. Calculating
measures of center and spread and making a dot plot, bar graph, or histogram
can help you interpret the data.
Module Summary
Lessons 9-1 and 9-4
• A negatively skewed distribution typically has
a median greater than the mean. A positively
Measures of Center and Spread skewed distribution typically has a mean greater
• The mean of a data set is the sum of the than the median.
elements of the data set divided by the total • An outlier is a value that is more than 1.5 times
number of elements in the set. the interquartile range above the third quartile or
• The median of a data set is the middle element below the first quartile.
or the mean of the two middle elements in
the set of data when the data are arranged in Lesson 9-6
numerical order.
Comparing Sets of Data
• The mode of a data set is the value of the elements • A linear transformation is one or more operations
that appear most often in the set of data. performed on a set of data that can be written as
_
• The formula for standard deviation, with mean x a linear function.
and n ________________________
terms is
√
• Common linear transformations are adding a
_ _ _
( x - x1) + ( x 
2
- x2) + ... + ( x 
2
- xn)
2
constant to or multiplying a constant by every
σ = ________________________
    
       .
n value in the set of data.
Lessons 9-2 and 9-3 Lesson 9-7
Representing and Using Data Two-Way Frequency Tables

• Dot plots, bar graphs, and histograms are • A two-way frequency table shows the frequencies
commonly used to represent data. of data classified according to two categories.
• Bar graphs are used with discrete data, and
Study Organizer
histograms are used with continuous data.
• A population is all members of a group of Foldables
interest about which data will be collected. A Use your Foldable to review this module. Working
sample is a subset of the population. with a partner can be helpful. Ask for clarification
• A bias is an error that results in a of concepts as needed.
misrepresentation of a population.
Statistics
Lesson 9-5
Distributions of Data
• In a symmetric distribution, the mean and median
are approximately equal.
Module 9 Review • Statistics 547

Test Practice
1. GRAPH Make a dot plot of the quiz scores of 3. MULTI-SELECT Which of the statements are
Ms. Perez’s third period class. true regarding dot plots, bar graphs, and
histograms? Select all that apply.
Quiz Scores
Lesson 9-2
85 88 75 100
A. D
ot plots use a number line and dots to
90 90 88 72 represent very large amounts of data.
72 79 88 85 B. B
ar graphs are used to represent data that
is continuous.
(Lesson 9-2)
C. H
istograms are used to represent data
that is continuous.
D. B
ar graphs are used to represent data that
is discrete.
E. H
istograms are used to represent data
that is discrete.
4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which dot plot correctly

2. OPEN RESPONSE When is it a good idea to models these data values?
scale the number line when making a dot 36, 38, 42, 36, 36, 40, 42, 38, 38, 39, 40, 38,
plot? 38, 38, 40 (Lesson 9-2)
(Lesson 9-2)
A.
35 37 39 41 43 45
B.
35 37 39 41 43 45
C.
35 37 39 41 43 45
D.
35 37 39 41 43 45
548 Module 9 Review • Statistics

5. OPEN RESPONSE Given the set of data in the 7. OPEN RESPONSE Akeem wants to determine
table, describe what size intervals could be how long it took students in his class to
used when making a histogram. (Lesson 9-2) complete a 1-mile run.
Ages of Guests at a Picnic Running Time (m)

74, 26, 32, 4, 61, 56, 16, 15, 17, 28, 39, 42, 47, 72, 18.5, 8.4, 10.2, 27.1, 9.5, 10.9, 17.0, 5.3, 6.1, 8.4,
66, 12, 16, 38, 35, 8, 16, 11, 10, 41, 47, 5, 13, 77, 8.4, 9.9, 10.0, 7.4, 8.4
24, 30, 9, 62
State two types of displays Akeem could use
to appropriately display his data. (Lesson 9-2)
8. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which box plot correctly

models these data values? 95, 72, 84, 98, 87,
75, 100, 86, 90, 81, 93, 90 . (Lesson 9-4)
6. GRAPH A survey was conducted among
students in Mr. Sadiq’s history class to
determine their favorite major topic covered A.
in class this semester. The results are shown 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102
in the table. Make a bar graph to display the
data. (Lesson 9-2)
Topic Number of Votes B.

72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102
Civil War 12
Revolutionary War 5
The Industrial Revolution 8
Westward Expansion C.
10
72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102
D.
72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102
Module 9 Review • Statistics 549

9. GRAPH The table shows the number of 12. OPEN RESPONSE True or false: Histogram B
pages each student read in one night. has more variability than Histogram A.
(Lesson 9-6)
Pages Read
13, 15, 8, 22, 11, 17, 15, 9, 14, 16, 13 Histogram A Histogram B
100 100
80 80
Create a box plot to represent the set of
60 60
data. (Lesson 9-4) 40 40
20 20
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
13. MULTIPLE CHOICE The junior varsity dance

10. OPEN RESPONSE Fifteen people in their team is selecting the color of their new
fifties were surveyed about the number of uniforms. The team consists of 28 freshmen
apps they have on their cell phone. (There and sophomores. Of the 16 freshmen,
was an assumption that all 15 of them owned 7 want red uniforms and 9 want black
a cell phone). The results are listed, below. uniforms. Only 4 of the sophomores want
6, 0, 11, 8, 9, 6, 7, 3, 1, 2, 10, 7, 22, 5, 13 black uniforms. How many total team
(Lesson 9-4) members want red uniforms? (Lesson 9-7)
A box plot to represent this data would have A. 7
to begin at ? because that is the
minimum value, and would have to extend B. 13
to ? because that is the maximum value. C. 15
The most appropriate scale to display the D. 21
data in the box plot should be ? or 2.
14. OPEN RESPONSE The table shows the
11. MULTIPLE CHOICE The table shows the frequencies of positions for different
annual snowfall amounts for several towns. offensive players on a school football team.
Town Snowfall (in.) There are 38 offensive players on the team.
Westfield 246 Position Senior Junior Sophomore
Brattleboro 73 Quarterback 1 1 0
Cambridge 54 Running Back 2 1 1
Danville 73 Receiver 3 2 2
Shelburne 86 Lineman 13 6 6
Lowell 67 Suppose a junior player was picked at
Which measure(s) of center and measure(s) random. What is the probability that player
of spread best describe the set of data? is a receiver? (Lesson 9-7)
(Lesson 9-5)
15. OPEN RESPONSE A normal distribution has
A. mean a mean of 347.2 and a standard deviation
of 13.9. (Lesson 9-8)
B. median
The data that is less than 319.4 represents
C. standard deviation ? % of the data.
D. five-number summary The data that is greater than 361.1
represents ? % of the data.
550 Module 9 Review • Statistics

Module 10
Tools of Geometry
Essential Question
How are points, lines, and segments used to model the real world?

KEY Before After

analyze axiomatic systems and identify types of geometry

analyze figures to identify points, lines, planes, and intersections
of lines and planes
find measures of line segments
apply the Distance Formula to find lengths of line segments
find points that partition directed line segments on number lines
find points that partition directed line segments on the
coordinate plane
find midpoints and bisect line segments
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about geometric concepts.
Begin with four sheets of 11″ × 17″ paper.
1. Fold the four sheets of paper in half.
2. Cut along the top fold of the papers.
Staple along the side to form a book.
3. Cut the right sides of each paper to
create a tab for each lesson.
4. Label each tab with a lesson
number.
Tools of
Geometry
Module 10 • Tools of Geometry 551

• analytic geometry • defined term • midpoint
• axiom • definition • plane
• axiomatic system • directed line segment • point
• betweenness of points • distance • postulate
• bisect • equidistant • segment bisector
• collinear • fractional distance • space
• congruent • intersection • synthetic geometry
• congruent segments • line • theorem
• coplanar • line segment • undefined terms
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Graph and label the point Q(-3, 4) in the Evaluate the expression [-2 - (-7)]2 + (1 - 8)2.
coordinate plane.
Follow the order of operations.
Start at the origin. Because the y [-2 - (-7)]2 + (1 - 8)2
x-coordinate is negative, Q(-3, 4)
= 52 + (-7)2 Subtract in parentheses.
move 3 units to the left. Then
move 4 units up because the = 25 + 49 Evaluate exponents.
y-coordinate is positive. = 74 Add.

O x
Draw a dot and label it Q.
Quick Check
Graph and label each Evaluate each expression.
point on the coordinate
5. (4 - 2)2 + (7 - 3)2
plane.
6. (-5 - 3)2 + (3 - 4)2
1. W(-5, 2)
7. [-1 - (-9)]2 + (5 - 3)2
2. X(0, 4)
8. [-3 - (-4)]2 + [-1 - (-6)]2
3. Y(-3, -1)
4. Z(4, -2)
How did you do?

552 Module 10 • Tools of Geometry

Lesson 10-1
The Geometric System

Today’s Goals
● Apply axioms to draw
Explore Using a Game to Explore Axiomatic Systems conclusions.
● Identify examples of
Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the Explore. synthetic and analytic
geometry.
INQUIRY What are the characteristics of a Today’s Vocabulary

axiomatic system
good set of rules?
undefined terms
definition
defined term
Learn The Axiomatic System of Geometry
axiom
Geometry is an axiomatic system based on logical reasoning and postulate
axioms. theorem
The Axiomatic System of Geometry synthetic geometry
An axiomatic system has a set of axioms from which theorems can be analytic geometry
derived.
undefined words, usually readily understood, that are not formally
terms explained by means of more basic words and concepts
definition assigns properties to a mathematical object
defined term a term that has a definition and can be explained using
undefined terms and/or defined terms
axiom or statement that is accepted as true without proof
postulate
theorem statement or conjecture that can be proven true using
undefined terms, definitions, and axioms
Undefined terms are used to write definitions. Undefined terms and

definitions are used to create axioms. Undefined terms, definitions,
Math History Minute
and axioms are used to prove theorems.
Thales (c. 624–546 B.C.)
was a Greek
mathematician,
philosopher, and
undefined definition axiom theorem
term astronomer, and is the
first known individual
attributed with a
mathematical discovery.
He inspired Euclid,
One real-world axiomatic system that is probably familiar to you is the Plato, and Aristotle,
set of rules to a game. The rules are the axioms, and they are used to who considered him to
evaluate the legality of each play. be the first philosopher
in the Greek tradition.
Lesson 10-1 • The Geometric System 553
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Example 1 Apply an Axiomatic System
ANIMALS In the fictional country of Rythoth, blue animals are from
the mountains, and red animals are from the valleys. These animals
are categorized into three distinct classes: mammals, birds, and
reptiles. Mammals are covered by hair or fur, birds are covered by
feathers, and reptiles are covered by scales.
Rorx Zog
Pax Klub
Talk About It!

Awub Prit
What conclusion
cannot be made from
the provided axioms?
Part A Categorize the animals.

Write the name of each animal in the corresponding categories
in the table.
Birthplace Mammal Bird Reptile

Mountains Rorx Pax Awub
Study Tip Valleys Klub Prit Zog
Theorems Theorems,
or conclusions, made Part B Use axioms.
from a set of axioms
must be true in every Use the previously given axioms and the table you filled in to
situation. It takes only draw three conclusions about the species of animals shown.
one example that
contradicts the • The Rorx is a mammal from the mountains of Rythoth.
conjecture to show • The Zog is a reptile from the valleys of Rythoth.
that a theorem or
conclusion is not true. • The Prit is a bird from the valleys of Rythoth.
553_560_RM_INT1_S_M10_L01_700687.indd 554 16/04/19 12:16 PM

Check
PLANETS The fictional galaxy of Yogul contains at least 20 planets
including Mothera, Sothera, and Kothera. An animal can live on any
planet in the Yogul galaxy that contains its biome. Lizards and
scorpions live in the desert. Frogs and monkeys live in tropical forests.
Bears and foxes can be found in the tundra. The biomes of each planet
are permanent and will not change over time.
Kothera
Color Biome
Mothera
desert
tropical
forest
Sothera
tundra
Use the axioms given to determine what conclusions can be made

about the planets of Yogul. Select all that apply.
A. Bears and foxes can live on Sothera.
B. Lizards and scorpions can only live on Mothera.
C. Only frogs and monkeys can survive on Kothera.
D. B
ears and foxes can survive on Sothera at temperatures as low
as -20°F.
E. All animals can live on Kothera.
F. Scorpions and lizards can live on Mothera.
Think About It!

Learn Types of Geometry
What is an advantage of
There are several types of geometry that are built upon different sets using analytic geometry
of postulates including synthetic geometry and analytic geometry. instead of synthetic
geometry?
Synthetic geometry is the study of Analytic geometry is the study of
geometric figures without the use geometry using a coordinate
of coordinates. Synthetic geometry system. Analytic geometry is
is sometimes called pure geometry sometimes called coordinate
or Euclidean geometry. geometry or Cartesian geometry.
553_560_RM_INT1_S_M10_L01_700687.indd 555 16/04/19 12:16 PM

Example 2 Identify Types of Geometry
Classify each figure as illustrating synthetic geometry or analytic
geometry.
A B y
A B
G
F C
O x
a D C
E D
synthetic geometry analytic geometry
b
O x
analytic geometry synthetic geometry
Check
Classify each figure as illustrating synthetic geometry or analytic geometry.
y A
D B
r
O x
C
y
A
a c B E
b C D
x O
553_560_RM_INT1_S_M10_L01_700687.indd 556 16/04/19 12:16 PM

Practice
Example 1
1. BASKETBALL The Badgers’ basketball team has 10 players. During practice, half
of the players wear red jerseys numbered 1–5, and the other half wear yellow
jerseys numbered 6–10. The yellow team wins the practice game 32-26.
• Kylie wears number 5 and scores 9 points.
• Kelsey’s team wins the game.
• Marie and Kylie are on opposing teams.
Use the axioms to make three conclusions about the game played.
2. PRINTING Rico’s T-shirt Company sells customized short sleeve T-shirts, long
sleeve T-shirts, and sweatshirts. Each type of shirt sells in multiples of 5. It costs
$25.00 for 5 short sleeve T-shirts, $30.00 for 5 long sleeve T-shirts, and $40.00
for 5 sweatshirts. Short sleeve and long sleeve T-shirts can be made in any color
except navy or black. Sweatshirts are only made in navy and black.
• Mercedes bought green shirts for $55.00.
• Quinn bought 10 navy sweatshirts.
• Rachel paid $30.00 for several red shirts.
• Hector bought black and yellow shirts for $65.00.
Use the axioms to make four conclusions about the shirts sold.
3. LANDSCAPING Tom owns a landscaping business. He charges $40 for a yard

cleanup, $50 to mow a lawn, and $75 to mulch a yard. On average, it takes Tom
25 minutes for a yard cleanup, 40 minutes to mow a lawn, and 2 hours to mulch a
yard. Tom’s clients are Mr. Hansen, Ms. Martinez, and Mrs. Johnson.
• Mr. Hansen paid $125 for lawn services this week.
• Tom spent more than an hour at Ms. Martinez’ house this week.
• Mrs. Johnson wrote Tom a check for $165 for the week.
• Tom made $405 from his three clients this week.
Use the axioms to make four conclusions about the landscaping that Tom did.
4. CUPCAKES Olivia’s Cupcake Shoppe sells small and

large cupcakes in three flavors.
• Niamh paid $3 for a cupcake with buttercream icing.
• Bethany bought a small vanilla cupcake.
• Mateo paid $3.50 for a cupcake with strawberry icing Flavors
and a chocolate cupcake. Chocolate with vanilla icing
Vanilla with strawberry icing
Use the axioms to make two conclusions about the Strawberry with buttercream icing
cupcakes that were purchased. Sizes
Small........$1.75 Large........$3.00
553_560_RM_INT1_S_M10_L01_700687.indd 557 13/05/19 8:57 PM

Example 2
Classify each figure as illustrating synthetic geometry or analytic geometry.
5. y 6. y 7. B
O x
A C
O x
8. Q 9. C 10.
y
9
8 C
7
Q
6
O
5 B A
4 P
3
P 2
1 A B
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O x
P D
Mixed Exercises
11. RESTAURANT Damon sells three types of salads at his restaurant: cobb, wedge,
and spinach. Each salad is served with 2 dinner rolls. The price of the cobb salad
is $7.99, the price of the wedge salad is $8.99, and the price of the spinach salad
is $5.99. Grilled chicken can be added to any salad for an additional $2.00.
• Malik spent $7.99 on a salad.
• Pedro and Deandra each spent $8.99 on their salads.
• Rafael ate a wedge salad.
• Drake did not add chicken to his salad.
Use the axioms to make a conclusion about the salads that are eaten.
12. CLASSROOM Mrs. Fields teaches high school geometry. Her classroom tools
include a compass, straightedge, pencil, and protractor. Does Mrs. Fields likely
teach analytic geometry or synthetic geometry? Explain your reasoning.
13. REASONING Theo is stuck on a problem on a test. The problem is asking him to
use a given formula to find the distance between two points on a graph. Is Theo
using analytic geometry or synthetic geometry? Explain your reasoning.
14. USE A SOURCE Survey a group of students in your classroom about favorite
colors. Write three axioms about the data you collected. Then use your axioms to
write a conclusion. Explain your reasoning.
553_560_RM_INT1_S_M10_L01_700687.indd 558 16/04/19 12:16 PM

15. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION Sydney is an engineer. She is
using a blueprint for a project that is drawn on a grid, as
shown. Is Sydney likely using analytic geometry or synthetic
geometry? Explain any assumptions that you make.
16. Mr. Sail assigns a project where students identify shapes

that represent real-world objects. Is this an example of
Atomic Imagery/Getty Images, C Squared Studios/Photodisc/Getty Images,
analytic geometry or synthetic geometry? Explain your

reasoning.
Tewin Kijthamrongworakul/Alamy Stock Photo
17. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Consider the following axiomatic system for bus routes.
• E ach bus route lists the stops in the order at which they are visited by the bus.
• Each route visits at least four distinct stops.
• No route visits the same stop twice, except for the first stop, which is always the
same as the last stop.
• There is a stop called Downtown, which is visited by each route.
• Every stop other than Downtown is visited by at most two routes.
The city has stops at Downtown, King St, Maxwell Ave, Stadium District, State
St, Grace Blvd, and Charlotte Ave. Are the following three routes a model for the
axiomatic system? Justify your argument.
ROUTE 1: Downtown, King St, Stadium District, State St, Downtown
ROUTE 2: Stadium District, State St, Grace Blvd, Maxwell Ave, Downtown,
Stadium District
ROUTE 3: King St, Stadium District, Downtown, Maxwell Ave, Stadium District, King St
18. SHOPPING The Clothing Shop is having a sale. All clothes are 20% off, and all
accessories are 30% off.
• Jaisa bought two necklaces.
• Sheree bought a shirt and a purse.
Use the axioms to make one conclusion about Jaisa or Sheree’s purchases.

19. WRITE Write a comparison of the rules and plays of a game and the elements of
an axiomatic system. Then choose a game or sport for which you know the rules.
Explain a rule from the game or sport and a play from the game. Does the play
violate or fall within the rule? Explain.
553_560_RM_INT1_S_M10_L01_700687.indd 559 16/04/19 12:16 PM

20. CREATE Given the following list of axioms, draw a model to properly represent
the information.
• There exist five points.
• Each line is a subset of those five points.
• There exist two lines.
• Each line contains at least two points.
21. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Three-point geometry is a finite subset of
geometry with the following four axioms:
• There exists exactly three distinct points.
.
• Each pair of distinct points are on exactly one line.
• Not all the points are on the same line.
• Each pair of distinct lines intersect in at least one point.
Which of the following does not satisfy all the axioms of three-point geometry? Justify
your conclusion.
22. FIND THE ERROR Grant read the following axioms for a video game he is playing.
• There are four keys hidden on each level.
• Each level ends when the player collects the third key.
• The game has 10 levels.
From these axioms, Grant concluded:
• to complete the game, he will need to find 30 keys.
• there are 40 keys in the game.
• he can collect all 40 keys in the game.
Are Grant’s conclusions correct? Explain your reasoning.
23. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Using your understanding of analytic and synthetic
geometry, which of the following figures does not belong? Justify your conclusion.
y
U(5, 3)
h
O T(0, 0) V(5, 0) x
a

a
553_560_RM_INT1_S_M10_L01_700687.indd 560 16/04/19 12:16 PM

Lesson 10-2
Points, Lines, and Planes

Learn Points, Lines, and Planes Today’s Goals
● Identify points, lines,
In geometry, point, line, and plane are considered undefined terms and planes.
because they are usually readily understood and are not formally ● Identify intersections
explained by means of more basic words and concepts. of lines and planes.
You are already familiar with the terms point, line, and plane from Today’s Vocabulary
algebra. You graphed on a coordinate plane and found ordered pairs point
that represented points on lines. In geometry, these terms have a line
similar meaning. plane
space
Undefined Terms
collinear
A point is a location. It has neither shape nor size. A coplanar
Named by a capital letter intersection
Example point A
A line is made up of points and has no thickness P
or width. There is exactly one line through any Q
m
two points.
Named by the letters representing two points on
the line or a lowercase script letter
⟷ ⟷
Example line m, line PQ or PQ 
  , line QP or QP 
 
A plane is a flat surface made up of points that D
extends infinitely in all directions. There is B
exactly one plane through any three points not
on the same line.
Named by a capital script letter or by the letters C
naming three points that are not all
on the same line K
Example
plane K, plane BCD, plane CDB,
plane DCB, plane DBC, plane CBD,
plane BDC
Space is defined as a boundless three-dimensional set of all points.
Space can contain lines and planes.
Collinear points are points that Coplanar points are points that lie
lie on the same line. Noncollinear in the same plane. Noncoplanar
points do not lie on the same line. points do not lie in the same plane.
A S
P R
D Q
B
E
C
Points A, B, and C are collinear. Points P, Q, and R are coplanar.
Lesson 10-2 • Points, Lines, and Planes 561
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Example 1 Name Lines and Planes
Use the figure to name each of the following.
Talk About It!
Can three points be a. a line containing point Q
both noncollinear and The line can be named as line c, or any two of the three points on
noncoplanar? Justify
the line can be used to name the line.
your argument.
Using the choices
V provided, write the
additional names for line c
below.
S ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷
T R c  TR   RV   TQ  VT      RQ 
Q ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷
  QR    RT  TS 
   VR   QT 
A ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷
 TR  RT 
  TQ 
   QT   RQ   QR 
Study Tip b
Additional Planes
Although not drawn, b. a plane containing point S and point T
there is another plane One plane that can be named is plane A. You can also use the
that contains point S letters of any three noncollinear points to name this plane.
and point T. Because
Plane TRS and plane TQS can be used to name this plane.
points S, T, and V are
noncollinear, points S Circle another correct name for plane A.
and T are in plane STV.
plane QST plane STV plane QVS plane VST
Example 2 Model Points, Lines, and Planes

STUDENT DESK Name the geometric terms modeled by the objects
in the picture. J
The notebook
models plane JKL .
K
The edges of the M
notebook model line
JK and line KL.
N
The quarter models
point M in space.
L P
Points N, L, and K are R
coplanar. Q
Points P, Q, and R are
collinear.
561_568_RM_INT1_S_M10_L02_700687.indd 562 16/04/19 12:25 PM

Explore Intersections of Three Planes
Online Activity Use a concrete model to complete the Explore.
INQUIRY What figures can be formed by the

intersection of three planes?
Learn Intersections of Lines and Planes

The intersection of two or more geometric figures is the set of points
they have in common. Two lines intersect in a point. Lines can
intersect planes, and planes can intersect each other.
Example 3 Draw Geometric Figures

Draw and label a figure to represent the relationship.
⟷ ⟷
  QR and  ST intersect at U for Q(−3, −2), R(4, 1), S(2, 3), and T(−1, −5)
on the coordinate plane. Point V is coplanar with these points but
⟷ ⟷
not collinear with QR   and  ST.
y
⟷ ⟷
Graph each point and draw QR    and ST 
  . V S
Label the intersection point as U. R
n infinite number of points are coplanar

A O U x
with Q, R, S, T, and U but are not collinear
⟷ ⟷ Q
with QR 
  and TS 
  . In the graph, one such
point is V(−2, 3). T
Check
Draw and label a figure to represent the relationship.
↔ ⟷
  and LM 
JK    intersect at P for J(−4, 3), K(6, −3), L(−4, −5), and
M(3, 3) on the coordinate plane. Point Q is coplanar with these
↔ ⟷
points, but not collinear with JK 
  and LM 
  .
561_568_RM_INT1_S_M10_L02_700687.indd 563 16/04/19 12:25 PM

Example 4 Interpret Drawings
Study Tip
Dimensions A point Refer to the figure. A
has no dimension. A line
a. H
ow many planes
exists in one dimension. J
appear in this figure? B
However, a circle is
two-dimensional, and six : plane P, plane G
a pyramid is three-
P F
CAG, plane GFA, plane C
dimensional. EFA, plane DEA, and H I
plane DCA D E
b. Name four points that

are collinear.
Study Tip Points H, I, C, and F are collinear.

Three-Dimensional c. Name the intersection of plane GAC and plane P.
Drawings Because it ⟷
Plane GAC intersects plane P in  GC .
is impossible to show
↔ ⟷
an entire plane in a d. At what point do JI
  and  DC intersect? Explain.
figure, edged shapes
with different shades of It does not appear that
⟷
color are used to these lines intersect. DC 
 
represent planes. lies in plane P, but only
↔ E
point I of JI 
  lies in
plane P.
A
T
Check X I F
S C
Refer to the figure. Name
D H G
three points that are collinear.
Points ? , ? , and ? are B
collinear.
Example 5 Model Intersections

AVIATION A biplane has two wing
main wings that are stacked
one above the other. Struts
connect the wings and are used
for support. Flying wires run
diagonally from the main body flying wire strut
of the plane to the wings and
between the stacked wings.
Complete the statements regarding the geometric terms modeled
by the biplane.
Each wing models a plane.
The intersection of a strut and a wing models a point.
The crossing of two flying wires models a point.
561_568_RM_INT1_S_M10_L02_700687.indd 564 16/04/19 12:25 PM

Practice
Example 1
p
Refer to the figure for Exercises 1–7.
D
1. Name the lines that are only in plane Q.
m B t
2. How many planes are labeled in the figure?
E
3. Name the plane containing the lines m and t.
C
4. Name the intersection of lines m and t. A F
R
5. Name a point that is not coplanar with points A, B,
M
and C.
n q
6. Are points F, M, G, and P coplanar? Explain.
G L
H
7. Does line n intersect line q? Explain. Q P
Example 2
Name the geometric terms modeled by each object or phrase.
8. roof of a house 9. a tabletop 10. bridge support beam
11. a chessboard 12. 13.

14. a wall and the floor 15. the edge of a table 16. two connected walls
17. a blanket 18. a telephone pole 19. a tablet computer
561_568_RM_INT1_S_M10_L02_700687.indd 565 07/05/19 12:02 PM

Example 3
USE TOOLS Draw and label a figure for each relationship.
⟷
20. Points X and Y lie on CD 
  .
21. Two planes do not intersect.
22. Line m intersects plane R at a single point.
23. Three lines intersect at point J but do not all lie in the same plane.
24. Points A(2, 3), B(2, −3), C, and D are collinear, but A, B, C, D, and F are not.
Example 4
Refer to the figure for Exercises 19-22. F
D
25. How many planes are shown in the figure?
E
26. How many of the planes contain points F and E ?
27. Name four points that are coplanar. W
A
28. Are points A, B, and C coplanar? Explain. C
B
Example 5
A G
29. BUILDING The roof and exterior walls of a house
represent intersecting planes. Using the image, name all
the lines that are formed by the intersecting planes
F
shown. B
H
30. If the surface of a lake represents a plane, what geometric
term is represented by the intersection of a fishing line
and the lake’s surface?
E
C
31. ART Perspective drawing is a method that artists use to D
create paintings and drawings of three-dimensional
objects. The artist first draws the horizon line and two vanishing points along the
horizon. Buildings or other objects are created by drawing receding lines and
vertical lines.
a. Where do the receding lines and horizon lines intersect?
b. Identify examples of planes within this picture.
Rec
line edin
ng g li
edi ne
Rec
ne Recedin
ding li g line
Rece
Horizontal line
Vanishing Vanishing
point point
561_568_RM_INT1_S_M10_L02_700687.indd 566 16/04/19 12:25 PM

Mixed Exercises
USE TOOLS Draw and label a figure for each relationship.
⟷ ⟷
32.  LM  and NP 
  are coplanar but do not intersect.
⟷ ↔
33.  FG  and JK 
  intersect at P(4, 3), where point F is at (−2, 5) and point J is at (7, 9).
34. Lines s and t intersect, and line v does not intersect either one.
Refer to the figure for Exercises 35-38.

35. Name a line that contains point E.
A
B
36. Name a point contained in line n. p
D
n
37. What is another name for line p?
C
G
38. Name the plane containing lines n and p.
E
USE TOOLS Draw and label a figure for each relationship. q
⟷
39. Point K lies on RT 
  .
40. Plane J contains line s.
⟷
41.  YP  lies in plane B and contains point C, but does not contain point H.
42. Lines q and f intersect at point Z in plane U.
561_568_RM_INT1_S_M10_L02_700687.indd 567 17/04/19 11:09 AM

43. Name the geometric term modeled by the object.
44. Name the geometric term modeled by a partially-opened folder.

45. CREATE Sketch three planes that intersect in a point.
46. ANALYZE Is it possible for two points on the surface of a prism to be neither
collinear nor coplanar? Justify your argument.
47. FIND THE ERROR Camille and Hiroshi are trying to determine the greatest number
of lines that can be drawn using any two of four random points. Is either correct?
Camille Hiroshi
Because there are four points, 4 · 3 You can draw 3 · 2 · 1 or
or 12 lines can be drawn between 6 lines between the points.
the points.
48. PERSEVERE What is the greatest number of planes determined using any three of
the points A, B, C, and D if no three points are collinear?
49. WRITE A finite plane is a plane that has boundaries or does not extend
indefinitely. The sides of a cereal box shown are finite planes. Give a real-life
example of a finite plane. Is it possible to have a real-life object that is an
infinite plane? Explain your reasoning.
50. CREATE Sketch three planes that intersect in a line.
561_568_RM_INT1_S_M10_L02_700687.indd 568 17/04/19 11:09 AM

Lesson 10-3
Line Segments
Today’s Goals
Explore Using Tools to Determine Betweenness ● Calculate measures
of Points of line segments.
● Apply the definition
nline Activity Use a pencil and straightedge to complete the
O of congruent line
Explore. segments to find
missing values.
INQUIRY How can a line segment be divided
line segment
into any number of line segments?
betweenness of
points
congruent
Learn Betweenness of Points congruent segments
A line segment is a measurable part of a line that consists of two

points, called endpoints, and all of the points between them. The two
endpoints are used to name the segments.
You know that for any two real numbers a and b, there is a real
number n between a and b such that a < n < b. This relationship also
applies to points on a line and is called betweenness of points.
Key Concept • Betweenness of Points Talk About It!
Point C is between A and B if and only if A, B, and C are collinear and What is an example of
AC + CB = AB. how the betweenness
of points can be
applied to the real
world?
Example 1 Find Measurements by Adding
Find the measure of ¯
  .
XZ X
 ¯. Point Y is between
XZ is the measure of XZ 
X and Z. Find XZ by adding XY and YZ. 11.3 cm Y
XY + YZ = XZ Betweenness of points
Z
3.8 cm
11.3 + 3.8 = XZ Substitution
15.1 cm = XZ Add.
7
Check 2 10 in.
9
D 5 10 in.
  ¯.
Find the measure of DF  E
F
Lesson 10-3 • Line Segments 569
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Example 2 Find Measurements by Subtracting
QR
  . 3
Problem-Solving Tip 13 4 ft
Point Q is between points P and R. P 5
Draw a Diagram Draw a 6 8 ft Q
diagram to help you see PQ + QR = PR
Betweenness of R
and correctly interpret a points
situation that has been
5 3
described in words. 6 __
  8  + QR = 13 __
  4  Substitution
1 5
QR = 7 __ Subtract 6  __
  8  ft 8 from each side and simplify.
Check
  ¯. Round your
Find the measure of PQ 17.8 cm
answer to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
P Q R
? cm 24.3 cm
Think About It!
How can you check your
solution for x?
Example 3 Write and Solve Equations to Find
Measurements
Find the value of x and BC if B is between A and C, AC = 4x - 12,
AB = x, and BC = 2x + 3.
Step 1 P
lot two points and label them 4x - 12
A and C. Connect the points. x 2x + 3
Step 2 P
lot point B between points A A B C
and C.
Step 3 Label segments AB, BC, and AC with their given measures.
Step 4 Use betweenness of points to write an equation and solve for x.
AC = AB + BC Betweenness of points
4x - 12 = x + 2x + 3 Substitution
4x - 12 = 3x + 3 Combine like terms.
x - 12 = 3 Subtract 3x from each side. Simplify.

Think About It!
x = 15 Add 12 to each side. Simplify.
Once you find BC, how
could you find AC Now find BC.
without evaluating
BC = 2x + 3 Given
AC = 4x - 12?
= 2(15) + 3 x = 15
= 33
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Apply Example 4 Use Betweenness of Points
SPACE NEEDLE Darrell is visiting the Space Needle in Seattle,
Washington. He knows that the total height of the Space Needle
is 605 feet. The distance from the ground to the observation deck
is 10 feet more than six times the distance from the observation
deck to the top of the Space Needle. Help Darrell find the distance
from the ground to the observation deck.
1 What is the task?

Sample answer: I need to find the distance from the ground to the
observation deck. How does the distance from the ground to the
observation deck compare to the total height of the Space Needle? I
can express the information that I am given in the exercise as an
equation, solve for any missing information, and then use that
information to find the answer.
2 H
Sample answer: I will express the information that I am given into an
equation that represents the total height of the Space Needle. I have
learned how to convert written information into expressions, and I have
learned how to solve equations.
x What equation represents the distance from the

ground to the observation deck?
x + 6x + 10 = 605
605
6x + 10
What is the distance from the ground to the

observation deck?
520 ft

solution.
Sample answer: 520 feet seems reasonable for the distance from the
ground to the observation deck. The distance from the observation
deck to the top of the Space Needle is 85 feet. The combined heights
are realistic compared to the total height.
569_576_RM_INT1_S_M10_L03_700687.indd 571 16/04/19 12:35 PM

Study Tip Learn Line Segment Congruence
Use a consecutive If two geometric figures have exactly the same shape and size, then
number of tick marks they are congruent. Two segments that have the same measure are
for each new pair of congruent segments.
congruent segments in
a figure. The segments Key Concept • Congruent Segments
with two tick marks are
congruent, and the A 1.7 cm D ¯
¯≅ CD
AB
segments with three C
tick marks are 1.7 cm
congruent. B
E F ≅ is read is congruent to. Red slashes on the figure also indicate
G H congruence.
B I K Segment AB is congruent to segment CD.
D
Congruent segments have the same measure.
A
C J L Example 5 Write and Solve Equations by Using
Congruence
Find the value of x if Q is between P and R, P Q R
 ¯ ≅ ¯
PQ = 6x + 20, QR = 2(x + 6), and PQ   QR.
6x + 20 2(x + 6)
Write the justifications in the correct order. You
may use a justification more than once.
Study Tip Definition of congruence Distributive Property

Divide each side by 4. Simplify. Substitution
Equal vs. Congruent Subtract 2x from each side. Subtract 20 from each side.
Lengths are equal, and
segments are congruent. PQ = QR Definition of congruence
It is correct to say that 6x + 20 = 2(x + 6) Substitution
AB = CD and AB    ¯.
  ¯ ≅ CD 
However, it is not correct 6x + 20 = 2x + 12 Distributive Property
to say that AB    ¯ or
  ¯ = CD  6x + 20 - 2x = 2x + 12 - 2x Subtract 2x from each side.
that AB ≅ CD.
4x + 20 = 12 Simplify.
4x + 20 - 20 = 12 - 20 Subtract 20 from each side.

4x = -8 Simplify.
Watch Out! 4x
__
 4  = ___
-8
Check Your
Answer Sometimes x = -2 Simplify.
solutions will result in
negative segment Check
lengths. If this occurs,
review your work Find the value of x if U is between T and V, TU = 7x + 35,
carefully. Either an  ¯ ≅ UV 
UV = 4(x + 7), and TU    ¯.
error was made, or x= ?
there is no solution.
Go Online You may want to complete the construction activities for this lesson.
569_576_RM_INT1_S_M10_L03_700687.indd 572 16/04/19 12:35 PM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Find the measure of each segment.
  ¯
1. PR    ¯
2. EF    ¯
3. JL 
2.8 in.
F
5.8 mm 2.5 in. 0.35 cm
P G 0.75 cm
R
3.7 mm
S
E J K L

  ¯
4. HJ    ¯
5. AC    ¯
6. SV 
H 1.6 m C 4.1 in.
J 3.1 ft 0.4 m
2.6 in. T
12.2 ft K V
A B
S

  ¯
7. NQ    ¯
8. AC    ¯
9. GH 
1
1 in. 1 4 in. 4.9 cm 5.2 cm 9.7 mm GF H
Q P N
A B C 15 mm
Example 3
Find the value of the variable and YZ if Y is between X and Z.
10. XY = 11, YZ = 4c, XZ = 83 11. XY = 6b, YZ = 8b, XZ = 175
12. XY = 7a, YZ = 5a, XZ = 6a + 24 13. XY = 5.5, YZ = 2c, XZ = 8.9
14. XY = 5n, YZ = 2n, XZ = 91 15. XY = 4w, YZ = 6w, XZ = 12w - 8
16. XY = 11d, YZ = 9d - 2, XZ = 5d + 28 17. XY = 4n + 3, YZ = 2n - 7, XZ = 20
18. XY = 3a - 4, YZ = 6a + 2, XZ = 5a + 22 19. XY = 3k - 2, YZ = 7k + 4, XZ = 4k + 38
20. XY = 4x, YZ = x, and XY = 25 21. XY = 4x, YZ = 3x, and XZ = 42
22. XY = 12, YZ = 2x, and XZ = 28 23. XY = 2x + 1, YZ = 6x, and XZ = 81
569_576_RM_INT1_S_M10_L03_700687.indd 573 16/04/19 12:35 PM

Example 4
24. RAILROADS A straight railroad track is being built to connect two cities. The
measured distance of the track between the two cities is 160.5 miles. A mail stop
is 28.5 miles from the first city. How far is the mail stop from the second city?
25. CARPENTRY A carpenter has a piece of wood that is 78 inches long. He wants to
cut it so that one piece is five times as long as the other piece. What are the
lengths of the two pieces?
26. WALKING Marshall lives 2300 yards from school and 1500 yards from the
pharmacy. The school, pharmacy, and his home are all collinear, as shown in
the figure.
2300 yards
1500 yards
School Pharmacy Home
What is the distance from the pharmacy to the school?
27. COFFEE SHOP Chenoa wants to stop for coffee on her way to school. The distance
from Chenoaʼs house to the coffee shop is 3 miles more than twice the distance
from the coffee shop to Chenoaʼs school. The total distance from Chenoaʼs house
to her school is 5 times the distance from the coffee shop to her school.
a. W
hat is the distance from Chenoaʼs house to the coffee shop? Write your
answer as a decimal, if necessary.
b. What assumptions did you make when solving this problem?
Example 5
Find the measure of each segment.
¯
28.  MO  ¯
29.  WY  ¯
30.  FG 
4.6 cm
M 8.8 mm 16.8 cm
N
W
O Y F
X G H J K
¯
31.  QT  ¯
32.  DE 
14.4 in. 2x + 7 4(x - 3)
P Q R S C
T D E
¯
33.  UX 
U V W X
3x + 1 4x - 6 2x + 8
569_576_RM_INT1_S_M10_L03_700687.indd 574 16/04/19 12:35 PM

Mixed Exercises
 ¯ if W is between U and V, UV = 16.8 centimeters, and
34. Find the length of UW 
VW = 7.9 centimeters.
6x - 4 10 cm
35. Find the value of x if RS = 24 centimeters. R T S
 ¯ if M is between L and O, LM = 7x - 9, MO = 14 inches, and

36. Find the length of LO 
LO = 10x - 7.
  ¯ ≅ RS 
37. Find the value of x if PQ   ¯, PQ = 9x - 7, and RS = 29.
 ¯.
38. Find the measure of NL 
5.8 cm
2.1 cm
M N L
39. PRECISION If point P is between A and M, write a true statement.
40. HIKING A hiking trail is 20 kilometers long. Park organizers want to build 5 rest
stops for hikers with one on each end of the trail and the other 3 spaced evenly
between. How much distance will separate successive rest stops?
41. RACE The map shows the route of a race. You are at Y, 6000 feet from the first
checkpoint A. The second checkpoint B is located at the midpoint between A and
the end of the race Z. The total race is 3.1 miles. How far apart are the two
checkpoints?
Y A B Z
42. FIELD TRIP The marching band at Jefferson High School is taking a field trip from
Lansing, Michigan, to Detroit, Michigan. The bus driver was told to stop 53 miles
into the trip. If the rest of the trip is 41 miles and the entire journey can be
represented by the expression 3x + 16, find the value of x.
Lansing 75
96
127
10 mi 96
0 1 cm Detroit
569_576_RM_INT1_S_M10_L03_700687.indd 575 16/04/19 12:35 PM

43. DISTANCE Madison lives between Anoa and Jamie as depicted on the
line segment. The distance between Anoaʼs house and Madison’s J
house is represented by 3x + 2 miles, the distance between Madison’s M
house and Jamie’s house is represented by 3x + 4 miles, and the
distance between Anoa’s house and Jamie’s house is represented by
A
9x - 3 miles. Find the value of x. Then find the distance between Madison’s
house and Jamie’s house.
44. FIREFIGHTING A firefighter training course is taking place in a

high-rise building. The high-rise building where they practice
is 48 stories high. If the emergency happens on the top floor and
48 stories
the firefighters have already gone 29 stories, how many stories do
29 stories
they still need to go?
45. CAFE You are waiting at the end of a long straight line at Coffee Express. Your
friend Denzel is r + 12 feet in front of you. Denzel is 2r + 4 feet away from the
front of the line. If Denzel is in the exact middle of the line, how many feet away
are you from the front of the line?
3.7 cm
  ¯, write and solve an equation to
46. REASONING For AC A
find AB. B 1.5 cm
C
47. PERSEVERE Point K is between points J and L. If JK = x2 - 4x, KL = 3x - 2, and
JL = 28, find JK and KL.
48. ANALYZE Determine whether the statement If point M is between points C and D,
then CD is greater than either CM or MD is sometimes, always, or never true.
49. PERSEVERE Point C is located between points B and D. Also, BC= 5x + 7,

CD= 3y + 4, B
D= 38, and B
D= 2x + 8y. Find the values of x and y.
50. WRITE If point B is between points A and C, explain how you can find AC if you
know AB and BC. Explain how you can find BC if you know AB and AC.
51. CREATE Sketch line segment AC. Plot point B between A and C. 5.3 in.
Use a ruler to find AC and AB. Then write and solve an equation to A
2.8 in.
find BC. B
C
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Lesson 10-4
Distance
Learn Distance on a Number Line Today’s Goals
● Find the length of a line
The distance between two points is the length of the segment segment on a number
between the points. The coordinates of the points can be used to find line.
the length of the segment. ● Find the distance
between two points on
Key Concept • Distance Formula on Number Line the coordinate plane.
P Q
x1 x2 distance
If P has coordinate x1 and Q has coordinate x2, then

PQ = | x2 - x1| or | x1 - x2|.
¯ is the same as QP

Because  PQ   ¯, the order in which you name the
endpoints is not important when calculating distance.
Example 1 Find Distance on a Number Line

Think About It!
Use the number line. Why do you think the
A B C D E F Distance Formula uses
absolute value?
-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Find CF.
CF = |x2 - x1| Distance Formula
= |5 - (-1)| x1 = -1 and x2 = 5
=6 Simplify.
Check
Think About It!
Use the number line.
A B C D E   ¯ and the
the length of CF 
¯
length of FC 
  .
-6-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Find AE.
A. -12 B. 2 C. 12 D. 13
Lesson 10-4 • Distance 577
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Example 2 Determine Segment Congruence
Determine whether ¯
  CB and ¯
  DF are congruent.
A B C D E F
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
The coordinates of C and B are -1 and -3. The coordinates of D and
F are 2 and 5. Find the length of each segment.
CB = |x2 - x1| Distance Formula
= |-3 - (-1)| Substitute.
= |-2| Subtract.
=2 Simplify.
 ¯ is 2 units.
The length of CB 
DF = |x2 - x1| Distance Formula
= |5 - 2| Substitute.
= |3| Subtract.
=3 Simplify.
 ¯ is 3 units.
The length of DF 
Because CB ≠ DF, the segments are not congruent.
Check
Watch Out!   ¯ and BD 
Determine whether AC    ¯ are congruent.
Subtraction with A B C D E
Negatives Remember
that subtracting a -6-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
negative number is like ?
The segments congruent.
adding a positive
number.
Explore Use the Pythagorean Theorem to Find

Distances
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete
the Explore.
INQUIRY How can you find the distance

between two points on the coordinate
plane?
Go Online A derivation of the Distance Formula is available.
577_584_RM_INT1_S_M10_L04_700687.indd 578 16/04/19 12:41 PM

Learn Distance on the Coordinate Plane
Talk About It!
The endpoints of a segment on the coordinate plane can be used to Is order important
find the length of that segment by using the Distance Formula. when using the
Distance Formula? Why
Key Concept • Distance Formula on the Coordinate Plane
or why not?
If P has coordinates (x1, y1) and Q has y
coordinates (x2, y2), then
√
_________________
x2 - x1)  2 + ( y2 - y1)  2 .
PQ = (  
Q(x 2, y 2)
P(x 1, y 1)
O x
Example 3 Find Distance on the Coordinate Plane

Find the distance between J(4, 3) and K(-3, -7).
Let J(4, 3) be (x1, y 1) and K(-3, -7) be (x2, y 2).
√
__________________
x2 - x1)  2 + ( y2 - y1)  2 
JK = (   Distance Formula
___________________
√
= (-3
   - x1)  2 + (-7 - y1)  2 
______________________
Substitute x2 and y2.
√
= (-3
   - 4)  2 + (-7 - 3)  2  Substitute x1 and y1.
Watch Out!
_____________
= √ -7)  2 + ( -10)  2 
(   Subtract. Simplify Radicals Do
not forget to leave your
________
=√
49 + 100  Simplify. answer in simplest
radical form when
___
=√
149  Simplify. using the Distance
___ Formula or the
The distance between J and K is √149  or approximately 12.2 units. Pythagorean Theorem.
Go Online An alternate method is available for this example.
Check
Find the distance between A and B.
y
8 B(5, 9)
6
4
2
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
−4
A(−6, −4) −6
−8
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Example 4 Calculate Distance
INCLINE Chelsea and Amie are sitting in separate cars on the
Monongahela Incline. Chelsea is traveling up Mount Washington
and Amie is traveling down. When the two girls notice each other,
Chelsea has a horizontal distance of 212.0 feet from the lower
station and is at a height of 151.6 feet. Amie has a horizontal
distance of 435.3 feet from the lower station and is at a height of
311.3 feet. What is the distance between the two girls?
Step 1 Draw a diagram. y
Height (in feet)

Draw a diagram to represent the 300
A(435.3, 311.3)
situation. Label the x-axis as the 200
“Horizontal Distance from Lower
C(212.0, 151.6)
Station (in feet).” Label the y-axis 100
as the “Height (in feet).” Use a

O 100 200 300 400 x
scale of 50 on the x-axis and the
Horizontal Distance from
y-axis. Lower Station (in feet)
Think About It! Step 2 Use the Distance Formula.

Does your answer (x1, y1) = (212.0, 151.6) and (x2, y2) = (435.3, 311.3)
seem reasonable? Why
√√
__________________
or why not? x2 - x1)  2 + (y2 - y1)  2  
D = (   Distance Formula
_____________________________
435.3 - 212.0)  2 + (311.3 - 151.6)  2 
= (     Substitute.
_____________
√
= 223.3
   2 + 159.72  Subtract.
___________________
=√
49,862.89
    + 25,504.09  Square each term.
________
√
= 75,366.98 Add.

≈ 274.5 Take the positive
square root.
Chelsea and Amie are approximately 274.5 feet apart.
Check
SNOWBOARDING Manuel wants to go snowboarding with his friend.
The closest ski and snowboard resort is approximately 20 miles west
and 50 miles north of his house. Manuel picks up his friend who lives
15 miles south and 10 miles east of Manuel’s house. How far away are
the two boys from the resort?
? mi
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Practice
Example 1
Use the number line to find each measure.
J K L M N P
-7-6-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. JL 2. JK 3. KP
4. NP 5. JP 6. LN

E F G H J K L
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
7. JK 8. LK 9. FG
10. JG 11. EH 12. LF

J K L M N
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
13. LN 14. JL
Example 2
Determine whether the given segments are congruent. Write yes or no.
A B C D E F
-10-9 -8 -7-6-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

¯ and EF 
15.  AB    ¯ ¯ and DF 
16.  BD    ¯ ¯ and CD 
17.  AC    ¯
¯ and DE 
18.  AC    ¯   ¯
¯ and CF 
19.  BE  ¯ and DF 
20.  CD    ¯
Example 3
Find the distance between each pair of points.
21. y 22. y 23. y
V(5, 7) J(−3, 4)
M(4, 0)
O x O x
O x K(2, −4)
L(−2, −3)
U(−1, −1)
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24. A(2, 6), N(5, 10) 25. R(3, 4), T(7, 2) 26. X(-3, 8), Z(-5, 1)
Example 4 y
27. SPIRALS Denise traces the spiral shown in the figure. The spiral begins
at the origin. What is the shortest distance between Denise’s starting
point and her ending point?
O x
28. ZOOLOGY A tiny songbird called the blackpoll warbler

migrates each fall from North America. A tracking study
showed one bird flew from Vermont at map coordinates (63, 45) to
Venezuela at map coordinates (67, 10) in three days. If each map
coordinate represents 75 kilometers, how far did the bird travel?
Vermont
Venezuela
29. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Mariah is

training for a sprint-distance triathlon.
She plans on cycling from her house to
the library. If the cycling portion of the Library
triathlon is 12 miles, will Mariah have (4, 9)
2
cycled at least __  3 of that distance during
her bike ride? Justify your argument.
Mariah’s house
(9, 2)
Paul Reeves Photography/Shutterstock
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30. SPORTS The distance between each base on a 2nd
baseball infield is 90 feet. The third baseman Base
throws a ball from third base to point P. To the
nearest foot, how far did the player throw the ball?
90 ft
P
Infield 30 ft
3rd
Base 1st
Mixed Exercises Base
Find the distance between each pair of points. Round
to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
Home
31. M(-4, 9), N(-5, 3) 32. C(2, 4), D(5, 7) Plate
33. A(5, 1), B(3, 6) 34. V(4, 4), X(5, 8)
35. S(6, 4), T(3, 2) 36. M(-1, 8), N(-3, 3)
37. W(-8, 1), Y(0, 6) 38. B(3, -4), C(5, -5)
39. R(6, 11), T(3, -7) 40. A(-3, 8) and B(-1, 4)
41. M(4, -3) and N(-2, 1) 42. X(-3, 5) and Y(4, 2)
43. U   ¯ and UX 

se the number line to determine whether SV    ¯ are congruent. Write yes
or no.
S T U V W X
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Name the point(s) that satisfy the given condition.

44. two points on the x-axis that are 10 units from (1, 8)
45. two points on the y-axis that are 25 units from (–24, 3)
46. Refer to the figure. Are VT    ¯ congruent?

  ¯ and SU  y
S
V 4a T
2a O a 3a x
U
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47. KNITTING Mei is knitting a scarf with diagonal stripes. Before she began, she laid
out the pattern on a coordinate grid where each unit represented 2 inches. On the
grid, the first stripe began at (2, 0) and ended at (5, 4). All the stripes are the same
length. How many inches long is each stripe on the scarf?
48. ART A terracotta bowl artifact has a triangular pattern around the top,
as shown. All the triangles are about the same size and can be
represented on a coordinate plane with vertices at points (0, 6.8),
(4.5, 6.8), and (2.25, 0). If each unit represents 1 centimeter, what is
the approximate perimeter of each triangle, to the nearest tenth
of a centimeter?

49. ANALYZE Consider rectangle QRST with QR = ST = 4 centimeters and
  ¯ such that QU = UR and point V is
RS = QT = 2 centimeters. If point U is on QR 
on RS    ¯ congruent to RV 
  ¯ such that RV = VS, then is QU    ¯? Justify your argument
50. WRITE Explain how the Pythagorean Theorem and the Distance Formula are
related.
51. PERSEVERE Point P is located on the segment between point A(1, 4) and
point D(7, 13). The distance from A to P is twice the distance from P to D.
What are the coordinates of point P?
52. CREATE Plot points Y and Z on a coordinate plane. Then use the Distance
Formula to find YZ.
53. PERSEVERE Suppose point A is located at (1, 3) on a coordinate plane. If AB is 10

and the x-coordinate of point B is 9, explain how to use the Distance Formula to
find the y-coordinate of point B.
54. WRITE Explain how to use the Distance Formula to find the distance between
points (a, b) and (c, d).
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Lesson 10-5
Locating Points on a Number Line

Today’s Goals
● Find a point on a
Explore Locating Points on a Number Line with directed line segment on
a number line that is a
Fractional Distance given fractional distance
from the initial point.
O ● Find a point that
Explore. partitions a directed line
segment on a number
line in a given ratio.
INQUIRY What general method can you use to
locate a point some fraction of the distance from Today’s Vocabulary
one point to another point on a number line? directed line segment
fractional distance
Learn Locating Points on a Number Line with Watch Out!

Fractional Distance Don’t Use Absolute
Value When finding
While a line segment has two endpoints, a directed line segment has
the distance from an
an initial endpoint and a terminal endpoint. initial endpoint to a
Using a directed line segment enables you to calculate the coordinate terminal endpoint on a
of an intermediary point some fraction of the length of the segment, or directed line segment,
fractional distance, from the initial endpoint. don’t use absolute
value. The difference
Key Concept • Locating a Point at Fractional Distances on a Number Line created by (x2 - x1) can
a
Find the coordinate of a point that is __
  b of the distance from point C be positive or negative.
to point D. The sign of the
Step 1 Calculate the difference C D difference will indicate
of the coordinates of the direction of the
x1 x2 directed line segment.
point C and point D.
(x2 - x1)
Step 2 M
ultiply the difference C D Talk About It!
by the given fraction. In the Key Concept,
x1 x2
The fractional distance is what phrase helped you
a
given by __
a
 b(x2 - x1). (x - x1)
b 2 identify the initial
endpoint? What phrase
Step 3 A
dd the fractional C P D helped you identify the
distance to the terminal endpoint?
x1 x2
coordinate of the
initial point x1. x1 + ab (x2 - x1)
The coordinate of point P is
a
given by x1 + __
  b (x2 - x1).
The coordinate of a point on a line segment with endpoints x1 and x2 is

a a
given by x1 + __
  b (x2 - x1), where __
  b is the fraction of the distance.
Lesson 10-5 • Locating Points on a Number Line 585
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Example 1 Locate a Point at a Fractional Distance
1
Find B on ¯
  AC that is __
  4  of the A C
distance from A to C. -5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Point A is the initial endpoint, and point C is the terminal endpoint.

A C
-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Use the equation to calculate the coordinate of point B.

a
B = x1 + __
  b  (x2 - x1) Coordinate equation
Think About It! 1 a 1
= -5 + _
  4  (7 - (-5)) x1 = -5, x2 = 7, and __
  b = __
  4
How would you check
your solution? = -2 Simplify.
Point B is located at -2 on the number line.

A B C
-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Check
3
  ¯ that is __
Find X on BE    5  of the distance from B to E.
B E
-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 6
Example 2 Locate a Point at a Fractional Distance

in the Real World
BIKING Julio is biking from his house to the library. His house is
8 blocks west of the school, and the library is 4 blocks east of the
1
school. If he stops to rest __
  3  of the distance from his house to the
library, at what point does he stop?
Julio’s house is the initial endpoint, located at −8, and the library is the
terminal endpoint, located at 4. The school is at 0.
SCHOOL
LIBRARY
Think About It! W E

–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
What would the
coordinate be if Julio
1 Use the equation to calculate the coordinate of Julio’s resting point.
wanted to rest __  3 of the
a
distance if he is going B = x1 + __
  b (x2 - x1) Coordinate equation
from the library to his 1 a 1
house? = -8 + __
  3 [4 - (-8)] x1 = -8, x2 = 4, and __
  b = _
  3
= -4 Simplify.
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Check
5
DECORATING Taji is hanging a picture __   8 of the distance from the floor
to the ceiling. If the distance between the floor and the ceiling is
12 feet, how high should he hang the picture?
Learn Locating Points on a Number Line with a

Given Ratio
You can calculate the coordinate of an intermediary point that
partitions the directed line segment into a given ratio. Go Online
You may want to
Key Concept • Section Formula on a Number Line
If C has coordinate x1 and D has coordinate x2, then a point P that Check to check your
partitions the line segment in a ratio of m:n is located at understanding.
nx1 + mx2
coordinate _______
  m + n , where m ≠ -n.
nx1 + mx2
m+n
C P D
x1 m:n x2
Example 3 Locate a Point on a Number Line When

Given a Ratio
Find B on ¯
 AC such that the ratio of AB to BC is 3:4.
Study Tip
A C
Checking Solutions
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 When using the
Section Formula you
Use the Section Formula to determine the coordinate of point B. can check your
nx1 + mx2 solution by converting
B = _______
  m + n  Section Formula the given ratio into a
4(-5) + 3(7) 1 fraction. Use this
= ___________
  3 + 4  =_
 7  m = 3, n = 4, x1 and x2 = 7
fraction and the
A B C coordinate equation to
-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 find the fractional
distance from your
1 initial endpoint to your
So, B is located at __
  7 on the number line.
terminal endpoint. If
you don’t calculate the
same coordinate, you
have made an error.
585_592_RM_INT1_S_M10_L05_700687.indd 587 16/04/19 12:50 PM

Check
  ¯ such that the ratio of AP to PF is 1:3.
Find P on AF 
A F
-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
P is located at ? on the number line.
Example 4 Partition a Directed Line Segment

ROAD TRIP Jorge is traveling
Think About It! 2563 miles from New York
How can you use City to San Francisco by car.
estimation to check He plans on stopping for gas
your answer? when the ratio of the distance New York
San Francisco
he has already traveled to the
distance he still has to travel is
2:5. How far has Jorge
traveled when he stops for
gas?
Use the Section Formula to determine how far Jorge will travel before
he stops for gas.
nx1 + mx2
B = _______
  m + n  Section Formula
5(0) + 2(2563)
= ___________
   
2+5 = 732.3 m = 2, n = 5, x1 = 0, and x2 = 2563
When Jorge has traveled 732.3 miles from New York City, the ratio
of the distance he has traveled to the distance that he still has to
travel is 2:5.
Check
ERRANDS Eduardo travels 30 miles from his house to the bike shop.
When Eduardo goes to the bike shop, he always stops at a local pizza
place that is along the way. The ratio of the distance Eduardo travels
from his house to the pizza place to the distance he travels from the
pizza place to the bike shop is 2:3.
How far is the pizza place from Eduardo’s house?
? mi
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Practice
Examples 1 and 3
Refer to the number line. Refer to the number line.
M J A B C D E F
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 -7 -6-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2
ind the coordinate of point B that is _
1. F   4 of ind the coordinate of point G that is __
7. F   3 of
the distance from M to J. the distance from B to D.
7 1
ind the coordinate of point C that is __
2. F   8 of ind the coordinate of point H that is __
8. F   5 of
the distance from M to J. the distance from C to F.
7 1
ind the coordinate of point D that is __
3. F   16 of ind the coordinate of point J that is __
9. F   6 of the
the distance from M to J. distance from A to E.
4
4. F
ind the coordinate of point X such that ind the coordinate of point K that is __
10. F   5 of
ratio of MX to XJ is 3:1. the distance from A to F.
5. F
ind the coordinate of point X such that 11. F
ind the coordinate of point X such that
ratio of MX to XJ is 2:3. ratio of AX to XF is 1:3.
6. F
ind the coordinate of point X such that 12. F
ratio of MX to XJ is 1:1. ratio of BX to XF is 3:2.
13. F
ratio of CX to XE is 1:1.
14. F
ratio of FX to XD is 5:3.
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Refer to the number line.
A B C D F
-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
  ¯ that is  _
15. Find the coordinate of point X on AF  3 of the distance from A to F.
1
  ¯ that is  _
16. Find the coordinate of point Y on AC  4 of the distance from A to C.

A W X Y Z E
-10-9 -8 -7 -6-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
¯ is __ 2
17. Which point on  AE    3 of the distance from A to E?
18. Point X is what fractional distance from E to A?
1
  ¯ that is  __
19. Find the coordinate of point M on AE  5 of the distance from A to E.

F G H J K L
-15 -10 -5 0 5
20. The ratio of FX to XK is 1:1. Which point is located at X?
  ¯ such that the ratio of FQ to QL is 12:7.

21. Find the coordinate of Q on FL 
Examples 2 and 4
22. TRAVEL Caroline is taking a road trip on I-70 in Kansas. She stops for gas at mile
marker 36. Her destination is at mile marker 353 in Topeka, but she decides to
3
stop at an attraction __
 4 of the way after stopping for gas. At about which mile
marker did Caroline stop to visit the attraction?
585_592_RM_INT1_S_M10_L05_700687.indd 590 16/04/19 12:50 PM

23. HIKING A hiking trail is 24 miles from start to finish. There are two rest areas
located along the trail.
Start Finish
a. The first rest area is located such that the ratio of the distance from the start of
the trail to the rest area and the distance from the rest area to the end of the
trail is 2:9. To the nearest hundredth of a mile, how far is the first rest area from
the starting point of the trail?
b. Kadisha claims that the distance she has walked and that the distance she has
left to walk has a ratio of 5:7. How many miles has Kadisha walked?
24. Melany wants to hang a canvas, which is 8 feet wide, on his wall. Where on the
canvas should Melany mark the location of the hangers if the canvas requires a
1
hanger every __
  5 of its length, excluding the edges? Justify your answer.
25. MIGRATION Many American White Pelicans

migrate each year, with hundreds of them
stopping to rest in various locations along the Winnipeg
way. The ratio of the distance some flocks travel
from their summer home to one stopover to the
distance from the stopover to the winter home is
3:4. If the total distance that the pelicans migrate
is 1680 miles, how long is the distance from the
Cedar Rapids
summer home to the stopover?
New Orleans
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Mixed Exercises
26. Write an equation that can be used to find the coordinate of point K
2
that is __
  5 of the distance from Q to R.
Q R
-5 -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
27. SOCIAL MEDIA Tito is posting a photo and needs to resize it to fit. The photo’s
4
width should fill __
  5  of the width of the page. On Tito’s screen, the total width of the
page is 3 inches. How wide should the photo be?
28. NEONATAL At birth, the ratio of a baby’s head length to the length of the rest of its
body is 1:3. If a baby’s total body length is 22 inches, how long is the baby’s head?

¯. Using only a compass and a
29. CREATE Draw a segment and label it  AB 
1
straightedge, construct a segment  CD  such that CD = 5 _
¯
4  AB. Explain and then
justify your construction.
30. WRITE Naoki wants to center a canvas, which is 8 feet wide, on his bedroom wall,
which is 17 feet wide. Where on the wall should Naoki mark the location of the
1
nails, if the canvas requires nails every __
 5 of its length, excluding the edges?
Explain your solution process.

never true. Justify your argument.
¯ is on a number line and point W is __ 2
If  XY   5 of the distance from X to Y, then the
coordinate of point W is greater than the coordinate of point X.
32. PERSEVERE On a number line, point A is at 5, and point B is at -10.

Point C is on AB  ¯ such that the ratio of AC to CB is 1:3. Find D
3
on  BC  that is  __
¯
8 of the distance from B to C.
585_592_RM_INT1_S_M10_L05_700687.indd 592 16/04/19 12:50 PM

Lesson 10-6
Locating Points on a Coordinate Plane

Today’s Goals
● Find a point on a directed
Explore Applying Fractional Distance line segment on the
coordinate plane that is a
given fractional distance
Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the Explore. from the initial point.
● Find a point that partitions
INQUIRY How do we use fractional distances a directed line segment
on the coordinate plane
in the real world?
in a given ratio.
Watch Out!
Learn Locating Points on the Coordinate Plane Determine the Initial
with Fractional Distance Endpoint Direction is
important when
You can find a point on a directed line segment that is a fractional determining a point
distance from an endpoint on the coordinate plane. that is a fractional
Key Concept • Locating a Point at a Fractional Distance on the distance on a directed
line segment. Identify
Coordinate Plane
a the initial endpoint you
The coordinates of a point on a line segment that is __   b of the distance move from and the
from initial endpoint A(x1, y1) to terminal endpoint C(x2, y2) are given by terminal endpoint you
(x1 +   b (x2 - x1), y1 +   b (y2 - y1)), where   b is the fraction of the distance
__ a a
__ a
__
move toward.
if b ≠ 0.
Example 1 Fractional Distances on the Coordinate Plane Study Tip

3 You can check that you
 ¯ that is _
Find C on AB   4  of the distance from y
8 have computed the
A to B. 6 B (6, 8)
4 coordinates of C
Step 1 Identify the endpoints. 2 correctly by finding the
lengths of AC    ¯ and AB 
  ¯.
Identify the initial and terminal endpoints. -8-6-4-2 O 2 4 6 8 x
-2 AC 3
-4 If   AB  is not equal to _
___  4 ,
(x1, y1) = (-7, -5) and (x2, y2) = (6, 8) -6 then you have made an
-8
A(-7, -5) error.
Step 2 Find the x- and y-coordinates.
Find the coordinates of C using the formula for fractional distance.
(x1 + __   b  (y2 - y1))
a a Think About It!
  b  (x2 - x1), y1 + __ Fractional Distance Formula
What are the
(-7 + _   4  [8 - (-5)])
3 3 coordinates of a
  4  [6 - (-7)], -5 + __ Substitution 3
point that is _
4  of the
Point C is located at (2.75, 4.75). distance from B to A?
Lesson 10-6 • Locating Points on a Coordinate Plane 593
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Check
1
  ¯ that is __
Find P on QR   6 of the distance from Q to R.
y
8 R
6
4
2
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
Q −4
−6
−8
Coordinates of point P ?
Learn Locating Points on the Coordinate Plane with a

Given Ratio
The Section Formula can be used to locate a point that partitions a
directed line segment on the coordinate plane.
Key Concept • Section Formula on the Coordinate Plane
If A has coordinates (x1, y1) and C y
has coordinates (x2, y2), then a C (x2, y2)
point B that partitions the line
segment in a ratio of m:n has
 nx + mx2 ny1 + my2 
coordinates B 1 , 
m+n m+n
B(   m + n ),
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
_______
  m + n , _______ A (x1, y1)
where m ≠ n. O x
Example 2 Locate a Point on the Coordinate Plane

When Given a Ratio
 ¯ such that the ratio of AC to CB is 1:2.
Find C on AB  y
Talk About It! 8
How could you check Use the Section Formula to determine the 6
4 B(6, 2)
the coordinates of coordinates of point C. 2
point C? −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
(_______ )
nx1 + mx2 _______
ny1 + my2
  m + n  ,   m + n  Section Formula A −4
(−5, −2)
−6
−8
=( )
2(-5) + 1(6) 2(-2) + 1(2)
_________
  1 + 2 ,  _________
1 + 2  Substitute.
= (- __
3 , -   3 )
4 __ 2
Simplify.
Point C is located at (   3 ).

4 2
- __
 3 , - __
593_598_RM_INT1_S_M10_L06_700687.indd 594 16/04/19 1:04 PM

Check
Find S on ¯
  such that the ratio of QS to
QR y R
6
SR is 2:1. 5
4
A. (4, 8) 3
2
B. (2, 3) 1
C. (1, 1) −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5x
−2
D. (0, ‒1) −3
−4
Q
Example 3 Partition a Directed Line Segment on the

Coordinate Plane
ZIP LINES Kendrick is riding a zip line. The zip line is 1800 meters
long and starts at a platform 600 meters above the ground. After he
jumps, someone takes a picture of his descent. When the picture is
taken, the ratio of the distance Kendrick has traveled to the distance
he has remaining is 1:2. The picture will show the horizontal distance
from 400 meters to 1200 meters from the base of the platform and
the vertical distance from ground level to a height of 500 meters.
Will Kendrick be in the frame of the picture?
To determine whether Kendrick is in the frame of the picture, first,

determine the horizontal distance x of the zip line. Then, use this
information to determine Kendrick’s location using the Section Formula.
Step 1 Determine the horizontal distance x of the zip line.
y
(0, 600)
600 m 1800 m
(0, 0)
O (x, 0) x
xm
a2 + b2 = c2 Pythagorean Theorem
2 2
600 + x = 1800 2 Substitute.
x ≈ 1697.1 Solve.
The horizontal distance of the zip line is about 1697.1 meters.
593_598_RM_INT1_S_M10_L06_700687.indd 595 16/04/19 1:04 PM

Step 2 Model the area captured by the photograph.
y
(0, 600)
(400, 500) (1200, 500)
600 m
(1697.1, 0)
O (0, 0) (400, 0) (1200, 0) x
1697.1 m
Step 3 Determine Kendrick’s location on the zip line.

Use the Section Formula to calculate Kendrick’s coordinates.
(  _______
m + n ,   m + n )
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
_______ Section Formula
=(   1 + 2 )
2(0) + 1(1697.1) 2(600) + 1(0)
__________
  
  , _________ Substitute.
1+2
= (565.7, 400) Simplify.
Kendrick is at (565.7, 400) when the picture is taken.
Step 4 Graph Kendrick’s location to determine whether he is in the

frame.
y Kendrick
(0, 600) (565.7, 400)
(400, 500) (1200, 500)
600 m
(0, 0) (1697.1, 0)
O (400, 0) xm (1200, 0) x
Yes. Kendrick is in the frame when the picture is taken.
Check
TRAVEL Andre is traveling y
from Jeffersonville to 16
Springfield. He plans to
stop for a break when the 12
distance he has traveled Jeffersonville

8
Springfield
J(-15, 2) S(25, 17)
and the distance he has
left to travel have a ratio of 4
3:7. Where should Andre
stop for his break? −24 −16 −8 O 8 16 24 x
A. (13, 12.5) B. (22, 12.5) C. (-3, 6.5) D. (-12, 6.5)
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Practice
Example 1
Find the coordinates of point X on the coordinate plane for each situation.
1 1 1
  ¯ is __
1. Point X on AB    5  of the   ¯ is __
2. Point X on RS    6  of the   ¯ is _
3. Point X on JK    3  of the
distance from A to B. distance from R to S. distance from J to K.
y B(2, 9) y y
8 4 J(−1, 4) 4
6 R(−4, 2) 3 3
4 2 2
2 1 1
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
−4 −2 −2
S(2, −2)
A(−5, −5) −6 −3 −3 K(5, −3)
−8 −4 −4

Example 2
Refer to the coordinate grid.
  ¯ such that the ratio of AX to XB is 1:3.
4. Find point X on AB  y
A B
F
  ¯ such that the ratio of DY to YC is 2:1.
5. Find point Y on CD  C
O x
  ¯ such that the ratio of EZ to ZF is 2:3.
6. Find point Z on EF  E D
Examples 1 and 2
Refer to the coordinate grid.
1
  ¯ that is __
7. Find point C on AB   5 of the distance from A to B. y
A V
S
5
  ¯ that is __
8. Find point Q on RS   8 of the distance from R to S. R
O B x
1
  ¯ that is _
9. Find point W on UV   7 of the distance from U to V.
U
3
  ¯ that is _
10. Find point D on AB   4 of the distance from A to B.
  ¯ such that the ratio of RZ to ZS is 1:3.

11. Find point Z on RS 
  ¯ such that the ratio of AG to GB is 3:2.

12. Find point G on AB 
  ¯ such that the ratio of UE to EV is 3:4.

13. Find point E on UV 
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Example 3 y
14. MAPS Leila is walking from the park at point P to a restaurant at R (0, 4)
point R. She wants to stop for a break when the distance she has
traveled and the distance she has left to travel has a ratio of 3:5.
At which point should Leila stop for her break? P (10, 3)
O x
15. CITY PLANNING The United States Capitol is located at (2, -4) on
a coordinate grid. The White House is located at (-10, 16) on the same
coordinate grid. Find two points on the straight line between the
United States Capitol and the White House such that the ratio is 1:3.
y
Mixed Exercises 5
N
4
Refer to the coordinate grid. 3
2
3
  ¯ that is  _
16. Find X on MN  4 of the distance from M to N.
1
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5x
  ¯ such that the ratio of MY to YN is 1:3.
17. Find Y on MN  −2
−3
 ¯. The coordinates of D are (0, __
  4 ).
3 −4
Point D is located on MV M −5
¯ to DV?
18. What ratio relates  MD  y
M
19. What fraction of the distance from M to V is MD?
20. What ratio relates DV to MD? O D x
Higher-Order Thinking Skills V
21. FIND THE ERROR Point W is located at (0, 7), and point X is located at (4, 0).
 ¯ such that WF to FX is 2:3.
Julianne wants to find point F on WX 
Julianne’s Work
a. What error did Julianne make when solving this problem?
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
F= ,
m+n m+n
b. What are the correct coordinates of point F?
n(4) + m(0) n(0) + m(7)
= ,
m+n m+n
22. ANALYZE Is the point one-third of the distance from (x1, y1)
to (x2, y2) sometimes, always, or never the point =
3(4) + 2(0) 3(0) + 2(7)
,
3+2 3+2
( )
x1 + x 2 y 1 + y 2
  _____ _____ ? Justify your argument.
3 ,   3  =
12 + 0 0 + 14
,
5 5
12 14
23. WRITE Point P is located on the segment between point A(1, 4) =
5 5
, or (2.4, 2.8)
and point D(7, 13). The distance from A to P is twice the
distance from P to D. Explain how to find the fractional
distance that P is from A to D. What are the coordinates of
point P?
24. PERSEVERE Point C(6, 9) is located on the segment between point A(4, 8) and point
1
B. Point C is  _
4 of the distance from A to B. What are the coordinates of point B?
25. CREATE Draw a line on a coordinate plane. Label two points on the line F and G.
Locate a third point on the line between points F and G and label this point H.
  ¯ is what fractional distance from F to G?
The point H on FG 
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Lesson 10-7
Midpoints and Bisectors

Today’s Goals
● Find the coordinate of
Explore Midpoints a midpoint on a number
line.
Online Activity Use paper folding to complete the Explore. ● Find the coordinates of
the midpoint or endpoint
of a line segment on the
INQUIRY What general formula can you use coordinate plane.
to find the midpoint of a line segment? ● Find missing values
using the definition of a
segment bisector.
Learn Midpoints on a Number Line Today’s Vocabulary

midpoint
The midpoint of a segment is the point halfway between the equidistant
endpoints of the segment. A point is equidistant from other points if it bisect
is the same distance from them. The midpoint separates the segment
segment bisector
into two segments with a ratio of 1:1. So, you can use the Section
Formula to derive the Midpoint Formula.
Key Concept • Midpoint on a Number Line
  ¯ has endpoints at x1 and x2 on a number line, then the
If AB 
x1 + x2
  ¯ has coordinate M = _____
midpoint M of AB    2 .
A M B
Watch Out!
x1 x1 + x2 x2
Ratios Remember that
2
1:1 refers to the ratio of
the distances, not to
the measures of the
Example 1 Find the Midpoint on a Number Line segments.
What is the midpoint of ¯
XZ
  ?
x z
Think About It!
-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Would your answer be
different if you reversed
x1 + x2
M = _____
2 Midpoint Formula the order of x1 and x2?
8 + (−3)
= _______
  2 Substitution
5
= __
  2  or 2.5 Simplify.
 ¯ is 2.5.
The midpoint of XZ 
Lesson 10-7 • Midpoints and Bisectors 599
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Check
 ¯?
What is the midpoint of AF 
A F
-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Example 2 Midpoints in the Real World

SIGNS Aponi works at a
Think About It! vintage clothing store. She
How else could Aponi wants to hang a new sign so
have located the it is centered above the
midpoint? dressing-room doors. Given
that the dressing-room
doors have the same width,
find the point along the wall 7.5 ft x1
that Aponi should hang the 13.5 ft x2
0 ft
new sign.
x1 + x2
M = _____
2 Midpoint Formula
7.5 + (13.5)
= ________
  2 Substitution
21
= __
  2  or 10.5 Simplify.
Aponi should hang the sign 10.5 feet from the left side of the wall.
Check
DISTANCE Jorge travels from his school on 38th Street to the library on
62nd Street. He stops halfway there to take a break. Where does Jorge
stop to rest?
School Library
50th Street
et
54 Street
t
58
Stree
62
t
46 th Stre
e
th Stree
th
nd Str
Stre
42 nd
38 th
ee
t
Jorge stops at ? .
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Learn Midpoints on the Coordinate Plane
The Section Formula can be used to derive the Midpoint Formula for a
segment on the coordinate plane.
Because the midpoint separates the line segment into a ratio of 1:1,
substitute 1 for m and n into the formula.
M = (_____   m + n )
nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
  m + n , _____ Section Formula
= ( ______
1 + 1 ,   1 + 1 )
(1)x1 + (1)x 2 (1)y1 + (1)y 2
____ Substitution
= (_____   2 )
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
  2 , _____ Midpoint Formula
Key Concept • Midpoint Formula on the Coordinate Plane

  ¯ has endpoints at P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) on the coordinate plane,
If PQ 
  ¯ has coordinates M (   2 ).
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
then the midpoint M of PQ  _____
  2 , _____
P (x1, y1)
M
Q (x2, y2)
O x
Example 3 Find the Midpoint on the Coordinate Plane

Find the coordinates of M, the midpoint of ¯
AB
  , for A(−2, 1)
and B(8, 3). Talk About It!
Would the coordinates
M = (_____   2 )
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
  2 , _____ Midpoint Formula of the midpoint be
different if you use
point A as (x2, y2) and
= (______ 2 )
−2 + 8 1 + 3
  2 ,   ____ Substitution
point B as (x1, y1)?
Explain.
= (__   2 ) or (3, 2)
6 4
  2 , __ Simplify.
Check
 ¯, for A(−3, −2) and
Find the coordinates of B, the midpoint of AC 
C(5, 10).
( ? , ? )
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Example 4 Find Missing Coordinates
Watch Out!
Find the coordinates of A if P(3,  __
2 )is the midpoint of AB
1 ¯
The Midpoint Formula   and B has
only uses addition and coordinates (8, 3).
division. Think of the
First, substitute the known information into the Midpoint Formula.
midpoint as the
average of the x- and Let A be (x1, y1) and B be (x2, y2).
M = (_____ 2 )
y-coordinates of the x1 + x2 y1 + y2
given endpoints.   2 ,  _____ Midpoint Formula
 2 ) = ( ____   2 )

x1 + 8 y1 + 3
(3, __
1
  2 , ____ Substitution
Study Tip
Next, write two equations to solve for x1 and y1.
Check for
Reasonableness x1 + 8
Always graph the given 3 = ______
  2   Equation for x1
information and the
calculated coordinates 6 = x1 + 8 Multiply each side by 2.
of the midpoint to check
the reasonableness of −2 = x1 Solve.
your answer. 1 y1 + 3
 __ ______
2  =   2  Equation for y1
1 = y1 + 3 Multiply each side by 2.

Think About It!
How can you use the −2 = y1 Solve.
graph to determine
The coordinates of A are (−2, −2).
whether your answer is
reasonable? Plot the points on a coordinate plane to check your answer for
reasonableness.
y
B(8, 3)
P(3, 0.5)
O x
A(−2, −2)
Check
 ¯ and S has
Find the coordinates of Q if R(6, −1) is the midpoint of QS 
coordinates (12, 4).
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Learn Bisectors
Because the midpoint separates the segment into two congruent
segments, we can say that the midpoint bisects the segment. Any
segment, line, plane, or point that bisects a segment is called a
segment bisector.
Example 5 Find Missing Measures

  if T is the midpoint of ¯
RT RQ
  .
Q
4x - 5
T
2x + 3
R
Because T is the midpoint, RT = TQ. Use this equation to solve for x.
RT = TQ Definition of midpoint
2x + 3 = 4x − 5 Substitution
3 = 2x − 5 Subtract 2x from each side. Think About It!

Is there a way to find the
8 = 2x Add 5 to each side.
  ¯ without
length of TQ 
4=x Divide each side by 2. calculating when you
 ¯ ?
know the length of RT 
Substitute 4 for x in the equation for RT.
Why or why not?
RT = 2x + 3 Equation for RT
= 2(4) + 3 Substitution
= 11 Simplify.
Check
 ¯ if S is the midpoint of RT 
Find the measure of RS   ¯.
R 7x - 5 S 6x + 4 T
A. 56
B. 58
C. 112
D. 116
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Example 6 Find the Total Length
  if B is the midpoint of ¯
AC AC
  .
2x + 9 C
5x - 3 B
A
Because B is the midpoint, AB = BC. Use this equation to solve for x.
AB = BC Definition of midpoint
5x − 3 = 2x + 9 Substitution
3x − 3 = 9 Subtract 2x from each side.
3x = 12 Add 3 to each side.
x=4 Divide each side by 3.
 ¯ is equal to the sum of AB and BC. So, to find the

The length of AC 
Think About It!
  ¯, substitute 4 for x in the expression 5x − 3 + 2x + 9.
length of AC 
What concept are we
using when we say that AC = 5x − 3 + 2x + 9   ¯
Length of AC
AC = AB + BC?
= 5(4) − 3 + 2(4) + 9 x=4
= 20 − 3 + 8 + 9 Multiply.
= 34 Simplify.
 ¯ is 34.
The measure of AC 
Check
 ¯ if B is the midpoint of AC 
Find the measure of AC   ¯. Round your answer
C
8m + 7
B
3m + 4
A
Go Online
Pause and Reflect
You may want to Did you struggle with anything in this lesson? If so, how did you
complete the deal with it?
construction activities
for this lesson.
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Practice
Example 1
Use the number line to find the coordinate of the midpoint of each segment.
J K L M N P
-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
  ¯
1. KM  ¯
2.  JP  ¯
3.  LN 
  ¯
4. MP  ¯
5.  LP  ¯
6.  JN 
Use the number line to find the coordinate of the midpoint of each segment.
E F G H J K L
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
¯
7.  FK  ¯
8.  HK  ¯
9.  EF 
¯
10.  FG  ¯
11.  JL  ¯
12.  EL 
USE TOOLS Use the number line to find the coordinate of the midpoint of each segment.
A B C D E
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
¯
13.  DE  ¯
14.  BC 
¯
15.  BD  ¯
16.  AD 
Example 2
17. HOME IMPROVEMENT Callie wants to build a Callie’s house
fence halfway between her house and her Neighbor’s house
neighbor’s house. How far away from Callie’s
house should the fence be built?
10 yd
28 yd
18. DINING Calvino’s home is located at the midpoint between Fast Pizza and Pizza
Now. Fast Pizza is a quarter mile away from Calvino’s home. How far away is Pizza
Now from Calvino’s home? How far apart are the two pizzerias?
599_608_RM_INT1_S_M10_L07_700687.indd 605 16/04/19 1:16 PM

Example 3
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of a segment with the given endpoints.
19. (5, 11), (3, 1) 20. (7, −5), (3, 3) 21. (−8, −11), (2, 5)
22. (7, 0), (2, 4) 23. (−5, 1), (2, 6) 24. (−4, −7), (12, −6)
25. (2, 8), (8, 0) 26. (9, −3), (5, 1) 27. (22, 4), (15, 7)
28. (12, 2), (7, 9) 29. (−15, 4), (2, −10) 30. (−2, 5), (3, −17)
31. (2.4, 14), (6, 6.8) 32. (−11.2, −3.4), (−5.6, −7.8)
Example 4
Find the coordinates of the missing endpoint if B is the midpoint of ¯
AC
  .
33. C(−5, 4), B(−2, 5) 34. A(1, 7), B(−3, 1)
35. A(−4, 2), B(6, −1) 36. C(−6, −2), B(−3, −5)
  3 , −6), B(__

38. C(__   3 , 4)
5 8
37. A(4, −0.25), B(−4, 6.5)
Examples 5 and 6
Suppose M is the midpoint of ¯
FG
  . Find each missing measure.
39. FM = 5y + 13, MG = 5 − 3y, FG = ? 40. FM = 3x − 4, MG = 5x − 26, FG = ?
41. FM = 8a + 1, FG = 42, a = ? 42. MG = 7x − 15, FG = 33, x = ?
43. FM = 3n + 1, MG = 6 − 2n, FG = ? 44. FM = 12x − 4, MG = 5x + 10, FG = ?
45. FM = 2k − 5, FG = 18, k = ? 46. FG = 14a + 1, FM = 14.5, a = ?
47. MG = 13x + 1, FG = 15, x = ? 48. FG = 11x − 15.6, MG = 10.9, x = ?
Mixed Exercises
Find the coordinates of the missing endpoint if P is the midpoint of ¯
NQ
  .
49. N(2, 0), P(5, 2) 50. N(5, 4), P(6, 3) 51. Q(3, 9), P(−1, 5)
599_608_RM_INT1_S_M10_L07_700687.indd 606 16/04/19 1:16 PM

52. Find the value of y if M is the midpoint of ¯
LN
  . 9y - 4 6y + 5
L M N
53. CAMPING Troop 175 is designing a new campground by first y

Cabins
mapping everything on a coordinate grid. They found locations for
the mess hall and their cabins. They want the bathrooms to O x
be halfway between these two places. What are the coordinates Mess Hall
of the location of the bathrooms?
54. GAME DESIGN A computer software 55. SCAVENGER HUNT Pablo is going to ask
designer is creating a new video game. The Bianca to prom by sending her on a scavenger
designer wants to create a secret passage hunt. At the end of the scavenger hunt, Pablo
that is halfway between the castle and the will be standing halfway between the gazebo
bridge. Where should the secret passage and the ice cream shop in town. Where should
be located? Pablo stand?
y
14 Bridge
y
(10, 12)
12 12
10 10
8 Castle 8
6 6
4 4
2 2 (2, 3)
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 x O 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
56. WALKING Javier walks from his home at point K to the Internet café at point O. If
the school at point W is exactly halfway between Javier's house and the Internet
café, how far does Javier walk?
(19p – 5) m (15p + 23) m

K W O
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57. SCHOOL LIFE Bryan is at the library doing a research paper. He
C
leaves the library at point A and walks to the soccer field for a game
at point C. The supermarket at point B is exactly halfway between (2x + 6) m
the library and the soccer field. After Bryan’s first soccer game, he SUPERMARKET
walks to the supermarket to buy a snack, and then he walks back to B
the soccer field for his second game. Not including the time spent at
(5x – 3) m
the soccer game, how far does Bryan walk? Library
58. REASONING A drone flying over a field of corn identifies a dry area. y
1000 (888, 1055)
The coordinates of the vertices of the area are shown. To what (56, 1012)
coordinates should the portable irrigation system be sent to water 800
the dry area? Explain your reasoning.
600
400
(895, 332)
200 (144, 289)
x
O 200 400 600 800 1000

59. PERSEVERE Describe a method of finding the midpoint of a segment that has one
endpoint at (0, 0). Derive the midpoint formula, give an example using your
method, and explain why your method works.
60. WRITE Explain how the Midpoint Formula is a special case of the Section Formula.
¯ given  AB 
61. CREATE Construct  AC   ¯.
¯ if B is the midpoint of AC 
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Module 10 • Tools of Geometry
Review
Essential Question
How are points, lines, and segments used to model the real world?
Points, lines, and segments allow something that is abstract to be seen as a
drawing. It in turn allows for certain calculations to be made to solve for missing
measures.
Module Summary
Lesson 10-1 Lessons 10-5 and 10-6
The Geometric System Locating Points

• An axiomatic system has a set of axioms from • If C has coordinate x1 and D has coordinate x2,
which theorems can be derived. then a point P that partitions the line segment in
• Synthetic geometry is the study of geometric a ratio of m:n is located at
nx1 + mx2
figures without the use of coordinates. coordinate  _______
m + n .
• Analytic geometry is the study of geometry using a
• The coordinates of point B that is __
 b of the
a coordinate system.
distance from point A(x1, y1) to point C(x2, y2) are
(x1 + __   b (y2 - y1)).
a a
  b (x2 - x1), y1 + __
Lesson 10-7
Points, Lines, Line Segments, and Planes
• The terms point, line, and plane are undefined Midpoints and Bisectors
terms because they are readily understood and ¯ has endpoints at x and x on a number line,
• If  AB  1 2
are not formally explained by means of more then the midpoint M of  ¯
AB 
basic words and concepts. x1 + x2
has coordinate M =  _____
2
• Collinear points are points that lie on the same
line. Coplanar points are points that lie in the • A midpoint separates a segment into two
same plane. congruent parts, so it bisects the segment.
• The intersection of two or more geometric

figures is the set of points they have in common. Study Organizer
• Point C is between A and B if and only if A, B, Foldables
and C are collinear and AC + CB = AB.
Use your Foldable to review this
• Two segments that have the same measure are module. Working with a partner
congruent segments. can be helpful. Ask for Tools of
Geometry
• The distance between two points on a number clarification of concepts as
line is the absolute value of their difference. needed.
• The distance between two points on a
coordinate plane, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), is
________________
√
(x
  2
- x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 .
Module 10 Review • Tools of Geometry 609

Test Practice
1. MULTI-SELECT Select all real-world objects 3. OPEN RESPONSE What geometric figures do
that model a line. (Lesson 10-2) the pages of the book represent? Name
their intersection. (Lesson 10-2)
A. electric tablet
B. pool stick
C. scoop of ice cream
D. light pole

E. emoji

2. MULTI-SELECT Use the figure to name all

planes containing point W. (Lesson 10-2) 4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which sequence
m identifies the correct order for completing
the construction to copy a line segment
Y R
using a compass and straightedge?
X
(Lesson 10-3)
W
V Z W
n B
M N
X

P

Y

A. plane VWY P
B. plane VWX Z
C. plane RYV M N
D. plane VWZ A. X, Y, Z, W
E. plane RYX B. W, Z, X, Y
C. W, Y, X, Z
D. Z, X, W, Y
610 Module 10 Review • Tools of Geometry

5. OPEN RESPONSE Find the value of x if Q is 9. MULTIPLE CHOICE The coordinates of A and
between P and R, PQ = 5x - 10, QR = 3(x + 4), B on a number line are -7 and 9. The
and PQ ≅ QR. (Lesson 10-3) coordinates of C and D on a number line are
  ¯ congruent? If
 ¯ and CD 
-4 and 12. Are AB 
P Q R yes, what is the length of each segment?
(Lesson 10-4)
5x - 10 3(x + 4)
A. no
B. yes; 16
C. yes; -16
6. OPEN RESPONSE On a straight highway, the
distance from Loretta’s house to a park is D. yes; 8
43 miles. Her friend Jamal lives along this
same highway between Loretta’s house and
the park. The distance from Loretta’s house to 10. OPEN RESPONSE The coordinate of point
3
Jamal's house is 31 miles. How many miles is   ¯ that is _
X on PQ     of the distance from P to Q
4
it from Jamal's house to the park? (Lesson 10-3) is __. (Lesson 10-5)
P Q
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the distance

between the two points on a coordinate
plane. (Lesson 10-4)
11. MULTIPLE CHOICE On a number line, point S
A(5, 1) and B(–3, –3) is located at -3 and point T is located at 9.
__
A. 4√5   ¯ if the ratio of
Where is point R located on ST 
__ SR to RT is 3:4? (Lesson 10-5)
B. 4√3  27
A.  __
7 
__
C. 2√2  1
B. 2  _
4 
__
D. 2√3  1
C. 1  _
4 
15
 ¯ ≅ WZ 
8. OPEN RESPONSE True or false: XY    ¯ D.  __
7 
(Lesson 10-4)
W X Z Y
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Module 10 Review • Tools of Geometry 611

12. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find point R on ST    ¯ such 15. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the measure of YZ  ¯ if
that the ratio of SR to RT is 1:2. (Lesson 10-6)  ¯. (Lesson 10-7)
Y is the midpoint of XZ 
S(-6, 8) y
12 - x
X
3x + 4
Y
Z
T(3, 2)
O x A. 2
B. 10
A. R(-5, 6)
C. 16
B. R(-3, 6)
D. 20
C. R(-1.5, 5)
D. R(0, 4)
16. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the y-coordinate
 ¯, for
of the point M, the midpoint of AB 
13. OPEN RESPONSE Alonso plans to go to the A(-3, 3) and B(5, 7). (Lesson 10-7)
animal shelter to adopt a dog and then take A. -1
the dog to Precious Pup Grooming Services.
The shelter is located at (-1, 9) on the B. 1
coordinate plane, while Precious Pup
Grooming Services is located at (11, 0) on C. 2
the coordinate plane. Find the location of D. 5
1
Alonso’s home if it is _ 3 of the distance from
the shelter to Precious Pup Grooming
Services. (Lesson 10-6) 17. MULTIPLE CHOICE Points A and B are plotted
on a number line. What is the location of M,
 ¯, for
the midpoint of AB 
A at -9 and B at 28? (Lesson 10-7)
A. M is located at 18.5 on the number line.
14. OPEN RESPONSE Find the coordinates of A if
 ¯, and B has the
M(6, -1) is the midpoint of AB  B. M is located at 14 on the number line.
coordinates (8, -7). (Lesson 10-7)
C. M is located at 9.5 on the number line.
10
D. M is located at __
 3 on the number line.
612 Module 10 Review • Tools of Geometry

Module 11
Angles and Geometric Figures
Essential Question
How are angles and two-dimensional figures used to model the real world?

KEY Before After

apply the definitions of angles, parts of angles, congruent

angles, and angle bisectors to calculate angle measures
apply the characteristics of complementary and supplementary
angles and parallel and perpendicular lines to calculate angle
measures
apply the characteristics of perpendicular lines to calculate angle
measures
find perimeters, circumferences, and areas of two-dimensional
geometric shapes
reflect, translate, and rotate figures
solve for unknown measures of three-dimensional figures by
calculating surface areas and volumes
model three-dimensional geometric figures with orthographic
drawings
determine levels of precision and accuracy
determine the correct numbers of significant figures in recorded
measurements
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes First Sheet
about angles and geometric figures. Begin with two sheets of
grid paper.
1. Fold in half along the width.
2. On the first sheet, cut 5 centimeters along the fold at the ends.
Second Sheet
3. On the second sheet, cut in the center, stopping 5 centimeters at the ends.
4. Insert the first sheet through the second sheet and align the folds.
Label with lesson numbers.
Module 11 • Angles and Geometric Figures 613

• accuracy • linear pair • pyramid • supplementary angles
• angle • net • ray • surface area
• angle bisector • orthographic drawing • reflection • translation
• area • perimeter • rigid motion • vertex
• circumference • perpendicular • rotation • volume
• complementary angles • polygon • sides
• cone • precision • significant figures
• cylinder • prism • sphere
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Solve 5x + 2 = 90. Evaluate 2(3)(4) + 2(3)(5) + 2(4)(5).
5x + 2 = 90 Original equation. 2(3)(4) + 2(3)(5) + 2(4)(5) Original expression
5x = 88 Subtract 2 from each side. = 24 + 30 + 40 Multiply.

x = 17.6 Divide each side by 5. = 94 Add.
Quick Check
Solve each equation. Evaluate each expression.
1. 3x − 9 = 180 5. 6(15)(22)
2. 2x + 10x − 9 = 90 6. 0.5(8)(9)
3. 15x + 42 = 12x + 51 7. 2(6)(7) + 2(6)(10) + 2(7)(10)
4. 9x + 1 = 17x − 31 8. 0.5(5)(12) + 0.5(5)(12) + 5(14) + 12(14) + 13(14)
How Did You Do?

614 Module 11 • Angles and Geometric Figures

Lesson 11-1
Angles and Congruence

Today’s Goal
● Analyze figures using
Explore Angles Formed by Intersecting Lines the definitions of angles
and parts of angles.
nline Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete
O ● Calculate angle
the Explore. measures using the
definitions of congruent
angles and angle
INQUIRY What angle relationships are bisectors.
formed by two intersecting lines? ● Analyze figures using
the characteristics of
adjacent angles, linear
pairs of angles, and
Learn Angles vertical angles.
Lines and portions of lines intersect to form angles. Today’s Vocabulary
A ray is the part of a ray
line consisting of a opposite rays
point on the line, straight angle
A B C angle
called the endpoint of
the ray, together with AB or AC sides
all of the collinear vertex
points on one side of interior
the endpoint. exterior
congruent angles
Two collinear rays with angle bisector
a common endpoint adjacent angles
are opposite rays. D A B C linear pair
Opposite rays form a vertical angles
straight angle, which
has a measure of 180°.
Study Tip
An angle is a pair of Naming Angles
rays that have a D When naming an angle
common endpoint. using three letters, the
first letter represents a
A B C point on one side of
∠A, ∠DAB, ∠DAC, ∠CAD, ∠BAD the angle, the second
letter must always
The rays are called represent the vertex,
sides of the angle. and the third letter
The common D represents a point on
endpoint is the the other side of the
angle. Name an angle
vertex. side AD
A B C using a single letter
vertex only when there is
side AB exactly one angle
located at that vertex.
Lesson 11-1 • Angles and Congruence 615
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An angle divides a plane into three distinct parts.
Points D, A, B, and C
lie on the angle.
D
A B C
Points G, F, and H lie in
Go Online You the interior of the
can watch a video to angle. D G
see how to use a F H
protractor to measure
and draw angles.
A B C
Points I, J, and K lie in

the exterior of the
angle. D G F H
A B C
I
J K
Example 1 Identify Angles

Use the figure to identify the angles or parts of angles that satisfy
each given condition.
A
Think About It!
Can a point be in the 1 2 7 8
interior of one angle 4 B 3 D6 9
F G
and the exterior of 10
another angle? If so, 5
give an example. C
H
a. Name all the angles that have D as a vertex.

∠EDF, ∠EDG, ∠FDC, ∠GDC, ∠GDH, ∠CDH, ∠6, ∠7, ∠8, ∠9, ∠10
⟶ ⟶
b. Name the sides of ∠2. BA
  and BG
 
c. Name a point in the interior of ∠FDE. A
d. Name a point or points in the exterior of ∠FDE. C, H, and G
615_621_RM_INT1_S_M11_L01_700687.indd 616 16/04/19 1:39 PM

Check
Use the figure to identify the angles or parts of angles that satisfy the
⟶ ⟶
given condition. Name all of the angles that have DB
  and DC
  as sides.
B
2 C
1 4
3D
A
5 6
7E 8 H
F
G
A. ∠2 B. ∠3
C. ∠ADB D. ∠BDC
E. ∠CDB F. ∠EDC
Learn Congruent Angles

The measure of an angle is the measure in degrees of the space
between the sides of an angle. Angles that have the same measure are
congruent angles. Congruent angles are indicated on the figure by
matching numbers of arcs.
Q
T
A ray or segment that divides an angle into two congruent parts is an
⟶
angle bisector. In the figure, TR
  bisects ∠QTS.
S
60° 60°
Q
T
m∠QTR ≅ m∠STR
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Example 2 Congruent Angles and Angle Bisectors
⟶ ⟶
In the figure, BA
  and  BC are
⟶
opposite rays and BD
  bisects ∠ABE. D
If m∠ABD = (4x + 14)° and
m∠DBE = (8x − 32)°, find m∠DBE.
E
A
We can solve for this in two steps. B
First, solve for x. Then find m∠DBE. C
⟶
Step 1: Because BD
  bisects ∠ABE, ∠ABD ≅ ∠DBE. By the definition of
congruence, these angles have the same measure.
m∠ABD = m∠ DBE Definition of congruent angles
4x + 14 = 8x - 32 Substitution
14 = 4x - 32 Subtract 4x from each side.
46 = 4x Add 32 to each side.
11.5 = x Divide each side by 4.
Talk About It! Step 2: B

ecause we are asked to find m∠DBE, we substitute 11.5 for x
⟶ in the expression.
  is an angle
Suppose BE
bisector of ∠DBC. What
m∠DBE = 8x - 32 Given
is m∠EBC? Explain your
solution process.
= 8(11.5) - 32 Substitute.

= 92 - 32 Multiply.
= 60 Subtract.
m∠DBE = 60°
Check
→ ⟶
In the figure, KJ
  and KM
  are opposite rays,
⟶
and KN
  bisects ∠JKL. If m∠JKN = (8x - 13)° M
L
and m∠NKL = (6x + 11)°, find m∠JKN.
m∠JKN = ? °
K
N
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Learn Special Angle Pairs
There are three special angle pairs.
Key Concept • Special Angle Pairs
Special Angle Examples Nonexamples

Pair Definition
Adjacent angles
are two angles 1 2
1 2
that lie in the
same plane,
have a common
vertex and a
common side, ∠1 and ∠2 are adjacent
but have no angles.
common interior
points.
A linear pair is a
pair of adjacent
angles with 1
noncommon
1 2 2
sides that are
opposite rays.
A
The sum of the
angle measures 135°
45° D
is 180°.
B
C
∠1 and ∠2 are a linear pair.

Vertical angles
are the two
nonadjacent 1 2
angles formed by 1 2 4 3
two intersecting 4
3
lines.
Vertical angles
are congruent.
2
1 3
4
∠1 and ∠3 and ∠2 and ∠4

are vertical angles.
615_621_RM_INT1_S_M11_L01_700687.indd 619 16/04/19 1:39 PM

Example 3 Vertical Angles and Angle Pairs
HOME DECOR The office lamp A
is made using two intersecting E
metal bars.
a. H
ow many pairs of adjacent 138° B
angles do you see in the figure?
C
List two pairs.
4; Sample answer: D
∠DBA and ∠ABE,
∠ABE and ∠EBC
b. Identify two pairs of vertical angles in the figure.

Think About It! ∠DBA and ∠EBC, ∠ABE and ∠CBD
Can vertical angles also be c. How many linear pairs do you see in the figure? List each pair.
adjacent angles? Explain.
4; ∠DBA and ∠ABE, ∠ABE and ∠EBC, ∠EBC and ∠CBD,
∠CBD and ∠DBA
d. Find m∠EBC.
Because ∠ABD and ∠EBC are formed by intersecting line
segments, they are vertical angles. Because vertical angles are
congruent, m∠EBC is the same as m∠ABD, 138°.
e. Find m∠ABE.
Because ∠ABE and ∠ABD form a linear pair, their measures add to
180°. Thus, m∠ABE = 180 - m∠ABD = 180 - 138 = 42°.
Check
Park A city planner is
designing a park. He F
wants to place two
pathways that intersect
near the center of the
park. If m∠GEH = 88°,
identify the true
D
statement(s).
88° E
A. m∠DEF = 92°
firina/123RF, Glowimages/Getty Images
B. m∠DEG = 92° H
C. m∠FEH = 88°
Go Online D. m∠DEH = 92°

You may want to
complete the
construction activities G
for this lesson. Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online.
615_621_RM_INT1_S_M11_L01_700687.indd 620 16/04/19 1:39 PM

Practice
Example 1
Use the figure to identify angles and parts of angles that
satisfy each given condition.
1. Name the vertex of ∠1. A
E
1
B 4 3 2D
2. Name the sides of ∠4.
C
3. What is another name for ∠3?
4. What is another name for ∠CAD? F G

H
Example 2
→ ⟶ ⟶
5. In the figure, LF 
  and LK
  are opposite rays. LG 
  bisects ∠FLH. L
If m∠FLG = 14x + 5 and m∠HLG = 17x - 1, find m∠FLH.
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
In the figure, BA
  and  BC are opposite rays. BH
  bisects ∠EBC. J
K
6. If m∠ABE = 2n + 7 and m∠EBF = 4n - 13, find m∠ABE.
7. If m∠EBH = 6x + 12 and m∠HBC = 8x - 10, find m∠EBH.

F
H
8. If m∠ABF = 7b - 24 and m∠ABE = 2b, find m∠EBF.
E
9. If m∠EBC = 31a - 2 and m∠EBH = 4a + 45, find m∠HBC. A B C
10. If m∠ABF = 8w - 6 and m∠ABE = 2(w + 11), find m∠EBF.
11. If m∠EBC = 3r + 10 and m∠ABE = 2r - 20, find m∠EBF.
Example 3
Refer to the figure. M
12. Name two adjacent angles. Q N
R
S P
13. Name two vertical angles.
T
14. Find m∠SUV. 58°
U
V
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Find the value of each variable.
15. 16. 17.
120° (2x)° (2x + 25)°

(4x + 108)° y°
(2x - 10)° (3x - 10)°
Mixed Exercises
Refer to the figure to name the vertex of each angle.
M V
18. ∠1 19. ∠2
1
N
6 8 5 T
20. ∠4 21. ∠7
7 P
2
9 3 4 Q
S R
Use the figure to name the sides of each angle.
22. ∠QPT 23. ∠MNV
24. ∠6 25. ∠3
Use the figure to write another name for each angle.

26. ∠9 27. ∠QPT
28. ∠MQS 29. ∠5
Use the figure above to name each angle, point, or pair of angles.
30. a point in the interior of ∠VRQ 31. a point in the exterior of ∠MRT
32. a pair of angles that share exactly one point 33. a pair of angles that share more than one point
622_624_RM_INT1_S_M11_L01_700687.indd 622 16/04/19 1:43 PM

34. 35. 36.
(5x + 4)°
(8y - 102)°
(2y + 50)° (7x - 248)° (3x - 24)°
(3x)° 114°
(5y - 17)° (x + 44)° (2y)°
(2y + 6)°
J
A
Name an angle or angle pair that satisfies each condition.
37. two adjacent angles
30°
38. two vertical angles
39. a linear pair that has vertex F

B
60° F
Use the picture at the right. C D
40. Name four rays. H G
E
Christian Wittmann/Shutterstock
41. Name three angles.

S T U
V W
TRAFFIC In the traffic circle around the Arc de Triomphe in Paris,
France, there are eight lanes of traffic. Tell whether each angle
pair satisfies the given condition.
42. vertical angles
a. ∠ZCY and ∠TCU b. ∠XCW and ∠SCT
c. ∠QCR and ∠WCV d. ∠TCU and ∠UCT
S T U
43. linear pair R
a. ∠RCU and ∠WCU b. ∠QCR and ∠SCR V
c. ∠VCX and ∠WCY d. ∠ZCR and ∠UCW
C
Q
44. adjacent angles
W
a. ∠WCU and ∠RCU b. ∠QCS and ∠SCR
c. ∠VCW and ∠QCR d. ∠VCX and ∠VCU Z Y X
622_624_RM_INT1_S_M11_L01_700687.indd 623 16/04/19 1:43 PM

45. POOL Felipe uses a computer program to model the G F H
paths of pool balls. ∠GFH is a straight angle that
⟶
represents the rail of the pool table. If  FK bisects
J L
∠JFL, and m∠JFL = 90°, what is m∠LFK?
K
46. WOODWORKING Oliver makes rectangular blocks like the one

shown and then glues them together to make a plaque.
Find m∠1, m∠2, and m∠3, so he can cut the pieces of the plaque.
1
47.
WOODWORKING Naomi cuts two pieces of baseboard 2 67°
3
molding to meet in a corner at a 90° angle.
a. To what degree should she set her table saw for
the cut?
b. Which ray represents the angle bisector of the molding G
angle? F B
C
H
48. TEXTING Moving your head forward to look at a screen can
stress your spine. Experts recommend aligning your ears with A
your shoulders and arms. E D
a. What is the relationship between ∠CSE and ∠ESA?

C C
b. In a correct posture, what is the relationship between
⟶ ⟶
  and SA
SE   ? E E
c. If you are standing so that m∠CSE = 26°, what is m∠ESA? S S

d. Standing so that m∠CSE ≥ 15° puts more than 27 pounds of
A A
pressure on your spine. If there is 34 pounds of pressure on
your spine, what inequality describes m∠ESA? Correct Forward
posture posture

⟶ ⟶ ⟶
49. PERSEVERE  MP  bisects ∠LMN,  MQ  bisects ∠LMP, and  MR  bisects ∠QMP.
If m∠RMP = 21, find m∠LMN. Explain your reasoning.
50. ANALYZE Maria constructed a copy of ∠PVQ and P V S F G

labeled it ∠FGH.
a. Are ∠FGH and ∠QVS a linear pair? Explain.
Q R H
b. Maria must also copy ∠QVS. Sal says she can
⟶
create a copy of ∠QVS if she extends  GH  past G.
Mona says Maria can create a copy of ∠QVS by
⟶
extending  GF  past G. Who is correct? Justify your argument.
622_624_RM_INT1_S_M11_L01_700687.indd 624 16/04/19 1:43 PM

Lesson 11-2
Angle Relationships
Today’s Goal
Explore Complementary and Supplementary Angles ● Calculate angle
measures using the
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete characteristics of
the Explore. complementary and
supplementary angles.
● Calculate angle
INQUIRY How do complementary angles measures using the
compare to supplementary angles? characteristics of
perpendicular lines.
● Demonstrate
Learn Complementary and Supplementary Angles understanding of what
can and cannot be
Complementary and Supplementary Angles assumed from a
Complementary Angles Supplementary Angles diagram.
Definition Today’s Vocabulary

two angles with measures that two angles with measures that have complementary
have a sum of 90° a sum of 180° angles
Examples supplementary
angles
J F G perpendicular
30° 110°
L E 70°
K D H Think About It!
J A linear pair is ? ,
B m∠DEF + m∠GHJ = 180° supplementary while
60° 110° + 70° = 180° two supplementary
angles are ?
A a linear pair.
C
m∠JKL + m∠ABC = 90°

30° + 60° = 90°
W Study Tip
S Complementary and
T 135° Supplementary Angles
23° U 45° Pairs of angles that are
V complementary or
67° X supplementary do not
R
have to be adjacent
Q m∠UVW + m∠ WVX = 180°
angles.
135° + 45° = 180°
m∠QRS + m∠SRT = 90°
67° + 23° = 90°
Lesson 11-2 • Angle Relationships 625
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Example 1 Complementary and Supplementary Angles
Find the measures of two complementary angles if the measure of
the larger angle is five more than four times the measure of the
smaller angle.
If two angles are complementary, then the sum of the angle measures
is 90°. To find the measures of each angle, first write an equation. Let
x = the measure of the smaller angle. Then the measure of the larger
angle is 4x + 5.
Step 1
First, solve for x.
x + 4x + 5 = 90 Complementary angle measures add to 90°.
5x + 5 = 90 Combine like terms.
Talk About It!
5x = 85 Subtract 5 from each side.
Adrian claims that if
two complementary x = 17 Divide each side by 5.
angles are both acute, So, the measure of the smaller angle is 17°.
then a pair of
supplementary angles Step 2
must both be obtuse. Next, find the measure of the larger angle.
Do you agree? Explain 4x + 5 = 4(17) + 5 Substitute 17 for x.
why or why not.
= 68 + 5 Multiply.
= 73 Solve.
The measures of the angles are 17° and 73°.
CHECK
Does your answer seem reasonable?
Yes; 17° + 73° = 90°, so the two angles are complementary.
Check
The difference between the measures of two supplementary angles is
18°. The measure of the smaller angle is ?° , and the measure of the
larger angle is ?° .
Learn Perpendicularity
Lines, segments, or rays that intersect at right angles are perpendicular.
Segments or rays can be perpendicular to lines or other line segments
and rays. The right angle symbol indicates that the lines are
perpendicular.
625_629_RM_INT1_S_M11_L02_700687.indd 626 16/04/19 1:47 PM

Perpendicular lines intersect
to form four right angles. A
B
D
C
∠AEB, ∠BEC,
∠CED, and ∠DEA
are right angles.
Perpendicular lines intersect
to form congruent adjacent A
angles. B
E ∠AEB ∠BEC
D
C
∠AEB, ∠BEC,
∠CED, and ∠DEA
are right angles.
Example 2 Perpendicular Lines

TANGRAMS The tangram is a
puzzle consisting of seven flat
shapes called tans which are
put together to form shapes.
Find the values of x and y such
⟷ ⟷
that AD and EC in the tangram
are perpendicular.
⟷ ⟷
If AD
  and EC
  are
perpendicular, then
m∠ABC = 90° and
m∠EBD = 90°. Think About It!
Step 1 Solve for y. Besides right angles,
how else can you
3y + 15 = 90 m∠ABC = 90° describe ∠EBF and
∠DBA?
y = 25 Solve for y.
Step 2 Solve for x.

m∠EBF + m∠FBD = m∠EBD sum of parts = whole
7x + 10 + 8 + x + 5 = 90 Substitution
x=5 Solve for x.
625_629_RM_INT1_S_M11_L02_700687.indd 627 16/04/19 1:47 PM

Check
DESIGN Find the values of x and y such S
6)
°
⟷ ⟷
that PR
  and SQ
  are perpendicular. x+
(5 T
x= ? (4y - 2)° 2x°
y= ? P Q R
Explore Interpreting Diagrams

Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete
the Explore.
INQUIRY What information can be assumed

from a diagram, and what information cannot
be assumed?
Learn Interpreting Diagrams

In geometry, figures are sketches that are used to depict a situation.
They are not drawn to reflect total accuracy. Certain relationships can
be assumed from a figure, but most cannot.
Interpreting Diagrams
Can Be Assumed
All points and lines shown are coplanar.
G, H, and J are collinear.
⟶⟶⟶ ⟷
  HM , HL
  , HK
  , and GJ
  intersect at H.
H is between G and J. J
L is in the interior of ∠MHK.
∠GHM and ∠MHL are adjacent angles. H
∠GHL and ∠LHJ are a linear pair.
K
∠JHK and ∠KHG are supplementary. G
Cannot Be Assumed M L
Lines that appear perpendicular may not
be perpendicular.
Angles that appear congruent may not
be congruent.
Segments that appear congruent may not
be congruent.
The list of statements that can be assumed is not a complete list.

There are more special pairs of angles than those listed.
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Because points of intersection can D
be assumed, you can identify
vertical angles from the figure. A
Because linear pairs can be
assumed from the figure, you can B
apply known characteristics of a C
linear pair, such as supplementary
angles.
∠ABD and ∠CBE are vertical E
angles.
∠EBA and ∠ABD form a linear pair, so m∠EBA + m∠ABD = 180°.
Example 3 Interpreting Diagrams

Determine whether each statement
A
can be assumed from the figure.
B G
Explain.
⟶ ⟶ J K
a. CE
  and CF
  are opposite rays.
C
Yes; C is a common endpoint.
I E F Think About It!
b. ∠BGC and ∠KGC form a linear pair.
H If you are given that
es; their noncommon sides are
Y D ¯⊥ IC
BE ¯, can you
opposite rays. determine whether
∠BEI ≅ ∠BEC? Explain
c. ∠ABJ and ∠CBG are vertical angles.
your solution process.
es; these angles are nonadjacent and are formed by two
Y
intersecting lines.
d. ∠BCG and ∠DCF are congruent.
o; these angles are not vertical angles. There isn’t enough
N
information given to determine this.
¯ and ↔
e.  BE IF
  are perpendicular.
No; there isn’t enough information given to determine this.
f. ∠EBC and ∠GBC are complementary angles.
No; there isn’t any information about perpendicularity or angle
measure so this cannot be determined. Watch Out!
g. ∠ICH and ∠HCD are adjacent angles. Congruence and
Perpendicularity
Yes; these angles share a common side. Remember that
  ¯is an angle bisector of ∠ECG.
h. BC congruent angles
or segments and
No; there isn’t any information about congruent angles so this perpendicular or
cannot be determined. parallel lines cannot be
assumed from a figure.
625_629_RM_INT1_S_M11_L02_700687.indd 629 16/04/19 1:47 PM

Check
Which statement(s) cannot be assumed from the figure?
J
H K
G
M L
A. ∠KHJ and ∠GHM are complementary.
B. ∠GHK and ∠JHK are a linear pair.
¯ is perpendicular to HJ
C.  HL  ¯.
D. ∠GHM and ∠MHK are adjacent angles.
Pause and Reflect

deal with it?
Go Online
You may want to
complete the
for this lesson.
630_634_RM_INT1_S_M11_L02_700687.indd 630 17/04/19 8:03 PM

Practice
Example 1
1. Find the measures of two supplementary angles if the difference between the
measures of the two angles is 35°.
2. ∠E and ∠F are complementary. The measure of ∠E is 54° more than the measure
of ∠F. Find the measure of each angle.
3. The measure of an angle’s supplement is 76° less than the measure of the angle.
Find the measures of the angle and its supplement.
4. ∠Q and ∠R are complementary. The measure of ∠Q is 26° less than the measure
of ∠R. Find the measure of each angle.
5. The measure of the supplement of an angle is three times the measure of the
angle. Find the measures of the angle and its supplement.
6. The bascule bridge shown is opening from its horizontal position to its fully
vertical position. So far, the bridge has lifted 35° in 21 seconds. At this rate, how
much longer will it take for the bridge to reach its vertical position?
Nick Tzolov/E+/Getty Images
Example 2
7. Rays BA and BC are perpendicular. Point D lies in the interior of ∠ABC.
If m∠ABD = (3r + 5)° and m∠DBC = (5r - 27)°, find m∠ABD and m∠DBC.
⟷ ⟷
8. WX
  and YZ
  intersect at point V. If m∠WVY = (4a + 58)° and m∠XVY = (2b - 18)°,
⟷ ⟷
find the values of a and b such that WX   is perpendicular to YZ
  .
9. Refer to the figure at the right. If

m∠2 = (a + 15)° and m∠3 = (a + 35)°, find the K
⟶ ⟶ L
value of a such that HL
  ⊥ HJ
  .
J
10. Rays DA and DC are perpendicular. Point B lies 2 3
in the interior of ∠ADC. If m∠ADB = (3a + 10)° 1 4
and m∠BDC = 13a°, find a, m∠ABD, and G H I
m∠DBC.
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Example 3
Determine whether each statement can be assumed from the
given figure. Explain.
m 1 2 3
11. ∠6 and ∠8 are complementary. 4
7 5
n 6
8 9
12. ∠7 and ∠8 form a linear pair.
13. ∠2 and ∠4 are vertical angles.
14. m∠9 = m∠6 + m∠8
Mixed Exercises
15. The measure of the supplement of an angle is 60° less than four times the
measure of the complement of the angle. Find the measure of the angle.
16. ∠6 and ∠7 form a linear pair. Twice the measure of ∠6 is twelve more than four
times the measure of ∠7. Find the measure of each angle.
Refer to the figure at the right.

17. If m∠ADB = (6x - 4)° and m∠BDC = (4x + 24)°, find the value of x such
that ∠ADC is a right angle. B
A
C
18. If m∠FDE = (3x - 15)° and m∠FDB = (5x + 59)°, find the value of x such D
that ∠FDE and ∠FDB are supplementary.
F E
19. If m∠BDC = (8x + 12)° and m∠FDB = (12x - 32)°, find m∠FDE.
Determine whether each statement can be assumed from the p
given figure. Explain.
20. ∠4 and ∠7 are vertical angles. 1 2
21. ∠3 ≅ ∠6
5 3
8 7 6 t
22. m∠5 = m∠3 + m∠6 4
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For Exercises 24 and 25, lines p and q intersect to form adjacent angles 1 and 2.
24. If m∠1 = (7x + 6)° and m∠2 = (8x - 6)°, find the value of x such that p is
perpendicular to q.
25. If m∠1 = (4x - 3)° and m∠2 = (3x + 8)°, find the value of x such that ∠1 is
supplementary to ∠2.
26. COLOR GUARD Shannon is designing a new rectangular

2
flag for the school’s color guard and is determining the
1
angles at which to cut the fabric. She wants the measure of
∠1 to be three times as great as the measure of ∠2. She
thinks the measures of ∠3 and ∠4 should be equal. Finally,
she wants the measure of ∠6 to be half that of ∠5. 3
Determine the measures of the angles. 4 5 6
27. STRING ART String art is created

by wrapping string around nails
or wires to form patterns. Use the
string art pattern below to find
the values of x, y, and z.
y°
101°
z°
x° 26°
86°
28. USE TOOLS Draw an acute angle, ∠ABC. Let m∠ABC = (6x - 1)°.
a. Use a protractor to determine the measure of ∠ABC. Use this measure to
determine the value of x.
b. Explain how you would determine the measure of an angle that is

complementary to ∠ABC.
c. Explain how you would determine the measure of an angle that is

supplementary to ∠ABC.
630_634_RM_INT1_S_M11_L02_700687.indd 633 16/04/19 1:50 PM

29. ANALYZE Are there angles that do not have a complement? Justify your argument.
30. PERSEVERE If a line, line segment, or ray is perpendicular

to a plane, then it is perpendicular to every line, line a
segment, or ray in the plane that intersects it.
a. If a line is perpendicular to each of two intersecting m
lines at their point of intersection, then the line is
p X
perpendicular to the plane determined by them. If line
a is perpendicular to line ℓ and line m at point X, what
must also be true?
b. If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then any line perpendicular to the given line at the point
of intersection with the given plane is in the given plane. If line a is perpendicular to plane P
and line m and point X, what must also be true?
c. If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then every plane containing the line is perpendicular to
the given plane. If line a is perpendicular to plane P, what must also be true?
31. WRITE Describe three different ways you can determine that an angle is a right angle.
32. FIND THE ERROR Kaila solved the problem, as shown. Is her solution correct? If it is, explain your
reasoning. If not, explain Kaila’s mistake and correct the work.
If m∠F = (6x - 9)° and m∠G = (2x +
13)°, find the value of x such that ∠F and
∠G are supplementary.
(6x - 9) + (2x - 13) = 90
x - 4 = 90
8x = 86
x = 10.75
33. CREATE Create ∠1 along with its complement and supplement by drawing only a line and
two rays.
34. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG Three students used the figure to write a statement. Is each
statement correct? Justify your conclusion.
Samar: ∠WZU is a right angle.
Jana: ∠YZU and ∠UZV are supplementary. W
V
Antonio: ∠VZU is adjacent to ∠YZX.
X Z U
35. ANALYZE Do all angles have a supplement? Explain.
Y
630_634_RM_INT1_S_M11_L02_700687.indd 634 17/04/19 8:06 PM

Lesson 11-3
Two-Dimensional Figures
Today’s Goals
Find perimeters,
Learn Perimeter, Circumference, and Area
●
circumferences, and
A polygon is a figure bounded by three or more straight line segments areas of two-
joined at their endpoints. dimensional geometric
shapes.
The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the lengths of the sides of the ● Calculate the measures
polygon. Some shapes have special formulas for perimeter, but all are
of real-world objects.
derived from the basic definition of perimeter.
The circumference of a circle is the distance around the circle. Today’s Vocabulary
polygon
Area is the number of square units needed to cover a surface. perimeter
circumference
Perimeter, Circumference, and Area area
Triangle Square concave
s convex
geometric model
c h d
s s
b s
Perimeter Perimeter
P=b+c+d P = s + s + s + s = 4s
Area Area
1
A = __
  2 bh A = s2
Rectangle Circle
w r
d

Perimeter Circumference
P = ℓ + w + ℓ + w = 2ℓ + 2w C = 2πr or C = πd
Area Area
A = ℓw A = πr2
You can use the Distance Formula to find the perimeter and area of a
polygon graphed on a coordinate plane. You can also use the Distance Go Online You
Formula to calculate the radius of a circle and then use the appropriate can watch a video to
equations for circumference and area. see how to find the
perimeter and area of a
figure on the
coordinate plane.
Lesson 11-3 • Two-Dimensional Figures 635
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Example 1 Find Perimeter, Circumference, and Area
Find the perimeter or circumference and area of each figure.
Study Tip a. Rectangle ABCD
Concave and Convex y D(1, 7)
Polygons can be concave
or convex. Suppose the
line containing each side
C(5, 3)
is drawn. If any of the lines A(−4, 2)
contain any point in the
interior of the polygon, O x
then it is concave.
B(0, −2)
Otherwise, it is convex.
No points
of the lines First, find the length ℓ of the rectangle by using the Distance
are in the Formula.
__________________
√
interior.
ℓ = (x 2 2
  2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)   Distance Formula
convex ________________
polygon √
= [1
   - (-4)]2 + (7 - 2)2  Let (x1, y1) = D(1, 7) and
(x2, y2) = A(-4, 2).
Some of the _______
lines pass
through the
√___
= 52 + 52 Subtract.
interior. = √50  Simplify.
concave Next, find the width w of the rectangle by using the Distance
polygon Formula.
__________________
√
w = (x
   2 2
2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)  
______________________
Distance Formula
√
Study Tip
= [0
   - (-4)]2 + [(-2) - 2]2  Let (x1, y1) = A(-4, 2)
Perimeter vs. Area
and (x2, y2) = B(0, -2).
Because calculating the ___________
area of a figure involves
multiplying two
√
= 42 + (-42) 
___
Subtract.
dimensions, square units = √32  Simplify.

are used. There is only
one dimension used when Use the length and width that you calculated to find the perimeter
finding the perimeter, and area of the rectangle.
thus, it is given simply P = 2ℓ + 2w Perimeter of a rectangle
in units. ___ ___ ___ ___
= 2√50  + 2√32  ℓ =√50  and w = √32 
≈ 25.5 Simplify.
Think About It!
How can you use the The perimeter is about 25.5 units.
coordinate grid to
check your answer? A = ℓw Area of a rectangle
___ ___ ___ ___
= √50  × √32  ℓ =√50  and w = √32 
= 40 Simplify.
The area is 40 square units.
635_639_RM_INT1_S_M11_L03_700687.indd 636 16/04/19 1:54 PM

b. Circle C
y
C (4, 8)
D(6, 3)
O x
Use the Distance Formula to calculate the length of the radius of

the circle.
__________________
√
r = (x
   2 2
2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)  
_______________
Distance Formula
√
= (6
   - 4)2 + (3 - 8)2 
_________
C(4, 8) and D(6, 3)
=√ 2
2 + (-5)   2
Subtract.
___
=√
29 
Simplify.
Use the value of r to find the circumference and area of the circle.
Thomas Arbour/istock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
C = 2πr
Circumference
___ ___
= 2π √
29  or about 33.8 r=√
29
 The circumference of the circle is about 33.8 units.
A = πr2 Area of a circle
___ ___
= π(√29 )2 r = √
29
 = 29π or about 91.1 Simplify.
The area of the circle is about 91.1 square units.
Check
Find the circumference and area of C(−3, 1) y
1
the circle. Round to the nearest
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
tenth if necessary.
−2
C= ? units −3
−4
A= ? units2
−5
−6 D(0, −6)
−7
−8
−9
−10
−11
−12
−13
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Explore Modeling Objects by Using Two-
Dimensional Figures
Online Activity Use real-world objects to complete the Explore.
INQUIRY How can you apply the properties of

two-dimensional figures to solve real-world
problems?
Learn Modeling with Two-Dimensional Figures

A geometric model is a geometric figure that represents a real-world
object. A good model shows all the important characteristics of the
object it represents, although some of the detail may be lost.
Drafters use two-dimensional geometric models to create technical
drawings that communicate an object’s function or construction. Scientists
may use two-dimensional models to record an object’s general shape or
mechanics in a field notebook. You can use two-dimensional models to
estimate the perimeter, circumference, and area of objects.
Example 2 Modeling with Two-Dimensional Figures

Study Tip
Approximations Use an appropriate two-dimensional model
Because the corners of and the dimensions provided in the image to
the serving platter are calculate the perimeter and area of the plate. 12.5 in.
rounded, we can only What two-dimensional figure can be used to

approximate the model the serving platter? square 12.5 in.
perimeter and area of
the serving platter What are the perimeter and area of the
using the formulas for serving platter? Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
a square.
Perimeter = 4s = 4(12.5) = 50 in.
Area = s2 = (12.5)2 = 156.3 in2
Because the platter is a square, the perimeter of the platter is 4
multiplied by the length of the side. The area is the length of the side
squared. The perimeter of the platter is 50 inches, and the area of the
platter is 156.3 square inches.
Check
Thomas Arbour/istock/Getty Images, Mark Steinmetz/
Use an appropriate two-

McGraw-Hill Education, Sonsedska Yuliia/Shutterstock
dimensional model and the

dimensions provided in the 40.6 cm
image to calculate the perimeter
and area of the framed art.
What two-dimensional figure
can be used to model the art?
61 cm
P= ? cm; A = ? cm2
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Example 3 Using a Two-Dimensional Model
BUSINESS Isaiah owns a small café.
Part A A new fire code

states that there must
be 15 square feet of Cafe Counter, C
free space for every

customer in the café.
Floor Space, A
How many people can
be in the café? (3, 9)
Step 1 Find the amount (5, 8)

of free space available.
Table, T Table, T Problem-Solving
(15, 5)
Find the total area of the Tip
(1, 5)
café. Evaluate Your Answer
(3, 4)
Area of the café = It can be tempting to
15 × 15 or 225 ft2 Drink complete the final
Station, D calculation in a multi-
Then, find the area of 1 unit = 1 foot
(0, 0) (9, 0) step exercise and
the counter and the
conclude that you have
drink station. arrived at the answer.
C = 3 × 11 or 33 ft2 However, always
1
D = __
  2 (5 • 6) or 15 ft2 remember to define
appropriate quantities
Find the areas of the tables by using the Distance Formula. when solving a real-
______________ _____________
√
___ __
ℓ = (3
   - 1)2 + (9 - 5)2  or √
___
20  and w = (   √
3 - 1)2 + (4 - 5)2   or √5  world problem. In this
example, it does not
__
T = ℓ • w =√20  ⋅ √5 or 10 ft2 make sense to have
10.2 people. You can
Find the amount of free space available for Isaiah’s customers. determine that a
A = area of the café - C - D - 2T correct answer for this
exercise must be a
= 225 - 33 - 15 - (2 × 10) or 157 ft2 whole number.
Step 2 Find the number of people that can be in the café.

1 person
157 ft2 • ______
  2  ≈ 10.5 or 10 people
15 ft
The café can hold 10 people.
Part B Isaiah wants to hang garland around the tables and the drink Study Tip
station. How much garland does Isaiah need? Radical Form
Leave answers in
Find the sum of the perimeters of the tables and drink station.
radical form until the
length of garland = 2 ∙ perimeter of table + perimeter of drink station last calculation.
________________
√
___ __ This will prevent
= 2(2√20  + 2√5 ) + (6 + 5 + (15
   - 9)2 + (5 - 0)2 )
compounding errors
≈ 45.6 feet caused by rounding
throughout steps
Isaiah would need at least 45.6 feet of garland. within a problem.
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Check
LANDSCAPING Monica is redesigning her backyard. She has created
the following blueprint to model her design.
y
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
Width (feet)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 x
Length (feet)
Part A
Monica wants to have at least 300 square feet of grass available in the
backyard for her dog. Is there enough space for her dog? If there is,
then how much area is available?
A. no
B. yes; 387.7 ft2
C. yes; 396.7 ft2
D. yes; 472.7 ft2
Part B
Monica wants to build a fence in the backyard. She does not want to
enclose the edge of the deck that extends from (0, 0) to (30, 0). If
Monica wants to enclose the rest of the backyard, including the side
edges of the deck and the side edge of the stairs, then how many feet
of material are needed to complete the project?
? feet
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Practice
Example 1
Find the perimeter or circumference and area of each figure if each unit on the graph measures
1 centimeter. Round answers to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
1. y 2. 3. y
A(0, 9) B(4, 9) y
A(−2, 7)
A(2, 3)
B(4, 4)
D(−4, 3)
B(4, 1)
O x
C(0, 1)
O C(2, 0) x
O x
4. y 5. y 6. y
A(0, 4)
O G(3, −1) x
X(−3, 4)
H(1, −3) F(5, −3) C(−4, 0) B(2, 0)

Y(−4, 2) O x
E(3, −5)
O x
Magnetix/Shutterstock.com
Example 2
Use a two-dimensional model and the dimensions provided to calculate the perimeter or
circumference and area of each object. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
7. 8. 9. 14.8 ft
6.25 ft
14 ft 7 in.
13 ft 4 in.
5 in.
11 ft 2 in.
13 ft 4 in.
640_644_RM_INT1_S_M11_L03_700687.indd 641 16/04/19 1:57 PM

Example 3
2 ft 2 ft
10. DESIGN Dev is designing a new sign for his art studio. However, he
needs to make several improvements to the sign before it is ready to
be hung. 3.5 ft
a. Dev wants to add a metal trim around the perimeter of the

sign. How much trim should Dev purchase? Round answer 7 ft
to the nearest foot.
b. The front of the sign also needs to be waterproofed with a protective sealer. How much area
needs to be covered by the sealer? Round answer to the nearest square foot.
c. If a pint of sealer covers an area of 20 square feet, then how many pints of sealer should Dev
purchase?
11. WORLD RECORD The world’s largest ice cream cake was created on May 10, 2011, in Toronto,
Canada. The cake was 4.45 meters long, 4.06 meters wide, and 1 meter tall. The surface of the
cake was covered with a cookie crumble topping. Use an appropriate two-dimensional model to
approximate the area covered by the cookie crumble topping. Round answer to the nearest tenth
of a square meter.
12. POOL Eight-ball pool is a popular game played on a pool table

7
that has six pockets. In eight-ball pool, there are 7 striped balls,
7 solid-colored balls, and a black eight ball. At the beginning of 15 12
each game, players position the 15 balls in a rack in preparation 9.96 in. 4 3
5
for the first shot. 9 8
13
10
a. Find the area contained by the rack using an appropriate two- 11 6 1
14 2
dimensional model. Round the answer to the nearest tenth of
a square inch. 11.5 in.
b. Approximate the area covered by a single ball to the nearest
tenth of a square inch.
13. TRACK A 400-meter Olympic-size track can be modeled with a

rectangle and two semicircles. 84.39 m
a. If an athlete runs around the track once, then how far has the 73 m
athlete traveled to the nearest meter?
b. What assumption can be used to explain the difference
between your answer in part a and the actual length
around the track?
c. Each lane is 1.22 meters wide. If the athlete runs in the center of the inside lane, then how far
has she traveled after a single lap to the nearest meter?
d. How far inside the track should the athlete be positioned to run exactly 400 meters? Round
answer to the nearest centimeter.
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Mixed Exercises
Graph the figure with the given vertices and identify the figure. Find the perimeter
and area of the figure.
14. A(3, 5), B(3, 1), C(0, 1) 15. Q(−3, 2), R(1, 2), S(1, −4), T(−3, −4)
16. G(−4, 1), H(4, 1), I(0, −2) 17. K(−4, −2), L(−1, 2), M(8, 2), N(5, −2)
18. Rectangle WXYZ has a length that is 5 more than three times its width.
a. Draw and label a figure for rectangle WXYZ.
b. Write an algebraic expression for the perimeter of the rectangle.
c. Find the width if the perimeter is 58 millimeters. Explain how you can check
that your answer is correct.
  ‾, which is congruent to the segment representing the length

d. Use a ruler to draw and label PQ
of rectangle WXYZ. What is the measure of PQ   ‾?
19. FENCING The figure shows Derek’s house and his backyard on y a
coordinate grid. Derek is planning to fence in the play area in his
backyard. Part of the play area is enclosed by the house and does not House
need to be fenced. Each unit on the coordinate grid represents 5 feet.
The cost for the fencing materials and installation is $10 per foot. How
much will it cost Derek to install the fence? Explain. Play area
O x
20. Explain a method to find the area y

R(6, 6)
of △QRS given that  RT  ‾. Then
‾ ⊥ QS Q(2, 4)
find the area. Show your work.
T(3, 3)
O x
S(8, −2)
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21. SONAR Sonar is used by oceanographers to locate marine animals and to y
map the contours of the ocean floor. Sonar sends out sound pulses, called
pings, and receives the returning sound echo. Sonar uses the returning
sound echo to detect the location of animals or the distance from a rock
formation. If each unit on the coordinate grid measures 1 mile, then what 0 x
area does the sonar system cover? Round to the nearest tenth.
22. Two vertices of square ABCD are C(5, 8) and D(2, 4).
a. Do you need to find the coordinates for the other two vertices to find the perimeter and area of
the square? Justify your argument.
b. Find the perimeter and area of square ABCD. Show your work.
23. The coordinate grid shows an equilateral triangle that fits inside a square.
y
a. Find the area of the square. Show your work. A(−2, 3) B(2, 3)
3
b. Find the area of the triangle. Show your work. 2 E(0, √3)
1
c.
Find the area of the square that is not covered by the triangle. Write
an exact value and then round to the nearest tenth. Justify your −2 −1 O 1 2 x
reasoning. G(−1, 0)
−1
F(1, 0)
D(−2, −1) C(2, −1)

24. PERSEVERE The floor plan of a rectangular room has the coordinates (0, 12.5), (20, 12.5), (20, 0),
and (0, 0) when it is placed on the coordinate plane. Each unit on the coordinate plane measures
1 foot. How many square tiles will it take to cover the floor of the room if the tiles have a side
length of 5 inches? Explain.
25. PERSEVERE The vertices of a rectangle with side lengths of 10 and 24 units are on a circle of
radius 13 units. Find the area between the figures.
26. WRITE Describe two possible ways that a polygon can be equiangular but not a regular polygon.
27. A
NALYZE Find the perimeter of equilateral triangle KLM given the vertices K(–2, 1) and M(10, 6).
640_644_RM_INT1_S_M11_L03_700687.indd 644 16/04/19 1:57 PM

Lesson 11-4
Transformations in the Plane

Today’s Goals
● Analyze figures to
Explore Introducing Transformations identify the types
of rigid motions
represented.
● Calculate the
coordinates of the
INQUIRY How are reflections, translations, vertices of images
and rotations similar? given the coordinates
of the preimages.
Learn Identifying Transformations transformation
preimage
A transformation is a function that takes points in the plane as inputs
image
and gives other points as outputs. In a transformation, the preimage
rigid motion
is mapped onto the image. A rigid motion, also called a congruence
reflection
transformation or an isometry, is a transformation that preserves
distance and angle measure. translation
rotation
The three main types of rigid motions are shown below. The preimage line of reflection
is shown in blue, and the image is shown in green. Prime notation is
center of rotation
used to indicate transformations. If A is the preimage, then A′ is the
translation vector
image after one transformation.
component form
Key Concept • Reflections, Translations, and Rotations angle of rotation
A reflection or flip is a A translation or slide A rotation or turn is a
transformation in a is a transformation that transformation about a
line called the line of moves all points of the fixed point (called the
reflection. Each point original figure the center of rotation),
of the preimage and its same distance in the through a specific
image are the same same direction. angle, and in a specific Study Tip
distance from the line direction. Each point of Rigid Motion A rigid
of reflection. the original figure and motion is also called a
its image are the same rigid transformation.
distance from the The two terms can be
center. used interchangeably.
A
B′ A′
B B′ B
B′ B
C
A A′ A C C′
C C′ A′ C′
ABC → A′B′C′ ABC → A′B′C′ ABC → A′B′C′
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Example 1 Identify Transformations in the Real World
GAMES Identify the type of rigid
Study Tip motion shown in the puzzle as a
Identifying reflection, translation, or rotation.
Transformations Look
The landscape is mirrored in the
for lines of reflection or
water. This is an example of a
centers of rotation
reflection.
when identifying
transformations. In a
reflection, each point
of the preimage and its Check
corresponding point of
CHECKERS In the game of checkers,
the image are the
players move their pieces on the
same distance from the
line of reflection. In a diagonal. Identify the type of rigid
rotation, each point of motion shown as a reflection,
the preimage and its translation, or rotation.
corresponding point of The type of rigid motion is a
the image are the ? .
same distance from
the center of rotation.
Example 2 Identify Transformations on the Coordinate

Plane
Identify the type of rigid motion shown as a reflection, translation,
or rotation.
a. y y
O x O x
Each vertex and its image can be connected by lines with the same
length and slope. This is a rotation.
b. y y
Ingram Publishing; C Squared Studios/Getty Images
O x O x
Each point and its image are the same distance from the y-axis. This
is a reflection.
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c. y y
O x O x
Each vertex and its image are the same distance from the origin. The
angles formed by each pair of corresponding points and the origin are
congruent. This is a rotation.
y
Check
The type of rigid motion shown is a ? . O x
Learn Representing Reflections

In a reflection, each point of the preimage and its corresponding point
on the image are the same distance from the line of reflection.
A reflection can be described as a function in which the preimage is
reflected in the line of reflection. The points of the preimage are the
input, and the corresponding points on the image are the output.
Key Concept • Reflections in the x- or y-axis
Reflections in the x-axis Reflections in the y-axis
To reflect a point in the

To reflect a point in the y-axis,
Words x-axis, multiply its
multiply its x-coordinate by -1.
y-coordinate by -1.
Symbols (x, y) → (x, -y) (x, y) → (-x, y)
y y Study Tip
B(7, 3) A(−2, 3) A(2, 3)
What Is Preserved?
A(4, 1)
Because it is a rigid
x O x motion, all lengths and
O
Example A(4, −1) angle measures are
preserved in a
B(7, −3) reflection.
B(−6, −4) B(6, −4)
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Example 3 Reflection in the x- or y-axis
Triangle ABC has coordinates A(3, 2), B(2, −2), and C(4, −5).
Part A Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the image after
a reflection in the x-axis.
PREDICT Graph the triangle. Before performing
Think About It! y
the reflection, predict your results.
Suppose the
The image of a reflection in the x-axis will be a A
coordinates of A are
triangle in the first and fourth quadrants.
(5, -2) and the
coordinates of A' are Multiply the y-coordinate of each vertex by -1. O x
(5, 2). Describe the Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image. B
transformation of A. (x, y) → (x, -y) C
A(3, 2) → A'(3, -2)
B(2, -2) → B'(2, 2)
C(4, -5) → C'(4, 5)
CHECK The image matches the prediction.
y C′
A
B′
O x
B A′
Part B Reflect △ABC in the y-axis. Determine the coordinates of

the image.
PREDICT Before performing the reflection, predict your results.
The image of a reflection in the y-axis will be a y
triangle in the second and third quadrants.
A
Multiply the x-coordinate of each vertex by -1.
Find the coordinates of the vertices of O x
the image.
(x, y) → (-x, y) B
A(3, 2) → A'(-3, 2) C
B(2, -2) → B'(-2, -2)

C(4, -5) → C'(-4, -5)
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y
A′ A
O x
B′
B
C C
Check
Triangle JKL has coordinates J(2, -8), K(6, -7), and L(4, -2).
Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the image after a
reflection in the x-axis.
A. J'(2, 8), K'(6, 7), L'(4, 2)
B. J'(-2, -8), K'(-6, -7), L'(-4, -2)
C. J'(-2, 8), K'(-6, 7), L'(-4, 2)
D. J'(2, -8), K'(6, -7), L'(4, -2)
Study Tip
Learn Representing Translations What Is Preserved?
Because it is a rigid
A translation is a function in which all of the points of a figure move the
motion, all lengths and
same distance in the same direction. angle measures are
A preimage is translated along a translation vector The translation vector preserved in a
describes the magnitude and direction of the slide if the magnitude is the translation.
length of the vector from its initial point to its terminal point.
To describe a translation in the coordinate plane, it is helpful to write
the vector in component form. A vector in component form is written
as <x, y>, which describes the vector in terms of its horizontal
component x and vertical component y.
Key Concept • Translations
Words To translate a point along vector <a, b>, add a to the
x-coordinate and add b to the y-coordinate.
Symbols (x, y) → (x + a, y + b)
Example P(-2, 3) translated along vector <7, 4> is
P'(-2 + 7, 3 + 4) or P'(5, 7).
y P(−2 + 7, 3 + 4) or P(5, 7)
P(−2, 3) 2
−2 O 2 4 6 x
−2
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Example 4 Translations
For quadrilateral QRST with vertices Q(-8, -2), R(-9, -5),
S(-4, -7), and T(-4, -2), find the coordinates of the vertices of the
image after a translation along the vector <7, 1>.
PREDICT Graph the quadrilateral. Before y
8
performing the translation, predict your results. 6
The image of a translation along vector <7, 1> 4
2
will be a quadrilateral in the third and fourth
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
quadrants. Q T
−4
A translation along <7, 1> will move the figure −6
R
7 units to the right and 1 unit up. S −8
Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image.

(x, y) → (x + 7, y + 1)
Q(-8, -2) → Q'(-8 + 7, -2 + 1) or Q'(-1, -1)
R(-9, -5) → R'(-9 + 7, -5 + 1) or R'(-2, -4)
S(-4, -7) → S'(-4 + 7, -7 + 1) or S'(3, -6)
T(-4, -2) → T'(-4 + 7, -2 + 1) or T'(3, -1)
Check
Quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(-3, 1), B(-5, 3), C(-2, 5), and
D(-1, 3). What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image after a
translation along vector <5, -3>?
A. A'(2, -2), B'(0, 0), C'(3, 2), and D'(4, 0)
B. A'(-8, -2), B'(-10, 0), C'(-7, 2), and D'(-6, 0)
C. A'(2, 4), B'(0, 6), C'(3, 8), and D'(4, 6)
D. A'(-8, 4), B'(-10, 6), C'(-7, 8), and D'(-6, 6)
Pause and Reflect

deal with it?
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Learn Representing Rotations
Study Tip
A rotation is a function that moves every point of a preimage through a What Is Preserved?
specified angle and direction about a fixed point, called the center of Because it is a rigid
rotation. Under a rotation, each point and its image are at the same motion, all lengths and
distance from the center of rotation. In this lesson, you can assume that angle measures are
the origin is the center of rotation. The specified angle is called the preserved in a rotation.
angle of rotation.
The direction of a rotation can be clockwise
or counterclockwise. In this course, you can clockwise counterclockwise
assume that all rotations are counterclockwise Talk About It!
unless stated otherwise. Would two successive
90° rotations
When a point is rotated 90°, 180°, or 270° counterclockwise about the counterclockwise
origin, you can use the following rules. A rotation of 360° will map the about the origin result
image onto the preimage. in the same image as a
180° rotation clockwise
Key Concept • Rotations in the Coordinate Plane
about the origin?
90° Rotation Example Explain.
To rotate a point 90° counterclockwise y
about the origin, multiply the y-coordinate P′(−2, 5)
by -1 and then interchange the x- and 90° P(5, 2)
y-coordinates.
O x
Symbols (x, y) → (-y, x)
180° Rotation Example

about the origin, multiply the x- and
y-coordinates by -1. P(5, 2)
180°
Symbols (x, y) → (-x, -y)
O x
P′(−5, −2)
270° Rotation Example

about the origin, multiply the x-coordinate
by -1 and then interchange the x- and
P(5, 2)
y-coordinates.
270°
O x
Symbols (x, y) → (y, -x)
P′(2, −5)
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Think About It!
Example 5 Rotations
Describe the figure Parallelogram FGHJ has vertices F(2, 1), G(7, 1), H(6, -3), and
after the rotation. J(1, -3). What are the coordinates of the vertices of its image after
a rotation of 180° about the origin?
PREDICT Graph parallelogram FGHJ.
y
J′
H′
180° F G
O x
G F′
J H
Before performing the rotation, predict your results.

The image of the parallelogram rotated 180° will be a parallelogram in
the second and third quadrants.
To rotate a point 180° counterclockwise about the origin, multiply

the x- and y-coordinates by -1. Find the coordinates of the vertices of
the image.
(x, y) → (-x, -y)
F(2, 1) → F'(-2, -1)
G(7, 1) → G'(-7, -1)
H(6, -3) → H'(-6, 3)
J(1, -3) → J'(-1, 3)
CHECK The image meets the prediction.
Check
Study Tip Quadrilateral JKLM has coordinates J(1, 2), K(4, 3), L(6, 1), and M(3, 1).
Rotations Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the image after a 270°
Verify the coordinates rotation about the origin.
of the image by
graphing the preimage
A. J'(2, -1), K'(3, -4), L'(1, -6), and M'(1, -3)
and image on the B. J'(2, 1), K'(3, 4), L'(1, 6), and M'(1, 3)
coordinate grid.
C. J'(-2, 1), K'(-3, 4), L'(-1, 6), and M'(-1, 3)
D. J'(-2,-1), K'(-3,-4), L'(-1,-6), and M'(-1,-3)
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Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Identify the type of rigid motion shown as a reflection, translation, or rotation.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Atiger/Shutterstock, David Madison/Photographer's Choice RF/Getty Images, Silverlining56/E+/Getty Images,
5. y 6. y
O x O x
Lise Gagne/iStock/Getty Image
7. y 8. y
O x O x
Examples 3-5
Triangle ABC has coordinates A(2, 0), B(-1, 5), and C(4, 3). Determine the
coordinates of the vertices of the image after each transformation.
9. reflection in x-axis 10. reflection in y-axis
11. translation along the vector <0, 2> 12. translation along the vector <3, -4>
13. rotation 180° about the origin 14. r otation 90° counterclockwise about
the origin
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Triangle DEF has coordinates D(4, -1), E(5, 2), and F(1, 2). Determine the coordinates of the
vertices of the image after each transformation.
15. reflection in x-axis
16. reflection in y-axis
17. translation along the vector <1, 0>
18. translation along the vector <-3, 1>
19. rotation 180° about the origin
20. rotation 270° counterclockwise about the origin
21. AIR SHOW At a flight demonstration, two planes are flying in a y
synchronized pattern. Describe the transformation that 20

represents the planes’ flight pattern to their final destinations at
(-30, 20) and (0, 20). −20 O 20 x
−20
Mixed Exercises
22.
OFFICE Francesca draws a plan of her office before she rearranges the
furniture. She decides to reflect the entire room over a vertical line
through the center of the drawing of the room.
Which is the reflected plan?
A. B. C.
23.
BASKETBALL James spins a basketball on his finger and then passes the ball to his friend.
a. What type of transformation is used when James spins the basketball on his finger?
b. What type of transformation is used to pass the basketball?
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24. COMBINATION LOCKS Benicio locks his safe by setting each of the three dials to
8. To unlock the safe, he turns the left dial 90° counterclockwise, the middle dial
270° clockwise, and the right dial 180° counterclockwise. Which three numbers,
in order, unlock the safe?
25. BEEKEEPING A beekeeper uses a frame of partial honeycomb cells that bees fill
with honey and complete with wax. When the honey is ready for harvest, the
beekeeper turns the tool allowing the honey to flow out of the hive without
disturbing the bees. How are the sides of the partial honeycomb cells related
when the tap is closed? when the tap is open?
Tap Closed Tap Open
Find the coordinates of the figure with the given coordinates after the
transformation on the plane. Then graph the preimage and image.
26. preimage: J(−3, 0), K(−2, 4), L(−1, 0), image: triangle QRS, translation of JKL
along vector <5, -4>
27. preimage: A(1, 3), B(1, 1), C(4, 1), image: triangle DEF, rotation of ABC 270°
counterclockwise about the origin
28. FIND THE ERROR Saurabh and Elena visit a craft fair and
notice a quilt with a pattern. Saurabh claims the pattern is
made using translations. Elena believes that the pattern
is made using rotations. Who is correct? Justify your
argument.
29. The vertices of △ABC are A(-1, 1), B(4, 2), and C(1, 5). The vertices of △DEF
are D(-1, -1), E(4, -2), and F(1, -5) such that △ABC ≅ △DEF. Identify the
congruence transformation.
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̶̶ ̶̶
30. STRUCTURE XY
  has endpoints X(-5, 6) and Y(0, 4), the image of XY   has
̶̶ ̶̶̶
the endpoints X'(6, 5) and Y'(4, 0), and XY
  ≅ X'Y'
  . Identify the transformation.
31. STRUCTURE The vertices of quadrilateral FGHJ are F(2, -3), G(-2, -5), H(-3, 6),
and J(3, 5). The vertices of quadrilateral KLMN are K(5, -5), L(1, -7), M(0, 4), and
N(6, 3) such that FGHJ ≅ KLMN. If quadrilateral FGHJ is the preimage and
quadrilateral KLMN is the image, identify the transformation.

32. ANALYZE The image of △ABC reflected in the y-axis is △A'B'C'.
a. Describe the result of reflecting △A'B'C' in the y-axis. Explain.
b. Describe the result of reflecting △A'B'C' in the x-axis. Explain.
33. FIND THE ERROR Antwan and Diamond are finding the coordinates of the image
of P(2, 3) after a reflection in the x-axis. Is either of them correct? Explain your
reasoning.
Antwan Diamond
P'(2, -3) P'(2, -3)
34. WRITE In the diagram, △DEF is called a glide reflection of △ABC. Based y
on the diagram, define a glide reflection. Explain your reasoning. D
35. CREATE Draw a polygon on the coordinate plane that when reflected in F E
the x-axis looks exactly like the original figure.
B C
O x
36. PERSEVERE A line y = mx + b is translated using the vector <a, b>.
Write the equation of the translated line. What is the value of the
y-intercept?
37. WRITE Compare and contrast function notation and vector notation for
translations.
38. ANALYZE Is the reflection of a figure in the x-axis equivalent to the rotation of
that same figure 180° about the origin? Explain.
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Lesson 11-5
Three-Dimensional Figures
Learn Identifying Three-Dimensional Figures Today’s Goals
● Identify and determine
A polyhedron is a closed three-dimensional figure made up of flat characteristics of three-
polygonal regions. A face of a polyhedron is a flat surface on the dimensional figures.
polyhedron. An edge of a polyhedron is a line segment where the ● Calculate surface areas
faces of the polyhedron intersect. The vertex of a polyhedron is the and volumes.
intersection of three edges of the polyhedron. The bases of a prism
or cylinder are the two parallel congruent faces of the solid. The base polyhedron
of a pyramid or cone is the face of the solid opposite the vertex of
face of a polyhedron
the solid.
edge of a polyhedron
Types of Solids vertex of a polyhedron
bases of a prism or
vertex cylinder
base of a pyramid or
cone
base
prism
pyramid
base
cylinder
cone
A prism is a polyhedron that has A pyramid is a polyhedron that has sphere
two parallel congruent bases, a polygonal base and three or
regular polyhedron
connected by parallelogram faces. more triangular faces that meet at
a common vertex. Platonic solids
surface area
vertex volume
base center
Study Tip
base
Right vs. Oblique In
right prisms, the bases
A cylinder is a solid A cone is a solid A sphere is a set of all are connected to each
figure that has two figure that has a points in space equidistant other by rectangular
congruent and circular base from a given point called faces. However, in
parallel circular bases connected by a the center of the sphere. oblique prisms, at least
connected by a curved surface to a A sphere has no faces, one face is not a
curved surface. single vertex. edges, or vertices. rectangle.
Polyhedra, or polyhedrons, are named by the shapes of their bases.
right prism o
blique
triangular rectangular pentagonal triangular rectangular pentagonal prism
prism prism prism pyramid pyramid pyramid
Lesson 11-5 • Three-Dimensional Figures 657
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A polyhedron is a regular polyhedron if all of its faces are regular
congruent polygons and all of the edges are congruent. There are
exactly five types of regular polyhedra, called Platonic solids because
Plato used them extensively.
Platonic Solids
Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron
or Cube
4 equilateral 6 square 8 equilateral 12 regular 20 equilateral

triangular faces triangular pentagonal triangular
faces faces faces faces
Example 1 Identify Properties of Three-Dimensional

Figures
Math History Minute Determine whether each solid is a polyhedron. Then identify the
solid. If it is a polyhedron, name the bases, faces, edges, and
The Platonic solids are
vertices.
named for the Greek
philosopher Plato
(c. 428 BCE–c. 348 BCE), Q
who theorized in his
dialogue, the Timaeus, that
the classical elements were R The solid is formed by polygonal faces, so it
U is a polyhedron. There is no base, but the
made of them. Of all the S
Platonic solids, the T solid has 8 equilateral triangular faces, so it is
Greeks believed that the an octahedron.
dodecahedron represented
the entire universe. V
Bases: none
Faces: △QRU, △QRS, △QST, △QTU, △RSV, △STV, △TUV, △RUV
Edges:  ¯
QR, ¯
QS, ¯
QT, ¯
QU, ¯
RV, ¯ TV, ¯
UV, ¯ SV, ¯
RS, ¯
ST, ¯
TU, ¯
RU
Vertices: Q, R, S, T, U, V
The solid has a curved surface, so it is not a

K
polyhedron. It has two congruent circular bases
Ingram Publishing/Alamy
and parallel sides, so it is a cylinder.
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Example 2 Model Three-Dimensional Figures Study Tip
Identify the three-dimensional figure that can model Approximations When
modeling a real-world
the beverage container. State whether the model is a
object, often the object
polyhedron.
cannot be perfectly
The beverage container can be modeled by a cylinder. modeled by a three-
Because the model has a curved surface it is not dimensional figure. Thus,
a polyhedron. three-dimensional
figures provide only
Check approximate measures
for an object.
Identify the three-dimensional
figure that can model the top of
the camping lodge. State
whether the model is a
polyhedron.
The top of the camping lodge
can be modeled by a
? . The model
? a polyhedron.
Ingram Publishing/Alamy Stock Photo, ©Seigo Yamamura/Aflo/age fotostock
Explore Measuring Real-World Objects

Talk About It!
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the What is the relationship
Explore. between the volume of
a prism and the volume
of a regular pyramid
INQUIRY How can you apply the properties that have the same
of three-dimensional figures to solve real- base and height? How
world problems? does this compare to
the relationship
between the volume of
a cylinder and the
Learn Measuring Three-Dimensional Figures volume of a cone that
Often a geometric figure is used to model a real-world object to estimate have the same height
a measurement. Surface area is the sum of the areas of all faces and and congruent bases?
side surfaces of a three-dimensional figure. Volume is the measure of
the amount of space enclosed by a three-dimensional figure.
Prism Regular Cylinder Cone Sphere
Pyramid
P r r
r
h h
h
1
S = Ph + 2B S = __
  2 Pℓ + B S = 2πrℎ + S = πrℓ + πr2 S = 4πr2
2πr2
1 1 4
V = Bh V = __
  3  Bh V = πr2ℎ V = __
  3  πr2ℎ V = __
  3  πr3
S = total surface area V = volume h = height of a solid
P = perimeter of the base B = area of base ℓ = slant height, r = radius
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Example 3 Find Measurements of Three-Dimensional
Watch Out!
Figures
Height vs. Slant
Height The height of a Find the surface area and volume of the
pyramid or cone is not 15 in.
cone. Round each measure to the nearest 8 in.
the same as its slant tenth, if necessary.
height. The height of a
pyramid or cone is the Surface Area
perpendicular distance Because the radius of the base is 15 inches and the height of the cone
from the center of the
is 8 inches, you can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the slant
base to the vertex. The
height.
slant height is the
height of a lateral side c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem
of a pyramid or cone.
c2 = 82 + 152 a = 8 and b = 15
height slant
height c2 = 289 Simplify.
____
c=√
289 or 17 Simplify.
The slant height is 17 inches, and the radius is 15 inches. Use the formula
for the surface area of a cone.
S = πrℓ + πr2 Surface area of cone
= π (15) (17) + π (15)2 r = 15 in. and ℓ = 17 in.

Watch Out!
Square and Cubic ≈ 1508.0 Use a calculator.
Units Remember to
use square units when The surface area of the cone is 1508.0 square inches.
measuring surface area
and cubic units when Volume
measuring volume.
Use the formula for the volume of a cone.
1
V = __
  3 πr2h Volume of cone
Think About It! 1
= __
  3 π (15)2 (8) or about 1885.0 r = 15 in. and h = 8 in.
How could you write
the surface area of the The volume of the cone is about 1885.0 cubic inches.
cone in terms of pi?
Check
Find the surface area and volume of
the rectangular prism. Round each measure
6 cm
S= ? cm2
5.2 cm
V= ? cm3 10 cm
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Example 4 Calculate Measurements by Using
Three-Dimensional Models Think About It!
What assumption did
NEW YEAR’S EVE The New Year’s Eve ball is
you make about the
a geodesic sphere that is 12 feet in New Year’s Eve ball
diameter. It weighs 11,875 pounds, is lit by to solve the problem?
32,256 LED lights, and is covered with
2688 crystal triangles.
Part A H
ow many lights are contained on
the ball’s surface within an area of
4 square feet?
Step 1 Find the surface area of the ball.
Because the diameter is 12 feet, the radius of the sphere is 6 feet.
S = 4πr2 Surface area of a sphere
= 4π(6)2 r=6
= 144π or about 452.4 Use a calculator.
The surface area of the ball is about 452.4 square feet.
Step 2 Determine the number of lights within an area of 4 square feet.
32,256 lights
4 ft2 × _________
  2  = 285.2 or 285 lights
452.4 ft
There are 285 lights within an area of 4 square feet.

Part B T
ony is repairing a section of the ball that has an area of
8 cubic feet. How much does the section weigh?
Step 1 Find the volume of the ball.
4
V = __
  3 πr3 Volume of a sphere
4
= __
  3 π(6)3 r=6
= 288π or about 904.8 Use a calculator.
Step 2 Determine the weight of the section.
11,875 lb
8 ft3 × ______
  3  = 105.0
904.8 ft
The section of the ball weighs about 105.0 pounds.
Check
POOLS Mateo’s family is building a new inground pool.
A cross section of the pool is shown.
Part A What is the volume of the pool to the nearest tenth?
15 ft
V= ? ft3 23 ft
5 ft
Part B M
ateo’s family needs to install a protective liner to cover the 6 ft 12 ft
walls and bottom of the deep end of the pool. How much liner
10 ft
is required to cover the deep end of the pool in square feet?
A. 570 ft2 B. 750 ft2 C. 900 ft2 D. 1800 ft2
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Apply Example 5 Solve for Unknown Values
WATER PARK Destiny visits a water
Study Tip park where a new cyclone water ride
Assumptions When has opened. On the new ride, a tunnel
modeling, you assume flows into a large funnel. The length
that a three-dimensional from the exit of the funnel to its edge
object is perfectly is 29 meters, and the surface area of
modeled by a geometric the funnel is 910 square meters. When
solid. Because this is the funnel is at its widest, what is the diameter? Round your answer
not always true, you to the nearest tenth.
should assume that
your calculations for 1 What is the task?
surface area and Describe the task in your own words. Then list any questions that you
volume will be may have. How can you find answers to your questions?
approximations.
Sample answer: I need to find the diameter of the funnel at its widest
location. What three-dimensional solid can I use to model the funnel?
Are there any special considerations that I need to make when modeling
this real-world object? I can review the three-dimensional solids for
which I know the formulas for surface area. Then, I can compare these
solids to the funnel to see how the two objects are different.
2 H
Sample answer: I will draw a diagram that represents the funnel and all
of the information that I know about the funnel. I will then identify the
equation that I will use to find the diameter of the funnel, I will subsitute
any known information into the equation, and then I will solve for the
length of the diameter.

What three-dimensional solid can you use to model the funnel?
Sample answer: I can model the funnel using a cone. Because the mouth of
the funnel is open, the cone that models the funnel would not have a base.
What equation will you use?

S = πrℓ
What is the diameter of the funnel?
20.0 meters
your solution.
Sample answer: A diameter of 20 meters seems reasonable when
compared to the slant height of the funnel, which is 29 meters.
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Practice
Example 1
Determine whether each solid is a polyhedron. Then identify the solid. If it is a
polyhedron, name the bases, faces, edges, and vertices.
1. 2. 3.
B E F V
D
G
J K
A
H L X
W
Z Y
Example 2
Identify the three-dimensional figure that can model each object. State whether
the model is or is not a polyhedron.
4. 5. 6.
D. Hurst/Alamy, Lightspring/Shutterstock, Ken Karp/McGraw-Hill Education
Example 3
Find the surface area and volume of each solid. Round each measure to the
nearest tenth, if necessary.
7. 8. 9.
6 in.
17 ft
4.0 cm 15 ft
2.4 cm 13 in. 16 ft
2.0 cm
16 ft
3.2 cm
10. 11. 10 yd 12.

1.8 cm
x
6 in.
13 yd
12 yd
2 in.
5 in.
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Example 4
13. GARDENING The plans for constructing a raised vegetable
garden use corrugated metal in a wooden frame. The finished
garden is 4 feet long, 30 inches wide, and 32 inches tall. 4 ft
a. T
he metal is only used on the lateral faces, so how many square 4 ft
feet of metal should be purchased? Round to the nearest 32 in.

square foot.
b. H
ow many bags containing 2 cubic feet of soil will be needed 30 in.
to fill the garden if the soil level is 1 inch below the top of
the frame?
14. TRASH CANS A cylindrical trash can is 30 inches high and has a base radius
of 7 inches. A manufacturer wants to know the surface area of this trash can,
30 in.
including the top of the lid. What is the surface area? Round to the nearest
square inch.
7 in.
15. ALGAE A scientist has a fish tank in the shape of a rectangular prism. The tank is
18 inches high, 14 inches wide, and 30 inches long. After one month, the scientist
found that the sides and bottom of his fish tank were covered with algae. The
scientist wants to run tests on the algae to help determine why it started to grow.
How much algae is there for the scientist to test?
16. GEOLOGY A tiankeng is a sinkhole with nearly vertical walls

The Tianpingmiao tiankeng is approximately cylindrical with
a diameter of 180 meters and a depth of 420 meters.
a. If the top of the tiankeng is open and plants can grow on
the bottom and sides, what is the surface area available
for plants? Round to the nearest square meter.
b. W
hat is the volume of water that could fill the Tianpingmiao
tiankeng?
Example 5
17. The model of a roof is in the shape of a square pyramid, as shown. If the
surface area of the model is 64 cm2, what is the slant height? ? cm
3 cm
Sino Images/Getty Images
18. A candle is in the shape of a pyramid. The volume of a candle is 27 cubic 5 cm

centimeters and its height is 6 centimeters. Find the area of the base
of the candle.
? in. 6 in.
19. A disposable cup is in the shape of a cone, as shown. The cup has a
volume of about 48.8 in3. What is the radius of the cup to the nearest
inch?
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Mixed Exercises
20. PLANETS For a time, Johannes Kepler thought that the Platonic solids were
related to the orbits of the planets. He made models of each of the Platonic solids.
He made a frame of each of the Platonic solids by fashioning together wooden
edges. How many edges did Kepler have to make for the cube?
21. SILO A silo used for storing grain is shaped like a cylinder with a cone on top.
The radius of the base of the cylinder and cone is 8 feet. The height of the
cylindrical part is 25 feet, and the height of the cone is 6 feet.
a. W
hat is the volume of the cylindrical part of the silo? Round to the nearest
cubic foot.
b. W
hat is the volume of the conical part of the silo? Round to the nearest
cubic foot.
c. What is the volume of the entire silo? Round to the nearest cubic foot.
22. USE A SOURCE Find a real object that can be modeled with one or more three-
dimensional figures. Identify the best three-dimensional model and calculate the
surface area and volume of the object.
Material Density (kg/m3)

23. A garden shop sells pyramid-shaped lawn ornaments that each
have a base area of 900 square centimeters and a height of Concrete 2371
40 centimeters. The lawn ornaments are made of concrete, Granite 2691
granite, or marble. Marble 2711
a. What is the volume of one lawn ornament in cubic meters? Explain.
b. Find the weights of three of these ornaments that are each made from a
different material. Round to the nearest tenth of a kilogram.
c. What generalization can you make about the relationships among the volume
of an ornament, the weight of the lawn ornament, and the density of the
material used to make it?
24. REASONING The volume of a new extra large toy tennis ball for pets is about
221 cubic centimeters. If 3 extra large toy tennis balls are packaged and sold in
cylindrical package as shown, what is the approximate volume of the cylindrical
package? Explain.
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25. FIND THE ERROR Alex and Sia are calculating the surface area of the rectangular
prism shown. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
3 in.
Alex Sia
(5 · 3) · 6 faces 2(5 · 4 · 3) 4 in.
5 in.
= 90 in2 = 120 in2
26. ANALYZE Consider a pyramid and a prism that have bases that are regular polygons
inscribed in a circle. What solid results if the number of sides of the bases
is increased infinitely?
27. WRITE Which solid has a greater volume: cone with a base radius of 7 centimeters
and a height of 28 centimeters or a pyramid with base area of 154 square
centimeters and height of 28 centimeters? Explain your reasoning.
28. CREATE Draw an irregular 14-sided polyhedron that has two congruent bases.
29. PERSEVERE Find the volume of a cube that has a total surface area of 54 square
millimeters.
30. ANALYZE Is a cube a regular polyhedron? Justify your argument.
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Lesson 11-6
Two-Dimensional Representations
of Three-Dimensional Figures
Today’s Goals
● Identify the
Explore Representing Three-Dimensional Figures orthographic drawings
that best model
selected three-
nline Activity Use two-dimensional drawings to complete the
O dimensional figures.
Explore. ● Calculate surface areas
of three-dimensional
INQUIRY How can you accurately represent a figures represented by
three-dimensional figure with two-dimensional nets, and determine the
drawings? correct nets for three-
dimensional geometric
figures.
Learn Representing Three-Dimensional Figures with orthographic drawing
Orthographic Drawings net
The two-dimensional views of the top, left, front, and right sides of an
object are called an orthographic drawing.
Example 1 Make a Model from an Orthographic

Drawing
Make a model of a figure from the orthographic drawing shown.
top left front right

view view view view
Step 1 C
reate the base of the model. Start with a
base that matches the top view.
Step 2 Use the front view.
• The front left side is 3 blocks high. front right
• The front middle and right sides are 1 block high.
• Highlighted segments indicate breaks
where columns or rows of blocks appear at
different depths.
• The highest block in the front left column is
farther back than the 2 blocks below it.
• The third block on the bottom row is farther front right
back than the first 2 blocks in the row.
Lesson 11-6 • Two-Dimensional Representations of Three-Dimensional Figures 667
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Step 3 U
se the left view. Use the left view to find
where the breaks in the front view occur. left
• The first column is 2 blocks high.
Study Tip • The second column is 1 block high.
Left View It is often • The third column is 3 blocks high.
difficult to accurately front right
• The fourth column is 2 blocks high.
interpret the left view
of an orthographic • Remove any unnecessary blocks.
drawing. Imagine Step 4 C
heck your model. Use the right view to
holding a model confirm that you have made the correct
and rotating it
model.
counterclockwise to
see the left side. The
outline after this
rotation will be the left
front right
view of the model.
left
rotate
counterclockwise Check
Which model corresponds to the orthographic drawing?
front right
right
left front

view view view view
left
view A. B.
Think About It!

Why is a back view
not used in an
orthographic drawing? front right front right
C. D.
front right front right
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Example 2 Make an Orthographic Drawing
Make an orthographic drawing of the
figure shown. Talk About It!
Step 1 Draw the visible features of each view. What profession do
front you think utilizes
right orthographic drawings?
Explain.
top view left view front view right view

Step 2 M
ark each segment where a break occurs.
Check
Make an orthographic drawing of the figure
shown. Write the letter of the drawing that
represents the correct view.
front right
? ? ? ?
A B C D
E F G H
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Learn Representing Three-Dimensional Figures
with Nets
Nets allow you to see all the surfaces of a three-dimensional figure in a
two-dimensional drawing.
A net is a two-dimensional figure that forms the surfaces of a three-
dimensional object when folded.
Example 3 Use a Net to Find Surface Area

Identify the solid that is represented by the net. Then find its
surface area.
10 in. 10 in.
20 in.
10 in. 10 in.
16 in. 16 in.
10 in. 10 in.
20 in.
10 in. 10 in.
Because this net has two congruent triangular bases, when it is folded,
it will form a triangular prism.
Use the net to find the surface area of the solid.
Step 1 Find the area of the triangular bases.
Use the Pythagorean Theorem 10 in.
h
to find the height of the
congruent triangles. 8 in. 8 in.
16 in.
a2 + b2 = c2 Pythagorean Theorem
h2 + 82 = 102 Substitute.
h2 + 64 = 100 Simplify.
h2 = 36 Subtract.
h=6 Solve.
The height of the triangular bases is 6 inches.

1
Area of triangular bases = 2 × __
  2 bh Area of 2 ≅ △s
1
= 2 × __
  (16)(6)
2 b = 16 and h = 6
= 96 Simplify.
The total area of the triangular bases is 96 square inches.
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Step 2 Find the total surface area of the triangular prism.
Think About It!
S = 96 + 2(10)(20) + 16(20) Area of triangular bases plus
area of three rectangles If a solid can be
represented by more
= 96 + 400 + 320 or 816 in2 Simplify. than one net, will the
The surface area of the triangular prism is 816 square inches. surface area of the
solid change? Explain.
Check
Identify the solid that is represented
by the net. Then find its surface area. 10 cm 10 cm
A. square pyramid; 104 cm2
10 cm 8 cm 10 cm
21  cm2
B. tetrahedron; 64 + 64  √
8 cm
C. tetrahedron; 88 cm2
10 cm 10 cm
D. square pyramid; 64 + 32  √
21  cm2
10 cm 10 cm
Example 4 Identify Platonic Solids

Identify the Platonic solid that is represented by the net.
ecause this net has

B
20 equilateral triangles,
it represents a net of a(n)
icosahedron.
Check
A. decahedron
B. pentagonal prism
C. dodecahedron
D. icosahedron
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Example 5 Draw Nets for Three-Dimensional Figures
Draw a net for the hexagonal pyramid.
To draw the net of a three-dimensional
Study Tip solid, visualize cutting the solid along one
Approximations A net or more of its edges, opening up the solid,
for a sphere can be and flattening it completely.
created using several
adjoining pointed
13 cm
ellipses or by creating
a polyhedron with a
large number of sides.
However, because
paper can only curve in 5 cm 13 cm
one direction, it is
impossible to make a 5 cm
perfect sphere. Thus,
the spheres made
from nets will be
approximations.
net sphere
Check
Draw a net for the regular pentagonal prism.
15 cm
12 cm
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Example 6 Represent a Real-World Object with a Net
TENTS Draw a net to represent the three-dimensional figure that
can be used to model the tent.
5 ft
4 ft
7 ft
5 ft
The tent can be modeled by a(n) pentagonal prism.

Step 1 Start by drawing the bottom of the tent.
5 ft
7 ft
7 ft
5 ft
Step 2 N
ext, draw the pentagonal bases of the prism in the net.
The pentagonal faces will attach to the rectangle at the
7-foot edges.
5 ft 5 ft
5 ft 4 ft 4 ft
5 ft
4 ft
7 ft
7 ft 4 ft 4 ft
5 ft 5 ft
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Step 3 D
raw the rectangular faces of the prism that represent the
sides of the tent.
5 ft 5 ft
4 ft 4 ft
4 ft
5 ft
4 ft 7 ft
4 ft 4 ft
5 ft
5 ft 5 ft
Think About It!

Step 4 D
raw the rectangular faces of the prism that represent the
Is there more than one roof of the tent. Compare your net to the original figure to
way to correctly draw a
ensure that the dimensions are correct.
net? Explain using the
net from Example 6. 5 ft 5 ft
5 ft 4 ft 4 ft
4 ft
5 ft
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
7 ft
5 ft 5 ft
4 ft 4 ft
5 ft 5 ft
Check
GIFT WRAPPING Draw a net to represent the three-dimensional
figure that can be used to model the gift box.
4 in.
1 in.
4 in.
4 in.
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Example 1
Make a model of a figure for each orthographic drawing.
1.
2.
Example 2
Make an orthographic drawing of each figure.
3. 4.
5. 6.
right
front
7. 8.
right
front
front right
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Example 3
Make a model of the solid that is represented by each net. Then identify the solid
and find its surface area.
9. 10. 1.5 cm 2.0 cm
2.5 cm
9 cm 3.3 cm
6 cm
11.
2 in. 12. 5 cm
5 cm
3
4 in.
2 in. 12 cm
5 cm
Example 4
13. 14.
15. 16.
Examples 5 and 6
Draw a net for each solid or object.
2.5 cm
17. 18.
3 ft 9 cm
3 ft
6 ft
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Draw a net for each solid or object.
19. 20.
18 in.
8 in.
18 in. 18 in.
6 in.
(t to b, l to r): Africa Studio/Shutterstock, Neirfy/Shutterstock, Lorie Leigh Lawrence/Alamy Stock Photo, Kelly Redinger/Design Pics
21. 22.
12 ft
2 in.
20 ft
5 in.
Mixed Exercises
23. GAMING Candela is
playing a game that has
game pieces. Use the
orthographic drawing to
make a model of the game top left front right
piece.
24. FURNITURE Make an orthographic drawing to show the top,

front, left, and right views of the storage cabinet.
25. MODELING Identify a real-world object

that can be represented by the net shown.
2 in. 2 in.
26. GIFT WRAP Olive is wrapping a gift for her sister in a

box that has the net shown here. How many square 6 in.
inches of wrapping paper will it take to cover the box?
3 in.
3 in.
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27. ANALYZE Julia knows that a figure has a surface area of

40 square centimeters. The net shown has 5-centimeters and 2 cm
2-centimeters edges. Could the net represent the figure? 5 cm
28. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG The model represents a building. Which
orthographic drawing does not belong? Justify your conclusion.
front right top left front
frontfrontfront topright
rightfront
right topright
left
topleft
front
topleft
front
right
left
front
right
front
right right
29. FIND THE ERROR Julian and Caleb were planning to make a square pyramid
like the one shown. They both decided to make a net of the square
pyramid as a plan for how to build it. Who has the correct plan? Explain your
reasoning.
square pyramid
Julian’s plan Caleb’s plan

30. CREATE Adriana works for a company called Boxes R Us making different sizes
and shapes of boxes for packages. Adriana’s boss wants her to sketch nets of
one of the boxes. Sketch a possible net that Adriana could have drawn.
31. WRITE Describe the similarities and differences in orthographic drawings

and nets.
32. PERSEVERE How many Platonic solids are there? Give a description of each solid
that includes the number of two-dimensional shapes that meet at each vertex,
number of faces, number of vertices, and number of edges.
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Lesson 11-7
Precision and Accuracy

Today’s Goals
● Determine the levels of
Explore Precision and Accuracy in Basketball precision and accuracy
in real-world scenarios.
Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the Explore. ● Calculate the
approximate error of
measurements.
INQUIRY How are the concepts of precision ● Choose the appropriate
and accuracy similar, and how are they level of accuracy of
different? measurements when
reporting quantities.
precision
Learn Precision and Accuracy
accuracy
Precision is the repeatability, or reproducibility, of a measurement. approximate error
It depends only on the smallest unit of measure available on a
measuring tool. Suppose you are told that a segment measures
8 centimeters. The length, to the nearest centimeter, of each segment Think About It!
shown below is 8 centimeters.
How do you determine
how to round when
measuring a line
segment?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
cm
Accuracy is the nearness of a measurement to the true value of the

measure. Consider the target practice results shown below.
The targets demonstrate the various levels of precision and accuracy.
Think About It!

Why are only the first
accurate and accurate but precise but not accurate
precise not precise not accurate and not precise and second targets
accurate?
Lesson 11-7 • Precision and Accuracy 679
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Example 1 Identify Precision and Accuracy
HORSESHOES Ally and Isha are playing horseshoes. In this game,
each player has two horseshoes that are thrown as close as possible
to the stake in the middle of the pit. The results for four innings are
Study Tip
shown below.
Accuracy vs.
Precision Remember Label each horseshoe pit as accurate but not precise, precise but not
that precision refers to accurate, accurate and precise, or not accurate and not precise.
the clustering of a
group of measurements
and is dependent on
reproducing a certain
measurement. Accuracy
only refers to how
close a measurement
is to the true value of
the measure. A
measurement can be accurate and precise precise but not accurate
accurate without being
precise or vice versa.
accurate but not precise not accurate and not precise
Check
LAWN GAMES Kate is playing bean bag toss with her friends. Teams of
two take turns tossing bean bags at a raised platform with a hole at the far
end. When a team throws, or knocks, their own bag into the hole, they
receive 3 points. Label each board as accurate but not precise, precise
but not accurate, accurate and precise, or not accurate and not precise.
BOLTS BOLTS
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Learn Approximate Error
Think About It!
In the physical world, measurements are always approximate. The In what real-world
approximate error of a measurement can help you determine how situation would it be
accurate your calculations can be using the measurement. helpful to find an
Key Concept • Approximate Error approximate error?
The positive difference between an actual measurement and an
approximate or estimated measurement is its approximate error Ea.
Ea = ∣actual measurement - estimated measurement∣
Example 2 Find Approximate Error

A student weighs a 10-gram precision mass on three different
scales. Find the approximate error for each measurement.
a. spring scale: 9.86 grams
= ∣10 - 9.86∣ or 0.14 g
b. lab scale: 9.92 grams

= ∣10 - 9.92∣ or 0.08 g
Think About It!
c. food scale: 10.3 grams
Why is it important to
Ea = ∣actual measurement - estimated measurement∣ calculate approximate
= ∣10 - 10.3∣ or 0.3 g errors when using
scales?
Check
The temperature in Portland, Oregon, is 35° F. Declan measures the
temperature outside his house. The thermometer measures 34.2° F.
What is the approximate error of the temperature?
? °F
Learn Calculating with Rounded Measurements

When rounding to a place value, look at the value immediately to the
right of that position. If the value is 5 or greater, then round up.
42.64 rounds to 42.6. Because 4 < 5, do not round to the next tenth.
42.57 rounds to 42.6. Because 7 ≥ 5, round to the next tenth.
Given a measurement of 42.6 centimeters rounded to the nearest
tenth, the actual measurement could be any value in a range of values
that round to 42.6.
42.55 ≤ actual measurement < 42.65
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Example 3 Calculate with Rounded Measurements
CARPETING Alejandro wants to 10 ft
carpet his bedroom. He measures
the dimensions of his bedroom and
rounds to the nearest foot. The
carpet he chose costs $2.63 per 8 ft
square foot.
Part A What is the possible range
for how much it will cost to carpet
Alejandro’s bedroom?
Step 1 Find the possible range for the area of the room.
9.5 feet ≤ actual length < 10.5 feet
7.5 feet ≤ actual width < 8.5 feet
least possible area = 9.5 ⋅ 7.5 or 71.25 ft2
greatest possible area = 10.5 ⋅ 8.5 or 89.25 ft2
The area is at least 71.25 square feet but less than 89.25 square feet.
Step 2 Find the cost to buy carpet for the room.

cost for least possible area: 71.25 ⋅ $2.63 = $187.39
cost for greatest possible area: 89.25 ⋅ $2.63 = $234.73
The cost would be at least $187.39 but less than $234.73.
Part B Alejandro checks the dimensions of the room, and measures it

Talk About It! to be 9.8 feet by 8.2 feet to the nearest tenth of a foot. How does this
change the range for the cost of the carpeting?
How would a recorded
time be affected in a Step 1 Find the possible range for the area of the room.
stopwatch rounded to
the nearest second 9.75 feet ≤ actual length < 9.85 feet
versus to the nearest 8.15 feet ≤ actual width < 8.25 feet
millisecond?
least possible area = 9.75 ⋅ 8.15 or 79.4625 ft2
greatest possible area = 9.85 ⋅ 8.25 or 81.2625 ft2
Step 2 Find the cost to buy carpet for the room.

cost for least possible area: 79.4625 ⋅ $2.63 = $208.99
cost for greatest possible area: 81.2625 ⋅ $2.63 = $213.72
lucato/Getty Images
The cost would be at least $208.99 but less than $213.72.
When the measurements were rounded to the nearest foot, the range
of costs was more than $45. With the measurements rounded to the
nearest tenth, the range of costs is about $4.75. Rounding to the
nearest tenth creates a more accurate range for the cost of the
carpeting.
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Practice
Example 1
1. PRECISION A manufacturer claims that its rice cakes are packaged with 20 in
each package. A sample of 12 packages is counted for accuracy. The sample
yields a count of {18, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 17, 18, 17, 18, 17} rice cakes. How
accurate and precise is the manufacturer’s claim? Explain your reasoning.
Example 2
2. SCALES A 10-pound weight is weighed on two different scales. Find the

approximate error of each weight.
a. digital bathroom scale: 9.59 pounds
b. food scale: 10.09 pounds
3. PHYSICS A circuit has amperage of 0.01 milliamp. A multimeter measures the

amperage of the circuit at 0.06 milliamp. What is the approximate error?
4. CARPENTRY A door frame is 2.13 meters high. Chandra measures the height of
the door frame with a carpenter’s rule. She measures 2.22 meters. What is the
approximate error of the height?
5. COOKING Water boils at 212.0°F. Jeremiah uses a kitchen thermometer to

measure the temperature of a pot of boiling water. The thermometer measures
213.1°F. What is the approximate error of the temperature?
Example 3
6. CONSTRUCTION The public works department

is repaving some of the roads in the city. The
materials needed to repave this section of 45 ft
the road cost $2.50 per square foot.
a. W
hat is the possible range for the area of 100 ft
the road?
b. What is the possible range for the cost, c, of the materials needed to repave
this section of the road?
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7. GRASS SEED George is buying grass seed for his 17 yd
lawn. Grass seed is sold at $0.40 per square yard.
a. What is the least value for the length of
the lawn? 12 yd
b. What is greatest value for the width of

the lawn?
c. What is the possible range for the area of the lawn?
d. What is the possible range for the cost of the grass seed?
Mixed Exercises
8. THERMOMETER The thermostat on a heated pool is set at
76.5°F. A thermometer in the pool is shown. What is the
approximate error of the temperature?
77.1 °F
°C/°F MAX/MIN
ON/OFF
9. SANDWICHES A sandwich shops claims to sell foot-long

sandwiches. Xiao uses a ruler to measure her sandwich.
The ruler measures 11 inches. What is the approximate error of the length?
10. SPEED A police officer uses a radar detector to measure the speed of Roya’s car.
Roya’s speedometer reads 55 miles per hour. The radar detector measures her
speed at 56.71 miles per hour. What is the approximate error of the speed?
11. BICYCLES An assembly line supervisor weighs three 25-pound bicycle frames on
a scale. Find the approximate error of each weight.
a. Bicycle A: 25.11 pounds
b. Bicycle B: 24.99 pounds
c. Bicycle C: 24.36 pounds
12. DELI Josephina works at a deli. She is

Scale Weight (lb)
testing the scales at the deli to make sure
they are accurate. She uses a weight that 1 1.013
is exactly 1 pound and gets the following 2 1.01
results shown in the table. Which scale is 3 0.97
the most accurate?
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13. GARDEN Mr. Granger wants to spread fertilizer on his vegetable garden that has
dimensions 41.5 feet by 30.8 feet. The fertilizer he chose costs $0.75 per square
foot for adequate coverage. What is the possible range for the cost of the
fertilizer that is needed to cover the vegetable garden?
41.5 ft
30.8 ft
14. HEIGHT Lucas was proud of how much he had grown over the last six months
since his grandma had seen him last. He told her that he was 6 feet 3 inches. His
grandma didn’t believe him, so she measured him again, and he was 6 feet 1 inch.
What is the approximate error of Lucas’ height?
15. PAINT You measure a wall of your room as 8 feet high and 12 feet wide. You want
to apply wallpaper to only this wall. The wallpaper is expensive and will cost
$1.25 per square foot. What is the possible range for the cost of the wallpaper?
16. Four measurements were taken three different times. The correct measurement
is 52.4 cm. Determine whether the set of measurements is accurate, precise,
both, or neither. Explain your reasoning.
a. 56.1 cm, 48.9 cm, 24.2 cm, 5 cm
b. 73.1 cm, 74.0 cm, 73.5 cm, 73.7 cm
c. 52.6 cm, 52.5 cm, 52.2 cm, 52.3 cm
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17. WRITE Many people confuse the definitions of accuracy and precision. What is the difference
between accuracy and precision? Give an example of a set of four numbers that represents
accurate and precise measurements for a cut of meat at a steakhouse that advertises a 16-ounce
ribeye steak special on Tuesday nights.
18. WRITE Isabel says that if a set of measurements is accurate, then it is also precise. If you agree,
explain your reasoning. If you disagree, provide a counterexample.
19. PERSEVERE Jayden measures and labels the dimensions

of a box.
a. Calculate the areas of the faces of the box. 4.92 in. 7.28 in.
15.3 in.
b. Determine the surface area of the box.
c. Determine the range of values that should contain the actual (true) measure of the surface
area of the box. Explain your reasoning.
d. Suppose that Jayden had incorrectly measured the first dimension as 15.1 inches. Find the
surface area of the box using this measure.
20. CREATE A manufacturer claims that its bags of sweetener contain 9.7 ounces in each bag. Create
a sample of weights of 10 bags of sweetener such that the sample is precise and accurate.
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Lesson 11-8
Representing Measurements
Today’s Goals
● Determine the correct
Explore Significant Figures number of significant
figures in recorded
measurements.
Online Activity Use the guiding exercises to complete the Explore.
● Round measurements
to the correct number
INQUIRY How can you determine the number of significant figures.
of significant figures in a measurement? Today’s Vocabulary
significant figures
Learn Determining Significant Figures Watch Out!

Look for the Decimal
Using significant figures allows you to maintain the correct level of
If a number has no
precision when you are working with measurements. The significant decimal place, then zeros
figures, or significant digits, of a number are the digits that are used to are only significant if
express a measure to the appropriate degree of accuracy. they fall between
Key Concept • Significant Figures nonzero digits. For
example, 165,000 has
Rules Examples
only 3 significant
Nonzero digits are always 2.14 figures because all three
significant. 3 significant figures: 2, 1, and 4 zeros fall after the 5. If
In whole numbers, zeros are 5078 a number does have a
significant if they fall between 4 significant figures: 5, 0, 7, and 8 decimal place, then
nonzero digits. follow the rules listed.
In decimal numbers greater than 7.60
or equal to 1, every digit is 3 significant figures: 7, 6, and 0 Talk About It!
significant.
What is the purpose of
In decimal numbers less than 1, 0.029 using significant figures?
the first nonzero digit and every 2 significant figures: 2 and 9
digit to the right are significant.
Example 1 Determine Significant Figures

Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
0.0320 inches
This is a decimal number less than 1. The first nonzero digit is 3, and Think About It!
there are two digits to the right of 3; 2 and 0. So, this measurement Create three different
has 3 significant figures. measurements that
each have four
107,000 centimeters significant figures.
Because this is a whole number, zeros are only significant if they fall
between nonzero digits. There is one zero that falls between 1 and 7.
So, this measurement has 3 significant figures.
Lesson 11-8 • Representing Measurements 687
687_696_RM_INT1_S_M11_L08_700687.indd 687 17/04/19 7:08 AM

Check
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
.03927 milliliter has ? significant figures
a. 0
b. 5 ,134,180 pounds has ? significant figures
Example 2 Find Significant Figures by Using Tools

Find the possible range for the length of the segment using the
correct number of significant figures.
0 1 2 3
in.
1
The length of the segment is approximately 1 __
2 inches.
1
This measurement was given to the nearest __
 2 inch, so the possible
1 1 1
range of this measurement is within __
 2 ( __
 2 ) or __
  4  inch of the measured
length.
1 3
The exact measurement is between 1 _ _
4 and 1  4  inches or 1.25 and
1.75 inches.
0 1 1.25 1.75 2 3
in.
Due to the precision of the ruler, the length of the segment has
3 significant figures.
Check
Find the possible range for the length of the segment.
0 1 2 3
cm
A. 2.0 cm to 2.2 cm
B. 2.00 cm to 3.00 cm
C. 2.15 cm to 2.25 cm
D. 2.08 cm to 2.12 cm
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Learn Calculating with Significant Figures
When you are calculating with significant figures, the accuracy of the
result is limited by the least accurate measurement.
Key Concept • Calculations with Significant Figures Talk About It!
Addition and Subtraction Multiplication and Division Why is it important to
When using addition and When using multiplication and have a standard
subtraction, a calculation cannot division, the number of significant method for calculations
have more digits to the right of figures in the final product or with significant figures?
the decimal point than either of quotient is determined by the
the original numbers. original number that has the fewest
number of figures.
Numbers that are not measured are not considered when determining
significant figures. For example, if you have 5 cereal boxes that weigh
14 ounces each, then the significant figures used in a calculation would
be determined from the measurement, 14 ounces, not the quantity.
Significant figures are also not affected by conversion factors. For
example, when using the conversion 12 inches = 1 foot, the significant
figures are determined by the original measurement being converted.
Example 3 Calculate with Significant Figures

Find each measurement rounded to the correct number of
significant figures.
a. volume of an 837.24-mL sample after 276.516 mL is removed
837.24 has 2 digits after the decimal, and 276.516 has 3. So the
result should have 2 digits after the decimal.
Find the difference. Then round to the hundredths place.
837.24 - 276.516 = 560.724 or 560.72 mL.
b. area of the rectangle
A = (4.25)(2.5)
= 10.625 2 21 in.
Using significant
figures, the area is 11
square inches. 4 41 in.
Check
A mixing bowl contains 8.5 fluid ounces of water. If 4.25 fluid ounces
are removed from the bowl, how many fluid ounces of water remain?
Round to the correct number of significant figures.
? fl oz
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Example 4 Use Significant Figures in the
Real World
Think About It! FLOWER GARDEN The world’s second
What assumption did largest flower garden is Keukenhof
you make while Park in Lisse, the Netherlands, which
solving this problem? covers 79 acres and contains 7 million
flower bulbs. About 30 gardeners
work together each year to design the
flower formations. How many bulbs
do they use in each square yard of
the garden? Round to the correct
number of significant figures.
total bulbs
________ 7,000,000 bulbs
  total area =  ___________
   79 acres
7,000,000 bulbs 1 acre

=  ___________
  79 acres × _______
  2 1 acre = 4840yd2
4840 yd
ulbs/yd2
= 18.30735433 b Simplify.
Because the number of bulbs is a quantity, not a measurement, the

number of significant figures is determined by the given measurement,
which is 79 acres. Because 79 has 2 significant figures, the final
product should also have 2 significant figures. Thus, they use 18 bulbs
in each square yard of the garden.
Check
SNOW REMOVAL Mark’s snow plow truck can clear 1600 tons of snow
in an hour. How many pounds can Mark’s truck clear in a minute?
Round to the correct number of significant figures. (Hint: 1 T = 2000 lb)
A. 20,000 lb
B. 32,000 lb
C. 53,000 lb
D. 53,330 lb
E. 53,400 lb
siraanamwong/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
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Example 5 Use Tools to Calculate Measurements
The radius of a circle has the measurement shown. What is the
possible range for the area of the circle? Round to the correct
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
cm
Step 1 Find the possible range for the length of the radius.
The approximate length of the segment is 7.6 centimeters. This
measurement is given to the nearest 0.1 centimeter, so the approximate
1
error is __
 2 (0.1) or 0.05 centimeter. Therefore, the exact length is between
7.55 and 7.65 centimeters.
Step 2 Determine the number of significant figures.
Because the range of the length is between 7.55 and 7.65 centimeters,
the length has 3 significant figures.
Step 3 Calculate the area of the circle.
The area of a circle is equal to πr2, where r is the length of the radius.
Complete the expressions to calculate the least and greatest possible
areas of the circle.
least possible area: π (7.55)2 ≈ 179.0786352 cm2
greatest possible area: π (7.65)2 ≈ 183.8538561 cm2
Using significant figures, the area of the circle is between
179 and 184 square centimeters.
Check
The radius of a circle has the measurement shown. What is the
possible range for the area of the circle? Round to the correct
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
in.
The area of the circle is between ? and ? square inches.
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Pause and Reflect
deal with it?
Practice
Example 1
Determine the number of significant digits in each measurement.
1. 54.023 2. 0.923 3. 0.30
4. 100.58 5. 0.0002 6. 101.01
7. ACADEMICS The
Student Measure
students in Miss Li’s class
are measuring the height Sasha 48.5 centimeters
of a chalkboard. Miss Li Michelle 48.53 centimeters
asked the students to Alwan 49 centimeters
write the measurement Remmie 48.530 centimeters
with 4 significant digits.
Which student correctly
followed her instructions?
Example 2
Find the possible range for each length of the segment using the
correct number of significant figures.
8.
0 1 2 3
cm
9.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
in.
10.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mm
687_696_RM_INT1_S_M11_L08_700687.indd 692 17/04/19 7:08 AM

11.
0 1 2 3 4 5
cm
12.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
mm
13.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
in.
Example 3
The base of a triangle is fixed at 2.218 millimeters. Determine the number of
significant figures of the area of the triangle with each given height.
14. 1.86 mm 15. 0.099 mm
16. 0.1279 mm 17. 2.109 mm
18. 11.0 mm 19. 1.7 mm
20. Using significant figures, which of the following students Student Calculation
wrote a calculation that could have a sum or difference
Juliana 48.222 + 3.769
of 51.9?
Lori 48.22 + 3.76
Nobu 48.222 + 3.7
Jerome 48.2 + 3.769
Example 4
21. CHEMISTRY Angel has 8.341 mL of saline. She pours 1.1 mL of saline into another
solution. How much saline does Angel have left? Round your measurement to
the correct number of significant figures.
22. A parallelogram with base b and height h has area, A, given by the
formula A = bh. Find the area of the given parallelogram. Round your 3.91 cm
measurement to the correct number of significant figures.
1.2 cm
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23. AREA Find the area of a triangle with a height of 4.90 centimeters and a base
length of 6.174 centimeters. Round your measurement to the correct number of
significant figures.
24. DIMENSIONS Rafael is building a horseshoe pit in his backyard. The width of the
pit is 29.71 inches, and the length is 30.1 inches.
Part A Estimate the area of Rafael’s horseshoe pit.

Part B Rafael finds the exact area of the horseshoe pit and rounds his answer to
the correct number of significant figures. What area did Rafael find?
Example 5
25. AREA The radius of a circle has the measurement shown. What is the possible
range for the area of the circle? Round to the correct number of significant
figures.
0 1 2 3 4 5
cm
26. CIRCUMFERENCE The radius of a circle has the measurement shown. What is the
possible range for the circumference of the circle? Round to the correct number
of significant figures.
0 1 2 3 4 5
in.
Mixed Exercises
Determine the number of significant digits in each measurement.
27. 53.74 28. 0.03298 29. 10.500
30. 6,102.0 31. 7,109,100 32. 0.110
33. CHEMISTRY A beaker contains a sample of NaCl weighing 49.8767 grams. If the
empty beaker weighs 49.214 grams, what is the weight of the NaCl? Round to
the correct number of significant figures.
34. COOKING Jordan makes a sandwich on a paper plate weighing 32.47 grams.
The bread weighs 60.13 grams. Jordan adds 12.3 grams of turkey, 2.4 grams of
mayonnaise, and 3.0 grams of lettuce. What is the final weight of the plate and
sandwich?
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35. CHEMISTRY Three chemists weigh an item using different scales. The values
they report are shown on the scales. How many significant figures should be
used for each measurement?
30.02 g 30.0 g 0.3002 kg
36. SWIMMING POOL A rectangular swimming pool measures 24.2 feet by 76 feet.
a. Find the perimeter of the pool. Round to the correct
b. Find the area of the pool. Round to the correct
Andrew Cribb/iStockphoto/Getty Images
37. AREA Find the area of the given triangle. Round your
measure to the correct number of significant figures.
38. MURAL Krista and Brian are decorating a rectangular wall

of 247 square feet with two types of rectangular pieces of
fabric. One type has an area of 8.3 square feet, and the 13.42 yd
other has an area of 13.2 square feet. About how many
decorative pieces can Krista and Brian fit in the given area?
11.8325 yd
39. MASS Suppose that you measured the volume of a

rock to be 2.3 cm3 and you know the density to be
3.6 g/cm3. What is the mass of the rock? Round your
measure to the correct number of significant figures.
40. DRIVING Keandra is taking a trip to visit her extended

family and makes a stop somewhere during her trip. The distance between
Cincinnati, where Keandra started, and Dayton, where Keandra made the stop
is 54 miles. The distance between Dayton and Toledo, where Keandra’s family
lives is 150.2 miles. How far did Keandra travel on her trip? Round to the correct
41. VOLUME A rectangular box has a length of 10.876 inches, a
width of 4.34 inches, and a height of 13.22 inches. What is the
volume of the rectangular prism? Round to the correct number
of significant figures.
42. TRAVEL You estimate that your car gets 28 miles

per gallon. The cost of gas per gallon is shown.
How much does it cost you to travel 455 miles?
687_696_RM_INT1_S_M11_L08_700687.indd 695 17/04/19 7:08 AM

43. FIND THE ERROR A student found that the dimensions of a
rectangle were 1.40 meters and 1.60 meters. She was asked
to report the area using the correct number of significant
1.40 cm
figures. She reported the area as 2.2 square meters. What
error did the student make? Explain your reasoning.
1.60 cm
44. PERSERVERE The Sun is an excellent source of electrical
energy. A field of solar panels yields 19.23 Watts per square
foot. Determine the amount of electricity produced by a field
1
of solar panels that is 410 feet by 201 __
3 yards.
45. WRITE When explaining the process of finding the perimeter of a triangle
using significant digits, Trinidad claimed that 0.045 inch and 0.0045 inch have
the same number of significant figures. Is she correct? Explain your answer.
46. WRITE How do you use significant figures to determine how to report a sum or
product of two measures?

Zeros are significant figures.
48. CREATE The swim team measures time to the hundredth of a second. Amanda’s
time was slower than Jocelyn’s time in the 100-meter freestyle. What are possible
times for Amanda and Jocelyn if each has times with 4 significant digits?
687_696_RM_INT1_S_M11_L08_700687.indd 696 17/04/19 7:08 AM

Module 11 • Angles and Geometric Figures
Review
Essential Question
How are angles and two-dimensional figures used to model the real world?
Two-dimensional figures can be drawn to represent real-world objects. Two-
dimensional figures can model three-dimensional figures in the form of nets so
that computations about those objects can be made more easily. Angles and sides
should be labeled in these representations to help when computations are made.
Module Summary
Lessons 11-1 and 11-2 Lessons 11-5 and 11-6
Angles Three-Dimensional Figures

• Angles that have the same measure are • Surface area is the sum of the areas of all faces
congruent angles. and side surfaces of a three-dimensional figure.
• A ray or segment that divides an angle into two • Volume is the measure of the amount of space
congruent parts is an angle bisector. enclosed by a three-dimensional figure.
• Relationships between special angle pairs can • A three-dimensional figure can be modeled by
be used to find missing measures. an orthographic drawing, which shows its top,
• Complementary angles are two angles with left, front, and right views.
measures that have a sum of 90°. Supplementary • A net is a two-dimensional figure that forms the
angles are two angles that have measures that surfaces of a three-dimensional object when
have a sum of 180°. folded.
• Certain relationships can be assumed from a
figure, but most cannot. Lessons 11-7 and 11-8
Measurements
Lessons 11-3 and 11-4 • Precision is the repeatability, or reproducibility, of
a measurement.
Two-Dimensional Figures
• Accuracy is the nearness of a measurement to
• The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the the true value of the measure.
lengths of the sides of the polygon.
• The significant figures, or significant digits, of
• The circumference of a circle is the distance a number are the digits that contribute to its
around the circle. precision in a measurement.
• Area is the number of square units needed to
cover a surface.
Study Organizer
• A transformation is a function that takes points
in the plane as inputs and gives other points as Foldables
outputs. Use your Foldable to
• A rigid motion is a transformation that preserves review this module.
distance and angle measure. Working with a partner
can be helpful. Ask
• The three main types of rigid motions are
for clarification of
reflection, translation, and rotation.
concepts as needed.
Module 11 Review • Angles and Geometric Figures 697

Test Practice
1. MULTI-SELECT Select all the angles for 3. OPEN RESPONSE Describe how you would
⟶ ⟶
which HA
  and HE
  are the sides. (Lesson 11-1) construct an angle bisector using paper-
folding. (Lesson 11-1)
D 1
4 G F
9 3 2
12 10 4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Two angles are
I supplementary. The measure of the larger
11 5
6 angle is 12 less than 3 times the measure of
C the smaller angle. Find the measure of the
H
8 7 A larger angle. (Lesson 11-2)
A. 25.5°
B

B. 48°
A. ∠AHE C. 64.5°
B. ∠AGE D. 132°
C. ∠EHA
5. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which value of x will
⟷ ⟷
D. ∠EGA make AB
  perpendicular to CD
  ? (Lesson 11-2)
E. ∠AHB
A
⟶ ⟶ 5x - 7 F
2. OPEN RESPONSE In the figure, CD
  and CB
  are
⟶ G
opposite rays, and CA
  bisects ∠BCE.
5y - 6
B C D 2y + 5 7x - 11
C E D
E
A B

A. 6
Suppose m∠ECA = 14x − 2 and
m∠ACB = 12x + 8. What is m∠ECA? (Lesson 11-1) B. 9
C. 11
D. 13
698 Module 11 Review • Angles and Geometric Figures

6. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the best estimate 8. OPEN RESPONSE Find the perimeter of the
for the area of the triangle, in square units? triangle. Round your answer to the nearest
(Lesson 11-3) hundredth.
y y
9 9
8 8
7 7
X
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
Y
2 2 W
1 1
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x
A. 5.25 square units

B. 10.5 square units 9. MULTIPLE CHOICE What are the coordinates
of the image of △JKL after a 180° clockwise
C. 21 square units
rotation about the origin? (Lesson 11-4)
D. 42 square units y
L
7. OPEN RESPONSE Find the perimeter of

the rectangle. Then, find the area of the
rectangle. (Lesson 11-3)
y J K
O x
D
A
C
B A. J(-5, 1), K(-2, 1), and L(-2, 6)

B. J(5, -1), K(2, -1), and L(2, -6)
O x
C. J(-1, -5), K(-1, -2), and L(-6, -2)
D. J(1, 5), K(1, 2), and L(6, 2)
10. OPEN RESPONSE Kyle is creating a video

game. Every time the main character jumps
in the game, the image follows a translation
using the function mapping
(x, y) → (x + 4, y + 9). If the main character is
located at (−5, 0), what will the new location
be after a jump? (Lesson 11-4)
Module 11 Review • Angles and Geometric Figures 699

11. MULTIPLE CHOICE △KLM has coordinates 15. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which net
K(4, −2), L(6, −1), and M(5, 5). What would be could be used to represent
the coordinates of the vertices of the image the storage shed? (Lesson 11-6)
after a reflection in the x-axis? (Lesson 11-4)
A. K'(−4, −2), L'(−6, −1), and M'(−5, 5)

A.
B. K'(−4, 2), L'(−6, −1), and M'(−5, −5)
C. K'(4, 2), L'(6, 1), and M'(5, −5)
D. K'(−2, 4), L'(−1, 6), and M'(5, 5)
12. OPEN RESPONSE What is the volume, in

cubic centimeters, of the cylinder? (Lesson 11-5)
12.3 cm
B.
4.5 cm
13. OPEN RESPONSE A beach ball has a radius of

8 inches. Find how many cubic inches to the
nearest hundredth of air was used to fill the C.
beach ball. (Lesson 11-5)
14. OPEN RESPONSE Identify two three-

dimensional shapes that are represented by
the grain silo. (Lesson 11-6)
D.
700 Module 11 Review • Angles and Geometric Figures

Module 12
Logical Arguments
and Line Relationships
Essential Question
What makes a logical argument, and how are logical arguments used in geometry?

KEY Before After

make and analyze conjectures based on inductive reasoning

disprove conjectures by using counterexamples
determine truth values of statements, negations, conjunctions,
and disjunctions
write and analyze conditionals and biconditionals using logic
distinguish correct logic or reasoning from that which is flawed
using the Laws of Detachment and Syllogism
construct viable arguments by writing paragraph proofs
construct viable arguments by writing flow proofs
prove statements about segments and angles by writing
two-column proofs
identify and use relationships between pairs of angles
identify and use parallel and perpendicular lines using the
slope criteria
solve problems using distances and parallel and perpendicular
lines
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about logic, reasoning, and
proof. Begin with one sheet of notebook paper.
1. Fold lengthwise to the holes.
2. Cut five tabs in the top sheet. Vocabulary
Reasoning and proof
Reasoning
3. Label the tabs as shown.
Proof
Parallels
ars
Perpendiculnce
and Dista
Module 12 • Logical Arguments and Line Relationships 701

• alternate exterior angles • deductive argument • paragraph proof
• alternate interior angles • deductive reasoning • parallel lines
• biconditional statement • disjunction • perpendicular lines
• complementary angles • equidistant • proof
• compound statement • exterior angles • skew lines
• conclusion • flow proof • slope
• conditional statement • hypothesis • slope criteria
• conjecture • if-then statement • statement
• conjunction • inductive reasoning • supplementary angles
• consecutive interior angles • interior angles • transversal
• contrapositive • inverse • truth value
• converse • logically equivalent • two-column proof
• corresponding angles • negation • valid argument
• counterexample
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Solve 36x - 14 = 16x + 58. If m∠ BXA = 3x + 5 and C
D
m∠ DXE = 56, find x.
36x - 14 = 16x + 58 Original equation
20x - 14 = 58 Subtract 16x from each side. m∠ BXA = m∠ DXE B X E
Vertical ∠s are ≅.
20x = 72 Add 14 to each side.
A
x = 3.6 Divide each side by 20. 3x + 5 = 56 Substitution.
3x = 51 Subtract 5 from each side.
x = 17 Divide each side by 3.
Quick Check
Solve each equation. Refer to the figure above.
1. 8x - 10 = 6x 5. Identify a pair of vertical angles that appear to
be obtuse.
2. 18 + 7x = 10x + 39
6. If m∠DXB = 116 and m∠EXA = 3x + 2,
3. 3(11x - 7) = 13x + 25
find x.
4. 3x + 8 = 0.5x + 35
7. If m∠BXC = 90, m∠CXD = 6x - 13, and
m∠DXE = 10x + 7, find x.
How did you do?

702 Module 12 • Logical Arguments and Line Relationships

Lesson 12-1
Conjectures and Counterexamples

Today’s Goals
Explore Using Inductive Reasoning to Make ● Write and analyze
Conjectures conjectures by using
inductive reasoning.
O ● Disprove conjectures by
Explore. using counterexamples.
INQUIRY How can you use observations and inductive reasoning
patterns to make predictions? conjecture
counterexample
Learn Inductive Reasoning and Conjecture

Inductive reasoning is the process of reaching a conclusion based on a
pattern of examples. When you assume that an observed pattern will
continue, you are applying inductive reasoning. You can use inductive
reasoning to make an educated guess based on known information and
specific examples. This educated guess is also known as a conjecture.
Example 1 Patterns and Conjectures

Write a conjecture that describes the pattern in the sequence. Then
use your conjecture to find the next term in the sequence.
Appointment times: 8:30 a.m., 9:15 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 10:45 a.m., . . .
Step 1 Look for a pattern.
8:30 A.M. 9:15 A.M. 10:00 A.M. 10:45 A.M.
+45 min +45 min +45 min
Step 2 Make a conjecture.

Each appointment time is 45 minutes after the previous appointment
time. The next appointment time will be 10:45 a.m. + 0:45 or 11:30 a.m.
Check
Write a conjecture that describes the pattern in the sequence. Then
use your conjecture to find the next term in the sequence.
__ 1
  2 , 1, 2, 4, . . .
The next number in the sequence is ? the preceding number.
The next number in the sequence is ? .
Lesson 12-1 • Conjectures and Counterexamples 703
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Example 2 Algebraic Conjectures
Make a conjecture about the sum of the squares of two consecutive
Think About It! natural numbers. List or draw some examples that support your
conjecture.
It is possible for more
than one conjecture to Step 1 List examples.
correctly describe a
pattern. Each number 12 + 22 = 5 62 + 72 = 85
in the sequence 22 + 32 = 13 102 + 112 = 221
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, . . . is 2n
where n ≥ 1. What Step 2 Look for a pattern.
other conjecture can
be made about the Notice that all the sums are odd numbers.
values?
The sum of the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is
an odd number.
Check
Make a conjecture about the sum of two odd numbers.
The sum of two odd numbers is always a(n) ? number.
Example 3 Geometric Conjectures

Make a conjecture about the relationship between the segments
joining opposite vertices of isosceles trapezoids.
Step 1 Draw several examples.
An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with two opposite
congruent legs.
Step 2 Look for a pattern.

Notice that the segments joining opposite vertices of each
isosceles trapezoid appear to have the same measure. Use a
ruler or compass to confirm this.

The segments joining opposite vertices of an isosceles
trapezoid are congruent.
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Check
Make a conjecture about the relationships between AD and AB, if C is
 ¯.
 ¯ and D is the midpoint of AC 
the midpoint of AB 
Think About It!
? Could the pattern of the
AD is of AB.
data change over time?
Example 4 Make Conjectures from Data

GAS PRICES The table shows the Price (dollars
Year
average price of gasoline in the United per gallon)
States for the years 2010 through 2018. 2010 2.84
Make a conjecture about the price of 2011 3.58
gas in 2019. Explain how this conjecture
2012 3.68
is supported by the data given.
2013 3.58
Look for patterns in the data. 2014 3.44
Use a Source
The price of gasoline increased from 2015 2.43
Find data about the
2010 to 2012. From 2012 to 2016, the 2016 2.14 digital music revenue in
price of gas decreased, at first at a 2017 2.42 the United States in
steady rate, and then more dramatically. recent years. Make a
2018 2.84
Beginning in 2017, the price of gas began conjecture about the
to increase at a steady rate. future trends in digital
The data shows that the price of gas follows an oscillating pattern, music revenue.
increasing in price for several years before decreasing in price for
several years.
Conjecture: In 2019, the price of gas will continue to increase.
Check
HEARING LOSS Almost 50% of young Decibel Exposure
adults between the ages of 12 and Level (dBA) Time (hours)
35 years old are exposed to damaging 85 8
levels of sound from the use of personal 88 4
electronic devices. The intensity of a 91 2
sound and the time spent listening to a
94 1
sound highly affects the amount of
__ 1
damage that can be done to someone’s 97   2
hearing. The intensity of a sound to the 100 _ 1
  4
human ear is measured in A-weighted
decibels, or dBA. For every 3 decibels over 85 decibels, the exposure
time it takes to cause hearing damage is cut in half. How long does it
take to cause hearing damage at 106 decibels? Write your answer as a
decimal.
? minutes
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Learn Counterexamples
To show that a conjecture is true for all cases, you must prove it. It only
Think About It! takes one example that contradicts the conjecture, however, to show
What is a that a conjecture is not always true. This example is called a
counterexample for the counterexample, and it can be a number, a drawing, or a statement.
conjecture All silvery
coins are nickels?
Example 5 Find Counterexamples
Find a counterexample to show that each conjecture is false.
a. If n is a real number, then -n is a negative number.
What does the prefix
counter- mean? How When n is -4, −n is -(-4) or 4, which is a positive number. Because
does this meaning -n is not negative, this is a counterexample.
relate to a
counterexample? b. If ∠ABC ≅ ∠DBE, then ∠ABC and ∠DBE are vertical angles.
When points A, B, and D are noncollinear and points E, B, and C are
noncollinear, the conjecture is false.
In the figure, ∠ABC ≅ ∠DBE, but ∠ABC and E
B
∠DBE are not vertical angles.
A
D
C
Check
Problem-Solving Tip Find a counterexample to show that each conjecture is false.
Draw a Diagram
1
Remember that a a. If n is a real number, then _
  n  < n. Select all that apply.
counterexample can be a
1
number, a drawing, or a A. n = -3 B. n = _
  4  C. n = 1 D. n = 5 E. n = 100
statement that proves
a conjecture to be false. b. If a line intersects a segment at its midpoint, then the line is
If you are struggling to perpendicular to the segment. Draw a diagram to represent the
find a counterexample, counterexample.
try drawing a diagram.
This will allow you to
analyze the situation and
determine the validity of
the conjecture.
703_710_RM_INT1_S_M12_L01_700687.indd 706 17/04/19 7:28 AM

Practice
Example 1
Write a conjecture that describes the pattern in each sequence. Then use your
conjecture to find the next term in the sequence.
1. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 2. 2, 22, 222, 2222
1 1 1 11 9
3. 1, __ _ __
2 ,   4 ,   8  4. 6, __
  2 , 5, __
  2 , 4
5. Arrival times: 3:00 p.m., 12:30 p.m., 10:00 a.m., . . .
6. Percent humidity: 100%, 93%, 86%, . . .
7.
8.
Examples 2 and 3
Make a conjecture about each value or geometric relationship.
9. the product of two odd numbers
10. the product of two and a number, plus one
11. the relationship between a and c if ab = bc, b ≠ 0
12. the relationship between a and b if ab = 1
 ¯ and the set of points equidistant from A and B

13. the relationship between AB 
14. the relationship between the angles of a triangle with all sides congruent
15. the relationship between NP and PQ if point P is midpoint of NQ
16. the relationship between the volume of a prism and a pyramid with the same
base and equal heights
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Example 4
17. RAMPS Xio is rolling marbles down a ramp. Every second that passes, she
measures how far the marbles travel. She records the information in the table
shown below.
Second 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Distance (cm) 20 60 100 140
Make a conjecture about how far the marble will roll in the fifth second.
Example 5
Determine whether each conjecture is true or false. Find a counterexample for any
false conjecture.
18. If n is a prime number, then n + 1 is not prime.
19. If x is an integer, then -x is positive.
20. If ∠2 and ∠3 are supplementary angles, then ∠2 and ∠3 form a linear pair.
21. If you have three points A, B, and C, then A, B, and C are noncollinear.
22. If in △ABC, (AB)2 + (BC)2 = (AC)2, then △ABC is a right triangle.
23. If the area of a rectangle is 20 square meters, then the length is 10 meters and
the width is 2 meters.
Mixed Exercises
24. REASONING Given: 2a2 = 72. Conjecture: a = 6. Write a counterexample.
25. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Barbara is in charge of the award medals for a sporting
event. She has 31 medals to present to various individuals on 6 competing teams.
She asserts that at least one team will end up with more than 5 medals. Do you
believe her assertion? Justify your argument.
26. USE TOOLS Miranda is developing a chart that shows her

ancestry. She makes the three sketches shown. The first dot
represents herself. The second sketch represents herself and
her parents. The third sketch represents herself, her parents,
and her grandparents. Sketch what you think would be the next figure in the
sequence.
703_710_RM_INT1_S_M12_L01_700687.indd 708 17/04/19 7:28 AM

27. REGULARITY The figure shows a sequence of squares each made out
of identical square tiles.
a. Starting from zero tiles, how many tiles do you need to make the
first square? How many tiles do you have to add to the first square
to get the second square? How many tiles do you have to add to the second
square to get the third square?
b. Make a conjecture about the list of numbers that you started writing in your
answer to part a.
c. Make a conjecture about the sum of the first n odd numbers.
28. STRUCTURE Adric made the following pattern by connecting points with line
segments.

a. Suppose Adric continues the pattern. How many line segments will he need to
make 4 triangles? 5 triangles?
b. Suppose Adric makes n triangles. Make a conjecture about the number of line
segments he will need to make the triangles.
c. Compare the number of line segments to the number of points in each step of
the pattern. How many more line segments than points will there be if Adric
continues the pattern to 4 triangles? 5 triangles? Extend the pattern to make a
conjecture stating how many more line segments than points are needed to
draw n triangles.
29. A prime number is a number, other than 1, that is divisible by only itself and 1.
Lucille read that prime numbers are very important in cryptography, so she
decided to find a systematic way of producing prime numbers. After some
experimenting, she conjectured that 2n - 1 is a prime for all whole numbers n > 1.
Find a counterexample to this conjecture.
30. A line segment of length 1 is repeatedly shortened by removing one third of its
remaining length, as shown.
1 2 4
3 9
Find and use a pattern to make a conjecture about the length of the line segment
after being shortened n times.
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31. PERSEVERE If you draw points on a circle and connect
every pair of points, then the circle is divided into 1 2 1 2
3 3 4
regions. For example, two points form two regions, three
points form four regions, and four points form eight regions. 4 5 6
7 8
a. Make a conjecture about the relationship between
the number of points on a circle and the number of
regions formed in the circle.
b. Does your conjecture hold true when there are six points? Support your
answer with a diagram.
32. CREATE Write a number sequence that can be generated by two different
patterns. Explain your patterns.
33. ANALYZE Consider the conjecture If two points are equidistant from a third point,
then the three points are collinear. Is the conjecture true or false? Justify your
argument. If false, give a counterexample.
In Exercises 34 and 35, use undefined terms, definitions, and/or postulates to

explain why each conjecture is true.
34. WRITE Wei drew the figure at the right. Then she stated the B R
following conjecture: A plane contains at least two lines. A C
35. WRITE Andre drew the figure at the right. Then he stated the following
conjecture: Every line contains at least one line segment.
Q
P
36. ANALYZE Kayla owns a company that makes patios and garden paths out of
square tiles. The figures shows the patterns used to make paths of different lengths.
Length 1 Length 2 Length 3

a. Kayla would like to find the number of tiles needed to make a path of any
length. Look for a pattern and make a conjecture about the number of tiles
needed to make a path of length n.
b. Kayla said that one path her company made last week required exactly 103
tiles. Is this possible? Justify your argument.
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Lesson 12-2
Statements, Conditionals, and
Biconditionals
Today’s Goals
Explore Truth Values ● Write compound
statements for
Online Activity Use the video to complete the Explore. conjunctions and
disjunctions and
determine truth values
INQUIRY How can you determine the truth of statements.
value of a statement? ● Identify hypotheses
and conclusions of
conditional statements
and write related
conditionals.
Write and analyze
Learn Using Logic ●
biconditional statements
A statement is any sentence that is either true T or false F, but not and determine truth
values of biconditional
both. Truth value is the truth or falsity of a statement. Statements are
statements.
often represented using a letter such as p or q.
If a statement is represented by p, then not p is the negation of the Today’s Vocabulary
statement
statement. The negation of a statement has the opposite meaning, as
well as the opposite truth value, of the original statement. The truth value
negation of a statement p is not p or ∼p. negation
compound statement
Two or more statements joined by the word and or or form a
compound statement. A compound statement using the word and is conjunction
called a conjunction. A conjunction is true only when both statements disjunction
that form it are true. A conjunction is written as p and q or p ∧ q. conditional statement
A compound statement using the word or is called a disjunction. A if-then statement
disjunction is true if at least one of the statements is true. A disjunction hypothesis
is written as p or q or p ∨ q. conclusion
converse
Example 1 Truth Values of Conjunctions inverse
contrapositive
Use the statements to write a compound statement for each
logically equivalent
conjunction. Then find the truth values. Explain your reasoning.
biconditional statement
p: The figure is a trapezoid.
q: The figure has four congruent sides.
r: The figure has four right angles. Think About It!
a. p and r Give an example of a
true conjunction.
p and r: The figure is a trapezoid, and the figure has
four right angles. Although r is true, p is false. So, p and r is false.
b. ∼p ∧ q
∼p ∧ q: The figure is not a trapezoid, and the figure has four
congruent sides. Both ∼p and q are true, so ∼p ∧ q is true.
Lesson 12-2 • Statements, Conditionals, and Biconditionals 711
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Example 2 Truth Values of Disjunctions
Watch Out! Use the statements to write a compound statement for the
Negation Just as the disjunction p ∨ ∼r. Then find its truth value. Explain your reasoning.
opposite of an integer p: ∠ABC and ∠CBD are complementary. C
is not always negative,
the negation of a q: ∠ABC and ∠CBD are vertical angles.
statement is not always r:  ¯
AB ≅ ¯
 
BD A B D
false. The negation of a
statement has the  ¯ and
p ∨ ∼r : ∠ABC and ∠CBD are complementary, or AB 
opposite truth value of ¯
 BD  are not congruent.
the original statement. p ∨ ∼r is false, because p is false and ∼r is false.
Study Tip Learn Conditionals

If and Then The word if A conditional statement is a compound statement that consists of of a
is not part of the premise, or hypothesis, and a conclusion, which is false only when its
hypothesis, and the word premise is true and its conclusion is false.
then is not part of the
conclusion. However, Conditional Statements and Related Conditionals
these words can indicate Words Examples
where the hypothesis An if-then statement is a compound
and conclusion begin. statement of the form “if p, then q,” where p
Consider the conditional and q are statements.
below.
Symbols: p → q; read if p, then q, or p
If Felipe has band
implies q
practice, then he will
come home after dinner. The hypothesis of a conditional statement is
the phrase immediately following the word if. If it rains, then the parade
Felipe has band practice
is the hypothesis, and Symbols: p → q; read if p, then q, or p will be canceled.
Felipe will come home implies q
after dinner is the The conclusion of a conditional statement is
conclusion. the phrase immediately following the word
then.
Symbols: p → q; read if p, then q, or p
implies q
The converse is formed by exchanging the
hypothesis and conclusion of the conditional. If the parade is canceled,
Symbols: q → p, read if q, then p, or q then it has rained.
implies p
The inverse is formed by negating both the If it does not rain, then
hypothesis and conclusion of the conditional. the parade will not be
Symbols: ∼p → ∼q, read if not p, then not q canceled.
The contrapositive is formed by negating
both the hypothesis and the conclusion of If the parade is not
the converse of the conditional. canceled, then it does
not rain.
Symbols: ∼q → ∼p, read if not q, then not p
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Example 3 Identify the Hypothesis and Conclusion Think About It!
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each conditional If a conditional is true,
statement. are the converse and
inverse sometimes,
a. If a polygon has six sides, then it is a hexagon.
always, or never true?
Hypothesis: A polygon has six sides. Support your answer
with an example.
Conclusion: The polygon is a hexagon.
b. Another performance will be scheduled if the first one is sold out.
Notice that the word if appears in the second portion of the
sentence.
Hypothesis: The first performance is sold out.
Conclusion: Another performance will be scheduled.
Check
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each conditional statement.
a. If the forecast is rain, then I will take an umbrella.
Hypothesis: ?
Conclusion: ?
b. A number is divisible by 10 if its last digit is a 0.
Hypothesis: ?
Conclusion: ?
Example 4 Write a Conditional in If-Then Form Think About It!

How do you identify
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion for each conditional
the hypothesis and
statement. Then write the statement in if-then form.
conclusion of a
a. Four quarters can be exchanged for a $1 bill. conditional statement
when the statement
Hypothesis: You have four quarters. is not in if-then
Conclusion: You can exchange them for a $1 bill. form?
If-then: If you have four quarters, then you can exchange them for
a $1 bill.
b. The sum of the measures of two supplementary angles is 180°
Hypothesis: Two angles are supplementary.
Conclusion: The sum of their measures is 180°.
If-then: If two angles are supplementary, then the sum of their
measures is 180°.
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Check
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of the conditional statement
A polygon with two sets of parallel sides is a parallelogram. Then
write the statement in if-then form.
Hypothesis: ?
Conclusion: ?
?
Example 5 Related Conditionals

NATURE The tang is a saltwater fish that inhabits shallow coral reefs
in tropical areas. Tangs are a part of the Acanthuridae family along
with surgeonfish and unicornfish. All members of the Acanthuridae
family are saltwater fish. Write the converse, inverse, and
contrapositive of the true conditional statement Tangs are fish that
live in salt water. Determine whether each related conditional is true
or false. If a statement is false, then find a counterexample.
Conditional: If a fish is a tang, then it lives in salt water.
Think About It!
Converse: If a fish lives in salt water, then it is a tang.
Write a conditional
statement in which the Counterexample: A surgeonfish lives in salt water, but it is not a tang.
converse, inverse, and
contrapositive are true.
Therefore, the converse is false.
Inverse: If a fish is not a tang, then it does not live in salt water.
Counterexample: A surgeonfish is not a tang, but it does live in salt
water. Therefore, the inverse is false.
Contrapositive: If a fish does not live in salt water, then it is not a tang.
Based on the information above, this statement is true.
Check
MUSIC Symphony orchestras contain instruments from 4 musical
families: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. However, string
orchestras only contain string instruments. String instruments include
the violin, viola, cello, bass, and harp. Write the converse, inverse, and
contrapositive of the true conditional statement If an orchestra is a
string orchestra, then it contains string instruments. Determine
whether each related conditional is true or false. If the statement is
false, find a counterexample.
Converse: ?
Inverse: ?
Contrapositive: ?
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Learn Biconditionals
You can use logic and biconditional statements to indicate exclusivity
in situations. For example, Aarón is applying for admission into culinary Study Tip
school. He must earn a 3.5 GPA or higher this semester to be If and Only If
accepted. You can express this as two if-then statements. The phrase if and only
if can be abbreviated
• If he earns a 3.5 GPA or higher this semester, then he will be
with iff.
accepted.
• If Aarón is accepted into culinary school, then he has earned a
3.5 GPA or higher for the semester. Think About It!
Biconditional Statement Compare the
Words A biconditional statement is the conjunction of a mathematical
conditional and its converse. meanings of the
symbols → and ↔ in
Symbols (p → q) ∧ (q → p) → (p ↔ q), read p if and only if q
p → q and p ↔ q.
So, the biconditional statement for the example above is Aarón will be
accepted into culinary school if and only if he earns a 3.5 GPA or
higher this semester.
Example 6 Write Biconditionals

Write the conditional and converse for each statement. Determine
the truth values of the conditionals and converses. If false, find a
counterexample. Write a biconditional statement if possible.
a. Rasha listens to music when she is in study hall.
Conditional: If Rasha is in study hall, then she is listening to music.
Think About It!
Is the conditional statement true or false? If false, provide a
counterexample. true If a biconditional is
true, what do you know
Converse: If Rasha is listening to music, then she is in study hall. about the conditional
and converse? If a
Is the converse true or false? If false, provide a counterexample.
biconditional is false,
False; sample answer: Rasha could be listening to music in the what do you know
cafeteria. about the conditional

Because the converse is false, a biconditional statement cannot be and converse?
written.
b. If two lines are parallel, then they have the same slope.
Conditional: If two lines have the same slope, then they are parallel.
Converse: If two lines are parallel, then they have the same slope.
The conditional and the converse are true. So, a biconditional can
be written.
Biconditional: Two lines are parallel if and only if they have the
same slope.
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Write the conditional and converse for the statement. Determine
the truth values of the conditional and converse. If false, find a
counterexample. Write a biconditional statement if possible.
Isosceles triangles have at least two congruent sides.
Conditional: If a triangle is isosceles, then it has at least two congruent
sides.
Converse: If a triangle has at least two congruent sides, then it is
isosceles.
The conditional is true, and the converse is true.
Biconditional: A triangle is isosceles iff it has at least two congruent
sides.
Example 7 Determine Truth Values of Biconditionals

Write each biconditional as a conditional and its converse. Then
determine whether the biconditional is true or false. If it is false,
give a counterexample.
Two angles are complements if and only if their measures have a sum
of 90°.
Write the biconditional statement as a conditional.
Sample answer: If the measures of two angles have a sum of 90°, then
the two angles are complements.
Write the converse of your conditional statement.

Sample answer: If two angles are complements, then their measures
have a sum of 90°.
Go Online The conditional and the converse are true, so the biconditional is true.
An alternate method is
available for this
example.
Check
Write the biconditional as a conditional and its converse. Then,
determine whether the biconditional is true or false. If false, give a
counterexample.
x > -2, if and only if x is positive.
Conditional: ?
Converse: ?
The biconditional is ? , because ? .
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Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Use the statements to write a compound statement for each conjunction or
disjunction. Then find the truth values. Explain your reasoning.
p: -3 - 2 = -5
q: Vertical angles are congruent.
r: 2 + 8 > 10
1. p and q 2. p ∧ r 3. q ∨ ∽r
4. r ∨ q 5. ∽p ∧ ∽q 6. ∽r ∨ ∽p
Example 3
7.
“If there is no struggle, there is no progress.” (Frederick Douglass).
8. If two angles are adjacent, then they have a common side.
9. If you lead, then I will follow.
10. If 3x - 4 = 11, then x = 5.
11. If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.

Example 4
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion for each conditional statement. Then write
each statement in if-then form.
12. Get a free water bottle with a one-year membership.
13. Everybody at the party received a gift.
14. The intersection of two planes is a line.
15. The area of a circle is πr2.
16. Collinear points lie on the same line.
17. A right angle measures 90 degrees.

Example 5
Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of each true conditional
statement. Determine whether each related conditional is true or false. If a
statement is false, then find a counterexample.
18.
AIR TRAVEL Ulma is waiting to board an airplane. Over the speakers she hears a
flight attendant say “If you are seated in rows 10 to 20, you may now board.”
19. RAFFLE If you have five dollars, then you can buy five raffle tickets.
20. GEOMETRY If two angles are complementary, then the angles are acute.
21. MEDICATION A medicine bottle says “If you will be driving, then you should not
take this medicine.”
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Example 6
Write the conditional and converse for each statement. Determine the truth
values of the conditionals and converses. If false, find a counterexample. Write a
biconditional statement if possible.
22. 89 an even number if it is divisible by 2.
23. The game will be cancelled if it is raining.
24. Laura’s soccer team plays on Saturdays.
Example 7
Write each biconditional as a conditional and its converse. Then determine
whether the biconditional is true or false. If it is false, give a counterexample.
25. A polygon with four sides is a quadrilateral.
26. An acute angle has a measure less than 90°.
Mixed Exercises
For Exercises 27–30, use the following statements.
p: (-4)2 > 0
q: An isosceles triangle has at least two congruent sides.
r: Two angles, whose measure have a sum of 90, are supplements.
27. Find the truth value of (p ∧ q) ∨ r.
28. Suppose p and q are both false. What is the truth value of (p ∧ ∽q) ∨ ∽p?
29. What is the truth value of (∽p ∨ q) ∧ r if p is true, q is false, and r is true?
30. What is the truth value of (∽p ∧ q) ∨ r if p is true, q is false, and r is true?

31. CHOCOLATE Luca has a bag of miniature chocolate bars that come in two
distinct types: dark and milk. Luca picks a chocolate out of the bag. Use the
following statements to determine whether the statement ∽(∽p ∧ ∽q) is true.
p: the chocolate bar is dark chocolate

q: the chocolate bar is milk chocolate
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32. Clark says that a parallelogram is equivalent to a quadrilateral with equal
opposite angles. Write his statement in if-then form.
33. REASONING Kala asked Elijah whether his hockey team won the game last night
and whether he scored a goal. Elijah said “yes.” Kalia then asked Goldi whether
she or Elijah scored a goal at the game. Goldi said “yes.” What can you conclude
about whether or not Goldi scored?
34. PRECISION If I roll two 6-sided dice and the sum of the numbers is 11, then one
die must be a 5. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of each true
conditional statement. Determine whether each related conditional is true or
false. If a statement is false, then find a counterexample.
For Exercises 35 and 36, use the following statement.

If a ray bisects an angle, then it divides the angle into two congruent angles.
35. Write the inverse of the given statement.
36. Write the contrapositive of the given statement.
37. Write the statement All right angles are congruent in if-then form.
38. Use the segment to write a statement that has the same 3 x
truth value as 3 = 5. A B C
39. CREATE Consider a situation that can be represented with an if-then statement.
a. Write a true if-then statement for which the converse is false.
b. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of your sentence.
c. Give the truth value of each statement you wrote for part b.
40. ANALYZE You are evaluating a conditional statement in which the hypothesis is
true, but the conclusion is false. Is the inverse of the statement true or false?
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PERSEVERE To negate a statement containing the words all or for every, you can use
the phrase at least one or there exists. To negate a statement containing the phrase
there exists, use the phrase for all or for every.
p: All polygons are convex.
∼p: At least one polygon is not
convex.
q: There exists a problem that has no solution.
∼q: For every problem, there is
a solution.
Sometimes there are phrases that may be implied. For example, The square of a real
number is nonnegative implies the following conditional and its negation.
p: For every real number x, x2 ≥ 0.
∼p: There exists a real number x, such that x2 < 0.
Use the information above to write the negation of each statement.
41. Every student at Hammond High School has a locker.
42. All squares are rectangles.
43. There exists a real number x, such that x2 = x.
44. There exists a student who has at least one class in the C-Wing.
45. Every real number has a real square root.
46. There exists a segment that has no midpoint.
CREATE Research truth tables online. Then make a truth table to prove that an
47.
if-then statement is equivalent to its contrapositive and its inverse is equivalent
to its converse.
48. WRITE Describe the relationship among a conditional, its converse, its inverse,
and its contrapositive.
IND THE ERROR Nicole and Kiri are evaluating the conditional If 15 is prime,
49. F
then 20 is divisible by 4. Both think that the conditional is true, but their
reasoning differs. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
Nicole Kiri
The conclusion is true because 20 The hypothesis is false because
is divisible by 4. So, the conditional 15 is not prime. So, the conditional
is true. is true.
50. CREATE Write a conditional statement for which the converse, inverse, and
contrapositive are all true. Explain your reasoning.
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Lesson 12-3
Deductive Reasoning
Today’s Goals
Explore Applying Laws of Deductive Reasoning ● Apply the Law of
by Using Venn Diagrams Detachment to
determine the validity
O of conclusions.
Explore. ● Apply the Law of
Syllogism to make valid
conclusions from given
INQUIRY How can you use Venn diagrams to
statements.
determine the truth value of a statement?
deductive reasoning
Learn The Law of Detachment valid argument
Unlike inductive reasoning, which uses a specific pattern of examples

or observations to make a general conclusion, deductive reasoning
uses general facts, rules, definitions, or properties to reach specific
valid conclusions from given statements. An argument is valid if it is
impossible for all the premises, or supporting statements, of the
argument to be true and for its conclusion to be false. One law related
to deductive reasoning is the Law of Detachment.
Key Concept • Law of Detachment
Words If p → q is a true statement and p is true, then q is true.
Given: If a car is out of gas, then it will not start.
Example Sarah’s car is out of gas.
Valid Conclusion: Sarah’s car will not start.
Example 1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Determine whether each conclusion is based on inductive or
deductive reasoning.
a. If a student is late returning a library book, then he or she will be
charged a $2 late fee. Chang returned a library book late, so he
concludes that he will be charged a $2 late fee.
Chang is basing his conclusion on the library’s policies, so he is
using deductive reasoning.
b. E
very time Tamika has worn her favorite jersey to a football
game, her school’s team has won the game. Tamika is wearing
her favorite jersey to the football game tonight, so she concludes
that her school’s team will win the game.
Tamika is basing her conclusion on a specific pattern of observations,
so she is using inductive reasoning.
Lesson 12-3 • Deductive Reasoning 721
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Check
Determine whether each conclusion is based on inductive or
deductive reasoning.
a. N
ewton’s first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain
at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Elisa watches a
soccer ball roll across the field. She concludes that an unbalanced
force has acted upon the soccer ball ? .
b. M
rs. Jackson notices that her family’s data usage is increasing by
approximately 2500 megabytes of data every month. So, she
concludes that her family’s data usage next month will be
2500 megabytes greater than this month’s data usage ? .
Study Tip Example 2 The Law of Detachment

Given Information All
information provided Determine whether each conclusion is valid based on the given
after the Given can be information. Write valid or invalid. Explain your reasoning.
assumed to be true. a. Given: To go on the field trip, a student must turn in a permission
The Conclusion cannot slip. Mariana turned in her permission slip.
be assumed to be true.
Conclusion: Mariana can go on the field trip.
Step 1 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion.
Because a student must turn in a permission slip to go on
Study Tip
the field trip, the phrase a student must turn in a permission
Arguments An slip is the hypothesis of the conditional statement.
argument consists of
reasons, proof, or p: A student turns in a permission slip.
evidence to support a q: The student can go on the field trip.
position. A logical
argument, such as the Step 2 Analyze the conclusion.
one shown in part a, is The given statement Mariana turned in her permission slip
supported by the rules satisfies the hypothesis, so p is true. By the Law of
of logic. These rules Detachment, Mariana can go on the field trip, which
include the Law of matches q, is a true or valid conclusion.
Detachment. This is
different from a b. Given: If a figure is a square, then it is a polygon.
statistical argument, Figure A is a polygon.
which is supported by
Conclusion: Figure A is a square.
examples or data.
Step 1 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion.
p: A figure is a square.
q: It is a polygon.
Step 2 Analyze the conclusion.
The given statement Figure A is a square satisfies the conclusion q of
a true conditional. However, knowing that a conditional statement and
its conclusion are true does not make the hypothesis true. Figure A
could be a triangle. The conclusion is invalid.
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Check
Determine whether the conclusion is valid based on the given
information. Select the correct answer and justification.
a. Given: If three points are noncollinear, then they determine a plane.
Points A, B, and C lie in plane G.
Conclusion: Points A, B, and C are noncollinear.
A. Valid; points A, B, and C determine plane G. Therefore, they are
noncollinear.
B. Valid; because points A, B, and C are noncollinear, they
determine plane G.
C. Invalid; points A, B, and C determine plane G. Therefore, they
are noncollinear.
D. Invalid; points A, B, and C can be collinear and lie in plane G.
b. Given: If Dakota goes to the video game store, then he will buy a new
game. Dakota went to the video game store this afternoon.
Conclusion: Dakota bought a new game.
A. Invalid; because the statement Dakota bought a new game
does not satisfy the hypothesis of the conditional statement, the
conclusion is not true.
B. Valid; because the statement Dakota went to the video game
store this afternoon satisfies the conclusion of the conditional
statement, the hypothesis of the conditional is true.
C. Valid; because the statement Dakota went to the video game
store this afternoon satisfies the hypothesis of the conditional
statement, the conclusion is true.
D. Invalid; because the statement Dakota went to the video game
store this afternoon satisfies only the hypothesis, the conclusion
is not true.
Talk About It!

Learn The Law of Syllogism Do you think that the
One law that is related to deductive reasoning is the Law of Syllogism. order of the given
statements is important
This law allows you to draw conclusions from two true conditional
when applying the Law
statements when the conclusion of one statement is the hypothesis of
of Syllogism? Justify
the other. your argument.
Key Concept • Law of Syllogism
Words If p → q and q → r are true statements, then p → r is a
true statement.
Given: If you get a job, then you will earn money.
Example If you earn money, then you will buy a car.
Valid Conclusion: If you get a job, then you will buy a car.
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Example 3 Law of Syllogism
SLEEP Scientists have found that the quality and amount of sleep
greatly impact learning and memory. Lack of sleep causes students to
have trouble focusing and receiving new information. Sleep deprivation
also makes it difficult to retrieve previously-learned information. Draw
a valid conclusion from the given statements, if possible.
Given: If you are tired, then you will not do well on your test.
Study Tip If you do not get enough sleep, then you will be tired.
True vs. Valid Step 1 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion that are the same.
Conclusions A true Determine whether the conclusion of one statement is the hypothesis
conclusion is not the
of the other statement.
same as a valid
conclusion. True Given: If you are tired, then you will not do well on your test.
conclusions reached If you do not get enough sleep, then you will be tired.
using invalid reasoning
are still invalid.
Reorder the given statements so the conclusion of the first statement is
the hypothesis of the second statement. This will allow you to make a
valid conclusion using the Law of Syllogism.
Think About It! Given: If you do not get p: You do not get enough
enough sleep, sleep.
Can the Law of
Syllogism be applied if then you will be tired. q: You will be tired.
the two given
statements have the If you are tired, then r: You will not do well on your
same conclusion? you will not do well on test.
Justify your argument. your test.
Step 2 Represent the statements with symbols.

Let p, q, and r represent the parts of the given conditional statements.
Analyze the logic of the given conditional statements using symbols.
Statement 1: p → q
Statement 2: q → r
Because both statements are true and the conclusion of the first
statement is the hypothesis of the second statement, p → r by the Law
of Syllogism. A valid conclusion is If you do not get enough sleep, then
you will not do well on your test.
Check
GRAND CANYON The Grand Canyon covers an area of 1900 square miles
and contains 277 miles of the Colorado River. Since the Grand Canyon
became a national park in 1919, over 193 million people have visited.
Go Online Draw a valid conclusion from the given statements, if possible.
to practice what
you’ve learned about Given: If Ebony takes a vacation, then she will go to the Grand
deductive reasoning in Canyon. If Ebony goes to the Grand Canyon, then she will hike
the Put It All Together to the Colorado River.
over Lessons 12-1
through 12-3.
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Practice
Example 1
Determine whether each conclusion is based on inductive or deductive
reasoning.
1. At Fumio’s school, if a student is late five times, then the student will receive a
detention. Fumio has been late to school five times. Therefore, he will receive a
detention.
2. A dental assistant notices that a patient has never been on time for an appointment.
She concludes that the patient will be late for her next appointment.
3. A person must have a membership to work out at a gym. Jessie is working out at
that gym. Jessie has a membership to that gym.
4. If Emilio decides to go to a concert tonight, then he will miss football practice.

Tonight, Emilio went to a concert. Emilio missed football practice.
5. Every Wednesday, Jacy’s mother calls. Today is Wednesday, so Jacy concludes

that her mother will call.
6. Whenever Juanita has attended a tutoring session, she notices that her grades
have improved. Juanita attends a tutoring session, and she concludes her grades
will improve.
Example 2
Determine whether each conclusion is valid based on the given information.
Write valid or invalid. Explain your reasoning.
7. Given: Right angles are congruent. ∠1 and ∠2 are right angles.
Conclusion: ∠1 ≅ ∠2
8. Given: If a figure is a square, then it has four right angles. Figure ABCD has four
right angles.
Conclusion: Figure ABCD is a square.
9. Given: If you leave your lights on while your car is off, then your battery will die.
Your battery is dead.
Conclusion: You left your lights on while your car was off.
10. Given: If Dennis gets a part-time job, then he can afford a car payment. Dennis
can afford a car payment.
Conclusion: Dennis got a part-time job.
11. Given: If 75% of the prom tickets are sold, then the prom will be held at the
country club. 75% of the prom tickets were sold.
Conclusion: The prom will be held at the country club.
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Example 3
Use the Law of Syllogism to draw a valid conclusion from each set of given
statements, if possible. If no valid conclusion can be drawn, write no valid
conclusion and explain your reasoning.
12. If you interview for a job, then you wear a suit.
If you interview for a job, then you will update your resume.
13. If Tina has a grade point average of 3.0 or greater, she will be on the honor role.
If Tina is on the honor role, then she will have her name in the school paper.
14. If two lines are perpendicular, then they intersect to form right angles.
Lines s and r form right angles.
15. If the measure of an angle is between 90° and 180°, then it is obtuse.
If an angle is obtuse, then it is not acute.
16. If two lines in a plane are not parallel, then they intersect.
If two lines intersect, then they intersect in a point.
17. If a number ends in 0, then it is divisible by 2.

If a number ends in 4, then it is divisible by 2.
Mixed Exercises
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Draw a valid conclusion from the given statements,
if possible. Then state whether your conclusion was drawn using the Law of
Detachment or the Law of Syllogism. If no valid conclusion can be drawn, write
no valid conclusion. Justify your argument.
18. Given: If a figure is a square, then all the sides are congruent. Figure ABCD is a
square.
19. Given: If two angles are complementary, the sum of the measures of the angles
is 90°. ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary angles.
20. Given: Ballet dancers like classical music. If you like classical music, then you
enjoy the opera.
21. Given: If you are an athlete, then you enjoy sports. If you are competitive, then
you enjoy sports.
22. Given: If a polygon is regular, then all of its sides are congruent. All of the sides
of polygon WXYZ are congruent.
23. Given: If Terryl completes a course with a grade of C, then he will not receive
credit. If Terryl does not receive credit, he will have to take the course again.
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USE TOOLS Determine whether each conclusion is valid based on the given
information. Write valid or invalid. Explain your reasoning using a Venn diagram.
24. Given: If the temperature drops below 32°F, it may snow. The temperature did
not drop below 32°F on Monday.
Conclusion: It did not snow on Monday.
25. Given: All vegetarians do not eat meat. Theo is a vegetarian.

Conclusion: Theo does not eat meat.
26. TUTORING Marla sometimes stays after school to tutor classmates. If it is

Tuesday, then Marla tutors chemistry. If Marla tutors chemistry, then she arrives
home at 4 p.m. Today Marla arrived home at 4 p.m. Can it be concluded that today
is Tuesday? Explain your reasoning.
27. MUSIC Composer Ludwig van Beethoven wrote 9 symphonies and 5 piano
concertos. If you lived in Vienna in the early 1800s, then you could attend a concert
conducted by Beethoven himself. Write a valid conclusion to the hypothesis: If
Mozart could not attend a concert conducted by Beethoven, . . .
28. DIRECTIONS Paolo has an appointment to see a financial advisor on the fifteenth
floor of an office building. When he gets to the building, the people at the front
desk tell him that if he wants to go to the fifteenth floor, then he must take the red
elevator. While looking for the red elevator, a guard informs him that if he wants to
find the red elevator, then he must find the replica of Michelangelo’s David. When
he finally got to the fifteenth floor, his financial advisor greeted him asking, “What
did you think of the Michelangelo?” How did Paolo’s financial advisor conclude
that Paolo must have seen the Michelangelo statue?
29. SIGNS Two signs are posted outside a trampoline park.

Inside the trampoline park, you see a child with a parent. NO ONE
Write a valid conclusion based on the given information

UNDER
5
about the age of the child. ALLOWED
NO ONE
UNDER 8
30. LOGIC As Maite’s mother left for work, she quickly gave ALLOWED
WITHOUT A
Maite some instructions. “If you need me, call my cell PARENT
phone. If I do not answer, then it means I’m in a meeting.

The meeting will not last more than 30 minutes, and I will
call you back when the meeting is over.” Later that day, Maite tried to call her
mother’s cell phone, but her mother was in a meeting and could not answer the
phone. Maite concludes that she will have to wait no more than 30 minutes
before she gets a call back from her mother. What law of logic did Maite use to
draw this conclusion?
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31. ENERGY Use deductive reasoning to draw a valid conclusion from the following
statements: If a heat wave occurs, then air conditioning will be used more
frequently; if air conditioning is used more frequently, then energy costs will be
higher; there is a heat wave in Florida. If no valid conclusion can be drawn, then
write no valid conclusion and explain your reasoning.

32. WRITE Explain why the Law of Syllogism cannot be used to draw a conclusion
from these conditionals.
If you wear winter gloves, then you will have warm hands.
If you do not have warm hands, then your gloves are too thin.
33. PERSEVERE Use symbols for conjunction, disjunction, and implies to represent
the Law of Detachment and the Law of Syllogism symbolically. Let p represent the
hypothesis, and let q represent the conclusion.
34. CREATE Write a pair of statements in which the Law of Syllogism can be used to
reach a valid conclusion. Specify the conclusion that can be reached.
35. ANALYZE Students in Mr. Kendrick’s class are divided into two groups for an
activity. Students in Group A must always tell the truth. Students in Group B must
always lie. Jonah and Janeka are in Mr. Kendrick’s class. When asked whether he
and Janeka are in group A or B, Jonah says, “We are both in Group B.” To which
group does each student belong? Justify your argument.
36. WRITE Compare and contrast inductive and deductive reasoning when making
conclusions and proving conjectures.
37. CREATE Write three statements that illustrate the Law of Syllogism.
38. CREATE Write three statements that illustrate the Law of Detachment.
39. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Use statements (1) and (2). Determine which
statement does not belong. Justify your conclusion.
(1) If a triangle is equilateral, then it has three congruent sides.
(2) If all the sides of a triangle are congruent, then each angle measures 60°.
A If a triangle is not equilateral, then it cannot have congruent angles.
B A figure with three congruent sides is always an equilateral triangle.
C If a triangle is not equilateral, then none of the angles measures 60°.
D If a triangle is equilateral, then each of its angles measures 60°.
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Lesson 12-4
Writing Proofs
Today’s Goal’s
Explore Algebraic Proof ● Analyze figures to
identify and use
Online Activity Use guiding exercises to complete the Explore. postulates about points,
lines, and planes.
● Analyze and construct
INQUIRY How can you write an algebraic
viable arguments in a
proof?
two-column format.
● Analyze and construct
flow proof format.
Learn Postulates About Points, Lines, and Planes ● Analyze and construct
Recall that a postulate or axiom is a statement accepted as true
paragraph proof format.
without proof. The postulates listed below about points, lines, and
planes cannot be proven, but they can be used as reasons in proofs. Today’s Vocabulary
proof
Postulates: Points, Lines, and Planes
two-column proof
12.1 Through any two points, there is exactly one line.
12.2 Through any three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane. deductive argument
12.3 A line contains at least two points. flow proof
12.4 A plane contains at least three noncollinear points. paragraph proof
12.5 If two points lie in a plane, then the entire line containing those
points lies in that plane.
12.6 If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.
12.7 If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
Example 1 Identify Postulates

ARCHITECTURE Explain how the photo illustrates that each
statement is true. Then state the postulate that can be used
to show that the statement is true.
a. Lines n and p intersect at point D.
The top edges of the building are represented by lines n and p. The
lines intersect at the corner point, D. Postulate 12.6 states that if two
lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.
Lesson 12-4 • Writing Proofs 729
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b. Points A, B, and D
determine a plane. n
Points A, B, and D are D
A
three noncollinear F
points on the front face
of the building. By
Postulate 12.2, through p
any three noncollinear B G
points, there is exactly
one plane.
E
c. The plane that
contains A, D, and E
intersects the plane
that contains F, G, and
E in line k.
The front face of the C
building can be
represented by the
plane that contains A, D, j k m
and E. The side face of
the building can be represented by the plane that contains F, G, and E.
These planes intersect at the corner of the building represented by
line k. Postulate 12.7 states that if two planes intersect, then their
intersection is a line.
Check
⟷
ANCIENT MONUMENTS The image illustrates the statement AB    is
the only line through A and B. Which postulate proves that this
statement is true?
George Hammerstein/Fancy/Corbis/Glow Images, Dollia Sheombar/Moment/Getty Images

B C
A D
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Example 2 Use Postulates
Think About It!
Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never Martin claims that this
true. Justify your argument. is a true statement.
Through any three
a. T
he intersection of three planes is a line.
points, there is exactly
Sometimes; if three planes one plane. Do you
intersect, then their agree? Explain.
intersection could be a line
or a point.
b. Line r contains only point P.
Never; Postulate 12.3 states
that a line contains at least two
points.
c. Through points H and K, there is exactly one line.
Always; Postulate 12.1 states that through any two points, there is
exactly one line.
Check
Determine whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
Two intersecting lines determine a plane.
Learn Two-Column Proofs

A proof is a logical argument in which each statement is supported by
a statement that is accepted as true. These supporting statements can
include definitions, postulates, and theorems. A two-column proof is a
proof that contains statements and reasons that are organized in a
two-column format. You can develop a deductive argument to prove a
statement by building a logical chain of statements and reasons.
Key Concept • How to Write a Proof
Step 1 List the given information. Draw a diagram if needed.
Step 2 C
reate a deductive argument that links the given information
to the statement that you are proving.
Step 3 J ustify each statement with a reason. Reasons include
definitions, postulates, theorems, and algebraic properties.
Step 4 State what it is that you have proven.
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Example 3 Two-Column Proof
Complete the two-column proof by selecting R
the correct statements and reasons.
 ‾.
Given: Q is the midpoint of PR  Q
  ‾ ≅ QR 
Prove: PQ    ‾ P
STATEMENTS/REASONS:
Statements Reasons
 ‾.
Definition of midpoint
Definition of congruence 1. Q is the midpoint of PR  1. Given
PQ = QR 2. PQ = QR 2. Definition of midpoint
Betweenness of points ‾ ≅ QR 

3.  PQ    ‾ 3. Definition of congruence
Q is between P and R.
Once a conjecture has been proven true, it can be used as a reason in other
proofs. The conjecture proven above is known as the Midpoint Theorem.
Theorem 12.1: Midpoint Theorem

 ‾, then AM 
  ‾ ≅ MB 
  ‾.
Study Tip
Midpoint Theorem If M is the midpoint of AB 
and Definition The
B
definition of midpoint
M
is in terms of equality,
A
and the Midpoint
Theorem is in terms
of congruence. Check
Copy and complete the two-column E
A
proof by selecting the correct
statements and reasons.
B
 ‾. C is
C
Given: B
is the midpoint of AC 
 ‾. AB = CE.
the midpoint of DE 
D
Prove: BC = DC
STATEMENTS/REASONS:
Statements Reasons
AB = BC, DC = CE
 ‾.
1. B is the midpoint of AC  1. Given
 ‾.
Substitution
C is the midpoint of DE 
BC = CE
2. ? 2. Definition of midpoint
Transitive Property
3. AB = CE 3. Given
AC = DE
AB = DC, BC = CE 4. ? 4. ?
5. BC = DC 5. Substitution
Learn Flow Proofs

A flow proof uses boxes and arrows to show the logical progression of
an argument. The statement is in the box, and the reason is below it.
Arrows indicate the order of the steps.
729_738_RM_INT1_S_M12_L04_700687.indd 732 17/04/19 8:03 AM

Example 4 Flow Proofs
STATEMENTS/REASONS:
Write each statement and reason in the K
correct box to complete the flow proof. x=2
_ 5x - 8 Substitution
Given: P is the midpoint of JK 
  .
P x = 5x - 8
Prove: x = 2 x
Proof: Substitution
J _
 ‾
≅ PK 
 JP 
P is the midpoint Midpoint Theorem
x - 5x = 5x - 5x - 8
of JK.
Given Subtraction Property
-4x = -8
JP PK
Midpoint Theorem Substitution
-4x
= -8
JP = PK -4 -4
Definition of congruence Division Property
Think About It!

Can you eliminate a
x = 5x - 8 x=2 step from the proof?
Substitution Substitution Explain.
Check x = 2 x = 5x - 8 JP PK
Copy and complete the Substitution
Substitution flow diagram by writing Midpoint
each statement
Theoremand
reason in the correct box.
Given: FG = HK 4x - 6 G H
Prove: x = 7 22
Proof:
F K
4x = 28
FG = HK
Given Substitution
STATEMENTS/REASONS:
Addition Property
4x
4
= 28
4 x=7
Substitution
Division Property Substitution
4x - 6 = 22
4x - 6 + 6 = 22 + 6
729_738_RM_INT1_S_M12_L04_700687.indd 733 17/04/19 8:03 AM

Learn Paragraph Proofs
Another way to prove a conjecture is to write a paragraph that
explains why the conjecture for a given situation is true. This is
called a paragraph proof. A paragraph proof includes the theorems,
definitions, or postulates that support each statement.
Example 5 Paragraph Proof

Given that C is between A and B and ‾ ≅ ‾
AC CB, write a paragraph
proof to show that C is the midpoint of ‾
Avoid a Common
Error AB
.
A common error in Step 1: Write the given and prove statements.
  ‾ ≅ CB 
  ‾.
writing proofs is to skip
Given: C is between A and B and AC 
steps in the logical
progression of the Prove: C is the midpoint of ‾
AB.
argument. Step 2: Draw a diagram and label any given information.
Example:
A C B
Step 3: Write the proof.

If C is between points A and B, then by the definition of
betweenness, A, B, and C are collinear and AC + CB = AB.
Study Tip   ‾ ≅ CB 
If AC    ‾, then by the definition of congruence, the
The following properties segments have the same measure, which means that
are true for any real AC = CB. From the definition of midpoint of a segment,
numbers a, b, and c. if C is between points A and B and AC = CB, then C is the
midpoint of ‾ AB.
Reflexive
Property of a=a
Equality Check
Symmetric If a = b, Given that Y is the midpoint of ‾ XZ and X Y Z
Property of then ‾ ≅ WY 
 XY    ‾, write a paragraph proof to show
Equality b = a.   ‾ ≅ YZ 
that WY    ‾.
Transitive If a = b
‾; XY 
Given: Y is the midpoint of XZ   ‾ ≅ WY 
  ‾
Property of and b = c,
Equality then a = c.   ‾ ≅ YZ 
Prove: WY    ‾ W
Proof:
Because Y is the midpoint of ‾ ‾ ≅ YZ 
XZ,  XY    ‾ by the ?
‾ ≅ WY 
 XY    ‾ is given. By the definition of ? , XY = WY
and XY = YZ. By the ? Property of Equality, XY = WY
can be written as WY = XY. By the ? Property of
Equality, WY = YZ. By the definition of ? ‾ ≅ YZ 
 WY    ‾.
729_738_RM_INT1_S_M12_L04_700687.indd 734 17/04/19 8:03 AM

Practice
Example 1
MUSIC Explain how the figure illustrates that each statement is
true. Then state the postulate that can be used to show that
each statement is true. B
N
C
O
1. Planes O and M intersect in line t. F A M D
p
q
E G
t s
2. Line p lies in plane N.
⟷ ⟶ ⟷
SIGNS In the figure, DG
  and  DP are in plane J and H lies on  DG. State
the postulate that can be used to show that each statement is true. H
3. Points G and P are collinear. P D J
G
4. Points D, H, and P are coplanar.
Example 2
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Determine whether each statement is always,
sometimes, or never true. Justify your argument.
5. There is exactly one plane that contains noncollinear points A, B, and C.
6. There are at least three lines through points J and K.
7. If points M, N, and P lie in plane X, then they are collinear.
8. Points X and Y are in plane Z. Any point collinear with points X and Y is in plane Z.
9. The intersection of two planes can be a point.
10. Points A, B, and C determine a plane.
Example 3
 ‾. Point W is collinear with X, Y, and Z. Z is the
11. Point Y is the midpoint of XZ 
  ‾. Write a two-column proof to prove that XY 
midpoint of YW   ‾ ≅ ZW 
  ‾.
12. Write a two-column proof to prove that w = 3.5. 4w + 1 6w - 6
  ‾
_ K L
Given: JK 
  ≅ LM  J M
Prove: w = 3.5
729_738_RM_INT1_S_M12_L04_700687.indd 735 17/04/19 8:03 AM

13. Copy and complete the two-column proof. U
Given: SR = RT, SR = UR, and RT = RV
 ‾. R is the midpoint of UV 
Prove: R is the midpoint of ST   ‾.
S T
Statements Reasons R
1. SR = RT 1. ?
V
3. SR = UR and RT = RV 3. ?
4. ? 4. Substitution
5. ? 5. ?
14. Copy and complete the two-column proof to prove that x = 1.25. 12x - 5.5
 ‾.
2x + 7 G
Given: H is the midpoint of FG  H
Prove: x = 1.25 F
Statements Reasons
 ‾.
1. H is the midpoint of FG  1. ?
3. ? 3. Congruent segments have equal lengths.
4. 2x + 7 = 12x - 5.5 4. ?
5. ? 5. Addition Property of Equality

6. ? 6. ?
7. ? 7. Division Property of Equality
8. x = 1.25 8. ?
Example 4
  ‾ at K. If MK 
  ‾ ≅ JL 
_ _ _
15. Point L is the midpoint of JK 
  . JK 
  intersects MK    , write a flow proof
  ‾.
_
to prove that LK 
  ≅ MK 
  ‾, MN = 5x - 10, and

 ‾ ≅ PQ 
16. Copy and complete the flow proof to prove that if MN 
PQ = 4x + 10, then MN = 90.
x - 10 = 10
Congruent Addition Substitution

Given segments have Property of Property of
equal lengths; Equality Equality
Substitution
Property of
Equality
729_738_RM_INT1_S_M12_L04_700687.indd 736 17/04/19 8:03 AM

Example 5
 ‾ and point C is the A
17. In the figure at the right, point B is the midpoint of AC  B C D
  ‾. Write a paragraph proof to prove that AB = CD.
midpoint of BD 
18. Write a paragraph proof to prove that if PQ = 4(x - 3) + 1,

 ‾ ≅ QR 
  ‾.
4(x - 3) + 1 x + 10
QR = x + 10, and x = 7, then PQ 
P Q R
Mixed Exercises
19. What postulate can be used to show the following statement is true?
Line m contains points A and F.
20. ROOFING Fai and Max are building a new roof. They wanted a roof with two
sloping planes that intersect in a curved arch. Is this possible?
21. Carson claims that a line can intersect a plane at only one point, and he
draws this picture to show his reasoning. Iza thinks it is possible for a line
to intersect a plane at more than one point. Who is correct? Explain. P
22. REASONING The figure shows a straight portion of the course for a city
marathon. The water station W is
 ‾.
located at the midpoint of AB 
a. What is the length of the course
from point A to point W ?
A (5x + 110) m W (2x + 100) m B
b. Write a paragraph proof for your
answer to part a.
c. Explain how you used a definition in your paragraph proof.
23. AIRLINES An airline company wants to provide service to San Francisco, Los
Angeles, Chicago, Dallas, Washington D.C., and New York City. The company’s
president draws lines between each pair of cities in the list on a map. No three of
the cities are collinear. How many lines did the president draw?
729_738_RM_INT1_S_M12_L04_700687.indd 737 07/05/19 12:10 PM

24. SMALL BUSINESSES A small company has 16 employees. The owner placed
16 points on a sheet of paper in such a way that no 3 were collinear. Each point
represented a different employee. He then connected two points with a line
segment if they represented coworkers in the same department.
a. What is the maximum number of line segments that can be drawn between
pairs among the 16 points?
b. When the owner finished the diagram, he found that his company was split
into two groups, one with 10 people and the other with 6. All the people
within a group were in the same department, but nobody from one group
was from the other group. How many line segments were there?
25. FIND THE ERROR Omair and Ana were working on a paragraph proof to prove
  ‾ is congruent to BD 
that if AB   ‾ and A, B, and D are collinear, then B is the midpoint
  ‾. Each student started his or her proof in a different way. Is either of them
of AD 
Omair Ana
_ _
AB, then B divides ‾
If B is the midpoint of ‾ AD   is congruent to BD
AB   , and A, B, and D
into two congruent segments. are collinear.
26. CREATE Draw a figure that satisfies five of the seven postulates you have
learned. Explain which postulates you chose and how your figure satisfies
each postulate.
27. PERSEVERE Use the following true statements and the a

definitions and postulates you have learned to answer Q
each question.
Two planes are perpendicular if and only if one plane m
contains a line perpendicular to the second plane.
P X
a. Through a given point, there passes one and only
one plane perpendicular to a given line. If plane Q
is perpendicular to line ℓ at point X and line ℓ lies in
plane P, what must also be true?
b. Through a given point, there passes one and only one line perpendicular to a
given plane. If plane Q is perpendicular to plane P at point X and line a lies in
plane Q, what must also be true?
28. WRITE How does writing a proof require logical thinking?
ANALYZE Determine whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true.

29. Through any three points, there is exactly one plane.
30. A plane contains at least two distinct lines.
729_738_RM_INT1_S_M12_L04_700687.indd 738 17/04/19 8:13 PM

Lesson 12-5
Proving Segment Relationships

Today’s Goals
Explore Segment Relationships ● Prove theorems about
line segments by using
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the the Segment Addition
Explore. Postulate.
● Prove theorems about
INQUIRY How can you use what you have line segments by using
already learned to prove segment properties of segment
relationships? congruence.
Learn Segment Addition

When you use a ruler to measure the length of an object, you match
the mark for zero at one endpoint of the object. Then you look for the
ruler mark that corresponds to the other endpoint. This illustrates the
Ruler Postulate.
Postulate 12.8: Ruler Postulate
Words The points on any line or line segment can be put into
one-to-one correspondence with real numbers.
Think About It!
Example Given any two points A and B on a line, if A corresponds to
Determine whether the
zero, then B corresponds to a positive real number.
statement is true or false.
A B If it is false, provide a
counterexample.
If A, B, C, D, and E are
0 1 2 3
collinear with AC = 10,
in. B between A and C,
C between B and D,
In this figure, point B is said to be between D between C and E, and
points A and C. You can also say that AB + A B C AC = BD = CE, then
BC = AC by the Segment Addition AB = BC = DE.
Postulate.
Postulate 12.9: Segment Addition Postulate
Words If A, B, and C are collinear, then point B is between A and C
if and only if AB + BC = AC.
Example AB BC
A B C
AC
Lesson 12-5 • Proving Segment Relationships 739
739_746_RM_INT1_S_M12_L05_700687.indd 739 17/04/19 8:55 AM

Example 1 Segment Addition Postulate
Write the correct statements and reasons to complete the two-
STATEMENTS/REASONS: column proof.
Segment Addition   ‾ ≅ RV 
Given: QT    ‾
  ‾ ≅ TV 
  ‾
Postulate Q R
Prove: QR  T V
QT = RV
Substitution Property of Proof:
Equality
Statements Reasons
‾ ≅ RV 
1.  QT    ‾ 1. Given
QR + RT = RT + TV
2. QT = RV 2. Definition of congruence
3. QR + RT = QT; RT + TV = RV 3. Segment Addition Postulate
4. QR + RT = RT + TV 4. Substitution Property
of Equality
5. QR + RT - RT = RT + TV - RT 5. Subtraction Property of Equality
6. QR = TV 6. Substitution Property
of Equality
‾ ≅ TV 
7.  QR    ‾ 7. Definition of congruence
Check
Copy and complete the two-column proof by writing
C G
the correct statement and reason.
REASONS:
  ‾ ≅ FE    ‾
  ‾ ≅ EG 
_
Definition of congruence Given: CE    ; ED 
  ‾ ≅ FG 
  ‾
F E
Given Prove: CD 
Segment Addition
Postulate D
Substitution Property
of Equality
Transitive Property Proof:
of Equality Statements Reasons
‾ ≅ FE    ‾
  ‾ ≅ EG 
_
1.  CE    ; ED  1. ?
2. CE = FE; ED = EG 2. ?
3. CE + ED = CD 3. ?
4. FE + EG = CD 4. ?
5. FE + EG = FG 5. ?
6. CD = FG 6. ?
‾ ≅ FG 
7.  CD    ‾ 7. ?
739_746_RM_INT1_S_M12_L05_700687.indd 740 17/04/19 8:55 AM

Learn Segment Congruence Go Online
You learned that segment measures are reflexive, symmetric, and A proof of Theorem
transitive. Because segments with the same measure are congruent, 12.2 is available.
these properties apply to segment congruence.
Theorem 12.2: Properties of Segment Congruence

Think About It!
B E
Is there an Addition
A F Property of
C D Congruence? Explain.
Reflexive Property of ‾ ≅ AB 
 AB    ‾
Congruence
Symmetric Property of If AB    ‾, then CD 
  ‾ ≅ CD    ‾ ≅ AB 
  ‾.
Congruence
  ‾, and CD 
  ‾ ≅ CD    ‾ ≅ EF    ‾ ≅ EF 
_ _
Transitive Property of If AB    , then AB    .
Congruence
You will prove the Reflexive and Symmetric Properties of Congruence in
Exercise 12.
Example 2 Prove Segment Congruence

Write the correct statement and reasons to complete the
two-column proof.
Given: R  ‾.
is the midpoint of QS 
 ‾.
V
T is the midpoint of VS 
  ‾ ≅ VT 
  ‾
T
QR 
  ‾ ≅ TS 
  ‾
S
Prove: RS 
Q
Proof:
Statements Reasons STATEMENTS/REASONS:
 ‾.
1. R is the midpoint of QS  1. Given Midpoint Theorem
 ‾.
T is the midpoint of VS 
 ‾
‾ ≅ QR 
 RS 
‾ ≅ RS 
2.  QR    ‾; VT    ‾
  ‾ ≅ TS  2. Midpoint Theorem
Transitive Property of
‾ ≅ VT 
3.  QR    ‾ 3. Given Congruence
‾ ≅ TS 
4.  QR    ‾ 4. Transitive Property of Congruence
5.  RS  ‾
‾ ≅  QR  5. Symmetric Property of Congruence
‾ ≅ TS 
6.  RS    ‾ 6. Transitive Property of Congruence
739_746_RM_INT1_S_M12_L05_700687.indd 741 17/04/19 8:55 AM

Check
Copy and complete the two-column proof by G
REASONS: writing the correct reasons.
  ‾ ≅ GI 
Add. _
Given: GJ   
 ‾
Definition of congruence K H
K is the midpoint of GJ 
_.
Divide by 2. H is the midpoint of GI   .
Given   ‾ ≅ GH 
Prove: GK    ‾ J I
Midpoint Theorem Proof:
Statements Reasons
 ‾
Segment Addition
1. K is the midpoint of GJ  _; 1. ?
Postulate
H is the midpoint of GI   
‾ ≅ KJ 
Substitution Property of _ _
Equality 2.  GK    ‾ ≅ HI 
  ; GH    2. ?
3. GK = KJ; GH = HI 3. ?
_
‾ ≅ GI 
4.  GJ    4. ?
5. GJ = GI 5. ?
6. GJ = GK + KJ; GI = GH + HI 6. ?
7. GK + KJ = GH + HI 7. ?
8. GK + GK = GH + GH 8. ?
9. 2GK = 2GH 9. ?
10. GK = GH 10. ?
‾ ≅ GH 
11.  GK    ‾ 11. ?
Example 3 Determine Congruence

CITY PLANNING Marcellus is planning a birthday party. He measures
a length of ribbon for a balloon, and then uses this ribbon to
measure and cut a second ribbon. He continues this pattern of using
the last ribbon that he cut to measure the next ribbon until 10 ribbons
have been cut for balloons. Is the last ribbon that he cut the same
length as the first ribbon? Justify your argument.
Yes; because the first ribbon is the same length as the second ribbon
and the third ribbon is the same length as the second ribbon, the first
ribbon is the same length as the third ribbon by the Transitive Property
of Congruence.
This logic can be applied until the last ribbon is shown to be the same
length as the first ribbon.
Go Online Check
You may want to
CITY PLANNING A city council plans to convert a section of a city block
complete the
construction activities into green space for the community. The north sidewalk is congruent
for this lesson. to the south sidewalk, which is congruent to the west sidewalk.
Therefore, the north sidewalk is congruent to the west sidewalk. What
theorem, postulate, or property justifies this statement?

739_746_RM_INT1_S_M12_L05_700687.indd 742 17/04/19 8:55 AM

Practice
Example 1
1. Write the correct statements and reasons to complete the two-column proof.
 ‾.
Given: C is the midpoint of AE  A B
 ‾.
C is the midpoint of BD 
  ‾ ≅ BD 
AE    ‾ C
  ‾ ≅ CD 
Prove: AC    ‾
Proof:
D E
Statements Reasons
a. ? a. Given
?
?
b. AC = CE b. ?
BC = CD
c. AE = BD c. ?
d. ? d. Segment Addition Property
?
e. AC + CE = BC + CD e. ?
f. AC + AC = CD + CD f. ?
g. ? g. Simplify.
h. ? h. Division Property
‾ ≅ CD 
i.  AC    ‾ i. ?
2. Write the correct statements and reasons to complete the two-column proof.
  ‾ ≅ LR 
_
Given: SU   
  ‾ ≅ LN 
  ‾
S T U
TU 
  ‾ ≅ NR 
Prove: ST    ‾
L N R
Proof:
Statements Reasons
‾ ≅ LR    ‾ ≅ LN 

  ‾
_
a.  SU    , TU  a. ?
b. ? b. Definition of ≅ segments
c. SU = ST + TU c. ?
LR = LN + NR
d. ST + TU = LN + NR d. ?
e. ST + LN = LN + NR e. ?
f. ST + LN - LN = LN + NR - LN f. ?
g. ? g. Substitution Property
‾ ≅ NR 
h.  ST    ‾ h. ?
739_746_RM_INT1_S_M12_L05_700687.indd 743 17/04/19 8:55 AM

Example 2
Write a two-column proof to prove each geometric relationship.
‾ ≅ VY 
3. If  VZ    ‾ and WY 
  ‾ ≅ XZ 
  ‾,  ‾ and
4. If E is the midpoint of DF 
then VW    ‾ ≅ VX 
  ‾.   ‾ ≅ FG 
CD    ‾, then CE 
  ‾ ≅ EG 
  ‾.
Y C D E F G
W
X H
Z
Example 3
5. FAMILY Maria is 11 inches shorter than her sister Clara. Luna is 11 inches shorter than
her brother Chad. If Maria is shorter than Luna, how do the heights of Clara and Chad
compare? What else can be concluded if Maria and Luna are the same height?
6. LUMBER Byron works in a lumberyard. His boss just cut a dozen planks and asked
Byron to double check that they are all the same length. The planks were
numbered 1 through 12. Byron took out plank number 1 and checked that the other
planks are all the same length as plank 1. He concluded that they must all be the
same length. Explain how you know that plank 7 and plank 10 are the same length
even though they were never directly compared to each other.
7. NEIGHBORHOODS Karla, Lola, and Mandy live in three houses that are on the same
line. Lola lives between Karla and Mandy. Karla and Mandy live a mile apart. Is it
possible for Lola’s house to be a mile from both Karla’s and Mandy’s houses?
Mixed Exercises
8. USE A MODEL Five lights, A, B, C, D, and E, are aligned in a row. The middle light is
the midpoint of the segment between the second and fourth lights and also the
midpoint of the segment between the first and last lights.
a. Draw a figure to illustrate the situation.
b. Complete this proof.
 ‾ and AE 
Given: C is the midpoint of BD    ‾.
Prove: AB = DE
Statement Reason
 ‾ and AE 
1. C is the midpoint of BD    ‾. 1. Given
2. BC = CD and ? 2. ?
3. AC = AB + BC, CE = CD + DE 3. ?
4. AC - BC = AB 4. ?
5. ? 5. Substitution Property
6. CE - CD = DE 6. ?
7. AB = CE - CD 7. Symmetric Property of Equality
8. ? 8. ?
739_746_RM_INT1_S_M12_L05_700687.indd 744 17/04/19 8:55 AM

  ‾ ≅ GI 
_ _ _
9. REASONING AC    , FE 
  ≅ LK 
  , and AC + CF + FE = GI + IL + LK. A D
  ‾ ≅ IL 
_
Prove that CF    . C F
⟷
10. Consider  PS . B E
a. Complete the two-column proof. G J
  ‾ ≅ RS 
Given: PQ    ‾ R S I L
Prove: PR    ‾
  ‾ ≅ QS  P Q H K
Statement Reason
‾ ≅ RS 
1.  PQ    ‾ 1. ?
2. ? 2. Congruent segments have equal lengths.
3. PQ + QR = PR and QR + RS = QS 3. ?
4. RS + QR = PR 4. ?
5. QR + RS = PR 5. ?
6. QS = PR 6. ?
7. PR = QS 7. Symmetric Property of Equality
8. ? 8. Segments with equal lengths are congruent.
 ‾ ≅ RS 
b. Can it also be proved that PQ    ‾ if PR    ‾? Explain.
  ‾ ≅ QS 
11. DESIGN A city planner is designing a new park. The park has two A D
straight paths, AB    ‾, which are the same length. A monument, M,
  ‾ and CD  M
is located at the midpoint of both paths.
‾ will be the same as
a. The city planner thinks that the length of  AM  C B
 ‾. Explain why this makes sense.
the length of CM 
b. Complete the two-column proof.
  ‾; M is the midpoint of AB 
  ‾ ≅ CD 
Given: AB    ‾.
 ‾ and CD 
  ‾
  ‾ ≅ CM 
Prove: AM 
Statement Reason
1. ? 1. Given
2. AB = CD 2. ?
‾ ≅ MB 
3.  AM    ‾ ≅ MD 
  ‾; CM    ‾ 3. ?
4. AM = MB; CM = MB 4. Congruent segments have equal lengths.
5. AM + MB = AB; CM + MB = CD 5. ?
6. AM + MB = CM + MB 6. ?
7. AM + AM = CM + CM 7. Substitution Property of Equality
8. 2AM = 2CM 8. ?
9. ? 9. Division Property of Equality
10. ? 10. Segments with equal lengths are congruent.
739_746_RM_INT1_S_M12_L05_700687.indd 745 17/04/19 8:55 AM

12. PROOF Write a paragraph proof for each property of segment congruence.
a. Reflexive Property of Segment Congruence
  ‾
Given: XY 
  ‾ ≅ XY 
Prove: XY    ‾
b. Symmetric Property of Segment Congruence

  ‾
  ‾ ≅ CD 
Given: AB 
  ‾ ≅ AB 
Prove: CD    ‾

13. FIND THE ERROR In the diagram, AB    ‾ and CD 
 ‾ ≅ CD    ‾ ≅ BF 
  ‾. Examine the B C
conclusions made by Leslie and Shantice. Is either of them correct? Explain
your reasoning.
A F D
Leslie Shantice
_ _
Because ‾ ≅‾
AB CD
and Because
_ AB
  _ ≅ CD
  _ and
‾
≅‾
CD ,‾
BF ≅‾
AB AF
 CD ≅ BF, AB
  ≅ BF
 
by the Transitive Property by the Reflexive Property
of Congruence. of Congruence.
 ‾ ≅ BD 
14. PERSEVERE ABCD is a square. Prove that AC    ‾.
15. CREATE Draw a representation of the Segment Addition Postulate in which the
segment is two inches long, contains four collinear points, and contains no
congruent segments.
16. CREATE Write an example of the Transitive Property and the Substitution
Property that illustrates the difference between them.
17. FIND THE ERROR Justin knows that point R is the midpoint of S
  ‾, and he knows that this means that QR = RS. He says that
QS  R
PR = PQ + QR by the Segment Addition Postulate. So, P Q
PR = PQ + RS by substitution. Do you agree with Justin’s
reasoning? Explain your reasoning.
18. WRITE Compare and contrast paragraph proofs and two-column proofs.
19. ANALYZE Write a paragraph proof to prove that if P, Q, R, and S are collinear,
  ‾ ≅ RS 
PQ    ‾, and Q is the midpoint of PR   ‾.
 ‾, then R is the midpoint of QS 
739_746_RM_INT1_S_M12_L05_700687.indd 746 17/04/19 8:15 PM

Lesson 12-6
Proving Angle Relationships
Explore Angle Relationships Today’s Goals

angles by using the
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the Angle Addition
Explore. Postulate.
INQUIRY How is the complement of a given angles by using
properties and
∠A related to an angle congruent to ∠A? theorems of angle
congruence.
Learn Angle Addition right angles.
A protractor is used to measure angles. The Protractor Postulate

illustrates the relationship between angle measures and real numbers.
You will use these theorems and postulates to find angle measures.
Postulate 12.10: Protractor Postulate
The measure of any angle can be put into one-to-one correspondence
with real numbers between 0 and 180.
Postulate 12.11: Angle Addition Postulate
D is in the interior of ∠ABC if and only if m∠ABD + m∠DBC = m∠ABC.
Theorem 12.3: Supplement Theorem
If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary angles
Theorem 12.4: Complement Theorem
If the noncommon sides of two adjacent angles form a right angle, then
the angles are complementary angles.
You will prove Theorems 12.3 and 12.4 in Exercises 19–20.
Example 1 Angle Addition Postulate

What is m∠3 if m∠1 = 23° and
m∠ABC = 131°. A 1 2
Choose from the reasons provided to justify 3
each step. C
B
Reasons:
m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = m∠ABC Angle Addition Postulate
Angle Addition Postulate
23 + 90 + m∠3 = 131 Substitution Property
Betweenness of points
113 + m∠3 = 131 Substitution Property Subtraction Property
113 + m∠3 - 113 = 131 - 113 Subtraction Property Substitution Property
m∠3 = 18° Substitution Property
Lesson 12-6 • Proving Angle Relationships 747
747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 747 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Check
What is m∠3 if m∠2 = 26° What is m∠4 if m∠5 = (2x°) and
? m∠4 = (x + 9)° ?
4
2 5
1
3
Example 2 Complement and Supplement

Theorems
SHELVING Mae Lin is installing
4 3
shelves in her room. One of the
brackets she chose for her shelves
is shown. If m∠3 = 55°, what is
m∠4? 2
Choose from the reasons provided 1
to justify each step.
REASONS:
m∠3 + m∠4 = 180 Supplement Theorem
Complement Theorem
55 + m∠4 = 180 Substitution Property
Substitution Property
Subtraction Property m∠4 = 125° Subtraction Property
Supplement Theorem
Check
CITY PLANNING A city planner
is designing an entrance ramp A
for a freeway. In the diagram,
45°
m∠ACD = 45°. What is m∠BCA?
Copy and complete the calculations
and justify each step. B C D
m∠BCA + m∠ACD = ?
m∠BCA + ? = ?
m∠BCA = ?
747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 748 17/04/19 8:16 PM

Learn Congruent Angles
The properties of algebra that apply to the congruence of segments
and the equality of their measures also hold true for the congruence Go Online
Proofs of the Reflexive
of angles and the equality of their measures.
Property of Congruence
Theorem 12.5: Properties of Angle Congruence and the Transitive
Reflexive Property of Congruence Property of Congruence
∠1 ≅ ∠1 are available.
Symmetric Property of Congruence 1 2
If ∠1 ≅ ∠2, then ∠2 ≅ ∠1. 3
Transitive Property of Congruence
If ∠1 ≅ ∠2 and ∠2 ≅ ∠3, then ∠1 ≅ ∠3.
Proof: Symmetric Property of Congruence

Given: ∠J ≅ ∠K
Prove: ∠K ≅ ∠J
Paragraph Proof:
We are given that ∠J ≅ ∠K. By the definition of congruent
angles, m∠J = m∠K. Using the Symmetric Property of Equality,
m∠K = m∠J. Thus, ∠K ≅ ∠J by the definition of congruent angles.
Theorems
Theorem 12.6: Congruent
Supplements Theorem Talk About It!
Angles supplementary to the same 2 Explain the difference
angle or to congruent angles are 1 between the
congruent. 3 Complement Theorem
and the Congruent
Abbreviation ∠s suppl. to same ∠ or Complements
≅ ∠s are ≅. Theorem.
If m∠1 + m∠2 = 180° and m∠2
+ m∠ 3 = 180°, then ∠1 ≅ ∠3.
Theorem 12.7: Congruent
Complements Theorem
Angles complementary to the same
angle or to congruent angles are 4
5
congruent.
6
Abbreviation ∠s compl. to same ∠ or
If m∠4 + m∠5 = 90° and m∠5
≅ ∠s are ≅.
+ m∠6 = 90°, then ∠4 ≅ ∠6.
Theorem 12.8: Vertical Angles
Theorem
2
If two angles are vertical angles, then 1 3
4
they are congruent.
∠1 ≅ ∠3 and ∠2 ≅ ∠4
You will prove one case of Theorems 12.6 and 12.7 in Exercises 21-22. You will
prove the second case of each theorem in Exercise 31.
747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 749 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Example 3 Congruent Supplements and Complements
In the figure, ∠ABE and ∠DBC are right
angles.
D
Select from the reasons provided to A
complete the proof.
E
Given: ∠ABE and ∠DBC are right angles.
Prove: ∠ABD ≅ ∠EBC B C
REASONS:
Complement Theorem Proof:
Congruent Complements Statements Reasons
Theorem 1. ∠ABE and ∠DBC are 1. Given
Definition of right angles.
complementary angles 2. m∠ABE = 90°; 2. Definition of right angle
Definition of m∠DBC = 90°
congruence
3. ∠ABD and ∠DBE are 3. Complement Theorem
complementary;
∠DBE and ∠EBC are
complementary.
4. ∠ABD ≅ ∠EBC 4. Congruent Complements Theorem
Check
Copy and complete the proof.
1 2
Given: ∠1 and ∠3 are supplementary.
Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠3
Proof:
It is given that ∠1 and ∠3 are ? . By
the definition of linear pair, ∠1 and ∠2 are a linear pair. So, by the
? , ∠1 and ∠ are supplementary.
Thus, ∠2 ≅ ∠3 by the ? .
747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 750 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Example 4 Vertical Angles
Complete the proof.
Choose from the statements and reasons provided.
2
1 3
Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠2
4
Prove: ∠3 ≅ ∠4
Proof: STATEMENTS/REASONS:
Statements Reasons Symmetric Property
of Congruence
1. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 1. Given
Transitive Property
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3; ∠2 ≅ ∠4 2. Vertical Angles Theorem of Congruence
3. ∠3 ≅ ∠1 3. Symmetric Property of Congruence Vertical Angles Theorem
4. ∠3 ≅ ∠2 4. Transitive Property of Congruence ∠3 ≅ ∠1
5. ∠3 ≅ ∠4 5. Transitive Property of Congruence ∠4 ≅ ∠2

∠4 ≅ ∠3
Check
Copy and complete the proof. Choose from the reasons provided.
Given: ∠4 ≅ ∠7
5 6
Prove: ∠5 ≅ ∠6
4 7
Proof:
Statements Reasons REASONS:
1. ∠4 ≅ ∠7 1. Given Vertical Angles
Theorem
2. ∠5 ≅ ∠4 and ∠7 ≅ ∠6 2. ?
Definition of vertical
3. ∠5 ≅ ∠7 3. ? angles
4. ∠5 ≅ ∠6 4. ? Transitive Property
of Congruence
Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online. Symmetric Property
of Congruence
Supplement Theorem
Learn Right Angle Theorems
Definition of linear pair
You can prove the following theorems about right angles using what
you already know about angle measures.
Theorem 12.9 Perpendicular lines intersect to form four right angles.
Theorem 12.10 All right angles are congruent. Go Online
Theorem 12.11 Perpendicular lines form congruent adjacent angles. A proof of Theorem
12.10 is available.
Theorem 12.12 If two angles are congruent and supplementary, then
each angle is a right angle.
Theorem 12.13 If two congruent angles form a linear pair, then they are
right angles.
You will prove Theorem 12.9 and Theorems 12.11 through 12.13 in Exercises 23–26.
747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 751 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Example 5 Right Angle Theorems in Proofs
Complete the proof.
Choose from the statements and reasons
provided. 1
4 2
Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠4 3
STATEMENTS/REASONS: Prove: ∠1 and ∠2 are right angles.

Reflexive Property Proof:
of Congruence
Statements Reasons
Symmetric Property
of Congruence 1. ∠1 ≅ ∠4 1. Given
Transitive Property 2. ∠2 ≅ ∠4 2. Vertical Angles Theorem

of Congruence
3. ∠4 ≅ ∠2 3. Symmetric Property of Congruence
Vertical Angles
Theorem 4. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 4. Transitive Property of Congruence
∠1 and ∠2 are right 5. ∠1 and ∠2 are right 5. If two angles are congruent and
angles. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 angles. supplementary, then each angle is
a right angle.
REASONS:
Check
Perpendicular lines
intersect to form four Copy and complete the proof. Choose
k
right angles. from the reasons provided.
1
All right angles are
Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠4 j 2
congruent.
Lines j and k are perpendicular.
Perpendicular lines
form congruent Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠4
3
adjacent angles.
4 m
If two angles are
congruent and
supplementary, then Proof:
each angle is a right
Statements Reasons
angle.
1. Lines j and k 1. Given
If two congruent angles
are perpendicular.
form a linear pair, then
they are right angles. 2. ∠2 ≅ ∠1 2. ?
3. ∠1 ≅ ∠4 3. Given
4. ∠2 ≅ ∠4 4. Transitive Property of Congruence
747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 752 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Practice
Example 1
Find the measure of each angle. A E
1. Find m∠ABC if m∠ABD = 70° and m∠DBC = 43°.
D
2. If m∠EBC = 55° and m∠EBD = 20°, find m∠2.
3. Find m∠ABD if m∠ABC = 110° and m∠2 = 36°. 2
B C
Example 2
4. FLAGS The Alabama state flag is white and has two
diagonal red stripes. If the m∠1 = 112°, what is m∠2?
2
1
5. CONSTRUCTION Aaron has installed a new window

above the entrance of an office building. If m∠2 = 44°,
what is m∠1?
1
2
Example 3
PROOF Write a two-column proof.
6. Given: ∠2 ≅ ∠4 7. Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠3
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠3 Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠4
2 3 4
3
1 4
1 2
Example 4
PROOF Write a two-column proof. 8
8. Given: ∠5 ≅ ∠7
Prove: ∠5 ≅ ∠8 6 7
5

747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 753 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Example 5
Proof Write a two-column proof.
9. Given: m∠ABC = m∠DEF 10. Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠2; m ⊥ p
∠ABC and ∠DEF are supplementary. Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠3 n p
Prove: ∠ABC and ∠DEF are right angles.
A D
m 1 3
2
C
E
B F
Mixed Exercises
11. Find m∠ABC and m∠CBD if m∠ABD = 120°. 12. Find m∠JKL and m∠LKM if m∠JKM = 140°.
C D L
(5x - 6)° M
2x° 4x°
(2x - 10)°
A B J K
Find the measure of each numbered angle and name the theorems that you used to justify
your work.
13. m∠6 = (2x - 21)° 14. m∠5 = m∠ 6 15. ∠
2 and ∠3 are complementary.
m∠7 = (3x - 34)° ∠1 ≅ ∠4 and m∠2 = 28°.
5 6
6
7 1 2
8 3
4
16. ∠2 and ∠4 and ∠4 and ∠5 17. m∠9 = (3x + 12)° 18. m∠3 = (2x + 23)°
are supplementary. m∠10 = (x - 24)° m∠4 = (5x - 112)°
m∠4 = 105°.
3
9
10 4
2 3 4 5
747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 754 17/04/19 9:22 AM

PROOF Write a two-column proof for each theorem.
19. Supplement Theorem
Given: ∠PQT and ∠TQR form a linear pair. T
Prove: ∠PQT and ∠TQR are supplementary.
P Q R
20. Complement Theorem

Given: ∠ABC is a right angle. A
Prove: ∠ABD and ∠CBD are complementary.
D
B C
21. Congruent Supplements Theorem (Case 1)

Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary. 1
∠2 and ∠3 are supplementary. 2
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠3
3
22. Congruent Complements Theorem (Case 1)

Given: ∠4 and ∠5 are complementary.
∠5 and ∠6 are complementary.
Prove: ∠4 ≅ ∠6
4
5
6
747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 755 17/04/19 9:22 AM

PROOF Use the figure to write a proof of each theorem.
23. Perpendicular lines intersect to form four right angles.
(Theorem 12.9)
1 2 m
3 4
24. Perpendicular lines form congruent adjacent angles.
(Theorem 12.11)
25. If two angles are congruent and supplementary, then each angle is a
right angle. (Theorem 12.12)
26. If two congruent angles form a linear pair, then they are right angles.
(Theorem 12.13)
27. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS For a school project, students are making a giant
icosahedron, which is a large solid with many identical triangular faces. John is in
charge of quality control. He must make sure that the measures of all the angles
in all the triangles are the same. He does this by using a precut template and
comparing the corner angles of every triangle to the template. How does this
assure that the angles in all the triangles will be congruent to each other?

28. ANALYZE Find m∠C if ∠C ≅ ∠A, m∠A = 3x°, m∠B = (x + 20)°, and ∠A and ∠B
are supplementary. Justify your argument.
29. CREATE Draw ∠WXZ such that m∠WXZ = 45°. Construct ∠YXZ ≅ ∠WXZ. Make
a conjecture about the measure of ∠WXY, and then prove your conjecture.
30. WRITE Write the steps that you would use to complete the proof.
1 A B C D
Given: BC ≅ CD , AB = –2 BD
Prove: AB ≅ CD
31. PERSEVERE In Exercises 21 and 22, you proved one case of the Congruent
Supplements Theorem and one case of the Congruent Complements Theorem.
Explain why there is another case for each of these theorems. Then write a proof
of this second case for each theorem.
747_756_RM_INT1_S_M12_L06_700687.indd 756 17/04/19 8:18 PM

Lesson 12-7
Parallel Lines and Transversals

Today’s Goals
Identify special angle
Learn Parallel Lines and Transversals
●
pairs, parallel and skew

lines, and transversals.
If two lines do not intersect, then they are either parallel or skew.
● Find values by applying
Parallel and Skew theorems about parallel
Parallel Lines lines and transversals.
J K
Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not Today’s Vocabulary
intersect. L M parallel lines
↔ ⟷ skew lines
Example JK 
  ǁ LM 
 
parallel planes
Skew Lines transversal
A
Skew lines are lines that do not intersect and interior angles
are not coplanar. m exterior angles
B
Example Lines ℓ and m are skew. consecutive interior
Parallel Planes angles
A alternate interior
Parallel planes are planes that do not
angles
intersect.
B alternate exterior
Example Planes A and B are parallel. angles
corresponding angles
If segments or rays are contained within lines that are parallel or
skew, then the segments or rays are parallel or skew. Study Tip
Parallel Lines The
↔ ⟷
statement JK
  ǁ LM
  is
Example 1 Identify Parallel and Skew Relationships read as line JK is
Identify each of the following using the cube shown. Assume lines parallel to line LM. In a
and planes that appear to be parallel or perpendicular are parallel figure, arrowheads are
or perpendicular, respectively. used to indicate that
B C lines are parallel.
⟷
a. all lines skew to BC  
⟷⟷⟷ ⟷
A D
  , DE
AF   , FG
  , and HE
 
⟷
G Think About It!
b. all lines parallel to EH  
H
Can a two-dimensional
⟷⟷ ⟷
AB
  , CD
  , or FG
  F E figure contain skew
lines? Justify your
c. all planes parallel to plane DCH argument.
t
lane ABG is the only plane parallel
P
to plane DCH. 1
2
A line that intersects two or more lines in a 4 3
plane at different points is called a transversal. q
In the diagram, line t is a transversal of lines q
and r. Notice that line t forms a total of eight 6 r
angles with lines q and r. These angles and 5
7
specific pairings of these angles are given 8
special names.
Lesson 12-7 • Parallel Lines and Transversals 757
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Transversal Angle Pair Relationships
Four interior angles lie in the region ∠3, ∠4, ∠5,
between lines q and r. ∠6
Four exterior angles lie in the two ∠1, ∠2, ∠7,
regions that are not between lines ∠8
q and r. t
Consecutive interior angles are ∠4 and ∠5,
Study Tip interior angles that lie on the same ∠3 and ∠6 1 2
Same-Side Interior side of transversal t.
Angles Consecutive
4 3
Alternate interior angles are ∠3 and ∠5, q
interior angles are also nonadjacent interior angles that lie on ∠4 and ∠6
called same-side opposite sides of transversal t. r
interior angles.
Alternate exterior angles are ∠1 and ∠7, 5 6
nonadjacent exterior angles that lie on ∠2 and ∠8 8 7
opposite sides of transversal t.
Corresponding angles lie on the same ∠1 and ∠5,
side of transversal t and on the same ∠2 and ∠6,
side of lines q and r. ∠3 and ∠7,
∠4 and ∠8
Example 2 Classify Angle Pair Relationships

Classify the relationship between each pair of angles as alternate
interior, alternate exterior, corresponding, or consecutive interior
angles.
∠4 and ∠5 are
alternate interior angles. 1 2
∠3 and ∠7 are 3 4
corresponding angles. 5 6
∠3 and ∠5 are 7 8
consecutive interior angles.
∠1 and ∠8 are
alternate exterior angles.
Example 3 Identify Transversals and Classify Angle Pairs

Identify the transversal connecting each pair of
angles in the photo. Then classify the
relationship between each pair of angles.
The transversal connecting ∠1 and ∠8 is line f.
These are corresponding angles. 3
4
The transversal connecting ∠3 and ∠6 is line g.
2
These are alternate exterior angles. 1 5
The transversal connecting ∠6 and ∠7 is line e. 6
d 8 7 g
These are consecutive interior angles.
Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online. e f
757_764_RM_INT1_S_M12_L07_700687.indd 758 17/04/19 9:32 AM

Explore Relationships Between Angles and Parallel
Lines
O
Explore.
INQUIRY How do parallel lines affect the

relationships between special angle pairs?
Learn Angles and Parallel Lines

If two lines are parallel and cut by a
transversal, then there are special
relationships in the angle pairs formed 1 2 3 4
by the lines.
8 7 6 5
Theorem 12.14: Corresponding Angles Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each ∠1 ≅ ∠3,
pair of corresponding angles is congruent.
∠2 ≅ ∠4,
∠5 ≅ ∠7,
∠6 ≅ ∠8
Theorem 12.15: Alternate Interior Angles Theorem Study Tip
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each ∠1 ≅ ∠3, Angle Relationships
pair of alternate interior angles is congruent. Theorems 12.15–12.17
∠2 ≅ ∠4
generalize the
Theorem 12.16: Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem relationships between
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each ∠1 and ∠2, specific pairs of angles.
pair of consecutive interior angles is supplementary. If you get confused
∠3 and ∠4 about the relationships,
Theorem 12.17: Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem you can verify them
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each ∠5 ≅ ∠7, using only
pair of alternate exterior angles is congruent. corresponding angles,
∠6 ≅ ∠8 vertical angles, and
You will prove Theorems 12.16 and 12.17 in Exercises 47 and 48. linear pairs.
A special relationship also exists when the transversal of two parallel

lines is a perpendicular line.
Theorem 12.18: Perpendicular Transversal Theorem
In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, then it is
perpendicular to the other.
You will prove Theorem 12.18 in Exercise 48.
Go Online Proofs
of Theorems 12.14 and
12.15 are available.
757_764_RM_INT1_S_M12_L07_700687.indd 759 17/04/19 9:32 AM

Example 4 Use Theorems About Parallel Lines
RAILROADS Crossties i and k are
parallel. Both crossties are intersected
by crosstie h. If m∠1 = 42°, find m∠7.
Go Online An ∠7 ≅ ∠2 Alternate Exterior Angles
alternate method is Theorem
available for this
m∠7 = m∠2 Definition of congruent
example.
angles
m∠7 = 42° Substitution
The measure of ∠7 is 42°.
Dennis Avenue
State Road
Check 3
Oak
Creek
Park
COMMUNITY PLANNING Dennis
Avenue and State Road are parallel Ne
streets that intersect Newport Lane wp 2
ort
1 La
along the south side of Oak Creek ne
Park. If m∠3 = 62°, find m∠4
? 4
Example 5 Find Values of Variables k

Use the figure to find the value of the j 7
indicated variable. Justify your reasoning. 5 8
Study Tip
1 34 6
Precision Theorems a. If m∠3 = (4x + 7)° and m∠6 = (5x - 13)°, find x. 2
12.14–12.17 only apply
Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
∠3 ≅ ∠6
to parallel lines cut by
a transversal. You m∠3 = m∠6 Definition of congruent angles
should assume that
lines are parallel only if 4x + 7 = 5x - 13 Substitution
the information is given x = 20 Simplify.
or the lines are marked
with parallel arrows. b. Find y if m∠8 = 68° and m∠3 = (3y - 2)°.
∠5 ≅ ∠8 Vertical Angles Theorem
m∠5 = m∠8 Definition of congruent angles
m∠5 = 68° Substitution

sundown001/iStockphoto.com
Because lines j and k are parallel, ∠5 and ∠3 are supplementary by

the Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem.
m∠3 + m∠5 = 180 Definition of supplementary angles
3y - 2 + 68 = 180 Substitution
3y + 66 = 180 Simplify.
y = 38 Simplify.
757_764_RM_INT1_S_M12_L07_700687.indd 760 17/04/19 9:32 AM

Practice
Example 1
Identify each of the following using the figure shown. Assume lines and
planes that appear to be parallel or perpendicular are parallel or
perpendicular, respectively.
1. three segments parallel to ¯
  AE 2. a segment skew to ¯
  AB A B
D C
3. a pair of parallel planes 4. a segment parallel to ¯

  AD
5. three segments parallel to ¯

  HG 6. five segments skew to ¯
  BC E F
H G
7. H
ow could you characterize the relationship between faces ABCD
and DCGH? Explain.
Examples 2 and 3
Identify the transversal connecting each pair of angles. Then classify the
relationship between each pair of angles as alternate interior, alternate
exterior, corresponding, or consecutive interior angles.
8. ∠4 and ∠5 9. ∠5 and ∠15
b
a
10. ∠12 and ∠14 11. ∠7 and ∠15 c 1 2 9 10

4 3 12 11
12. ∠2 and ∠12 13. ∠3 and ∠6
13 14
5 6
14. ∠1 and ∠9 15. ∠3 and ∠9 8 7 16 15
d
16. ∠10 and ∠16 17. ∠5 and ∠13
For Exercises 18 and 19, use the figure. 1 2 9 10

3 4 11 12
18. What type of angles are ∠3 and ∠10? 5 6 13
m 7 8 14
15
16
n q
19. State the transversal that connects ∠11 and ∠13. p
20. ESCALATORS An escalator at a shopping mall runs up Floor A

several levels. The escalator railing can be modeled by a
straight line running past horizontal lines that represent the
Floor B
floors. Describe the relationships of these lines.
Escalator Railing
Floor C
757_764_RM_INT1_S_M12_L07_700687.indd 761 17/04/19 9:32 AM

Example 4
In the figure, m∠7 = 100°. Find the measure of each angle.
21. ∠9 22. ∠6
10
9
11
23. ∠8 24. ∠2 5 6 12
7
12 8 u
43 t
25. ∠5 26. ∠11 m
s
27. RAMPS A parking garage ramp rises to connect two Ramp

Level 2
horizontal levels of a parking lot. The ramp makes a 10° 1
angle with the horizontal. What is the measure of angle 1 10° Level 1
in the figure?
28. CITY ENGINEERING Seventh Avenue runs perpendicular to
.
Ave
7th Ave.
1st and 2nd Streets, which are parallel. However, Maple
Avenue makes a 115° angle with 2nd Street. What is the
ple
measure of angle 1?
Ma
115°
2nd St.
1
1st St.
Example 5
Find the value of the variables in each figure. Explain your reasoning.
29. 30.
(5x)° (8x - 10)°

(3y - 1)° 40° (6y + 20)° (7x)°
31. Find the value of the variables in the figure. a

(4y + 3)°
(5x - 7)°
(3x + 17)°
b
Mixed Exercises
In the figure, m∠3 = 75 and m∠10 = 105°. Find the measure of each angle.
32. ∠2 33. ∠5 4
3 8
7
2
1 6
34. ∠7 35. ∠15
w 5 11 12 16
10 15
9
36. ∠14 37. ∠9 x 13 14 z
y
757_764_RM_INT1_S_M12_L07_700687.indd 762 17/04/19 9:32 AM

USE A MODEL Lines a and b are parallel and are cut by transversal t to form interior angles ∠7,
∠8, ∠9, and ∠10. ∠7 and ∠8 are consecutive interior angles, and m∠7 = 94°. ∠8 and ∠10 are
alternate interior angles. Find the measure of each angle.
38. ∠10 39. ∠9 40. ∠8
41. CARPENTRY A carpenter is building a podium. The side panel of the 1

podium is cut from a rectangular piece of wood. The rectangle must
be sawed along the dashed line in the figure. What is the measure of
∠1? Explain your reasoning. 116°
42. MAPPING Copy the figure.
Hig
a. Connor lives at the angle that forms an alternate hS
tre
interior angle with Georgia’s residence. Label the et Phillip
location of Connor’s home to the map.
b. Quincy lives at the angle that forms a consecutive et
Stre
interior angle with Connor’s residence. Label the y
location of Quincy’s home to the map. Ba Georgia
John
43. USE A SOURCE Research the flag for the Solomon Low S
treet
Islands. Sketch the flag. Label angles formed by the
yellow stripe, or transversal. Describe the relationship
between the angles you labeled on the flag.
44. PRECISION Find the values of x and y in the 45. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS In the figure, lines
trapezoid. Justify your answer. m and n are parallel and lines p and q are
parallel. Write a paragraph proof to prove
that if m∠1 - m∠4 = 25°, then
(y + 44)° m∠9 - m∠12 = 25°.
p q
m
(2x + 12)° (3y)° 1 2
4 3 13 14
16 15
n 5 6
8 7 9 10
86° 12 11
46. In the figure, m∠4 = 118°. Find each angle measure. Justify 1 8
each step.
2 7
a. m∠8
3 6
b. m∠7
4 5
47. PROOF Write a paragraph
proof of the Alternate Exterior 4 1 2
Angles Theorem. Given: q ǁ r; 3
q
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠7. 8 56
7
r
757_764_RM_INT1_S_M12_L07_700687.indd 763 17/04/19 9:32 AM

48. PROOF Write a two-column proof to prove each theorem.
a. Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
4 1 2
Given: q ∥ r 3
q
Prove: ∠2 and ∠5 are supplementary 8 56
7
r
b. Perpendicular Transversal Theorem. 1

m
Given: m ∥ n; p ⊥ n
Prove: p ⊥ m
2
n

49. CREATE Plane P contains lines a and b. Line c intersects plane P at point J. Lines
a and b are parallel lines, lines a and c are skew, and lines b and c are not skew.
Draw a figure based upon this description.
⟷
ANALYZE Plane X and plane Y are parallel and plane Z intersects plane X. Line AB   is in plane X,
⟷ ⟷
line  CD is in plane Y, and line EF
  is in plane Z. Determine whether each statement is always,
sometimes, or never true. Justify your argument.
⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷
50.  AB  is skew to CD 
  . 51.  AB  intersects EF 
  .
52. WRITE Compare and contrast the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
and the Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem.
(y2)°
53. PERSEVERE Find the values of x and y. x° (8y - 15)°
54. ANALYZE Determine the minimum number of angle measures you would have to
know to find the measures of all the angles formed by two parallel lines cut by a
transversal. Justify your argument.
55. WRITE Can a pair of planes be described as skew? Explain.
757_764_RM_INT1_S_M12_L07_700687.indd 764 17/04/19 9:32 AM

Lesson 12-8
Slope and Equations of Lines

Learn Slope Criteria for Parallel and Perpendicular Today’s Goals
Classify lines as
Lines
●
parallel, perpendicular,
Slope is the ratio of the change in the y-coordinate (rise) to the or neither by comparing
the slopes of the lines.
corresponding change in the x-coordinate (run) as you move from one
point to another along a line. The slope criteria outlines a method for ● Classify lines as
parallel, perpendicular,
proving the relationship between lines based on a comparison of the
or neither by comparing
slopes of the lines. You can use the slopes of two lines to determine the equations of the
whether the lines are parallel, perpendicular, or neither. lines.
Postulate 12.12: Slope Criteria for Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Today’s Vocabulary
Slopes of Parallel Lines slope
Two distinct nonvertical lines have the same slope if and only if they are slope criteria
parallel. All vertical lines are parallel.
Slopes of Perpendicular Lines
Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their
slopes is -1. Vertical and horizontal lines are perpendicular. Go Online
You may want to
Check to check your
Example 1 Determine Line Relationships When Given understanding.
Points
⟷ ⟷
Determine whether AB  and  CD are parallel, perpendicular, or
neither for A(3, 6), B(-9, 2), C(5, 4), and D(2, 3). Graph each line to
verify your answer. Think About It!
y
8
Step 1 Find the slope of each line. A Feng argues that you
y2 - y1 4 could have graphed
slope = _____
  x - x , where x1 ≠ x2 B
D
C
the points and
2 1
⟷ ______ 6-2 4 1
  =   3 - (-9)  = __
slope of AB    12 or _
  3 −8 −4 O 4 x determined whether
⟷ ____ 4-3 1 −4 the lines were parallel,
slope of CD    =   5 - 2 or _
  3 perpendicular, or
Step 2 Determine the relationship.
−8 neither just by looking
at the graph. Do you

The two lines have the same slope, so they are parallel. agree? What useful
question would you
ask Feng to determine
Check
⟷ ⟷ whether his argument
Determine whether AB   and CD 
  are is reasonable?
parallel, perpendicular, or neither
for A(14, 13), B(− 11, 0), C(-3, 7),
and D(-4, -5). Graph each line
to verify your answer.
Lesson 12-8 • Slope and Equations of Lines 765
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Example 2 Determine Line Relationships When Given
Graphs
Determine whether each pair of lines is parallel, perpendicular, or
neither.
⟷ ⟷
a. RS
  and  TU 8
y
6 S(6, 7)
T(-4, 6) 4
2 U(0, 0)
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8 x
−4
R(-8, -3)−6
−8
⟷ ⟷ y
b. EF
  and DG
  8
Study Tip E(3, 6)
6
Step 1 Find the slope of each line. 4
If a line ℓ has a slope G(12, 5)
a y2 - y1 D(-2, -1)2
of   __ b , then the slope of a slope = _____
  x - x , where x1 ≠ x2
2 1 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
line perpendicular to
⟷ -1 - 6 7 F(6, -1)
line ℓ is the negative slope of EF    6 - 3 = -__
  = _____   3 −4
b −6
reciprocal, − __ a , because −8
  b (-  a ) = -1.
__ a __ b ⟷ _______5 - (-1) 6 3
slope of DG 
  =   12 - (-2) = __
  14 or __
 7 
Step 2 Determine the relationship, if any, between the lines.

The two lines do not have the same slope, so they are not
parallel. To determine whether the lines are perpendicular, find
the product of their slopes.
⟷ ⟷
  3 (__
  7 ) = -1
7 3
-__ Product of slopes for EF 
  and DG 
 
Because the product of their slopes is -1, the two lines
are perpendicular.
Check
Determine whether the pair of lines is parallel, perpendicular,
or neither.
y
C
A B
O x
D
765_774_RM_INT1_S_M12_L08_700687.indd 766 17/04/19 9:44 AM

Explore Equations of Lines

O
Explore.
INQUIRY How do the equations of parallel

lines compare to the equations of
perpendicular lines?
Learn Equations of Lines

An equation of a nonvertical line can be written in different but
equivalent forms.
Key Concept • Nonvertical Line Equations
The slope-intercept form of a linear slope Math History
equation is y = mx + b, where m is Minute
the slope of the line and b is the y = mx + b y = 3x + 8 French mathematician
y-intercept. Gaspard Monge (1746–
y-intercept
1818) is known as the
The point-slope form of a linear father of the point-slope
point (3, 5) form of the linear
equation is y - y1 = m(x - x1),
where (x1, y1) is any point on the equation. He is also
line and m is the slope of the line. credited with first stating
y - 5 = -2(x - 3)
in print the relationship
slope between the slopes of
perpendicular lines as
aa' + 1 = 0. For his work
in mathematics, his
The equations of horizontal and vertical lines involve only one variable. name is one of 72
Key Concept • Horizontal and Vertical Line Equations names inscribed on the
base of the Eiffel Tower.
The equation of a horizontal line is y
y = b, where b is the y-intercept of
the line.
O x
The equation of a vertical line is
x = a, where a is the x-intercept
of the line
When given the equations of two lines, you can compare the
equations to determine the relationship between the lines.
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Example 3 Determine Line Relationships When Given
Equations
Determine whether each pair of lines is parallel, perpendicular,
or neither.
1
a. y = 3x - 2; y - 0 = - _
3 (x - 2)
slope-intercept form point-slope form
y = 3x - 2 y - 0 = - 31 (x - 2)
slope
The two lines do not have the same slope, so the lines are not
parallel. To determine whether the lines are perpendicular,
find the product of the slopes.
3(- __
3 ) = -1
1
Product of slopes
Because the product of their slopes is -1, the two lines are
perpendicular.
Watch Out! b. y = 3; x = 1
If you calculate the y=3 x=1
slope of the line x = 1 horizontal line vertical line
using the slope
formula, you get
slope of 0 undefined slope
-1 - 4 5
m = _____
  1 - 1 = - __
0 or an
Vertical and horizontal lines are always perpendicular.
3 3
undefined slope. You c. y - 5 = - _ _
4 (x + 2); y = -  4 x + 2
cannot find the product
of the slope of x = 1 point-slope form slope-intercept form
and y = 3. However,
y - 5 = - 34 (x + 2) y = - 34 x + 2
vertical and horizontal
lines are always slope
perpendicular.
3
Because the slopes of both lines are − __
  4 , the lines are parallel.
1
d. y = 2x + 3; y - 1 = __
  2 (x + 2)
slope-intercept form point-slope form
y = 2x + 3 y - 1 = 21 (x + 2)
slope
The two lines do not have the same slope, so the lines are not
parallel. To determine whether the lines are perpendicular, find the
product of the slopes.
2(__
  2 ) = 1
1
Product of slopes
Study Tip
Because the product of the slopes is not −1, the two lines are
Zero and Undefined not perpendicular. So, the two lines are neither parallel nor
Slope If the change in
perpendicular.
y values is 0, then the
line is horizontal. If the e. x = -2; x = 4
change in x values is 0, Both lines are vertical with undefined slope. Vertical lines are
then the line is vertical. always parallel.
765_774_RM_INT1_S_M12_L08_700687.indd 768 17/04/19 9:44 AM

Check
Determine whether each pair of lines is parallel, perpendicular, or neither.
1
a. y = 3x - 9; y = - _
3 x + 2
9 19 9
b. y = __
  7 x - __
  7 ; y - 1 = __
  7 (x + 3)
c. x = −3; x = 4
Example 4 Use Slope to Graph a Line

DESIGN Valentina is designing a y
park using grid paper. She wants
to build a sidewalk that connects
with the fountain at P(0, 1) and
is perpendicular to the existing P (0, 1)
sidewalk that passes through O x
points Q(−6, −2) and R(0, −6). (−6, −2)
Q
Graph the line that represents
the new sidewalk.
(0, −6)
The slope of the existing R
⟷ ________
-6 - (-2) 4
sidewalk, QR 
  is   0 - (-6) = − __
6
2
or − __
3 .
⟷
3 (  2 ) = −1, the slope of the line perpendicular to QR
2 __ 3
Because − __  
3
through P is __
  2 .
Graph the line that represents the new sidewalk.
Step 1 Plot a point at P(0, 1). 8
y
6
Step 2 M
ove up 3 units and then right 4 (2, 4)
2 units. Plot a second point at this 2
(0, 1)
location. −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
Q(−6, −2)
Step 3 Graph the line connecting these −4
R(0, −6)
−6
two points. −8
765_774_RM_INT1_S_M12_L08_700687.indd 769 17/04/19 9:44 AM

Check
MAPS Isabella is creating a map of her town’s metro lines. She knows
that the A Line and the E Line are parallel. On her map, the equation
that represents the A Line is y = 8x + 11 and the E Line passes through
(9, 5). Write the equation in slope-intercept form that represents the
E Line.
y
Think About It!
Kennedy suggests that
there is another line B Line
3
parallel to y = − _   4 x + 3
that contains the point
(-3, 6). She says that
A Line
the equation of the line
ine
E Line
C Line
3
is y - 6 = − _  4 x + 3.
DL
Do you agree? Explain
O x
your reasoning.
Example 5 Write Equations of Parallel and

Perpendicular Lines
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line parallel to
3
y = − __
  4 x + 3 containing (− 3, 6).
3 3
The slope of y = − _
  4 x + 3 is − _
4 , so the slope of the line parallel to
3
it is - _
  4 .
3 3
6 = − _
4 (−3) + b m=−_
  4 and (x, y) = (-3, 6)
Go Online 9
An alternate method 6 = __
  4 + b Simplify.
is available for this __ 15 9
  4 = b Subtract  __
4 from each side.
example.
3 15
So, the equation is y = − _
  4 x + __
  4 .
Check
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line parallel to
  2  containing (__
  2 , 1).
1 5 3
y = __
  2 x + _
765_774_RM_INT1_S_M12_L08_700687.indd 770 17/04/19 9:44 AM

Practice
Example 1
⟷ ⟷
Determine whether  AB and CD
  are parallel, perpendicular, or neither. Graph each
line to verify your answer.
1. A(1, 5), B(4, 4), C(9, -10), D(-6, -5) 2. A(-6, -9), B(8, 19), C(0, -4), D(2, 0)
3. A(4, 2), B(-3, 1), C(6, 0), D(-10, 8) 4. A(8, -2), B(4, -1), C(3, 11), D(-2, -9)
5. A(8, 4), B(4, 3), C(4, -9), D(2, -1) 6. A(4, -2), B(-2, -8), C(4, 6), D(8, 5)
Example 2
7. A y 8. y 9. y
P

C J L
B
O x O x O x
M T Q
K U
D
Example 3
1
10. y = 2x + 4, y = 2x - 10 11. y = - __
  2 x - 12, y - 3 = 2(x + 2)
1 1
12. y - 4 = 3(x + 5), y + 3 = - _
  3 (x + 1) 13. y - 3 = 6(x + 2), y + 3 = -  _
3 (x - 4)
14. x = -2, y = 10 15. y = 5, y = -3
Example 4
Graph the line that satisfies each condition.
⟷
16. passes through A(2, -5), parallel to BC 
  with B(1, 3) and C(4, 5)
⟷
17. passes through X(1, -4), parallel to YZ 
  with Y(5, 2) and Z(-3, -5)
⟷
18. passes through K(3, 7), perpendicular to LM 
  with L(-1, -2) and M(-4, 8)
⟷
19. passes through D(-5, -6), perpendicular to  FG  with F(-2, -9) and G(1, –5)
y
20. SKIING Gavin is working on an animated film about skiing. The figure shows
⟷ C
a ski slope, represented by AB 
  , and one of the chairs on the chair lift, B
represented by point C.
⟷ O x
a. The chair needs to move along a straight line that is parallel to AB 
  .
What is the equation of this line? A
b. The top of the chair lift occurs at y = 20. Explain how Gavin can find the
coordinates of the chair when it reaches the top of the chair lift.
765_774_RM_INT1_S_M12_L08_700687.indd 771 17/04/19 9:44 AM

21. REASONING The director of a marching band uses a coordinate plane to y
design the band’s formations. During one formation, a drummer marches B
from point A to point B and then turns 90° to her right and marches until
she reaches the x-axis.
O x
a. When the drummer marches from point B to the x-axis, what is the
equation of the line that she marches along?
A
b. The director wants to know whether the drummer will cross
the x-axis at a point where the x-coordinate is greater than or less
than 5. Explain how the director can answer this question.
Example 5
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each line described.
1
22. passes through (-7, -4), perpendicular to y = __
  2 x + 9
23. passes through (-1, -10), parallel to y = 7
2
24. passes through (6, 2), parallel to y = - __
  3 x + 1
25. passes through (-2, 2), perpendicular to y = -5x - 8
Mixed Exercises
Find the value of x or y that satisfies the given conditions. Then graph the line.
26. The line containing (4, -2) and (x, -6) is perpendicular to the line containing
(-2, -9) and (3, -4).
27. The line containing (-4, 9) and (4, 3) is parallel to the line containing (-8, 1) and (4, y).
28. The line containing (8, 7) and (7, -6) is perpendicular to the line containing (2, 4)
and (x, 3).
29. The line containing (1, -3) and (3, y) is parallel to the line containing (5, -6) and
(9, y).
765_774_RM_INT1_S_M12_L08_700687.indd 772 07/05/19 12:10 PM

Write equations in slope-intercept form for a line that is parallel and a line that is
perpendicular to the given line and that passes through the given point.
30. passes through B(6, 3) 31. passes through S(–2, –4)
y y
R(-4, 5)
A(0, 1)
O x
O x
PRECISION Determine whether any of the lines in each figure are parallel or
perpendicular. Justify your answers.
32. y 33. y 34. y
A J
L P
B N
R
O x O x O x
M T Q
K S
C D U
6th S
35. CITY BLOCKS The figure shows a map of part of a city
consisting of two pairs of parallel roads. If a coordinate
t
Ford
r St.
.
grid is applied to this map, Ford Street would have Clove
St.
a slope of -3.
a. The intersection of B Street and Ford Street is 150 yards B St.
east of the intersection of Ford Street and Clover Street.
How many yards south is it?
b. What is the slope of 6th Street? Explain.
c. What are the slopes of Clover and B Streets? Explain.

d. The intersection of B Street and 6th Street is 600 yards east of the
intersection of B Street and Ford Street. How many yards north is it?
⟷ ⟷
36. REASONING  AB  is parallel to CD 
  . The coordinates of A, B, and C are A(-3, 1),
B(6, 4), and C(1, -1). What is a possible set of coordinates for point D? Describe
the reasoning you used to find the coordinates.
37. USE A MODEL A video game designer is using a coordinate plane to plan Q y
the path of a helicopter. She has already determined that the helicopter
will move along straight segments from P to Q to R. The designer wants R
 ‾, to be perpendicular to  QR 
the next part of the path, RS  ‾, and she wants
O x
point S to lie on the y-axis. What should the coordinates of point S be?
Justify your answer. P
765_774_RM_INT1_S_M12_L08_700687.indd 773 17/04/19 8:22 PM

38. Line p passes through (1, 3) and (4, 7), and line q passes through (0, -2) and (a, b).
a. Find the slopes of lines p and q.
b. Find possible values of a and b if p ǁ q.
39. STRUCTURE Let a and b be nonzero real numbers. Line p has the equation
y = ax + b.
a. Find the equation of the line through (5, 1) that is parallel to line p. Write the
equation in point-slope form. Explain your reasoning.
b. Find the equation of the line through (2, 3) that is perpendicular to line p. Write
the equation in slope-intercept form. Explain your reasoning.
40. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS The equation of line ℓ is 3y - 2x = 6.

a. Line m is perpendicular to line ℓ and passes through the point P(6, -2). Find
the equation of line m.
b. Line n is parallel to line m. Is it possible to write the equation of line n in the
form 2x + 3y = k for some constant k? Justify your argument.

41. ANALYZE Draw a square ABCD with opposite vertices at A(2, -4), and C(10, 4).
a. Find the other two vertices of the square and label them B and D.
  ‾ and AB 
  ‾ ǁ BC 
b. Show that AD    ‾.
  ‾ ǁ DC 
c. Show that the measure of each angle inside the square is equal to 90°.
42. PERSEVERE Find the value of n so that the line perpendicular to the line with the
equation -2y + 4 = 6x + 8 passes through the points (n, -4) and (2, -8).
43. ANALYZE Determine whether the points at (-2, 2), (2, 5), and (6, 8) are collinear.
44. CREATE Write equations for two different pairs of perpendicular lines that
intersect at the point at (-3, -7).
45. WRITE Write biconditionals to determine whether lines are parallel or

perpendicular using slopes. ↔ 2-3 1
  = ______
Slope of AB   2 - 0 = - __2 .
46. FIND THE ERROR A student was asked to find the So, the slope of the required line is 2. The
⟷
equation of the line perpendicular to AB 
  that passes equation of this line is y = 2x + b. The line
through point P, given that A, B, and P have passes through P(1,4).
coordinates A(0, 3), B(2, 2), and P(1, 4). The student’s
work is shown at the right. Do you agree with the To find b: 1 = 2(4) + b
student’s solution? Explain your reasoning. 1=8+b
-7 = b
So, the equation is y = 2x - 7.
765_774_RM_INT1_S_M12_L08_700687.indd 774 07/05/19 12:11 PM

Lesson 12-9
Proving Lines Parallel

Today’s Goals
Explore Intersecting Lines ● Apply angle
relationship theorems
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the to identify parallel lines
Explore. and find missing values.
INQUIRY If a pair of alternate exterior or

alternate interior angles is congruent, what
relationship is formed?
P
Learn Identifying Parallel Lines
Corresponding angles are congruent when the lines cut by the
transversal are parallel. The converse of this relationship is also true. m
Theorem 12.19: Converse of Corresponding Angles Theorem
If two lines are cut by a transversal so that corresponding angles are Study Tip
congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Euclid’s Postulates
Postulate 12.13: Parallel Postulate The father of modern
geometry, Euclid
If given a line and a point not on the line, then there exists exactly one
(c. 300 B.C.), realized
line through the point that is parallel to the given line.
that only a few
postulates were needed
Parallel lines that are cut by a transversal create several pairs of
to prove the theorems
congruent angles. These special angle pairs can be used to prove that
in his day. The Parallel
a pair of lines is parallel. Postulate is one of
Theorem 12.20: Alternate Exterior Angles Converse Euclid’s five original
If two lines in a plane are cut by a transversal If ∠1 ≅ ∠5, then postulates.
so that a pair of alternate exterior angles is a ∥ b.
Theorem 12.21: Consecutive Interior Angles Converse a b
If two lines in a plane are cut by a transversal If m∠7 + m∠6 = 180°,
so that a pair of consecutive interior angles is then a ∥ b.
supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
1 2 3 4
Theorem 12.22: Alternate Interior Angles Converse 8 7 6 5
If two lines in a plane are cut by a transversal If ∠7 ≅ ∠3, then
so that a pair of alternate interior angles is a ∥ b.
Theorem 12.23: Perpendicular Transversal Converse
If two lines in a plane are perpendicular to the same line, then the
Go Online
lines are parallel.
Proofs of Theorems
You will prove Theorems 12.20, 12.22, and 12.23 in Exercises 20, 19, and 18, 12.19 and 12.21 are
respectively. available.
Lesson 12-9 • Proving Lines Parallel 775
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Example 1 Identify Parallel Lines
Use the given information to a b
Watch Out! determine which lines, if any, are
1 2 5 6
parallel. State the postulate or
Error Analysis 4 3 8 7
Students should theorem that justifies your answer.
9 10 13
recognize that line ℓ is a. ∠2 ≅ ∠8 14
12 11 16 m
the transversal in 15
part a, line a is the ∠2 and ∠8 are alternate interior
transversal in part b, angles of lines a and b.
and line m is the Because ∠2 ≅ ∠8, a ∥ b by the Alternate Interior Angles Converse.
transversal in part c.
b ∠3 ≅ ∠11
∠3 and ∠11 are corresponding angles of lines ℓ and m. Because
∠3 ≅ ∠11, ℓ ∥ m by the Converse of the Corresponding Angles Theorem.
c. ∠12 ≅ ∠14
∠12 and ∠14 are alternate exterior angles of lines a and b.
Because ∠12 ≅ ∠14, a ∥ b by the Alternate Exterior Angles Converse.
Check
Use the given information to m
determine which lines, if any,
are parallel. State the postulate
or theorem that justifies your
1 2
4 3 56
answer.
8 7
a. ∠1 ≅ ∠15 9
10
12
A. ℓ ∥ m; Alternate Exterior 11 13 14 n
Angles Converse 16 15
B. n ∥ k; Alternate Exterior k
Angles Converse
C. ℓ ∥ m; Converse of Corresponding Angles Theorem
D. It is not possible to determine whether the lines are parallel.
b. m∠3 + m∠10 = 180
c. ∠3 ≅ ∠5
A. ℓ ∥ m; Alternate Interior Angles Converse
B. ℓ ∥ m; Consecutive Interior Angles Converse
C. n ∥ k; Alternate Interior Angles Converse
D. It is not possible to determine whether the lines are parallel.
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Example 2 Use Angle Relationships
Find the value of y so that e ∥ f.
From the figure, you know that line d Think About It!
d is perpendicular to line e. For lines Lakeisha argues that we
e and f to be parallel, line f must also do not have enough
e
be perpendicular to line d. If line f is information to determine
(4y + 10)° f the correct value of y.
perpendicular to line d, then (4y + 10)
= 90°. Solve for y. She says that the two
angles are not
90 = 4y + 10 Definition of perpendicular corresponding angles;
therefore, it does not
80 = 4y Subtract 10 from each side.
help to assume that the
20 = y Divide each side by 4. two angles are
congruent. What
theorems can you use
Check to prove that line e is
a. F
ind the value of x so that k parallel to line f ?
m ∥ n. Identify the postulate
or theorem you used.
(6x - 3)°
m
(2x + 1)°
n
x= ? ; ?
b. Find m∠LMN so that a ∥ b.

c
R
(9x - 12)°
S
T
a
M L
(2x + 152.4)° b
(4x + 6)°
N
A. 3.6° B. 20.4° C. 100° D. 159.6°
775_782_RM_INT1_S_M12_L09_700687.indd 777 17/04/19 9:51 AM

The angle pair relationships formed by a transversal can be used to
prove that two lines are parallel.
Study Tip
Assumptions When
Example 3 Prove Lines Parallel
applying geometric ROWING To move in a
theorems to real-world straight line with
objects, we often make maximum efficiency, 124°
assumptions about the rowers’ oars should be
relationships between parallel. Refer to the
the objects being photo at the right. Is it
represented. In possible to prove that 50°
Example 3, the boat is any of the oars are
the transversal and we parallel? Justify your
are trying to determine answer.
whether the oars are
parallel lines. The angle that forms a linear pair with the 50° angle has a measure of
180 - 50 or 130°.
The angle measuring 130° is the corresponding angle to the 124°
Think About It! angle. Because the corresponding angles are not congruent, the lines
What other information are not parallel.
can be used to show
Therefore, it is not possible to prove that the oars are parallel.
that the oars are not
parallel?
Check
ANTENNAS Is it possible to prove that the support poles of the
antenna complex are parallel? Justify your answer.
120°
Study Tip
Proving Lines Parallel 54°
When two parallel lines
are cut by a
transversal, the angle
pairs formed are either
congruent or
supplementary. When
Ivan Smuk/Shutterstock; schankz/Shutterstock
a pair of lines forms

angles that do not A. No; because the consecutive interior angles are not supplementary,
meet this criterion, the the support poles cannot be parallel.
lines cannot be
parallel. B. No; because the alternate interior angles are not supplementary,
the support poles cannot be parallel.
C. Yes; because the alternate interior angles are supplementary, the
Go Online support poles are parallel.
You may want to complete D. Yes; because the consecutive interior angles are congruent, the
the construction activities support poles are parallel.
for this lesson. Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online.
775_782_RM_INT1_S_M12_L09_700687.indd 778 17/04/19 9:51 AM

Practice
Example 1
Use the given information to determine which lines, if any, are a b
parallel. State the postulate or theorem that justifies your answer.
1. ∠3 ≅ ∠7 2. ∠9 ≅ ∠11 1 2 3 4
8 7 6 5

3. ∠2 ≅ ∠16 4. m∠5 + m∠12 = 180° 9 10 11 12

m
16 15 14 13
Given the following information, determine which lines, if any, are

parallel. State the theorem that justifies your answer.
3 4 g
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠6 6. m∠7 + m∠6 = 180° 1 5
2
7 8 h
6
9
j
p q
Example 2
Find the value of x so that ℓ ∥ m.
7. 8. 9.
k (4x - 10)° k
(2x + 6)° (6x + 4)°

130° m (3x + 10)° (8x - 8)°
m m
k
10. 11. 12.
k k
m
k (3x + 10)°
(4x)° (7x + 5)°
m
(5x + 18)°
m
(x + 6)° (5x + 19)°
13. Find the value of x so that ℓ ∥ m. m

(7x + 15)°
25° n
775_782_RM_INT1_S_M12_L09_700687.indd 779 17/04/19 9:51 AM

Example 3
14. BOOKS Each orange book on the bookshelf makes a 70° angle
with the base of the shelf. What more can you say about these
two orange books? Explain. 70° 70°
15. PATTERNS A rectangle is cut along the slanted, dashed line shown in the figure.
The two pieces are rearranged to form another figure.
Describe as precisely as you can the shape of the new
figure. Explain.
16. FIREWORKS The designers of a fireworks display want to have

four fireworks travel along parallel trajectories. They decide to
place two launchers on a dock and two launchers on the roof
of a building. To make this display work correctly, what should
1
the measure of angle 1 be? Explain.
17. REASONING Chaska is making a giant letter A to put on the 30°
rooftop of the A Is for Apple Orchard Store. The figure shows a
sketch of the design. 70°
a. What should the measures of angles

1 and 2 be so the horizontal part of the A is
truly horizontal? Explain.
1 2
b. When building the A, Chaska makes sure 108˚
that angle 1 is correct, but when he
measures angle 2, it is not correct. What does this imply about the A?
Mixed Exercises
18. PROOF Provide a reason for each statement in the proof of the Perpendicular
Transversal Converse.
 ¯ ⊥ CD 
Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary; BC    ¯ B
2
C
Prove: BA    ¯
  ¯ ǁ CD  1
Proof:
Statements Reasons
A D
  ¯ ⊥ CD 
1. BC    ¯ 1. ?
2. m∠ABC = m∠1 + m∠2 2. ?
3. ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary. 3. ?
4. m∠1 + m∠2 = 90 4. ?
5. m∠ABC = 90 5. ?
6. BA    ¯
  ¯ ⊥ BC  6. ?
7.  BA    ¯
¯ ǁ CD  7. ?
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19. PROOF Write a paragraph proof to prove the Alternate Interior t
Angles Converse. 3
Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠2 1
Prove: ℓ ∥ m 2 m
20. PROOF Write a paragraph proof to prove the Alternate Exterior t

Angles Converse. 1
Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠2
Prove: l ∥ m
3 m
2
USE TOOLS Use a compass and straightedge to construct the line through point P
that is parallel to line q.
21. 22. q
P
q
P
SukanPhoto/Shutterstock.com
23. PICTURE FRAMES Lindy is making a wooden picture frame. She 45°
cuts the top and bottom pieces at a 45° angle. If the corners are
right angles, explain how Lindy knows that each pair of
opposite sides is parallel.
24. REASONING Jim made a frame for a painting. He wants to check to make sure
that opposite sides are parallel by measuring the angles at the corners and
seeing whether they are right angles. How many corners must he check to be
sure that the opposite sides are parallel?
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25. FIND THE ERROR Sean and Daniela are determining which lines are
parallel in the figure at the right. Sean says that because ∠1 ≅ ∠2,
  ¯ ∥ XZ 
WY    ¯. Daniela disagrees and says that because ∠1 ≅ ∠2,  WX 
¯ ∥ YZ 
  ¯.
Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
a

b
26. ANALYZE Is Theorem 3.23 still true if the two lines are not coplanar?
Draw a figure to justify your argument.
W X
1
27. CREATE Draw a triangle ABC. 2
 ¯ through point A.
a. Construct the line parallel to BC  Y Z
 ¯.
b. Use measurements to justify that the line you constructed is parallel to BC 
c. Justify the construction.

a b c
28. PERSEVERE Use figure at the right to complete the

two-column proof to prove that two lines parallel
1 2
to a third line are parallel to each other. t
3 4
Given: a ∥ b and b ∥ c
Prove: a ∥ c
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. a ∥ b and b ∥ c 1. ?
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. ?
3. ? 3. ?
4. ? 4. ?
5. ? 5. ?
6. a ∥ c 6. ?
RHIMAGE/Shutterstock
29. WRITE Can a pair of angles be supplementary and congruent?

Explain your reasoning. t
1 a
5
30. PERSEVERE Refer to the figure at the right. b
4
a. If m∠1 + m∠2 = 180°, prove that a ∥ c. 3 2 c
b. Given that a ∥ c, if m∠1 + m∠3 = 180°, prove that t ⊥ c.
775_782_RM_INT1_S_M12_L09_700687.indd 782 17/04/19 9:51 AM

Lesson 12-10
Perpendiculars and Distance

Today’s Goals
Explore Distance from a Point to a Line ● Use perpendicular lines
to find the distance
O between a point and
Explore. a line.
● Find the distance
between parallel lines
INQUIRY How do you measure the distance by using perpendicular
between a point and a line? distance.
equidistant
Learn Distance Between a Point and a Line
There is an infinite number of lines that intersect a line and pass
through a given point not on the line. However, when determining Go Online
the distance between the line and the point, you must find the You can watch a video
shortest distance between the two. This distance is the length to see how to find the
of the segment that is perpendicular to the line through the point. shortest distance
between a point and a
Key Concept • Distance Between a Point and a Line line on the coordinate
The distance between a line and a point not on the line is the length of plane.
the segment perpendicular to the line from the point.
⟷
Given AB 
  and point C not on the line,
there are an infinite number of lines that A
pass through the point and intersect the Think About It!
line. The shortest distance between the If line m and point P are
point and the line is the length of the on the coordinate plane
segment that is perpendicular to the and P is not on line m,
line through the point. So, the distance B how do you find the
between C and AB   ¯ is CD. distance between P
and line m?
C
⟷
Just as there is one shortest distance from C to AB 
  , there is exactly
⟷
one line that passes through C and is perpendicular to AB 
  .
Postulate 12.14: Perpendicular Postulate
If given a line and a point not on the
line, then there exists exactly one line
through the point that is perpendicular P
to the given line.
Lesson 12-10 • Perpendiculars and Distance 783
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Example 1 Distance from a Point to a Line on the
Coordinate Plane
Line ℓ contains points (1, 2) and (5, 4). Find the y
P(1, 7)
distance between line ℓ and the point P(1, 7).
Step 1 Find the equation of line ℓ. (5, 4)

Begin by finding the slope of the line through (1, 2)
points (1, 2) and (5, 4).
y2 - y1 4- 2 1 O x
m = _____
  x - x = ____
  5 - = __
  4 or __
 
2 1 2
Then write the equation of the line using the point (1, 2).
1 1
2 = __   2 (1) + b m = __
  2 and (x, y) = (1, 2)
1
2 = __   2 + b Simplify.
__ 3 1
  2  = b Subtract __
  2 from each side.
1 3
The equation of line ℓ is y = __
  2 x + __
  2 .
Step 2 Find the equation of the line perpendicular to line ℓ.
Think About It!
Write the equation of line w that is perpendicular to line ℓ and contains
Why do you use the 1
perpendicular distance P(1, 7). Because the slope of line ℓ is __
  2 , the slope of line w is -2. Write
to find the distance the equation of line w through P(1, 7) with slope -2.
between a line and a y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
point not on the line?
7 = -2 (1) + b m = -2, (x, y) = (1, 7)
7 = -2 + b Simplify.
9=b Add 2 to each side.
The equation of the line is y = -2x + 9.
Step 3 Solve the system of equations.
Find the point of intersection of lines ℓ and w.
Study Tip Solve the system of equations to determine the point of intersection.
1 3
Solving Systems of y = __
  2 x + __
  2 Equation of line ℓ
Equations Systems of y = -2x + 9 Equation of line w
equations can be
y=3 Solve for y.
solved by graphing,
substitution, or Solve for x.
elimination. Keep this in y = -2x + 9 Equation of line w
mind when you are
finding the intersection 3 = - 2x + 9 Substitute 3 for y.
point of perpendicular -6 = -2x Subtract 9 from each side.
lines. 3=x Divide each side by -2.
The point of intersection is (3, 3). Let this be point Q.
783_792_RM_INT1_S_M12_L10_700687.indd 784 17/04/19 10:10 AM

Step 4 Calculate the distance between P and Q.
Use the Distance Formula to determine the distance between P(1, 7)
and Q(3, 3).
_________________
√
d = (x
   2 2
2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)  
______________
Distance Formula
= √ (3
  
___
- 1)2 + (3 - 7)2  x2 = 3, x1 = 1 and y2 = 3, and y1 = 7
=√
20  Simplify.
___
The distance between point P and line ℓ is √
20 or about 4.47 units.
Study Tip
y
Units of Measure
Check n 8
6 When finding the
Q(2, 4)
Line n contains points (-5, 3) and (4, -6). Find 4 distance between a
2
the distance between line n and point Q(2, 4). (−5, 3) point and a line on the
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary. coordinate plane, your
−4
(4, −6) final measurement
? −6
−8
should be labeled
with units unless the
problem is set in a
real-world context.
Apply Example 2 Solve a Design
Problem by Using Distance
AMUSEMENT PARK The y
6
developers of an
amusement park want (-1, 3) 4
to build a new attraction. 2
According to park
regulations, the entrance −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8 10 x
to each attraction must be −2
M
at least 10 yards from the ai
n
center of Main Street. In the
−4
St
re
design plans, the entrance −6 et
to the new attraction is −8
located at A(-6, -10), and
(11, -9)
Main Street contains the A (-6, -10)
−10
points (-1, 3) and (11, -9). −12

If each unit represents
1 yard, will the new attraction comply with park regulations?
1 What is the task?
Sample answer: I need to determine whether the entrance to the new
attraction is at least 10 yards from the center of Main Street. How can I
represent Main Street as a linear equation? How can I find the
perpendicular distance from the entrance to the center of Main Street?
I can review using points to write the equation of a line, and I can
review finding the perpendicular distance between a point and a line.

783_792_RM_INT1_S_M12_L10_700687.indd 785 17/04/19 10:10 AM

2 H
ow will you approach the task? What have you learned that you
Study Tip
can use to help you complete the task?
Estimation You can
also use the horizontal
Sample answer: I will use the given points to write an equation in
distance between a line slope-intercept form that can be used to represent Main Street. Then, I
and a point not on the will find the equation of a line that is perpendicular to Main Street that
line to estimate the also passes through point A. I will find the point of intersection of Main
distance between the Street and the perpendicular line that I found. Finally, I will use the
point and the line. Distance Formula, the point of intersection, and point A to calculate
When you graph the the distance between the entrance of the new attraction and the
horizontal and center of Main Street. I have learned how to calculate the slope of a
perpendicular lines that line using two points and how to use a slope and a given point to
contain the point and calculate the y-intercept. I have learned how to find the equation of a
intersect the given line, line perpendicular to a given line and through a point not on the given
a right triangle is
line. I have learned how to find the point of intersection of two lines. I
created. The horizontal
have learned how to use the Distance Formula to find the distance
distance between the
given point and line is
between two points.
the same as the length
of the hypotenuse of
the right triangle. So, Use your strategy to solve the problem.
you know the What is the equation of the line in slope-intercept form that represents
perpendicular distance, Main Street?
or the length of the
right triangle’s leg, must y = −x + 2
be less than the What is the equation of the line in slope-intercept form that is
horizontal distance perpendicular to Main Street and passes through point A?
between the point and
y=x−4
the given line.
What is the point of intersection of these two lines?
(3, −1)
What is the distance between the entrance to the new attraction and
the center of Main Street? Will the new attraction be located far
enough away from the center of Main Street to comply with park
regulations?
The new attraction will be located about 12.7 yards, so it will be
located far enough away from the center of Main Street.
your solution.
Sample answer: I can use the coordinate grid to estimate the distance
between the entrance of the new attraction and the center of Main
Street. After sketching a line that appears to be perpendicular to Main
Street through point A, I estimate the number of units between point A
and Main Street. My estimation supports my solution.
783_792_RM_INT1_S_M12_L10_700687.indd 786 17/04/19 10:10 AM

Check
y
ZONING Javier wants to
B(−3, 16)
build a shed on his 16
property. According to 12
zoning laws, the shed
must be at least 20 feet 8
from his property line. 4

Javier knows that points
A and B fall on his −16 −12 −8 −4 O 4 8 12 16 x
property line. If Javier
plans to build the shed
behind his house at −8
point C, will he satisfy −12
the zoning laws? If yes, A(−18, −14)
how far away will the −16
C(16, −16)

shed be from Javier’s
property line? Each unit
on the coordinate plane represents 1 foot.
A. no B. yes; 31.3 ft C. yes; 34.1 ft D. yes; 37.2 ft
Learn Distance Between Parallel Lines

By definition, parallel lines do not intersect. An alternate definition
states that two lines in a plane are parallel if they are always Think About It!
equidistant. Two lines are equidistant from each other if the distance How would you find
between the two lines, measured along a perpendicular line or the distance between
segment to the two lines, is always the same. two parallel planes?
Key Concept • Distance Between Parallel Lines

The distance between two P
parallel lines is the
perpendicular distance
between one of the lines
and any point on the
other line. m
Q
Theorem 12.24: Two Lines Equidistant from a Third

In a plane, if two lines are each equidistant from a third line, then the
two lines are parallel to each other.
Example If line w and line v are equidistant w
from line x, then line w and line v are
parallel.
v

783_792_RM_INT1_S_M12_L10_700687.indd 787 17/04/19 10:10 AM

Example 3 Distance Between Parallel Lines
Find the distance between the parallel lines r and t with equations
Study Tip y = -3x - 5 and y = -3x + 6, respectively.
Perpendicular Lines You need to solve a system of equations to find the endpoints of a
When you are finding segment perpendicular to lines r and t. Lines r and t have slope 3.
the equation of a line
perpendicular to a pair of Step 1 Write an equation of line q.
1
parallel lines, using the The slope of q is the opposite reciprocal of -3, or _   3 . Use the
y-intercept of one of the y-intercept of line r, (0, -5), as a point through which line q will pass.
parallel lines as a point
contained by the (y - y1) = m(x - x1) Point-slope form
perpendicular line will [y - (-5)] = _
  3 (x - 0)
1
x1 = 0, y1 = -5, and m = _
1
  3
allow for easier
1
calculations. The y=_
  3 x - 5 Solve
y-intercept is also used
Step 2 Solve the system of equations.
because it can easily be
determined when the Determine the point of intersection of lines t and q.
equation of a line is 1
t: y = -3x + 6 q: y = _
  3 x - 5
given in slope-intercept
1
form. -3x + 6 = _
  3 x - 5 Substitute.
1
6+5=_
  3 x + 3x Group like terms.
__ 33
  10 = x Solve.
Think About It!
33
Compare and contrast Solve for y when x = __
  10 .
the processes for
  3 (__
  10 ) - 5
1 33 33
finding the distance
y=_ Substitute __
  10 for x in the equation for q.
between a point and a y = - ___
39
line and for finding the 10  Simplify.
33 39
distance between The point of intersection is ( __
10 ,-
__
  10 ) or (3.3, -3.9).
parallel lines.
Step 3 Calculate the distance between lines r and t.
Use the Distance Formula to determine the distance between (0, -5)
and (3.3, -3.9).
_________________
d = (x
   √
2 2
2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)  
______________________
Distance Formula
= √
(3.3
    - 0)2 + [-3.9 - (-5)]2  x2 = 3.3, x1 = 0, y2 = -3.9, and y1 = -5
≈ 3.5 Use a calculator.
The distance between the lines is about 3.5 units.
Check
Find the distance between parallel lines a and b with equations
x + 3y = 6 and x +3y = −14, respectively. Round to the nearest
hundredth, if necessary.
?
783_792_RM_INT1_S_M12_L10_700687.indd 788 17/04/19 10:10 AM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Find the distance between point P and line ℓ.
1. Line ℓ contains points (0, -3) and (7, 4). Point P has coordinates (4, 3).
2. Line ℓ contains points (11, -1) and (-3, -11). Point P has coordinates (-1, 1).
3. Line ℓ contains points (-2, 1) and (4, 1). Point P has coordinates (5, 7).
4. Line ℓ contains points (4, -1) and (4, 9). Point P has coordinates (1, 6).
5. Line ℓ contains points (1, 5) and (4, -4). Point P has coordinates (-1, 1).
6. Line ℓ contains points (-8, 1) and (3, 1). Point P has coordinates (-2, 4).
7. DESIGN Dante is designing a poster for prom using a design program with a
coordinate grid. He starts by creating a geometric border. Dante wants the text
on the poster to be at least 3 inches away from the top left-hand corner of the
border. The border contains the points (0, 7) and (7, 14). If Dante places the text at
(7, 8), is the text at least 3 inches away from the border? If yes, how far away is the
text from the border? Let every unit represent an inch. Round your answer to the
nearest hundredth, if needed.
8. PHYSICS Mrs. Holmes’s physics class is using 3D-printing software to create

miniature bridges that can hold at least 5 pounds. Teams will print multiple parts
of the bridges and then assemble the parts. One team wants there to be at least
6 inches between the upper rail and the lower rail of the bridge. The lower rail of
the bridge contains the points (2, 10) and (16, 3). If the upper rail contains the
point (5, 1), will the bridge meet the team’s specifications? If yes, how far apart are
the rails? Let every unit represent an inch. Round your answer to the nearest
hundredth, if needed.
783_792_RM_INT1_S_M12_L10_700687.indd 789 17/04/19 10:10 AM

Example 3
Find the distance between each pair of parallel lines with the given equations.
9. y = 7 10. x = -6 11. y = 3x
y = -1 x=5 y = 3x + 10
12. y = -5x 13. y = x + 9 14. y = -2x + 5

y = -5x + 26 y=x+3 y = -2x - 5
1 5
15. y = _
  4 x + 2 16. 3x + y = 3 17. y = - __
4 x + 3.5
4y - x = -60 y + 17 = -3x 4y + 10.6 = -5x
Mixed Exercises
Find the distance from the line to the given point.
1
18. y = -3; (5, 2) 19. y = __
  6 x + 6; (-6, 5) 20. x = 4; (-2, 5)
21. TELEPHONE WIRES Isaiah works for a

telephone company. He rewired some
telephone wires on a pole. How can Isaiah
use perpendicular distances to confirm that
the wires are parallel?
lkpro/Shutterstock
783_792_RM_INT1_S_M12_L10_700687.indd 790 17/04/19 10:10 AM

22. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION A city planner is designing a new park using a map of
the city on a coordinate plane. The planner wants the entrance of the park to be
at least 4 meters away from Washington Avenue. On the map, Washington
Avenue contains the points (2, -4) and (11, -1).
a. If the city planner wants to build the entrance of the park at (3, 3), will the
entrance be at least 4 meters away from Washington Avenue? If yes, how far
away will the entrance be from the street? Let every unit represent 1 meter.
Round your answer to the nearest hundredth, if needed.
b. What assumption did you make while solving this problem?
23. Construct the line through G perpendicular 24. Construct the line through P perpendicular
⟷
to  EF . to m.
E P
G m
25. REASONING The diagram at the right shows the path that Mark
walked from the tee box to where his ball landed on the green. Is the golf ball
path the shortest possible one from the tee box to the golf ball?
Explain why or why not.
88°
tee box
¯ has a slope of 2 and midpoint M(3, 2). A segment perpendicular
26.  AB 
Ingram Publishing
¯ has midpoint P(4, -1) and shares endpoint B with  AB 

to  AB  ¯.
a. Graph the segments.
b. Find the coordinates of A and B.
27. What does it mean if the distance between a point P and
a line ℓ is zero? If the distance between two lines is zero?
28. PROOF Copy and complete the two-column proof of Theorem 12.24.
Given: ℓ is equidistant to m, and n is equidistant to m.
Prove: ℓ ǁ n
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1 . ℓ is equidistant to m, and n is equidistant to m. 1. ?
2. ? 2. Definition of equidistant
3. ? 3. Definition of parallel lines
4. ? 4. Substitution
5. ℓ ǁ n 5. ?
783_792_RM_INT1_S_M12_L10_700687.indd 791 17/04/19 10:10 AM

29. WRITE Summarize the steps that are necessary to find the distance between a
pair of parallel lines given the equations of the two lines.
30. PERSEVERE Suppose a line perpendicular to a pair of parallel lines intersects the __
lines at the points (a, 4) and (0, 6). If the distance between the parallel lines is √5 ,
find the value of a and the equations of the parallel lines.
31. ANALYZE Determine whether the following statement is sometimes, always, or never true.
The distance between a line and a plane can be found.
32. CREATE Draw an irregular convex pentagon using a straightedge.

a. Use a compass and straightedge to construct a perpendicular line between
one vertex and a side opposite the vertex.
b. Use measurement to justify that the constructed line is perpendicular to the
side chosen.
c. Use mathematics to justify this conclusion.
33. WRITE Rewrite Theorem 12.24 in terms of two planes that are equidistant from
a third plane. Sketch an example.
34. FIND THE ERROR Harold draws the segments AB and CD shown below using a
straightedge. He claims that these two lines, if extended in both directions, will
never intersect. Olga claims that the lines will eventually intersect. Who is
A B
C D
783_792_RM_INT1_S_M12_L10_700687.indd 792 17/04/19 10:10 AM

Module 12 • Logical Arguments and Line Relationships
Review
Essential Question
What makes a logical argument, and how are logical arguments used in geomtetry?
A logical argument is well organized and has statements that can be justified using postulates,
theorems, and definitions.
Module Summary
Lessons 12-1 and 12-2 Lessons 12-5 and 12-6
Conjectures and Logical Statements Proving Segment and Angle

• To show that a conjecture is not true for all Relationships
cases, find a counterexample. • The Angle Addition Postulate can be used with
• An if-then statement is a compound statement other angle relationships to prove theorems
of the form “if p, then q,” where p and q are about supplementary and complementary
statements. angles.
• The converse of a conditional statement is • The properties of algebra that apply to the
formed by exchanging the hypothesis and congruence of segments and the equality of
conclusion of the conditional statement. The their measures also hold true for the congruence
inverse is formed by negating the hypothesis of angles and the equality of their measures.
and the conclusion of the conditional statement.
The contrapositive is formed by negating the
hypothesis and the conclusion of the converse
of the conditional statement. Relationships Among Angles and Lines
• When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
there are relationships between specific pairs of
Lessons 12-3 and 12-4
angles.
Reasoning and Proof • If two lines are cut by a transversal so
• If p → q is a true statement and p is true, then corresponding angles are congruent, then the
q is true. lines are parallel.
• If p → q and q → r are true statements, then • The distance between a line and a point
p → r is a true statement. not on the line is the length of the segment
• A postulate or axiom is a statement that is perpendicular to the line from the point.
accepted as true without proof.
• A proof contains statements and reasons that Study Organizer
are organized to show progression from given
information to a conclusion. Proofs can be in a Foldables
Vocabulary
Reasoning and proof
two-column format, a flow format (using boxes Use your Foldable to review this
module. Working with a partner Reasoning
and arrows), or in a paragraph format.
can be helpful. Ask for clarification Proof
of concepts as needed. Parallels
ars
Perpendiculnce
and Dista
Module 12 Review • Logical Arguments and Line Relationships 793

Test Practice
1. OPEN RESPONSE Point B is the midpoint 5. OPEN RESPONSE Use the figure below to
of ¯
  , and point C is the midpoint of ¯
AC AD
  . If find x, m∠ABD, and m ∠DBC. (Lesson 12-6)
CD = 12, what is AB? (Lesson 12-5)
6. OPEN RESPONSE If Pine Street is parallel to

2. OPEN RESPONSE Points X, Y, and Z are Locust Street, find the values of a and b.
¯ . Find
collinear, and Y is the midpoint of  XZ  (Lesson 12-7)
the value of b. (Lesson 12-5)
X 2b + 7
98°
Y 3b - 4 Pine St
Main St
Z
a° b°
Locust St
3. MULTIPLE CHOICE Point B is between points

A and C. AB = 2x + 5 and BC = 5x - 1. What
¯? (Lesson 12-5)
is the length of  AB 
A. 4 units
B. 13 units
C. 19 units
D. 21 units
4. MULTIPLE CHOICE If m∠1 = (2x)° and

m∠3 = (3x)°, what is m∠1 in degrees?
(Lesson 12-6)
2
1 3
A. 18
B. 36
C. 54
D. 72
794 Module 12 Review • Logical Arguments and Line Relationships

7. MULTI-SELECT Select all the statements that 10. OPEN RESPONSE Write an equation in
describe parallel lines. (Lesson 12-7) slope-intercept form for the line that passes
1
A. If lines are parallel, then they are coplanar. through (-3, 2), perpendicular to y = __
  2 x + 9.
(Lesson 12-8)
B. If lines are parallel, then they are not
coplanar.
C. If lines are parallel, then they intersect.
⟷ ⟷
D. If lines are parallel, then they do not 11. OPEN RESPONSE If AB
  ∥ CD
  , what is
intersect. m∠ACD? (Lesson 12-9)
E. If lines are parallel, then they are not skew.
A B
(6x + 6)°
8. OPEN RESPONSE A line passes through (9x - 6)°
points at (9, 5) and (4, 3). What is the slope of
C D
the line perpendicular to this line? (Lesson 12-8)
9. OPEN RESONSE Three lines have these

equations: 12. MULTIPLE CHOICE In the diagram, ∠GDE
2 and ∠DEF are supplementary, but ∠GDE is
Line m: y = __
  3 x - 7 not congruent to ∠EFG.
2
Line n: y = - __
3 x + 1
( )
3
Line p: y = - __
2 x + 4 D E
Identify the lines that have a perpendicular

relationship. (Lesson 12-8) G F
Which lines are parallel? (Lesson 12-9)

⟷ ⟷
A. DE
  ∥ GF  
⟷ ⟷
 
B. DG ∥ EF  
⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷
C. DE   ∥ GF    
and DG ∥ EF
 
D. Neither pair of lines is paralle.
Module 12 Review • Logical Arguments and Line Relationships 795

13. MULTI-SELECT Using the given figure, which 15. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which indicates the
theorem(s) could be used to prove the lines correct order of steps for the construction of
are parallel? Select all that apply. a perpendicular line through a point on the
(Lesson 12-9) line using dynamic software? (Lesson 12-10)
86°
A
86° X
94°
A

A. Alternate Exterior Angles Converse
Y
B. Alternate Interior Angles Converse
C. Consecutive Interior Angles Converse
A
D. Corresponding Angles Converse
E Perpendicular Transversal Converse
F None of the above Z
A
14. OPEN RESPONSE Two ships follow the
parallel paths shown on the map.
A. X, W, Y, Z
y
4 B. X, W, Z, Y
2 C. W, X, Y, Z
−4 −2 O 2 4x D. W, X, Z, Y
−2
−4
If the length of a side of each square is

1 nautical mile, what is the shortest distance
between the two paths? Round your answer
to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 12-10)
796 Module 12 Review • Logical Arguments and Line Relationships

Module 13
Transformations
and Symmetry
Essential Question
How are rigid motions used to show geometric relationships?

KEY Before After

define congruence in terms of rigid motions

reflect figures
draw and analyze reflected figures
translate figures
draw and analyze translated figures
rotate figures
draw and analyze rotated figures
draw and analyze figures under multiple transformations
identify tessellations
identify line symmetries in two-dimensional figures
identify rotational symmetries in two-dimensional figures
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your

notes about transformations and symmetry. Begin with two
sheets of paper.
1. Fold each sheet of paper in half.
2. Open the folded papers and fold each paper lengthwise 1 2
two inches, to form a pocket.
3. Glue the sheets side-by-side to create a booklet.
4. Label each of the pockets as shown.
ctions Trans
Refle lation
s
3 4
Module 13 • Transformations and Symmetry 797

• center of symmetry • magnitude • rotational symmetry
• composition of transformations • magnitude of symmetry • semiregular tessellation
• glide reflection • order of symmetry • symmetry
• line of symmetry • point of symmetry • tessellation
• line symmetry • point symmetry • uniform tessellation
• regular tessellation
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Find the sum of 7 + (-2). Identify the ordered pair for H.
The point is 4 units left and y
-2 H(−4, 3)
3 units up.
H is located at (-4, 3).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
O x
7 + (-2) = 5
Quick Check
Find each sum. Identify each ordered pair.
1. -9 + (-5) 5. A y
2. 6 + (-4) 6. B B D
3. 1 + (-3) 7. C A
O x
4. -1 + (-7) 8. D C
How Did You Do?

798 Module 13 • Transformations and Symmetry

Lesson 13-1
Reflections
Today’s Goals
Explore Developing the Definition of a Reflection ● Use rigid motions to
reflect figures on the
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the coordinate plane and
Explore. describe the effects of
the reflections.
INQUIRY How can you define a reflection?
Learn Reflections
You’ve learned that when a figure is reflected in a line, each point of
the preimage and its corresponding point on the image are the same
distance from the line of reflection.
Key Concept • Reflection
Reflection in a Vertical Line
When a figure is reflected in a vertical line that is not the y-axis, the
y-coordinates of the image remain the same as the preimage. The distance
from a point in the preimage to the line of reflection is the same as the
distance from the corresponding point in the image to the line of reflection.
Reflection in a Horizontal Line
When a figure is reflected in a horizontal line that is not the x-axis, the
x-coordinates of the image remain the same as the preimage. The distance
from a point in the preimage to the line of reflection is the same as the
distance from the corresponding point in the image to the line of reflection.
Reflection in y = x
To reflect a point in the line y = x interchange the x- and y-coordinates;
(x, y) → (y, x).
Talk About It!
Describe the result of
Example 1 Reflection in a Horizontal or Vertical Line
the reflection.
Consider quadrilateral RSTV with vertices at R(2, 1), S(2, 4), T(5, 3),
and V(5, 4). Graph the image of quadrilateral RSTV under each
reflection. Determine the coordinates of the image.
a. in the line y = −1 b. in the line x = −2
y y
8 8
6 V 6 V
S V′ S′ S
4 4
2 T 2 T
R T′ R′ R
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
R′ T′
−4 −4
−6 −6
Go Online
−8 S′ V′ −8 You can complete an
Extra Example online.
R′(2, -3), S′(2, -6), R′(-6, 1), S′(-6, 4),
T′(5, -5), V′(5, -6) T′(-9, 3), V′(-9, 4)
Lesson 13-1 • Reflections 799
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Check
Triangle BCD has coordinates B(-3, 3), y C
B
C(1, 4), and D(-2, -4).
Select the coordinates of the vertices of the
image after a reflection in the line x = 3. O x
A B'(3, 3), C'(-1, 4), D'(2, -4)

B B'(-3, -3), C'(1, -4), D'(-2, 4) D
C B'(9, 3), C'(5, 4), D'(8, -4)
D B'(-3, -3), C'(1, 2), D'(-2, 10)
Example 2 Reflection in the Line y = x

DESIGN Winona is designing a logo for her blog header. She graphs
a figure on the coordinate plane and wants to reflect it in the line
y = x to complete the basic shape for her logo design. What are the
coordinates of the vertices of the image after the reflection?
(x, y) → (y, x) y B
8
A(−2, 1) → A'(1, -2)
6
CD
B(1, 8) → B'(8, 1) 4 D
C(1, 4) → C'(4, 1) 2 E C B
A E
D(4, 4) → D'(4, 4) −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
y=x
E(2, 2) → E'(2, 2) −4 A
−6
−8
Check
LANDSCAPE Tomas is designing a sculpture garden for an art
museum. There is a sidewalk connecting the center of the museum
entrance to the edge of the lawn. Tomas has a set of 4 sculptures in a
series that he wants to be equidistant from this sidewalk. He plotted
positions for Q and X on the graph. If pieces Q and R are a pair and X
and Y are a pair, where will pieces R and Y be placed in the garden?
A R(3, 1), Y(4, 2)
y
B R(3, -1), Y(4, -2)
C R(-3, 1), Y(-4, 2) X
Q
D R(-3, -1), Y(-4, -2)
Museum Entrance
Go Online
You may want to
complete the
for this lesson.
799_802_RM_INT1_S_M13_L01_700687.indd 800 17/04/19 9:17 AM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Graph the image of each figure under the given reflection. Determine the
coordinates of the image.
1. △ABC in the line y = x 2. trapezoid DEFG in the line x = -1
y y
E F
A
B
O x O x
C D G
3. parallelogram RSTU in the line y = x 4. square KLMN in the line y = -2

y S y M
R L
N
O x K O x
T
U
5. Determine the coordinates of S(-7, 1) after a reflection in the line y = 3.
6. Determine the coordinates of Q(6, -4) after a reflection in the line x = 2.
7.
BANNERS Fiona is making a banner in the shape of a triangle for a school project.
She graphs the banner on a coordinate plane with vertices at P(0, 4), Q(2, 8), and
R(-3, 6). She wants to reflect the banner over the line x = 1. Draw the image of
the banner reflected in the line x = 1.
8. SANDBOX Aliyah is drawing the top view of a square sandbox on a coordinate

plane with vertices at D(1, 1), E(1, 6), F(6, 6), and G(6, 1). She wants to change the
location of the sandbox so that it is in the shade. She reflects the sandbox in
the line x = 1. Find the coordinates of the image of the sandbox.
Mixed Exercises
9. Determine the coordinates of W(-7, 4) after a reflection in the line y = 9.
Lesson 13-1 • Reflections 801
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Graph each figure and its image under the given reflection.
10. rectangle ABCD with vertices A(-5, 2), B(1, 2), C(1, -1), and D(-5, -1) in the line y = -2
11. △FGH with vertices F(-3, 2), G(-4, -1), and H(-6, -1) in the line y = x
12. △STU with vertices S(-3, -2), T(-2, 3), and U(2, 2) in the line y = x
13. △CDE with vertices C(-3, 6), D(-1, 1), and E(3, 5) in the line y = 3x
14. Naveen plotted his triangular garden on a coordinate plane. y
What are the vertices of the image of his garden if it is reflected in

the line y = x?
15. The image of A(-1, 1) after a reflection is A′(-1, -3). Which reflection O x
produces the image of A?
16. FIND THE ERROR For the graph at the right, Evelyn maintains that y
F
AEFG is a reflection of ABCD because it fits the definition of a E
B
reflection in the line y = x. She reasons that A is the same point in
each figure because it is on the line of reflection and the remaining G C
vertices are equidistant from that line. Do you agree with Evelyn’s A
O D x
analysis? Explain your reasoning.
17. CREATE Create five points on the coordinate plane to form the
letter M. Find their image under a reflection in the line y = x.
18. WRITE Describe how to reflect a figure not on the coordinate plane in a line.
19. PERSEVERE A point in the second quadrant with coordinates (-a, b) is reflected in
the line y = -x. What are the coordinates of the image?
20. PERSEVERE When A(4, 3) is reflected in a line, its image is A'(-1, 0). Find the
equation of the line of reflection. Explain your reasoning.
21. ANALYZE Is the image of a point reflected in a line sometimes, always, or never
located on the other side of the line of reflection? Justify your argument.
22. WRITE Suppose points P, Q, and R are collinear with point Q between points P
and R. Describe a plan for a proof that the reflection of points P, Q, and R in a line
preserves collinearity and betweenness of points.
799_802_RM_INT1_S_M13_L01_700687.indd 802 17/04/19 9:17 AM

Lesson 13-2
Translations
Today’s Goals
Explore Developing the Definition of a Translation ● Determine the
translation vector.
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the
Explore.
magnitude
INQUIRY How can you define a translation?
Learn Translations y
K
You’ve learned that a translation is a B
function in which all of the points of a
figure move the same distance in the J L
O x
same direction as described by a
translation vector. A C
When a translation has been applied

to a figure:
1. The distance between each 2. The segments that connect

pair of corresponding vertices each pair of corresponding
is the same. vertices are parallel.
Recall that a translation vector describes the magnitude and direction
of the translation. The magnitude of a vector is its length from the
initial point to the terminal point.
Example 1 Determine a Translation Vector

K y K Study Tip
Determine whether a translation maps Translations If the
△JKL onto △J′K′L′. If so, find the distance between each
J
translation vector. If not, explain why. J pair of corresponding
L L vertices is not the same,
△J′K′L′ is not a translation of △JKL. O x
then the figure was not
The distances between corresponding translated. You do not
vertices are not equal. have to check that the
slopes are the same.
Check
y
Determine whether a translation maps
△JKL onto △J'K'L'. If so, find the translation
vector. If not, explain why.
J Go Online
A yes; 〈5, 3〉 You can complete an
O x
B yes; 〈3, 5〉 J K Extra Example online.
C No; this is a reflection. L
D No; the triangles are not congruent. K
Lesson 13-2 • Translations 803
803_806_RM_INT1_S_M13_L02_700687.indd 803 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Apply Example 2 Translations on the Coordinate
Plane
y
SCAVENGER HUNT Travis is on a 10
Talk About It! scavenger hunt at the lake. He needs

8
to swim to the nearest buoy, pick up a
Is the shortest distance
between the buoy and card, and then swim until he reaches 6
the boat the same a fisherman who will give him the
length as the next clue in exchange for the card. 4
Buoy
translation vector? Describe the translation from the
Justify your argument. buoy to the fisherman’s boat by 2
Fisherman’s boat
using a translation vector. x
5 10
1 What is the task?
Sample answer: I need to determine the translation vector that
describes Travis’s route from the buoy to the fisherman’s boat. What
are the locations of the buoy and the fisherman’s boat? How can I
determine the magnitude and direction of the translation vector? I can
reread the problem and review the definition of vector to find the
magnitude and direction of the translation vector.
2 H
Sample answer: I will find the coordinates of the buoy and the
fisherman’s boat. I will determine the length in the x- and y-directions
and the general direction of Travis’s route. Then, I will determine the
translation vector that describes that route. I have learned how to
understand points on the coordinate plane, and I have learned how to
describe translations using translation vectors.
Describe the location of the buoy on the coordinate plane. (3, 2)
Describe the location of the fisherman’s boat on the coordinate
plane. (8, 1)
Describe the direction of Travis’s route. Sample answer: from the buoy
toward the fisherman’s boat
What is the translation vector that can be used to describe Travis’s
route? 〈5, -1〉
solution.
Sample answer: When I apply the translation vector to Travis’s position
when he is at the buoy, Travis will arrive at the fisherman’s boat.
Therefore, the translation vector describes Travis’s route from the buoy
to the fisherman’s boat.
803_806_RM_INT1_S_M13_L02_700687.indd 804 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
1. Determine whether a translation maps 2. Determine whether a translation maps
△JKL onto △J′K′L′. If so, find the quadrilateral LMNP onto quadrilateral
translation vector. If not, explain why. L′M′N′P′. If so, find the translation vector.
If not, explain why.
K y y P
L
P
J L
K O x O x
L N M
J L N M
3. WALLPAPER A wallpaper design consists of repeated translations y
of a single isosceles triangle. The pattern is shown overlaid on a 5
coordinate plane. The space above the triangle around the

coordinate (5, 1) should be filled with a missing triangle. What are
the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle that fill this space O 5 x
consistently with the rest of the pattern?
4. FURNITURE Alejandro plotted the location of a reclining y

chair and an end table on a coordinate plane. The end table
is represented by the circle, and the chair is represented by
the square with solid sides. The image of the chair along a
translation is represented by the square with dashed sides.
a. Describe this translation of the chair.
O x
b. D
raw the image of the end table under the same
translation that you described in part a.
Mixed Exercises
Copy the graph. Draw and label the image of each
figure after the given translation.
5. 3 units to the left 6. translation vector 〈1, -2.5〉 7. translation vector 〈-5, -7〉
y E y y S
D
X
T
O x O x O x
G F
Z Y
Lesson 13-2 • Translations 805
803_806_RM_INT1_S_M13_L02_700687.indd 805 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Name the image of each point after the given translation vector.
8. F(−3, 1); 〈5, −1〉 9. Q(4, −2); 〈−2, −5〉 10. P(9, 1.5); 〈3, −0.5〉
11. T
he image of A(−3, −5) under a translation is A′(6, −1). Find the image of B(3, −2) under the
same translation.
12. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Explain why △A′B′C′ with vertices A′(−1, −2), B′(0, 0), and C′(−6, 0)
is not a translation image of △ABC with vertices A(1, 2), B(0, 0), and C(6, 0).
Q
Q
13. Determine whether △P′Q′R′ is a translation image of △PQR. Explain. P R
P R
14. D
etermine the translation vector that moves every point of a preimage
4 units left and 6 units up?

15. PERSEVERE Yolanda reflects an object in the line y = −1. Then she reflects it in the line y = 1.
Describe the translation.
16. ANALYZE Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true for
translations. Justify your argument.
a. Lengths and angle measures of the image are preserved.
b. A
ll the segments drawn from a vertex of the preimage to the corresponding vertex of the
image are parallel.
c. The vector 〈a, b〉 will translate each coordinate of a preimage a units right and b units up.
17. WRITE A square in the coordinate plane has vertices of (2, 3), (4, 3), (2, 1), and (4, 1). It is translated
such that one of the vertices is at the origin. Find the coordinates of each vertex of the image if
the translation vector has the least possible length. Explain your reasoning. Draw the image and
preimage on a coordinate plane.
18. PERSEVERE A triangle with vertices (−3, 1), (−1, 4), and (1, 1) represents the area on a map
covered by a fleet of fishing ships, where each square represents a square mile. This region is
translated along the vector 〈4, −5〉. Draw the fleet and its image. List the vertices of the image.
What distance has the coverage area been moved?

803_806_RM_INT1_S_M13_L02_700687.indd 806 17/04/19 9:22 AM

Lesson 13-3
Rotations
Today’s Goals
Explore Developing the Definition of a Rotation ● Use rigid motions to
rotate figures about
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the points that are not the
Explore. origin and describe the
effects of the rotations.
INQUIRY How can you define a rotation?
Learn Rotations About Points that Are Not the Origin

Key Concept • Rotation
A rotation about a fixed point P through an angle of a° is a function that Think About It!
maps point M to point M′ such that: y Why does MP have to
M' be equal to M′P for the
• point P does not move, rotation to occur?
• m∠MPM′ is a°, and M
a°
• MP = M′P P
|MP| = |M'P|
When a point is rotated 90°, 180°, or 270°
counterclockwise about the origin, you can use O x
the following rules to determine the coordinates of an image. A rotation

of 360° will map an image onto the preimage.
Rotations on the Coordinate Plane (About the Origin)
90° Rotation (x, y) → (−y, x)
180° Rotation (x, y) → (−x, −y)
270° Rotation (x, y) → (y, −x)
When combined with translations, these rules can also be used to
rotate figures about points that are not the origin.
Example 1 Rotation About a Point That Is Not

the Origin
B y
8
Triangle ABC has vertices A(−8, 5), B(−6, 9), and C(−3, 6). Graph
6
△ABC and its image after a rotation of 180° about (−5, 3). A C 4
2
Step 1 Graph △ABC.
−8 −6 −4 −2O 2 4 6 8x
Step 2 Map the center of rotation to the origin. −4
−6
To map the center of rotation to the origin, translate the center of −8
rotation along the vector 〈5, -3〉. Then translate the vertices of
△ABC along the same vector.
(x, y) → (x + 5, y - 3) Go Online
You can complete an
A(-8, 5) → (-3, 2) B(-6, 9) → (-1, 6) C(-3, 6) → (2, 3)
Lesson 13-3 • Rotations 807
807_810_RM_INT1_S_M13_L03_700687.indd 807 17/04/19 9:29 AM

Step 3 Rotate 180° about the origin.
(x, y) → (-x, -y)
A(−3, 2) → (3, -2)
B(−1, 6) → (1, -6)
C(2, 3) → (-2, -3)
Step 4 Map the center of rotation to its original position.
Study Tip To map the center of rotation to its original position, translate the
Approximations When center of rotation along the vector 〈-5, 3〉. Then translate the
you are describing the vertices of the rotated triangle along the same vector.
effects of a rotation,
B y
you can approximate (x, y) → (x - 5, y + 3) 8
the orientation and A(3, −2) → A'(-2, 1) A C 4
6
location of the rotated A′ 2
B(1, −6) → B'(-4, -3) C′
figure without making −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
any calculations. You
C(−2, −3) → C'(-7, 0) B′ −4
will know the shape −6
and size of the image −8
because angle
measures and lengths Check
are preserved.
Triangle PQR has vertices P(2, 1),
Q(2, 4), and R(5, 1). Graph △PQR
and its image after a rotation 270°
counterclockwise about (7, 5).
Use a Source
Find an example of a
flag that has elements
that can be created
using a rotation.
Describe the center
and angle of rotation. Example 2 Describe the Effect of a Rotation
FLAGS Kendrick is working y
with a team in his social 8
studies class to create a new
6
country and its government.
Kendrick is responsible for 4
creating the country’s flag. He
2
is using geometry software to
design the flag on the O 5 10 15 x
coordinate plane. Describe how
the two yellow stars would be affected if they were rotated 90°
counterclockwise about the center of the white star.
If the stars were rotated, they would curve around the top-left sides of
the white star. Together the preimage and the image would create a
semicircle of yellow stars above the white star.
807_810_RM_INT1_S_M13_L03_700687.indd 808 17/04/19 9:29 AM

Practice
Examples 1 and 2
1. Triangle XYZ has vertices X(0, 2), Y(4, 4), and Z(3, -1). Graph △XYZ
and its image after a rotation of 180° about (2, -3).
2. Triangle ABC has vertices A(1, 7), B(3, 2), and C(-2, -2). Graph
△ABC and its image after a rotation of 270° counterclockwise
about (-4, 2).
3. Triangle FGH has vertices F(-3, 4), G(2, 0), and H(-1, -2). Graph △FGH
and its image after a rotation of 180° about (-3, -6). y
36
27
4. Quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(-2, 4), B(1, 3), C(2, -3), and
D(-3, -1). Graph quadrilateral ABCD and its image after a rotation
of 90° counterclockwise about (-1, 2). 18
9
5. BASEBALL A scale drawing of a baseball field is shown on the
x
coordinate plane, where home plate is at (3, 3), first base is
O 9 18 27 36
at (13, 3), second base is at (13, 13), and third base is at (3, 13).
Suppose the baseball field is rotated 270° counterclockwise
about second base, what are the coordinates of each base?
Mixed Exercises
6. Point Q with coordinates (4, -7) is rotated 270° clockwise about
(5, 1). What are the coordinates of its image?
7. Parallelogram JKLM has vertices J(2, 1), K(7, 1), L(6, -3), and M(1, -3).
What are the coordinates of the image of K if the parallelogram is
rotated 270° counterclockwise about (-2, -1)?
Q
8. USE TOOLS Use a protractor and ruler to draw a rotation of △PQR 210°
P
about T. R
T
9. The line segment XY with endpoints X(3, 1) and Y(2, -2) is rotated
90° counterclockwise about (-6, 4). What are the endpoints of X ′Y ′ ? N
W E
10. HIKING A damaged compass points northwest instead of north. If
you travel west by the compass, what is your angle of rotation to
true north? S
Lesson 13-3 • Rotations 809
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11.
A circular dial with the digits 0 through 9 evenly spaced around its
edge is rotated clockwise 36°. How many times would you have to
perform this rotation in order to bring the dial back to its original
orientation?
12. Under a rotation about the origin, the point A(5, -1) is mapped to the
point A′(1, 5). What is the image of the point B(-4, 6) under this
rotation? Explain.

13. CREATE Draw a right triangle ABC and point P not on the triangle.
a. Rotate triangle ABC about point P 90° counterclockwise.
b. N
ame a clockwise rotation that would map triangle ABC onto
triangle A′B′C′.
14. In the figure, △D′E′F′ is the image of △DEF after a rotation about
D
point Z.
a. What is the distance from E′ to Z? Justify your reasoning. F
b. What is m∠FZF ′? Justify your reasoning. E
D
31°
Z 38°
15. ANALYZE What is the result of a rotation followed by another 18 cm E
19 cm F
rotation about the same point? Give an example.
16. FIND THE ERROR Thomas claims that a reflection in the x-axis
followed by a reflection in the y-axis is the same thing as a rotation.
Is Thomas correct? Explain your reasoning.
17. WRITE Which properties of a figure are preserved under a rotation

from the preimage to the image? Explain.
18. FIND THE ERROR Shanice is looking at the figure shown, which B B
shows two congruent triangles. She measures the angle that
rotates A to A′ about O and finds it to be 30°. She measures the A
A C
angle that rotates B to B ′ about O and also finds it to be 30°.
She then claims that because the two triangles are congruent, C
a 30° rotation has occurred about point O. Is Shanice correct?
Explain your reasoning. O
19. WRITE Are collinearity and betweenness of points maintained under

rotations? Explain.
807_810_RM_INT1_S_M13_L03_700687.indd 810 17/04/19 9:29 AM

Lesson 13-4
Compositions of Transformations
Today’s Goals
Explore Reflections in Two Lines ● Determine the image
of a figure after a
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the composition of
Explore. transformations.
● Describe the
transformation that
INQUIRY How is a figure affected by
produces the same
reflections in two lines? image as a reflection
in two lines.
Learn Compositions of Transformations Today’s Vocabulary

composition of
When a transformation is applied to a figure and then another transformations
transformation is applied to its image, the result is called a composition glide reflection
of transformations. A glide reflection is one type of composition of
transformations.
A glide reflection is the composition of a translation followed by a Think About It!
reflection in a line parallel to the translation vector. Compare and contrast
glide reflections and
Theorem 13.1: Composition of Isometries
compositions of
The composition of two (or more) isometries is an isometry. transformations.
You will prove one case of Theorem 13.1 in Exercise 29.
So, the composition of two or more isometries—reflections, translations, or

rotations—results in an image that is congruent to its preimage.
Example 1 Glide Reflection

Triangle PQR has vertices P(1, 1), Q(2, 5), and R(4, 2).Determine the
coordinates of the vertices of the image after a translation along
〈-4, 0〉 and a reflection in the x-axis.
Q y Q
Step 1 Graph △PQR.
Step 2 G
raph the image of △PQR after a R
R
translation along the vector 〈-4, 0〉. P
P
(x, y) → (x - 4, y) P" O x
P(1, 1) → P′(-3, 1) R
Q(2, 5) → Q′(-2, 5)
R(4, 2) → R′(0, 2)
Q
Study Tip
Step 3 Graph the image of △P′Q′R′ after a reflection in the x-axis.
Use double primes to
(x, y) → (x, –y) indicate the image
P′(-3, 1) → P″(-3, -1) created by the second
Q′(-2, 5) → Q″(-2, -5) transformation in the
R′(0, 2) → R″(0, -2) composition.
Lesson 13-4 • Compositions of Transformations 811
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Check
Triangle JKL has vertices J(6, -1), K(10, -2), and L(5, -3). Determine the
coordinates of the vertices of the image after a translation along 〈0, 4〉
Talk About It!
and a reflection in the y-axis.
Do any points remain
invariant, or unchanged, J″ ( ? , ? ), K″ ( ? , ? ), L″ ( ? , ? )
under glide reflections?
under compositions
of transformations?
Example 2 Composition of Isometries
Explain.
Triangle ABC has vertices A(-6, -2), B(-5, -5), and C(-2, -1).
Graph △ABC and its image after a rotation 180° about the origin
and a translation along 〈-2, 4〉.
Step 1 Graph △ABC. y B

8
A
Step 2 G
raph the image of △ABC after 6 B
4 C
rotation 180° about the origin.
2
C A
(x, y) → (-x, -y)
−8 −6 −4 C O2 4 6 8 x
A(-6, -2) → A′(6, 2) A
−4
B(-5, -5) → B′(5, 5) B −6
−8
C(-2, -1) → C′(2, 1)
Step 3 Graph the image of △A′B′C′ after a translation along 〈-2, 4〉.
(x, y) → (x - 2, y + 4)
A′(6, 2) → A″(4, 6)
B′(5, 5) → B″(3, 9)
C′(2, 1) → C″(0, 5)
Check
 ¯ are C(-7, 1) and D(-3, 2). Graph CD
The endpoints of CD  ¯ and its
image after a reflection in the x-axis and a rotation 90° about the
origin.
811_818_RM_INT1_S_M13_L04_700687.indd 812 17/04/19 9:38 AM

Learn Compositions of Two Reflections Think About It!
The composition of two reflections can result in the same image as a In what type of
translation or rotation. intersecting lines will
a composition of two
Theorem 13.2: Reflections in Parallel Lines
reflections form a 180°
The composition of two reflections in d rotation?
parallel lines can be described by a
translation vector that is
k
• perpendicular to the two lines and

• twice the distance between the
two lines. P P' P
2d
Theorem 13.3: Reflections in Intersecting Lines

The composition of two reflections in
intersecting lines can be described by a
rotation that is A
• a
bout the point where the lines A k
intersect and 2x°
Go Online
x°
• t hrough an angle that is twice the A proof of Theorem
P A
measure of the acute or right angle 13.3 is available.
formed by the lines.
Example 3 Reflect a Figure in Two Lines

Reflect each figure in line n and then line q. Then describe a single
transformation that maps the preimage onto the final image.
a. B By Theorem 13.2, the composition
of two reflections in parallel
A C horizontal lines n and q is
n
A C equivalent to a vertical translation
3 in.
3
8 down 2 __ 8 or
B q _ 3
  4 inches.
B"
A" C"
b. q By Theorem 13.3, the composition
B" C"
of two reflections in intersecting
A" lines n and q is equivalent to a
D" C
D 2 · 25° or 50° counterclockwise
B n
A rotation about the intersection
A B point of lines n and q.
25° D C
811_818_RM_INT1_S_M13_L04_700687.indd 813 17/04/19 9:38 AM

Check
Copy the diagram. Reflect n m
quadrilateral ABCD in
line m and then line n. Then
describe a single transformation D A
that maps ABCD onto A″B″C″D″.
4.2 m
C B
Think About It!

How can you tell that
△ABC needs to be
rotated 180° before
Example 4 Determine Congruence
being translated? Use Are triangles ABC and DEF congruent? If so, what composition of
the orientation of transformations maps △ABC onto △ DEF?
△DEF to justify your
argument. Because △ABC can be mapped y
onto △DEF by a 180° rotation C
about the origin and a translation
along vector 〈3, 0〉,
△ABC is congruent to △DEF. A B
O E D x
Go Online
An alternate method
is available for this F
example.
Example 5 Describe Transformations

DESIGN PATTERNS Describe the transformations that are combined
to create the pattern shown.
The pattern is created by successive translations of the first third of the

design. So this pattern can be created by combining two reflections in
a pair of parallel lines.
811_818_RM_INT1_S_M13_L04_700687.indd 814 17/04/19 9:38 AM

Practice
Example 1
Graph each figure with the given vertices and its image after the indicated
glide reflection.
1. △RST: R(1, -4), S(6, -4), T(5, -1) 2. △JKL: J(1, 3), K(5, 0), L(7, 4)
Translation: along 〈2,0〉 Translation: along 〈-3, 0〉
Reflection: in x-axis Reflection: in x-axis
3. △DFG: D(2, 8), F(1, 2), G(4, 6) 4. △MPQ: M(-4, 3), P(-5, 8), Q(-1, 6)
Translation: along 〈3, 3〉 Translation: along 〈-4, -4〉
Reflection: in y = x Reflection: in y = x
Example 2
Graph each figure with the given vertices and its image after the indicated
composition of transformations.
¯ W(-4, 6) and X(-4, 1)
5.  WX:   ¯ A(-3, 2) and B(3, 8)
6. AB:
Reflection: in x-axis Rotation: 90° about origin
Rotation: 90° about origin Translation: along 〈4, 4〉
¯: F(1, 1) and G(6, 7)

7.  FG ¯: R(2, -1) and S(6, -5)
8.  RS
Reflection: in x-axis Translation: along 〈-2, -2〉
Rotation: 180° about origin Reflection: in y-axis
811_818_RM_INT1_S_M13_L04_700687.indd 815 17/04/19 9:38 AM

Example 3
Copy and reflect each figure in line u and then line v. Then describe a single
transformation that maps the preimage onto the image.
9. u 10. u v
B E F
A v
25°
C
D G 1 in.
2
u 12. u
11.
45° X
v
v
P Q
S R
Example 4
Is △JKL congruent to △MNP? If so, what composition of transformations maps
△JKL onto △MNP?
13. y P 14. y
J
L
L K
N
O x O x
N M M
J K
P
15. y 16. y
N J N
L
P M
J K
O x O x
P
M K
L
Example 5
17. Describe the transformations that are combined to create each border.
18. Describe the transformations that are combined to create the pattern.
811_818_RM_INT1_S_M13_L04_700687.indd 816 17/04/19 9:38 AM

Mixed Exercises
Draw and label the image of each figure after the given composition of
transformations.
19. 270° rotation about the origin 20. reflection in the y-axis followed by
followed by translation along 〈2,−2〉 180° rotation about the origin
y y
D E
O F x O Q x
P
R
S
Determine the coordinates of the preimage given the image and

composition of transformations. y
21. reflection in the x-axis, reflection in the y-axis
22. rotation 180° about origin, translation 3 units up

O x
23. reflection in the y-axis, translation 2 units left
24. Point K is reflected over line p and then over line d. If lines p and
d are parallel and 2.8 feet apart, what single translation maps
K onto K″?
Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true.

25. A composition of two reflections is a rotation.
26. A composition of two translations is a rotation.
27. A reflection in the x-axis followed by a reflection in the y-axis leaves

a point in its original location.
28. A translation along 〈a, b〉 followed by the translation along 〈c, d〉 is the
translation along 〈a + c, b + d〉.
811_818_RM_INT1_S_M13_L04_700687.indd 817 17/04/19 9:38 AM

PROOF Write a paragraph proof for one case of the Composition
29.
of Isometries Theorem.
S'

Given: A translation along 〈a, b〉 maps R to R' and S to S'. a
S
A reflection in a maps R' to R" and S' to S".
  ¯
  ¯ ≅ R"S" 
Prove: RS  R'
R
R''
S''
PROOF Write a two-column proof of Theorem 4.2.

30.
p q

Given: A reflection in line p maps BC    ¯.
  ¯ to B'C' 
  ¯ to B"C". 
A reflection in line q maps B'C'    ¯ C C' C''
p ∣∣ q, AD = x
  ¯ ⊥ p, BB" 
Prove: a. BB"    ¯ ⊥ q
b. BB" = 2x A D
B B' B''
x
31. ANALYZE When a rotation and a reflection are performed as a composition of
transformations on a figure, does the order of the transformations sometimes,
always, or never affect the location of the final image? Justify your argument.
32. FIND THE ERROR Daniel and Lolita are translating △XYZ along y
〈2, 2〉 and reflecting it in the line y = 2. Daniel says that the
transformation is a glide reflection. Lolita disagrees and says
that the transformation is a composition of transformations. Is Y
either of them correct? Explain your reasoning. O x
X Z
y
33. PERSEVERE If PQRS is translated along 〈3, -2〉, reflected in
y = -1, and rotated 90° about the origin, what are the Q
coordinates of P‴ Q‴ R‴ S‴? P
O x
R
S
34. ANALYZE If an image will be reflected in the line y = x and the

x-axis, does the order of reflections affect the final image?
Explain.
811_818_RM_INT1_S_M13_L04_700687.indd 818 17/04/19 8:24 PM

Lesson 13-5
Tessellations
Today’s Goals
Explore Creating Tessellations ● Use transformations to
classify tessellations
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the Explore. and identify figures that
tessellate the plane.
INQUIRY When will a regular polygon not
given polygons
tessellate the plane? tessellate the plane
and describe
transformations used
to create tessellations.
Learn Types of Tessellations
Compositions of tessellation
transformations can be regular tessellation
120° 60°
used to create patterns 120° 60° semiregular
from polygons. A tessellation
tessellation is a repeating uniform tessellation
pattern of one or more
vertex
figures that covers a plane
with no overlapping or empty spaces. A tessellation can be created by
transforming the same figure or set of figures in a plane. The sum of the
measures of the angles around a vertex of a tessellation is 360°. Talk About It!
Can an isosceles
A regular tessellation is formed by only
trapezoid be used to
one type of regular polygon. A regular 60° create a tessellation? a
polygon will tessellate if it has an interior 60° 60° regular tessellation?
angle measure that is a factor of 360°. 60° 60° Justify your arguments.
60°
A semiregular tessellation is formed
by two or more regular polygons. The
tessellation shown is made up of only equilateral triangles, so it is a
regular tessellation.
A tessellation can contain any type of polygon. A tessellation is a
uniform tessellation if it contains the same arrangement of shapes
and angles at each vertex.
Uniform Not Uniform
The four angles at each vertex

have the same measures as There are There are
the four angles at every other two angles four angles
vertex. at this vertex. at this vertex.
Lesson 13-5 • Tessellations 819
819_824_RM_INT1_S_M13_L05_700687.indd 819 17/04/19 9:41 AM

Example 1 Regular Tessellation
Determine whether a regular 16-gon will tessellate the plane. Explain.
Let x represent the measure of an interior angle of a regular 16-gon.
180(n - 2)
x = ________
  n
180(16 − 2)
=  ________
16
= 157.5°
Because 157.5° is not a factor of 360°, a regular 16-gon will not
Check
Determine whether a regular decagon will tessellate the plane. Explain.
Because ? a factor of 360°, a regular decagon ?
Math History Minute tessellate the plane.
Although she had only
a high-school education,
Marjorie Rice (1923–2017) Example 2 Semiregular Tessellation
devoted her life to finding
Determine whether a semiregular tessellation can be created from
ways to tessellate a plane
regular octagons and squares that all have sides 1 unit long. If so,
with pentagons. She
eventually discovered how many regular octagons and squares are needed at each vertex
four new types of to create the tessellation.
tessellating pentagons Try to draw a pattern that has no empty spaces using only
and more than 60 distinct regular octagons and squares. In the pattern, the vertices
tessellations by
are formed by two regular octagons and one square.
pentagons. 180(8 -2)
Each interior angle of a regular octagon measures _______
  8 
or 135°. Each interior angle of a square measures 90°.
The sum of the measures of the angles around a vertex of a tessellation
is 360°. If there are x regular octagons and y squares at a vertex, then the
equation 135x + 90y = 360 can be used to verify that if there are two
regular octagons at a vertex, then there is also a square at the vertex.
Let x = 2. 135x + 90y = 360 Original equation
135(2) + 90y = 360 Substitution
270 + 90y = 360 Simplify.
y=1 Solve for y.
So, a semiregular tessellation can be created from two regular

octagons and one square.
Check
Determine whether a semiregular tessellation can be created from
Go Online
squares and equilateral triangles that all have sides 1 unit long? If so,
You can complete an
how many squares and equilateral triangles are needed at each vertex
to create the tessellation?
819_824_RM_INT1_S_M13_L05_700687.indd 820 17/04/19 9:41 AM

Example 3 Classify a Tessellation
TILES Tiles for kitchen backsplashes come in many
shapes that can create unique patterns. The
pattern shown is created with rectangular tiles.
Determine whether the pattern is a tessellation. If
so, describe it as uniform, not uniform, regular, not
regular, or semiregular.
The pattern is a tessellation
because there are no
empty spaces and the sum
of the angles at the
different vertices is 360°.
The tessellation is not
uniform because at vertex
A there are four angles
and at vertex B there are
three angles.
The tessellation is not
regular because a
rectangular tile is used to
create the pattern and a
rectangle is not a regular
polygon.
Check
WEAVING Basket weaving is one of the oldest art
forms of human civilization, dating back to 5000 B.C.
Throughout the years, different cultures have
created hundreds of basket patterns. Which terms
describe the pattern shown?
Learn Transformations in Tessellations Go Online

Not all polygons have to be regular to tessellate the plane. Any triangle You may want to
is capable of tessellating the plane because the sum of the measures complete the Concept
of its interior angles is 180°. Check to check your
understanding.
Any quadrilateral is capable of tessellating the plane. Because a
quadrilateral can be formed by two triangles, the sum of the interior
angles of a quadrilateral is 2 ⋅ 180° or 360°.
Even though all triangles and quadrilaterals can tessellate the plane, not
all polygons can. Only fifteen known types of convex pentagons and
three types of convex hexagons can tessellate the plane. If a convex
polygon has seven or more sides, then it cannot tessellate the plane.
819_824_RM_INT1_S_M13_L05_700687.indd 821 17/04/19 9:41 AM

Think About It!
Example 4 Identify Transformations in a Tessellation
Can the same Will an isosceles triangle sometimes, always, or never tessellate the
tessellation be created plane? Describe the transformation(s) that can be used to create the
using only two types of tessellation shown below.
transformations? If so,
describe the Because all triangles tessellate the plane, an isosceles triangle will
transformations. always tessellate the plane.
B D
A C
Triangle A can be rotated 180° about the

midpoint of its right leg to create Triangle B. B
A
Triangles C and D can be

created by translating A B D
and B along a vector. A C
Triangles A, B, C,
and D can be
reflected in the
line that
contains the B D
A C
bases of
Triangles B and D to create the tessellation.
So, the tessellation can be created using rotations,

translations, and reflections.
Check
Will a kite sometimes, always, or never tessellate the
plane?
Describe the transformation(s) that can be used to
create the tessellation shown. Select all that apply.
A. rotation and translation
B. rotation and reflection
C. reflection and translation
819_824_RM_INT1_S_M13_L05_700687.indd 822 17/04/19 9:41 AM

Practice
Example 1
Determine whether each regular polygon will tessellate the plane. Explain.
1. pentagon 2. hexagon. 3. 9-gon
Example 2
Determine whether a semiregular uniform tessellation can be created from the

given shapes, assuming that all sides are 1 unit long. If so, determine the number
of each shape needed at each vertex to create the tessellation.
4. regular pentagons and squares
5. regular hexagons and equilateral triangles
Example 3
Determine whether the pattern is a tessellation. If so, describe it as uniform, not

uniform, regular, not regular, or semiregular.
6. 7. 8.
Example 4
Determine whether a tessellation can be created from each figure. If so, describe
the transformation(s) that can be used to create the tessellation and draw a picture
to support your reasoning.
9. scalene triangle 10. rhombus
11. Determine whether a tessellation can be created from a regular dodecagon. If

so, describe the transformation(s) that can be used to create the tessellation. Will
a regular dodecagon sometimes, always, or never tessellate the plane? Justify
your argument.
12. Sketch a tessellation that can be created from an isosceles trapezoid. Describe
the transformation(s) that can be used to create the tessellation.
13. Will a regular 15-gon sometimes, always, or never tessellate the plane? Justify
your argument.
819_824_RM_INT1_S_M13_L05_700687.indd 823 17/04/19 9:41 AM

14. Determine whether a tessellation can be created from a parallelogram. If so,
describe the transformation(s) that can be used to create the tessellation and
draw a picture to support your reasoning.
Mixed Exercises
Determine the transformation(s) used to make each tessellation.
15. 16. 17.
18. HOME IMPROVEMENT A hardware store sells various shapes of regular polygon
paving stones. Kiyoko wants a simple design and only wants to buy one shape
of stone. To build a solid base floor for her patio, what type of shape should
Kiyoko buy?
19. GIFTS Matthew wants to surprise his girlfriend with a homemade gift. He wants to
make a puzzle by tessellating one piece with a picture of a heart on it. What types
of transformations can Matthew perform to create his puzzle? Explain.
20. FIND THE ERROR Heather says that if an interior angle of a regular n-gon
measures 180°, then the n-gon will tessellate because 180° is a factor of 360°.
Do you agree? Explain your reasoning.
21. CREATE Draw a tessellation that can be created by translations or rotations.
22. WRITE How would you accurately describe a tessellation to a person who had
never heard the term before?
819_824_RM_INT1_S_M13_L05_700687.indd 824 17/04/19 9:41 AM

Lesson 13-6
Symmetry
Today’s Goal
Explore Symmetry in Figures ● Use line symmetry to
describe the reflections
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the that carry a figure onto
Explore. itself.
● Use rotational symmetry
to describe the rotations
INQUIRY How can you tell when a figure can that carry a figure onto
be mapped onto itself? itself.
symmetry
Learn Line Symmetry line symmetry
A figure has symmetry if there exists a rigid motion—reflection, line of symmetry
translation, rotation, or glide reflection—that maps the figure onto itself. rotational symmetry
Figures that have symmetry are self-congruent. One type of symmetry center of symmetry
is line symmetry. order of symmetry
A figure in the plane has line magnitude
symmetry (or reflectional of symmetry
symmetry) if each half of the figure point symmetry
matches the other side exactly. line of symmetry
point of symmetry
When a figure has line symmetry,
the figure can be mapped onto
itself by a reflection in a line, Talk About It!
called the line of symmetry Do you think that a
(or axis of symmetry). figure can have multiple
lines of symmetry?
Example 1 Identify Line Symmetry Justify your argument.
Determine whether each figure has a line of symmetry. If so, draw

the lines of symmetry and state how many lines of symmetry it has.
a. b.
5 lines of symmetry 0 lines of symmetry
Lesson 13-6 • Symmetry 825
825_832_RM_INT1_S_M13_L06_700687.indd 825 17/04/19 9:45 AM

Check
Determine whether each figure has a line of symmetry. If so, copy the
figure and draw the lines of symmetry and state how many lines of
Think About It!
symmetry it has.
Josefina argues that
you can count the
number of lines of
symmetry in a circle.
Do you agree or
disagree? Justify your
argument.
This figure has ? line(s) of symmetry.
Learn Rotational Symmetry

A figure in the plane has rotational symmetry (or radial symmetry) if
the figure can be mapped onto itself by being rotated less than 360°
about the center of the figure so the image and the preimage are
indistinguishable. The point in which a figure can be rotated onto itself
is called the center of symmetry (or point of symmetry).
This figure has rotational symmetry because a
rotation of 90°, 180°, or 270° maps the figure onto
itself.
The number of times that a figure maps onto itself
as it rotates from 0° to 360° is called the order of
symmetry. The magnitude of symmetry (or angle
of rotation) is the smallest angle through which a figure can be rotated
so it maps onto itself. The order and magnitude of a rotation are
related by the following equation.
magnitude = 360° ÷ order
This figure has order 4 and magnitude 90°.
90°
825_832_RM_INT1_S_M13_L06_700687.indd 826 17/04/19 9:45 AM

A figure has point symmetry if it can be mapped onto itself by a
rotation of 180°. If a figure has point symmetry, then the center of Go Online
symmetry in the figure is called the point of symmetry. You may want to
Check to check your
understanding.
180°
Example 2 Identify Rotational Symmetry

NATURE Objects found in nature often have rotational symmetry.
Determine whether each figure has rotational symmetry. Explain.

a. b. c.
No; no rotation less Yes; the flower can Yes; the clover can
than 360° maps the map onto itself with map onto itself with
leaf onto itself. a rotation that is less a rotation that is less
than 360°. than 360°.
Check
HOUSEHOLD Below are several objects that you might find around
your house. Determine whether each figure has rotational symmetry.
Explain.
Yes; the orange slice No; no rotation Yes; the tablet can
can map onto itself less than 360° maps map onto itself with
with a rotation that is the pair of scisscors a rotation that is less
less than 360°. onto itself. than 360°.
825_832_RM_INT1_S_M13_L06_700687.indd 827 17/04/19 9:52 AM

Example 3 Determine Order and Magnitude
of Symmetry
Part A State the order and magnitude of symmetry.
Determine whether each figure has rotational symmetry. If so,
locate the center of symmetry and state the order and magnitude of
symmetry.
a. b. c.
Think About It!
Is the following
statement sometimes,
always, or never true?
Explain. A polygon rotational rotational rotational
with order 4 rotational symmetry: yes symmetry: no symmetry: yes
symmetry has point
symmetry. order =5 order = none order =2
magnitude = 72° magnitude = none magnitude = 180°
Part B Identify point symmetry.

Which figure(s) in Part A has point symmetry? Justify your
reasoning.
The parallelogram has point symmetry because it can be rotated
180° about its center so it maps onto itself.
Check
Determine whether each figure has rotational symmetry. If so, copy the
figure and locate the center of symmetry and state the order and
magnitude of symmetry.
a. b. c.
Go Online
to practice what you’ve
learned about
transformations and
symmetry in the Put It
All Together over rotational rotational rotational
Lessons 13-1 through symmetry: ? symmetry: ? symmetry: ?
13-6.
order = ? order = ? order = ?
magnitude = ? magnitude = ? magnitude = ?
Which figure(s) has point symmetry? Justify your answer.
Go Online
You may want to
complete the
for this lesson.
825_832_RM_INT1_S_M13_L06_700687.indd 828 17/04/19 9:45 AM

Practice
Example 1
Determine whether each figure has a line of symmetry. If so, draw the lines of
symmetry and state how many lines of symmetry it has.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
Stefan Ataman/Shutterstock
Example 2
7. CARS Steve found the hubcaps shown below at his local junkyard.
Determine whether each hubcap has rotational symmetry. Explain.
a. b. c.
8. FLAGS The figure shows the Union

Jack, which is the flag of the United
Kingdom. Does the flag have
rotational symmetry? Explain.
825_832_RM_INT1_S_M13_L06_700687.indd 829 17/04/19 9:45 AM

9. RECYCLING A waste management company offers recycling
programs for its clients. Recycling is denoted by the symbol
shown. Does the recycling symbol have rotational symmetry?
Explain.
10. VACATION Annabel and her family went to a beach for vacation.
While she was on the beach, Annabel collected seashells. Does
the seashell shown have rotational symmetry? Explain.
Example 3
Determine whether each figure has rotational symmetry. If so, locate the center of
symmetry, and state the order and magnitude of symmetry.
11. 12.
Frazer Cunningham/Image Source
13. 14.
825_832_RM_INT1_S_M13_L06_700687.indd 830 17/04/19 9:45 AM

Mixed Exercises
Refer to the figure at the right.
15. Draw the line(s) of symmetry in the figure.
16. Locate the center of symmetry for the figure.
17. What is the order and magnitude of symmetry for the figure?
18. LETTERS Examine each capital letter in the alphabet. Determine which letters
have 180° rotational symmetry about a point in the center of the letter.
19. STRUCTURE A regular polygon has rotational symmetry with an order of 5 and a
magnitude of 72°. What is the figure?
20. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Consider the symmetry of a circle.

a. How many lines of symmetry does a circle have? Justify your argument.
b.
What is the order of rotation for a circle? Justify your argument.
State whether each figure has rotational symmetry. If so, describe the rotations
that map the figure onto itself by giving the order of symmetry and magnitude of
symmetry.
21. equilateral triangle
22. scalene triangle
23. regular hexagon
825_832_RM_INT1_S_M13_L06_700687.indd 831 17/04/19 9:45 AM

24. PERSEVERE Draw a three-dimensional object that has line symmetry.
25. CREATE Draw an object that has at least one line of symmetry. Describe the lines
of symmetry in this object.
26. ANALYZE The figure shows the floor plan for a new gallery in an art y
museum. Describe every reflection or rotation that maps the gallery
onto itself.
O x
27. WRITE A regular polygon has magnitude of symmetry 15°. How many
sides does the polygon have? Explain.
28. FIND THE ERROR Jaime says that Figure A has only line symmetry, and
Jewel says that Figure A has only rotational symmetry. Is either of them correct?
Figure A
29. PERSEVERE A quadrilateral in the coordinate plane has exactly two lines of
symmetry, y = x - 1 and y = -x + 2. Find possible vertices for the figure. Graph
the figure and the lines of symmetry.
30. CREATE Draw a figure that has line symmetry but not rotational symmetry.
Explain.
31. WRITE How are line symmetry and rotational symmetry related?
825_832_RM_INT1_S_M13_L06_700687.indd 832 17/04/19 9:45 AM

Module 13 • Transformations and Symmetry
Review
Essential Question
How are rigid motions used to show geometric relationships?
Rigid motions are used to show that figures are congruent. If no series of rigid motions exists from
one figure to another, then the figures are not congruent.
Module Summary
Lessons 13-1 through 13-3 Lessons 13-5 and 13-6
Reflections, Translations, and Tessellations and Symmetry

Rotations • A regular polygon will tessellate if it has an
• When a figure is reflected in a line, each point interior angle measure that is a factor of 360°.
of the preimage and its corresponding point on • A semiregular tessellation is formed by two or
the image are the same distance from the line of more regular polygons.
reflection. • A figure has symmetry if there exists a rigid
• A translation is a function in which all the points motion—reflection, translation, rotation, or glide
of a figure move the same distance in the same reflection—that maps the figure onto itself.
direction as described by a translation vector. • A figure in the plane has line symmetry (or
• A translation vector describes the magnitude and reflectional symmetry) if each half of the figure
direction of the translation. The magnitude of matches the other side exactly.
a vector is its length from the initial point to the • A figure in the plane has rotational symmetry
terminal point. (or radial symmetry) if the figure can be mapped
• A rotation about a fixed point P through an angle onto itself by being rotated less than 360° about
of a° is a function that maps point M to point M′ the center of the figure so the image and the
such that point P does not move, m∠MPM' is a°, preimage are indistinguishable.
and MP = M'P'.
Study Organizer
Lesson 13-4
Foldables
Compositions of Transformations Use your Foldable to review this module. Working
• When a transformation is applied to a figure with a partner can be helpful. Ask for clarification
and then another transformation is applied to of concepts as needed.
its image, the result is called a composition of
transformations.
• A glide reflection is the composition of a
translation followed by a reflection in a line
parallel to the translation vector.
ctions Trans
• The composition of two reflections can result in Refle latio
ns
the same image as a translation or rotation.
Module 13 Review • Transformations and Symmetry 833

1. GRAPH Graph the image of △ABC with 5. OPEN RESPONSE Refer to the graph.
vertices at A(−5, 0), B(−3, 5), C(−1, 2) after a y
reflection in the line x = −2. (Lesson 13-1)
F
E G
C
A
2. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which best describes a O x
possible step that is used to determine the

location of the image of point B when it is Explain why a translation does not map
reflected in the line y = x? (Lesson 13-1) △ABC to △EFG. (Lesson 13-2)
C y
y=x
6. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which is the image of

A B P(−5, 11) along the vector 〈3, −8〉? (Lesson 13-2)
O x
A. P'(−8, 19)
B. P'(−8, 3)
C. P'(−2, -3)
D. P'(−2, 3)
A. Move down one and right one from (0, 0). 7. MULTIPLE CHOICE Juan is designing a new
B. Move down one and right one from (−1, 1). playground for the elementary school. He
needs to determine the shortest distance from
C. Move right two from (1, 1). the monkey bars to the slide to create a path.
Which statement best describes the translation
D. Move down two from (−1, −1).
from the monkey bars to the slide? (Lesson 13-2)
3. OPEN RESPONSE When point F is reflected in y
Climbing Wall
the line y = x, the image is located at F'(6, −9).
Find the coordinates of point F. (Lesson 13-1) Swings
Monkey Bars
4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the vector that

Slide
translates A(−2, 7) to A'(6, 4). (Lesson 13-2)
A. 〈−8, 3〉 O x
B. 〈−3, 8〉 A. a translation right 11 units and up 9 units

B. a translation right 3 units and up 7 units
C. 〈3, 8〉
C. a translation left 3 units and down 7 units
D. 〈8, −3〉 D. a translation left 11 units and down 9 units
834 Module 13 Review • Transformations and Symmetry

8. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which is the image of 12. MULTPLE CHOICE Triangle ABC is shown.
P(3, 0) after a counterclockwise rotation (Lesson 13-4)
of 90° about (2, 4)? (Lesson 13-3) y C
A. P'(−2, 5)
B
B. P'(6, 5) A
O x
C. P'(6, 3)
D. P'(−4, 2)
Triangle ABC is rotated 90°

9. OPEN RESPONSE Refer to the graph. counterclockwise about the origin and then
y translated along 〈−2, 3〉. What is the
8
6
location of the image of point B?
4
2
A. (0, 0)
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
B. (1, 1)
−4 Y
−6 C. (−4, 6)
−8
X Z
D. (−5, 1)
In which quadrant will the image be after a
13. MULTI-SELECT Select all transformations or
rotation of 180° about (1, −2)? (Lesson 13-3)
composition of transformations that would
map △ABC to △A'B'C'. (Lesson 13-4)
y
B
10. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which is the image of

F(−2, −7) after a counterclockwise rotation
of 180° about (−1, 5). (Lesson 13-3)
A
A. F'(−1, 5) C
O C x
B. F'(0, 17) A
C. F'(1, 12)
D. F'(2, 7)
B
11. OPEN RESPONSE True or false: Rotating

M(−5, 1) 180° about the origin and then A. Reflection in the x-axis followed by a
translating along 〈−3, 4〉 will give the same reflection in the y-axis
result as translating along 〈−3, 4〉 and then B. Reflection in the x-axis followed by a
rotating 180º. (Lesson 13-4) rotation of 90°
C. Reflection in y = −x
D. Rotation of 180°
E. Reflection in y = x
Module 13 Review • Transformations and Symmetry 835

14. GRAPH Graph the image of △PQR with 16. OPEN RESPONSE How many lines of
vertices at P(4, 7), Q(7, 3), and R(2, 2) after symmetry does this figure have? Describe
a translation along 〈1, −9〉 and a reflection the reflections, if any, that map the figure
in x = 2. (Lesson 13-4) onto itself. (Lesson 13-5)
17. O
pen Response State the order and
magnitude of symmetry for the object
below. (Lesson 13-6)
15. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which figure has 3 lines

of symmetry? (Lesson 13-6)
A.
B.
C.
D.
836 Module 13 Review • Transformations and Symmetry

Module 14
Triangles and Congruence
Essential Question
How can you prove congruence and use congruent figures in real-world situations?

KEY Before After

solve problems using the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem

solve problems using the Exterior Angle Theorem
show that triangles are congruent
identify corresponding parts of congruent triangles
solve problems using the SSS Congruence Postulate
solve problems using the SAS Congruence Postulate
solve problems using the ASA Congruence Postulate
solve problems using the AAS Congruence Theorem
construct congruent triangles
solve problems using the LL, HA, LA and HL Theorems
solve problems involving isosceles and equilateral
triangles using theorems of triangle congruence
write coordinate proofs
Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about triangles and
congruence. Begin with one sheet of paper.
1. Fold a sheet of paper as shown, cutting off the excess paper strip to form a taco.
2. Open the fold and refold the square
the opposite way to form another
taco and an X-fold pattern.
SSS SAS
3. Open and fold the corners
ASA AAS
toward the center point of the X,
forming a small square.
4. Label the flaps as shown.
Module 14 • Triangles and Congruence 837

• auxiliary line • corollary • included side • principle of
• base angles of an • corresponding parts • interior angle of a superposition
isosceles triangle • exterior angle of a triangle • remote interior angles
• congruent polygons triangle • isosceles triangle • vertex angle of an
• coordinate proofs • included angle • legs of an isosceles isosceles triangle
triangle
Are You Ready?

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Classify each angle F Find the distance between J(5, 2) and K(11, -7).
as right, acute, or G _______________
√________________
D
JK = (x
   - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 Distance Formula
obtuse. 2
a. ∠ABG √________
= (11
   - 5)2 + [(-7) - 2]2 Substitute.
A B C =√6 + (-9)
2 2
Subtract.
Point G on ∠ABG lies on the exterior of right angle ______
∠ABF, so ∠ABG is an obtuse angle. =√
36 + 81 Simplify.
___
b. ∠DBA =√
117 or about 10.8 Add.
Point D on ∠DBA lies on the interior of right angle

∠FBA, so ∠DBA is an acute angle.
Quick Check
Classify each angle as right, acute, or obtuse. Find the distance between each pair
of points. Round to the nearest tenth.
1. ∠VQS
T 5. F(3, 6) and G(7, -4)
2. ∠TQV S
V
6. X(-2, 5) and Y(1, 11)
3. ∠PQV
7. R(8, 0) and S(-9, 6)
4. ∠SQR P
Q
R 8. A(14, -3) and B(9, -9)
How did you do?

838 Module 14 • Triangles and Congruence

Lesson 14-1
Angles of Triangles
Today’s Goals
Explore Triangle Angle Sums ● rove the Triangle
P
Angle-Sum Theorem
O and apply the theorem
Explore. to solve problems.
● Prove the Exterior
Angle Theorem and
INQUIRY Is there a relationship associated with apply the theorem to
the interior angles of a triangle? If so, how do solve problems.
we prove that this relationship is always true? ● Prove the corollaries to
the Triangle Angle-Sum
Learn Interior Angles of Triangles Theorem and apply the
corollaries to solve
An interior angle of a triangle is the angle at a vertex of a triangle. problems.
Because a triangle has three vertices, it also has three interior angles. Today’s Vocabulary
The Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem describes the relationships among interior angle of
the interior angle measures of any triangle. a triangle
Theorem 14.1: Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem exterior angle of
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°. a triangle
remote interior angles
Go Online A proof of Theorem 14.1 is available. corollary
Apply Example 1 Use the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem Watch Out!

Find the measure of each numbered angle. J 3 K Triangle Angle-Sum
28°
71° Theorem When you
1 What is the task? 1
57° are finding missing
Describe the task in your own words. Then list L angle measures of a
any questions that you may have. How can you 2
find answers to your questions? triangle, check the
Sample answer: I need to find the measures of M solution by seeing
∠1, ∠2, and ∠3. What are the relationships between the angle whether the sum of the
measures that are given and the angle measures that I need to find? I measures of the angles
can use the theorems and postulates that I have learned to find the of the triangle is 180°.
information that I need.
2 How will you approach the task? What have you learned that
you can use to help you complete the task? Talk About It!
I will use the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem and the definition of Ellie believes that she
supplementary angles to solve for the missing angle measures. can solve for m∠3
3 What is your solution? before solving for m∠1.
Use your strategy to solve the problem. What useful questions
can you ask to help her
m∠1 = 123° m∠2 = 52° m∠3 = 29°
understand her mistake?
your solution.
Sample answer: The sums of the measures of the interior angles of
△JKL and △LKM should be 180°. When I add up the angle measures
for each triangle, the sum equals 180°.
Lesson 14-1 • Angles of Triangles 839
839_846_RM_INT1_S_M14_L01_700687.indd 839 17/04/19 9:07 AM

Check
Find the measure of each numbered 43° 79°
angle. 1 2
74°
3
Learn Exterior Angles of Triangles

B
4
2 exterior
A 1 interior
3
C
The sum of measures of the interior angles of a
interior angles
triangle is 180°.
An exterior angle of a triangle is formed by one
exterior angles side of the triangle and the extension of an adjacent
side. A triangle has three exterior angles.
Each exterior angle of a triangle has two remote
remote interior
interior angles that are not adjacent to the exterior
angles
angle.
Theorem 14.2 Exterior Angle Theorem

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of the two remote interior angles.
Given: △ABC B
Prove: m∠A + m∠B = m∠1
2 1
Proof: A C D
ABC ∠2 and ∠1 form a linear pair.
Given Definition of a linear pair
∠2 and ∠1 are supplementary.

If 2 ∠s form a linear pair,
they are supplementary.
m∠A + m∠B + m∠2 = 180° m∠2 + m∠1 = 180°

Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem Definition of supplementary
m∠A + m∠B + m∠2 = m∠2 + m∠1

Substitution
m∠A + m∠B = m∠1

Subtraction Property of Equality
839_846_RM_INT1_S_M14_L01_700687.indd 840 17/04/19 9:07 AM

Example 2 Use the Exterior Angle Theorem Think About It!
ARCHITECTURE Find the measure of ∠DAB in the front face of the What theorems and
building. definitions can you use
B to check your answer
for reasonableness?
(6x - 4)°
(12x + 7)° 65°

D A C
m∠DAB = m∠ABC + m∠BCA Exterior Angle Theorem
12x + 7 = 6x - 4 + 65 Substitution
x=9 Solve.
What assumption did
m∠DAB = 12(9) + 7 or 115° you make when you
were modeling the
Check front face of the
PUZZLES Find the measure of ∠XYZ created building as a triangle?
Ruslan Kokarev/123RF, Olga Popova/Shutterstock
by the triangle.
X
(5x + 15)° Y
45° (3x)°
Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online. Z W
Learn Triangle Angle-Sum Corollaries

A corollary is a theorem with a proof that follows as a direct result
of another theorem. As with a theorem, a corollary can be used as
a reason in a proof. The corollaries below follow directly from the
Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem.
Corollary 14.1
The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.
Corollary 14.2
There can be at most one right or obtuse angle in a triangle.
You will prove Corollary 14.1 and 14.2 in Exercises 19 and 20, respectively.
839_846_RM_INT1_S_M14_L01_700687.indd 841 17/04/19 9:07 AM

Example 3 Find Angle Measures in Right Triangles
Find each measure.  5 y - 45°
Study Tip 4 
A B
Check for (x + 8)°
Reasonableness
When you are solving y°
for the measure of one
or more angles of a 60° F
triangle, always check
to make sure that the
sum of the angle (2x - 2)°
a. m∠BCD E C
measures is 180°. D
Because ∠BDC and ∠EDF form a linear pair and m∠EDF = 90°,
m∠BDC = 90° by the Supplement Theorem. Therefore,
Think About It! m∠BCD + m∠DBC = 90° because the acute angles of a right triangle
are complementary.
Do you have enough
information to solve for m∠BCD + m∠DBC = 90° Corollary 14.1
m∠FED? If so, explain
your solution process. (x + 8) + (2x - 2) = 90° Substitution
x = 28 Solve.
m∠BCD = (2(28) - 2)° or 54°
b. m∠BAF
Because the acute angles of a right triangle are complementary,
m∠BAF + m∠AFB = 90°.
90° = m∠BAF + m∠AFB Corollary 14.1
5 Substitution
= ( __
4 y - 45) + y
Solve.
60 = y
5
m∠BAF = __
  4 (60) - 45 or 30°
Check
Find each measure.
m∠BAC = ?
m∠BCA = ? A (9x - 8)°

m∠DCF = ?
m∠CDF = ?
m∠CFD = ?
(2x - 1)°
B (9y - 1)° D
C
F (11y + 4)°
839_846_RM_INT1_S_M14_L01_700687.indd 842 17/04/19 9:07 AM

Practice
Example 1
Find the measure of each numbered angle.
1. R 2. M N
66° 3
1 2 1 2
58° Q 50°
60° 30°
T S P O
W
3. R S 4. 146° 2
1
80° V
3
1
2
U 35° 36° T
Example 2
Find each measure.
5. m∠ABC 6. m∠F
A E
95° x°
2x° 145° 58° x°
B F
C D H G
7. TOWERS A lookout tower sits on a network of struts and posts.

Leslie measured two angles on the tower. If m∠1 = (7x − 7)°,
m∠2 = (4x + 2)°, and m∠3 = (2x + 6)°, what is m∠1?
2
3 1
8. GARDENING A gardener uses a grow light to grow vegetables

indoors. If m∠1 = (8x)° and m∠2 = (7x − 4)°, what is m∠1?
2
Example 3
Find each measure.
1 116°
9. m∠1 10. m∠2
4
35°
11. m∠3 12. m∠4 3 21
14. m∠6
5 6
13. m∠5 25° 51° 28°
839_846_RM_INT1_S_M14_L01_700687.indd 843 17/04/19 9:07 AM

Mixed Exercises
Find the value of x. Then find the measure of each angle.
15. 16. 17.
(2x)° (3x)° (5x + 62)°
(2x)°
(4x)° x° 37°
(3x + 47)°
18. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Determine whether the following statement is true or
false. If false, give a counterexample. If true, give an argument to support your
conclusion.
If the sum of two acute angles of a triangle is greater than 90°,
then the triangle is acute.
PROOF Write the specified type of proof for each corollary.
19. flow proof of Corollary 14.1 S

Given: ∠R is a right angle.
Prove: ∠S and ∠T are complementary.
R T

20. paragraph proof of Corollary 14.2

a. Case 1 b. Case 2
Given: △MNO; ∠M is a right angle. Given: △PQR; ∠P is an obtuse angle.
Prove: There can be at most one right Prove: There can be at most one obtuse
angle in a triangle. angle in a triangle.
REASONING Solve each problem.
21. In triangle DEF, m∠E is three times m∠D, and m∠F is 9° less than m∠E. What is
the measure of each angle?
22. In triangle RST, m∠T is 5° more than m∠R, and m∠S is 10° less than m∠T. What is
the measure of each angle?
23. In triangle JKL, m∠K is four times m∠J, and m∠L is five times m∠J. What is the
measure of each angle?
839_846_RM_INT1_S_M14_L01_700687.indd 844 17/04/19 9:07 AM

24. Classify the triangle shown by its angles. Justify your
reasoning. (15x + 1)°
(4x - 1)°
25. In △XYZ, m∠X = 157°, m∠Y = y°, and m∠Z = z°. (6x + 5)°
Write an inequality to describe the possible
measures of ∠Z. Justify your reasoning.
26. AUTOMOBILES Refer to the image at the right.

a. Find m∠1 and m∠2. 77°
1 2
b.
If the brown hood prop rod were shorter than the one 72°
shown, how would m∠1 change? Explain.
c.
If the brown hood prop rod were shorter than the one
shown, how would m∠2 change? Explain.
27. BASKETBALL Sam, Kendra, and Tony are passing a basketball.

If Sam is looking at Kendra, then he needs to turn 40° to pass to Tony. If Kendra
Tony is looking at Sam, then he needs to turn 50° to pass to Kendra. How Sam
many degrees would Kendra have to turn her head to look at Tony if she
is looking at Sam?
Tony
28. CONSTRUCTION The diagram shows an
example of the Pratt Truss used in bridge 1
construction. If m∠1 = (2x − 5)° and 145°
m∠2 = (4x + 25)°, find m∠1.
Alex Maxim/123RF
Find the measure of each numbered angle.

29.
1
70°
2
35° 3 4
30.
8 7 110°
6 5
4
3
30°
1 2 130°
31. USE TOOLS Use tracing paper to verify the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem.
Describe your method and include a sketch.
839_846_RM_INT1_S_M14_L01_700687.indd 845 17/04/19 9:07 AM

32. ANALYZE In △ABC, if an exterior angle adjacent to ∠A is acute, is the triangle
acute, right, or obtuse, or can its classification not be determined? Explain
your reasoning.

33. WRITE Explain why a triangle cannot have an obtuse, acute, and a right
exterior angle.
34. PERSEVERE Find the values of y and z in the figure at

the right.
(5y + 5)°
135° (4z + 9)° (9y - 2)°
35. CREATE Construct a right triangle and measure one of the acute angles.
Calculate the measure of the second acute angle and explain your method.
Confirm your result using a protractor.
36. PERSEVERE The Flatiron Building in New York City is one of America’s
oldest skyscrapers, completed in 1902. Its floor plan is approximately a
right triangle. As shown in the figure, 5th Avenue is perpendicular to East D
22nd Street, and m∠B is 10 less than 3 times m∠C. C
uen
Ave
a. Find the angle measures in the floor plan. Flatiron

ay
5th
Building
Broadw
A
b. Find m∠BCD in two ways. Explain each method. Eas
t 22 W
N
E
n B
dS S
tree
t
839_846_RM_INT1_S_M14_L01_700687.indd 846 17/04/19 9:07 AM

Lesson 14-2
Congruent Triangles
Today’s Goals
Explore Relationships in Congruent Triangles ● se congruence
U
criterion of
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the corresponding
Explore. congruent parts of
triangles to solve
problems.
INQUIRY If two triangles are congruent, ● Use the Third Angles
what is the relationship between their Theorem and the
corresponding parts? properties of triangle
congruence to solve
problems and to prove
relationships in
Learn Congruent Triangles geometric figures.
The principle of superposition states that two figures are congruent if Today’s Vocabulary
and only if there is a rigid motion or series of rigid motions that maps principle of
one figure exactly onto the other. Recall that congruent figures have superposition
exactly the same shape and size. congruent polygons
In two congruent polygons, all the parts of one polygon are congruent corresponding parts
to the corresponding parts, or matching parts, of the other polygon.
These corresponding parts include corresponding angles and
corresponding sides.
Key Concept • Congruent Triangles
Go Online
Two triangles are congruent if and only if their corresponding parts You can watch a video
are congruent. to see how to use
transformations to
For triangles, we say Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
determine whether two
congruent, or CPCTC.
triangles are congruent.
Example 1 Identify Corresponding Congruent Parts
Show that the polygons are B C Z
congruent by identifying all the
congruent corresponding parts. Problem-Solving
A D Y Tip
Then write a congruence statement.
Get a New Perspective
Angles: ∠A ≅ ∠W; ∠B ≅ ∠X; ∠C ≅ ∠Y; ∠D ≅ ∠Z When comparing two
X W
Sides: ¯
BC
  ≅¯
  ; ¯
XY AB
  ≅¯
WX
  ;¯
DA
    ; ¯
≅¯
ZW CD
  ≅¯
YZ
  figures, it may be
helpful to redraw the
All corresponding parts of the two polygons are congruent. Therefore, figures so they have
polygon ABCD ≅ polygon WXYZ. the same orientation.
This would make it
easier to compare the
corresponding sides
and angles.
Lesson 14-2 • Congruent Triangles 847
847_854_RM_INT1_S_M14_L02_700687.indd 847 17/04/19 9:08 AM

Check Q
P
Show that the polygons are congruent by
identifying all the congruent corresponding S
parts. Then write a congruence statement.
R
∠P ≅ ? ; ∠Q ≅ ? ; ∠R ≅ ? ; ∠S ≅ ?
¯ ≅ ? ; QR  D E
 PQ    ¯ ≅   ¯ ≅
? ; RS    ¯ ≅
? ; SP  ?
Complete the congruence statement.

Study Tip G
Valid congruence Polygon PQRS ≅ Polygon ?
F
statements for
congruent polygons list
corresponding vertices Example 2 Use Corresponding Parts of
in the same order.
Congruent Triangles
In the diagram, △RSV ≅ △TVS. Find the values of x and y.
2y - 1 S
R 24.5 x°
T
78° V 24
Part A Find the value of x.

∠T ≅ ∠R CPCTC
m∠T = m∠R Definition of congruence
= 180° - 90° - 78° Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem
Study Tip = 12° Solve.
Use a Congruence
Statement You can use The value of x is 12.
a congruence Part B Find the value of y.
statement to help you
correctly identify   ¯ ≅ TV 
RS    ¯ CPCTC
corresponding sides. RS = TV Definition of congruence
△RSV ≅ △TVS
2y - 1 = 24 Substitution
¯ ≅ TV 
 RS    ¯
y = 12.5 Solve.
The value of y is 12.5.

Talk About It!
Suppose the
congruence statement Check
△RSV ≅ △TVS was In the diagram, △ABC ≅ △EDC. Find 3x - 10
not given. Would you the values of x and y. A B
be able to solve this
15 yd
problem? Explain. y
x= ? ;y= ? C
38º
D E
20 yd
847_854_RM_INT1_S_M14_L02_700687.indd 848 17/04/19 9:03 AM

Learn Third Angles Theorem and Triangle Congruence
Theorem 14.3: Third Angles Theorem
Words If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of a
second triangle, then the third angles of the triangles are
congruent.
Example If ∠C ≅ ∠K and A B
∠B ≅ ∠J, then ∠A ≅ ∠L.
K
J L
Like congruence of segments and angles, congruence of triangles is
reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
Theorem 14.4: Properties of Triangle Congruence

Reflexive Property of Triangle Congruence Go Online
△ABC ≅ △ABC Proofs of Theorem 14.4
Symmetric Property of Triangle Congruence are available.
If △ABC ≅ △EFG, then △EFG ≅ △ABC.
Transitive Property of Triangle Congruence
If △ABC ≅ △EFG and △EFG ≅ △JKL, then △ABC ≅ △JKL.
Example 3 Use the Third Angles Theorem

ORIGAMI Aika is folding
origami dragons for
a party she is hosting. A D C
If ∠ABD ≅ ∠CBD and
m∠BAD = 58°, find m∠CBD.
What Do You Know? How Do You Know It?
∠ABD ≅ ∠CBD,
Given
m∠BAD = 58°
∠BDC ≅ ∠BDA All rt. ∠s are ≅.
Third Angles B
∠BAD ≅ ∠BCD
Theorem Think About It!
m∠CBD + m∠BCD The acute ∠s of a rt.
How could you find the
= 90° △ are compl.
m∠CBD in a different
m∠BCD = m∠BAD Def. of congruence way?
m∠BCD = 58°. Transitive Property
m∠CBD + 58° = 90° Substitute.
m∠CBD = 32°. Solve.
The measure of ∠CBD is 32°.
847_854_RM_INT1_S_M14_L02_700687.indd 849 17/04/19 9:03 AM

Check
KITES The kite shown is made of two congruent triangles. If
m∠BAD = m∠BCD = 45°, find m∠ABD. m∠ABD = ?
D
C
Example 4 Prove that Two Triangles Are Congruent

Study Tip Write a two-column proof.
Symbols To indicate Given: ∠J ≅ ∠P, JK    ¯ ≅ PM 
  ¯, M
that two triangles are ¯
  ≅ PL 
JL  ¯
  , and
not congruent, write L
  ¯.
L bisects KM  J P
△ABC ≇ △EFG.
△ABC ≇ △EFG is Prove: △JLK ≅ △PLM
read as triangle ABC K
is not congruent to Statements Reasons
triangle EFG. 1. ∠   ¯ ≅ PM 
J ≅ ∠P, JK    ¯, JL 
  ¯ ≅ PL 
  ¯ 1. Given
and L bisects KM 
  ¯ .
2. ∠JLK ≅ ∠PLM 2. Vertical angles are congruent.
  ¯ ≅ LM 
3. LK    ¯ 3. Definition of segment bisector
4. ∠K ≅ ∠M 4. Third Angles Theorem
5. △JLK ≅ △PLM 5. CPCTC
Check
Write a paragraph proof. X
Given: ∠WXZ ≅ ∠YXZ, ∠XZW ≅ ∠XZY,

Clicknique/iStock/Getty Images
¯ ≅ YX 
 WX    ¯, WZ 
  ¯ ≅ YZ 
  ¯
Prove: △WXZ ≅ △YXZ
 ¯ ≅ YX 
It is given that WX    ¯ and WZ    ¯ ≅ YZ 
  ¯. By
the ? Property, XZ 
  ¯ ≅ XZ ¯
  . It is also
given that ∠WXZ ≅ ∠YXZ and ∠XZW ≅
∠XZY. So, by ? the Theorem, ∠W ≅
W Z Y
∠Y. By CPCTC, △WXZ ≅ △YXZ.
847_854_RM_INT1_S_M14_L02_700687.indd 850 17/04/19 9:03 AM

Practice
Example 1
Show that the polygons are congruent by identifying all the congruent
corresponding parts. Then write a congruence statement.
1. B 2. K L 3. X 2.5 Y
D
60° A
4.3 2.5
A
C J M 4.3 5
30° C 30° 60°
B
5
4. A H 3 I 5. K
4 105° 111° R S
109° 4 5 5
E 107°
108° B 108° J J
107°
5 5 G L
105° 111° 109° 4 T
4
D 3 C F
Example 2
A F
In the diagram, △ABC ≅ △FDE. (2x - y)°
6. Find the value of x.
7. Find the value of y. 108°

48° y°
C B D E
In the diagram, polygon ABCD ≅ polygon PQRS. 12

A B R S
8. Find the value of x. (2x + 4)° 80°
100°
9. Find the value of y. D (3y - 3) C Q 10 P
B
In the diagram, △ABC ≅ △DEF. D (2y - 5)° 2x + y
10. Find the value of x. 75°
64.3 90.6
11. Find the value of y. 65° 40°

A C F
96.6
847_854_RM_INT1_S_M14_L02_700687.indd 851 17/04/19 9:03 AM

Example 3 A
REASONING Find x and y.

C
12. DESIGN Camila is designing a new image for her cell phone case. If
B
m∠ABC = 35°, m∠BAC = 29°, and ∠ACB ≅ ∠DEB, what is m∠DEB?
E
D
13. CARPENTRY Mr. Lewis is building a rustic dining table. Instead of
having four legs, the table has a set of supports at each end. If
∠PRQ ≅ ∠TVU and m∠RPQ = 49°, what is m∠TVU?
P T
Example 4
R Q U V
Write a two-column proof.
14. Given: AB    ¯, AD 
  ¯ ≅ CB    ¯, ∠BAD ≅ ∠BCD, BD 
  ¯ ≅ CD    ¯ bisects ∠ABC. C
Prove: △ABD ≅ △CBD
B D
15. Given: AB    ¯, AD 

  ¯ ≅ CB    ¯, ∠ABD ≅ ∠CBD, ∠ADB ≅ ∠CDB
  ¯ ≅ CD  B
Prove: △ABD ≅ △CBD
A C
D
  ¯, AE 
  ¯ ≅ CB 
16. Given: ∠A ≅ ∠C, ∠D ≅ ∠B, AD    ¯,  AC 
  ¯ ≅ CE  ¯ bisects BD 
  ¯. A B
Prove: △AED ≅ △CEB E
D C
Write a paragraph proof.

B
  ¯ bisects ∠ABC and ∠ADC, AB 
17. Given: BD    ¯, AD 
  ¯ ≅ CB    ¯
  ¯ ≅ CD
  Prove: △ABD ≅ △CBD
A C
847_854_RM_INT1_S_M14_L02_700687.indd 852 17/04/19 9:03 AM

Mixed Exercises
18. PRECISION Beverly is using loyalty cards at her coffee shop. When a
SECOND STREET COFFEE
customer purchases a cup of coffee, he or she can present a loyalty card Purchase 9 cups, get the 10th free!
to be stamped with a star-shaped stamp that Beverly purchased
specifically for this use. When the customer collects nine stamps, they
receive their tenth cup of coffee for free. What property guarantees that FREE
the stamped designs are congruent?
Draw and label a figure to represent the congruent triangles. Then find the values of x and y.
19. △ABC ≅ △DEF, AB = 7, BC = 9, AC = 11 + x, DF = 3x - 13, and DE = 2y - 5
20. △LMN ≅ △RST, m∠L = 49°, m∠M = 10y°, m∠S = 70°, and m∠T = (4x + 9)°
21. △JKL ≅ △MNP, JK = 12, LJ = 5, PM = 2x - 3, m∠L = 67°, m∠K = (y + 4)° and

m∠N = (2y - 15)°
22. SIERPINSKI TRIANGLE The figure shown is a portion of the Sierpinski

triangle. The triangle has the property that any triangle made from any
combination of edges is equilateral. How many triangles in this portion
are congruent to the black triangle at the bottom?
23. LOGO DESIGNS Refer to the design shown.

a. Indicate the triangles that appear to be congruent. A C D E
b. Name the congruent angles and congruent sides of a pair of
congruent triangles. B
I H G F
24. REASONING Igor noticed on a map that the triangle with vertices that
are at the supermarket, the library, and the post office (△SLP) is
congruent to the triangle with vertices that are at Igor’s home, Jasen’s home, and
Daran’s home (△IJD). That is, △SLP ≅ △IJD.
a. The distance between the supermarket and the post office is
1 mile. Which path along the triangle △IJD is congruent to this?
b. The measure of ∠LPS is 40˚. Identify the angle that is congruent to
this angle in △IJD.
847_854_RM_INT1_S_M14_L02_700687.indd 853 17/04/19 9:03 AM

25. PROOF Copy and complete the two-column proof P Z Y
of the Third Angles Theorem by providing the
reason for each statement.
Given: ∠P ≅ ∠X and ∠Q ≅ ∠Y X
Q R
Prove: ∠R ≅ ∠Z
Statements Reasons
1. ∠P ≅ ∠X, ∠Q ≅ ∠Y 1. ?
2. m∠P = m∠X, m∠Q = m∠Y 2. ?
3. m∠P + m∠Q + m∠R = 180 3. ?

180 = m∠X + m∠Y + m∠Z
4. m∠P + m∠Q + m∠R = m∠X + 4. ?
m∠Y + m∠Z
5. m∠X + m∠Y + m∠R = m∠X + 5. ?
m∠Y + m∠Z
6. m∠R = m∠Z 6. ?
7. ∠R ≅ ∠Z 7. ?

Equilateral triangles are congruent.
Q
27. CREATE A classmate is using the Third Angles Theorem

to show that if two corresponding pairs of the angles of 2x 3y + 8
two triangles are congruent, then the third pair is also
congruent. Write a question to help him decide whether
he can use the same strategy for quadrilaterals. P x S 2y R
X
A 1
1 Y
28. FIND THE ERROR Jasmine and West are 0.9
evaluating the congruent figures at right. B
Jasmine says that △CAB ≅ △ZYX, and West 1.5 0.9
1.5
says that △ABC ≅ △YXZ. Is either of them C
Z
29. WRITE Justify why the order of the vertices is important when naming congruent
triangles. Give an example to support your argument.
30. PERSEVERE Find the values of x and y if △PQS ≅ △RQS.
847_854_RM_INT1_S_M14_L02_700687.indd 854 17/04/19 9:03 AM

Lesson 14-3
Proving Triangles Congruent: SSS, SAS

Today’s Goals
Explore Conditions That Prove Triangles Congruent ● Use the SSS
Congruence criterion
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the for triangles to solve
Explore. problems and prove
relationships in
geometric figures.
INQUIRY What conditions can be used to ● Use the SAS
identify whether two triangles are congruent? Congruence criterion
for triangles to solve
problems and prove
relationships in
Learn Proving Triangles Congruent: SSS geometric figures.
You can prove two triangles congruent by showing that all six pairs of
corresponding parts are congruent. However, it is possible to prove
included angle
two triangles congruent using fewer pairs of corresponding parts.
If two triangles have the same three side lengths, then there is a series
of rigid motions that will show the two triangles congruent. This leads
to the postulate below. Talk About It!
Postulate 14.1: Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Will two equilateral
If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of a second triangles always be
triangle, then the triangles are congruent. congruent by SSS?
Example 1 Use SSS to Prove Triangles Congruent
Write a flow proof to show that △QRT ≅ △SRT.
Given: △QRS is isosceles with
⟶
¯≅ SR
QR ¯. RT ¯
bisects QS Q T S
at point T.
Prove: △QRT ≅ △SRT
Proof:
R
→
QRS is isosceles RT bisects QS
RT RT
with QR SR. at point T.
Given Given Reflexive Property Go Online
of Congruence An alternate method is
available for this
QT ST example.
Definition of
segment bisector
QRT SRT
SSS
Lesson 14-3 • Proving Triangles Congruent: SSS, SAS 855
855_862_RM_INT1_S_M14_L03_700687.indd 855 17/04/19 8:55 AM

Example 2 Use SSS on the Coordinate Plane
Triangle JKL has vertices J(2, 5), K(1, 1), and L(5, 2). Triangle QNP
Think About It! has vertices Q(-4, 4), N(-3, 0), and P(-7, 1). Is △JKL ≅ △QNP?
Is the following
Part A Graph the triangles.
statement true or false?
Justify your argument. y J
Q
If the congruent sides
in one isosceles triangle
L
have the same measure P K
as the congruent sides N O x
in another isosceles
triangle, then the
Part B Make a conjecture.

Use your graph to make a conjecture as to whether the triangles are
congruent. Explain your reasoning.
From the graph, it appears that the triangles have the same shape and
size, so we can conjecture that they are congruent.
Part C Support your conjecture.
Use the Distance Formula to show that all corresponding sides have
the same measure.
_____________ __________________
√
JL = (  
_____ __
√
5 - 2)2 + (2 - 5)2   QP = [   
-7 - (-4)]2 + (1 - 4)2  
_____ __
= √9 + 9 or √
18 = √9 + 9  or √
18
____________ _______________
√
LK = (  
____ __
√____
1 - 5)2 + (1 - 2)2   PN = [  
-3 - (-7)]2 + (0 - 1)2  
__
= √16 + 1 or √
17 = √16 + 1  or √
17
____________ _______________
√
KJ = (  
____ __
√____
2 - 1)2 + (5 - 1)2   NQ = [  
-4 - (-3)]2 + (4 - 0)2  
__
= √1 + 16 or √
17 = √1 + 16  or √
17
JL = QP, LK = PN, and KJ = NQ. By the definition of congruent segments,

all corresponding segments are congruent. Therefore, △JKL ≅ △QNP
by SSS.
855_862_RM_INT1_S_M14_L03_700687.indd 856 17/04/19 8:31 PM

Check
Triangle ABC has vertices A(1, 1), B(0, 3), and C(2, 5). Triangle EFG has
vertices E(1, -1), F(2, -5), and G(4, -4). Is △ABC ≅ △EFG?
Part A
Graph △ABC and △EFG on the same coordinate plane.
Part B
Find the side lengths of each triangle.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5;  BC = √8;  AC = √17;  EF = √17;  FG = √5;  EG = √
AB = √ 18 
Part C
Is triangle ABC congruent to triangle EFG? Justify your argument.
A. No; AC ≠ EG, so SSS congruence is not met.
B. No; BC ≠ EG, so SSS congruence is not met.
Think About It!
C. Y
es; all corresponding sides have the same measure, so SSS
congruence is met. Both legs of one right
triangle are congruent
D. Y
es; all corresponding sides have the same measure, so by the to the legs of another
definition of congruent figures, △ABC ≅ △EFG. right triangle. Are the
triangles congruent?
Learn Proving Triangles Congruent: SAS
The interior angle formed by two adjacent sides of a triangle is called
an included angle.
If two triangles are formed using the same side lengths and included
angle measure, then there is a series of rigid motions that will show
that the two triangles are congruent. This leads to the postulate below.
Postulate 14.2: Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two
sides and the included angle of a second triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.
Go Online
You may want to
complete the
for this lesson.
855_862_RM_INT1_S_M14_L03_700687.indd 857 17/04/19 8:55 AM

Study Tip
Example 3 Use SAS to Prove Triangles Congruent
Assumptions Even PLAYGROUND The
though objects in the playground equipment shown
real world are not two- appears to be made of
dimensional, you can congruent triangles. K
still make some ¯≅ LM
If KL ¯and ∠JLK ≅ ∠JLM,
assumptions about their
write a two-column proof to J L
geometric relationships.
prove that △JLK ≅ △JLM.
For example, in three-
Complete the two-column
dimensional objects you
can apply the Reflexive proof by selecting the correct M
Property of Congruence statements and reasons.
and the Vertical Angles
Theorem.
Statements Reasons
1. ¯
≅ ¯
KL LM
1. Given
2. ∠JLK ≅ ∠JLM 2. Given
Statements/Reasons 3. ¯
  ≅ ¯
JL   JL
3. Reflexive Property of Congruence
Given 4. △JLK ≅ △JLM 4. SAS
Definition of
congruent segments
SAS
SSS Check E
Definition of angle KITES The kite shown appears to
F
bisector be made up of congruent triangles.
Reflexive Property of If ¯
 DE   and ¯
≅¯ FE EG
  bisects ∠DEF,
Congruence prove that △DEG ≅ △FEG.
¯ D
  ≅ ¯
JL   JL Copy and complete the two-column
¯   ≅ ¯
JK   JM proof by selecting the correct
∠KJL ≅ ∠MJL statements and reasons. G
Statements/Reasons
Given
Definition of
congruent segments Given: ¯
 DE   , ¯
≅¯ FE   EG bisects ∠DEF.
SAS Prove: △DEG ≅ ∠FEG
SSS Proof:
Definition of angle
bisector Statements Reasons
Tim Hall/cultura/Corbis
visith/Shutterstock;
Reflexive Property of 1. ? 1. Given

Congruence
¯ 2. ¯ EG
  bisects ∠DEF. 2. ?
 DE ≅¯
FE
 
¯  EG ≅¯   EG 3. ? 3. Definition of angle bisector
¯  DG ≅¯   FG 4. ? 4. ?
∠DEG ≅ ∠FEG 5. △DEG ≅ △FEG ?
5.
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Example 1
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Write the specified type of proof.
1. two-column proof 2. flow proof

Given: ¯
 AB   , ¯
≅¯ XY  
AC   , ¯
≅¯ XZ  
BC ≅¯
 
YZ Given: ¯
  ≅ ¯
RS UT   ≅ ¯
  , ¯
RT  
US
Prove: △ABC ≅ △XYZ Prove: △RST ≅ △UTS
B Y T U
A C Z X R S

Given: ¯
  AB ≅¯
  , D is the midpoint of ¯
CB   .
AC Given: ¯
  ≅ ¯
RS   , V is the midpoint of ¯
TS   .
RT
Prove: △ABD ≅ △CBD Prove: △RSV ≅ △TSV
D C R
A
V S
T
B
5. paragraph proof 6. two-column proof
Given: ¯
  QR ≅¯
SR   ≅ ¯
  , ¯
ST   QT Given: ¯
  AB   , ¯
≅¯
ED  
CA ≅¯
  , ¯
CE  
AC bisects ¯
 
BD
Prove: △QRT ≅ △SRT Prove: △ABC ≅ △EDC
Q R B C D
A E
T S
Example 2
REGULARITY Determine whether △DEF ≅ △PQR. Explain.
7. D(-6, 1), E(1, 2), F(-1, -4), P(0, 5), Q(7, 6), R(5, 0)
8. D(-7, -3), E(-4, -1), F(-2, -5), P(2, -2), Q(5, -4), R(0, -5)
Determine whether △ABC ≅ △KLM. Explain.

9. A(-3, 3), B(-1, 3), C(-3, 1), K(1, 4), L(3, 4), M(1, 6)
10. A(-4, -2), B(-4, 1), C(-1, -1), K(0, -2), L(0, 1), M(4, 1)
855_862_RM_INT1_S_M14_L03_700687.indd 859 17/04/19 8:32 PM

Example 3
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Write the specified type of proof.
11. two-column proof 12. two-column proof

Given: NP = PM, ¯
 NP ⊥¯
 PL Given: AB = CD, ¯
 AB ∥¯
 CD
Prove: △NPL ≅ △MPL Prove: △ACD ≅ △DBA
N A B

P L
C D
M

13. paragraph proof 14. flow proof

Given: V is the midpoint of ¯
 WX and ¯
  .
YZ Given: ¯
  ≅ ¯
PR   , ¯
DE   ≅ ¯
PT   , ∠R ≅ ∠E, ∠T ≅ ∠F
DF
Prove: △XVZ ≅ △WVY Prove: △PRT ≅ △DEF
Y X
V
W Z
15. GAMING Devontae is building a house in a simulation B

video game. He wants the roof of the house and
the main support beam to create congruent
triangles. If ¯
BD
  ⊥¯
 AC and ¯
 BD bisects ¯
  , write
AC
a two-column proof to prove △ABD ≅ △CBD. A D C

P Q
16. TECHNOLOGY Nevaeh has developed a new timer

app. The icon for the app contains an hourglass R
that can be modeled by two triangles. If R is the
midpoint of ¯
QS
  and ¯
PT
  , write a two-column proof
S T
to prove ∆PRQ ≅ ∆TRS.
855_862_RM_INT1_S_M14_L03_700687.indd 860 17/04/19 11:44 AM

Mixed Exercises
Explain whether there is enough information given in each figure to prove that
the triangles are congruent using SSS or SAS.
17.
H 18. Q R
G
T S
L
J
K
19. A 20.
B D
21. REASONING Tyson had three sticks of lengths 24 inches, 28 inches, and 30 inches. Is it
possible to make two non-congruent triangles using the same three sticks? Explain.
22. BAKERY Sonia made a sheet of baklava. She has markings on her pan so
that she can cut them into large squares. After she cuts the pastry in
squares, she cuts them diagonally to form two congruent triangles, as
shown. Which postulate could you use to prove the two triangles congruent?
23. TILES Tammy installs bathroom tiles. Her current job requires tiles that are
equilateral triangles, and the tiles have to be congruent to each other. She
has a sack of tiles that are in the shape of equilateral triangles. She knows that
all the tiles are equilateral, but she is not sure whether they are the same size.
What must she measure on each tile to be sure that they are congruent?
24. CAKE Carl had a piece of cake in the shape of an isosceles triangle with angles
measuring 26°, 77°, and 77°. He wanted to divide it into two equal parts, so he cut
it through the middle of the 26° angle to the midpoint of the opposite side. He
says that because he is dividing it at the midpoint of a side, the two pieces are
congruent. Is this enough information? Explain.
C
25. In the figure, ¯
 AC ≅¯
  . Suppose you know ∠C ≅ ∠D. Can you
AD
prove that △ABC ≅ △ABD? Why or why not? B
A
D
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26. USE A SOURCE An engineer is designing a new cell phone tower. Part of the m n
tower is shown in the figure. The engineer makes sure that line m is parallel
to line n and that ¯
 AB ≅¯
  .
CD
a. Can the engineer prove that △ABC ≅ △DCB? Explain why or why not. A
C
b. Go online to find an image of a bridge or a tower that is designed in such a
way that you can prove that two triangles are congruent. Justify your image. B

D
27. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Determine which pair of triangles cannot be
proved congruent using the SSS or SAS Postulates. Justify your conclusion.
28. ANALYZE Determine whether the following statement is true or false. If true,
justify your reasoning. If false, provide a counterexample.
If the congruent sides in one isosceles triangle have the same measure as
the congruent sides in another isosceles triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.
29. WRITE Two pairs of corresponding sides of two right triangles are congruent.
Are the triangles congruent? Explain your reasoning.
30. CREATE Use a straightedge to draw obtuse triangle ABC. Then construct
△XYZ so it is congruent to △ABC using SSS or SAS. Justify your construction
mathematically and verify it using measurement.
31. FIND THE ERROR Bonnie says that △PQR ≅ X Z

59°
△XYZ by SAS. Shada disagrees. She says that Q
there is not enough information to prove that the
two triangles are congruent. Is either of them Y
correct? Explain your reasoning. 59°
P R
32. PERSEVERE Refer to the graph shown. y W X
a. D
escribe two methods you could use to prove
△WYZ ≅ △WYX. You may not use a ruler or protractor. Y
Which method do you think is more efficient? Explain.
b. Are △WYZ and △WYX congruent? Explain your reasoning. Z
O x
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Lesson 14-4
Proving Triangles Congruent: ASA, AAS

Today’s Goals
Learn Proving Triangles Congruent: ASA ● Use the ASA
congruence criterion
An included side is the side of a triangle between two angles. for triangles to solve
problems and prove
If two triangles are formed using the same two angle measures and relationships in
included side length, then there is a series of rigid motions that will geometric figures.
show the two triangles congruent. This leads to the postulate below. ● Use the AAS
Postulate 14.3: Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence congruence criterion
for triangles to prove
If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two
relationships in
angles and the included side of another triangle, then the triangles are
geometric figures.
congruent.
Example 1 Use ASA to Prove Triangles D included side
Congruent
A
Complete the two-column proof. C
Given: ∠BAC ≅ ∠DEC;
  ‾ bisects ‾
E
BD AE.
Prove: △ACB ≅ △ECD B
Statements Reasons
1. ∠BAC ≅ ∠DEC 1. Given
  ¯ bisects AE 
2. BD    ¯ 2. Given
¯ ≅ EC 
3.  AC    ¯ 3. Definition of segment bisector Think About It!
4. ∠ACB ≅ ∠ECD 4. Vertical Angles Theorem Can the Vertical Angles
Theorem always be
5. △ACB ≅ △ECD 5. ASA used to prove angles
congruent in any two
Check
triangles? Justify your
Complete the two-column proof. W X argument.
  ¯ ǁ YZ 
Given: WX   ¯ and WZ 
  ¯ ǁ YX 
  ¯
Prove: △WXZ ≅ △YZX
Z Y
Statements Reasons
1. ? 1. Given
‾ ǁ YX
2.  WZ  ‾ 2. ?
3. ∠WXZ ≅ ∠YZX 3. ?
4. ? 4. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
5. ? 5. Reflexive Property of Congruence
6. △WXZ ≅ △YZX 6. ?

Lesson 14-4 • Proving Triangles Congruent: ASA, AAS 863
863_870_RM_INT1_S_M14_L04_700687.indd 863 17/04/19 8:02 AM

Example 2 Apply ASA Congruence
PRODUCTION A company that P Q
Use a Source
manufactures windows needs to
Navajo Native determine the amount of glass
Americans often live required to make the hexagonal
  ‾ ∥  TS
‾, R is the
in octagonal homes R
window shown. PQ
known as hogans. Use
midpoint of PT‾
  , and ST is 12 inches.
available resources to
research the design of Part A Determine whether △PRQ
octagonal hogans. How is congruent to △TRS.
can you use ASA and
  ‾is parallel to TS
 ‾, ∠RPQ
Because PQ S T
congruent triangles to
find the area of the floor ≅ ∠RTS by the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem.
of a regular octagonal  ‾, TR
Because point R is the midpoint of PT   ‾ ≅ PR
  ¯ by the Midpoint
hogan? Theorem.
∠TRS and ∠PRQ are vertical angles, so they are congruent by the
Vertical Angles Theorem.
Therefore, by ASA, △PRQ ≅ △TRS.
Part B Find the area of the window.

If the six triangles that form the window are congruent and the height
of △TRS is about 10.39 inches, how much glass is required to
manufacture the window?
1
A = __
 2 bh Area of a triangle
1
≈ __
  2 (12)(10.39) b = 12 and h = 10.39
≈ 62.34 Simplify.
The area of the window is approximately 62.34(6) or about

374.04 square inches.
Study Tip
Units of Measure Check
Remember that when LIGHTING A theater uses scaffolding to hang stage lighting. The stage
you are finding the
manager needs to determine how much electrical wire is needed to
area of a polygon, you
hang lights across the scaffolding from point L to N. ¯ LN  ¯,
  ǁ QP 
are multiplying two ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
dimensions. So, you  NP  ǁ MQ 
  , and LQ 
  ǁ MP 
  . If MN is 4 feet, how many feet of electrical
should use square wire is needed to display lights across the scaffolding?
units.
L M N
Q P
863_870_RM_INT1_S_M14_L04_700687.indd 864 17/04/19 8:02 AM

Learn Proving Triangles Congruent: AAS
Talk About It!
The congruence of two angles and a nonincluded side is also Do you think angle-
sufficient to prove two triangles congruent. This congruence angle-angle, or AAA,
relationship is a theorem because it can be proved using the Third could be used to prove
Angles Theorem. triangles congruent?
Provide an example to
Theorem 14.5: Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence justify your reasoning.
Words If two angles and the nonincluded side of one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding two angles and nonincluded
side of a second triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.
Example If ∠A ≅ ∠D, B
∠B ≅ ∠E, and
  ¯ ≅ EF 
BC    ¯,
C
then △ABC ≅ △DEF. E

A
D
F
Think About It!
Is hexagon ABCDEF
The proof of the AAS Congruence Theorem is below. congruent to hexagon
QRSTUV? Use triangle
Given: ∠L ≅ ∠Q S Q congruence to justify
∠M ≅ ∠R your reasoning.
  ¯
  ¯ ≅ RS 
MN 
M
Prove: △LMN ≅ △QRS R
L N
Proof:
A B T U
∠L ∠Q ∠N ∠S
Given Third Angles F C S V
Theorem
E D R Q
∠M ∠R
Given Go Online
LMN QRS You may want to
complete the
ASA
MN RS construction activities
for this lesson.
Given
863_870_RM_INT1_S_M14_L04_700687.indd 865 17/04/19 8:02 AM

Example 3 Use AAS to Prove Triangles Congruent
Choose the correct statements and reasons R S
Statements/Reasons: to complete the flow proof.
Alternate Exterior
Angles Theorem   ‾ ≅ ST
Given: RQ   ‾ and RQ
  ‾ ǁ ST
  ‾ U
Alternate Interior Angles
Theorem Prove: △RUQ ≅ △TUS
Vertical Angles Theorem
RQ ST ∠RQS ∠TSQ Q T
∠RUQ ≅ ∠TUS
∠R ≅ ∠T Given Alternate Interior
∠Q ≅ ∠S Angles Theorem
△RUQ ≅ △SUT
RQ ST
△RUS ≅ △QUT
△RUQ ≅ △TUS Given
RUQ TUS
AAS
∠RUQ ∠TUS
Vertical Angles
Theorem
Check
Choose the correct statements and reasons to complete the
Statements/Reasons: flow proof. A
∠DAC ≅ ∠BEC B
∠C ≅ ∠C Given: ∠DAC ≅ ∠BEC and
¯
  AB ≅¯
  ED ‾ ≅ BC
 
DC   ‾ F
ASA Prove: △ACD ≅ △ECB
E C
AAS D
Given Statements Reasons
Symmetric Property of 1. ? 1. Given
Congruence
‾ ≅ BC
2.  DC   ‾ 2. ?
Reflexive Property of
Congruence 3. ? 3. ?
4. △ACD ≅ △ECB 4. ?
Pause and Reflect

Go Online deal with it?
to practice what
you’ve learned about
proving triangles
congruent in the Put
It All Together over
Lessons 14-3 and 14-4.
863_870_RM_INT1_S_M14_L04_700687.indd 866 17/04/19 8:02 AM

Example 1
Write the specified type of proof.
  ‾ ǁ  CD
Given: AB ‾ , ∠CBD ≅ ∠ADB ‾.
Given: ∠S ≅ ∠V, and T is the midpoint of SV
Prove: △ABD ≅ △CBD Prove: △RTS ≅ △UTV
A B V
R T
U
D C S
3. flow proof 4. paragraph proof

  ‾ ≅ CB
Given: AB   ‾, ∠A ≅ ∠C, and ‾ bisects AE
Given:   CD  ‾, AB
  ‾ ǁ CD
  ‾ , and
‾ bisects ∠ABC.
DB ∠E ≅ ∠BCA.
 ‾ ≅ CD
Prove: AD   ‾ Prove: △ABC ≅ △CDE
B B D
A C E
D
A C
5. paragraph proof 6. paragraph proof

  ‾ bisects ∠BED; ∠BCE
Given: CE   ‾ ≅ YZ
Given: ∠W ≅ ∠Y, WZ   ‾, and
and ∠ECD are right angles. ‾ bisects ∠WZY.
XZ
Prove: △ECB ≅ △ECD Prove: △XWZ ≅ △XYZ
B X
W Y
C E
Z
D
863_870_RM_INT1_S_M14_L04_700687.indd 867 17/04/19 8:34 PM

Example 2
7. REASONING Two doorstops have

cross sections that are right triangles.
Both have a 20° angle, and the length of
20° 20°
the side between the 90° and 20° angles
x in. x in.
are equal.
a. Are the cross sections congruent? Explain.
b. If each cross section has a height of 2 inches and x = 5, what is the combined
area of the two cross sections?
8. ARCHITECTURE An architect used the stained-glass window A B
design in the diagram when remodeling an art studio.
a. If ∠ABC ≅ ∠DCB and ∠ACB ≅ ∠DBC, prove that
△BCA ≅ △CBD. D
C
b. If the height of △CBD is 1.4 meters and CD is 3.5 meters,
how much glass is needed to make the entire window?
9. BRIDGES An engineering company that C K

restores bridges needs to determine the
amount of steel required to replace
some trusses.
  ‾ ǁ  BK
AC ‾, CB
  ‾ ǁ KM
  ‾ , and B is the
midpoint of AM  ‾ .
a. Use the given information to confirm A B M
that △ABC ≅ △BMK.
b. △ABC is equilateral, and AB is 18.5 feet. What is the perimeter of
quadrilateral ACKB?
  ¯ ∥ EF 
Given: BC    ¯, AB 
  ¯ ≅ DE 
  ¯, ∠C ≅ ∠F Given: ∠S ≅ ∠U, and TR bisects ∠STU.
Prove: △ABC ≅ △DEF Prove: △SRT ≅ △URT
A S
R T
B C U
D
E F
863_870_RM_INT1_S_M14_L04_700687.indd 868 17/04/19 8:02 AM

Example 3
Write the specified type of proof.
12. flow proof 13. paragraph proof
  ¯ ≅ MK 
Given: JK    ¯, ∠N ≅ ∠L   ‾ ǁ FG
Given: DE   ‾, ∠E ≅ ∠G
Prove: △JKN ≅ △MKL Prove: △DFG ≅ △FDE
J D E
K L
N
G F
M

M S
  ¯; UY 
Given: V is the midpoint of YW    ¯ ǁ XW 
  ¯,   ‾ ≅ RQ
Given: MS   ‾ ,
Prove: △UVY ≅ △XVW ‾ ǁ RQ
MS   ‾ ,
Prove: △MSP ≅ △RQP P
U
V W
Q R
Y
X
Mixed Exercises
16. USE TOOLS Use a compass and straightedge and the ASA P
Congruence Postulate to construct a triangle congruent to △PQR.
17. PRECISION Two people decide to take a walk. One person is in

Bombay, and the other is in Milwaukee. They start by walking Q R
straight for 1 kilometer. Then both turn right at an angle of 110° and
continue to walk straight again. After a while, both turn right again, but this time
at an angle of 120°. Both walk straight for a while in this new direction until they
end up where they started. Each person walked in a triangular path at their
location. Are the two triangles they formed congruent? Explain.
863_870_RM_INT1_S_M14_L04_700687.indd 869 17/04/19 8:02 AM

18. USE ESTIMATION Delma came to a river during a hike, and she wanted to
 ‾ vertically on the
estimate the distance across it. She held her walking stick AB
ground at the edge of the river and sighted along the top of the stick across A
the river to the base of a tree T. Then she turned without changing the angle
of her head and sighted along the top of the stick to a rock R, located on her R B T
side of the river.
a. Explain why △ABT ≅ △ABR.
b. Delma finds that it takes 27 paces to walk from her current location to the rock.
She also knows that each of her paces is 14 inches long. Explain how she can
use this information to estimate the distance across the river.
19. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Write a paragraph proof.

Given: ∠D ≅ ∠F
D
‾ bisects ∠DEF.
 GE
‾ ≅ FG
Prove:  DG   ‾
G E
F
20. A
NALYZE Find a counterexample to show why SSA (Side-Side-Angle) cannot be
used to prove the congruence of two triangles.
21. F
IND THE ERROR Tyrone says that it is not possible to show A
that △ADE ≅ △ACB. Lorenzo disagrees, explaining that
because ∠ADE ≅ ∠ACB, ∠AED ≅ ∠ABC, and ∠A ≅ ∠A by E
the Reflexive Property, △ADE ≅ △ACB. Who is correct? D
Explain your reasoning. B
C
22. C
REATE Draw and label two triangles that could be proved
congruent by ASA.
23. W
RITE How do you know which method (SSS, SAS, and so on) to use
when you are proving triangle congruence? Use a table to explain
your reasoning.
R
24. P
ERSEVERE Using the information given in the diagram, P Q
write a flow proof to show that △PVQ ≅ △SVT. V
T S
M
863_870_RM_INT1_S_M14_L04_700687.indd 870 17/04/19 8:02 AM

Lesson 14-5
Proving Right Triangles Congruent

Today’s Goals
Explore Congruence Theorems and Right Triangles ● Use the right triangle
congruence theorems
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the Explore. to prove relationships in
geometric figures.
INQUIRY What criteria can be used to prove

right triangles congruent?
If two right triangles are formed using the criteria for leg-leg congruence,
hypotenuse-angle congruence, leg-angle congruence, or hypotenuse-
leg congruence, then there is a series of rigid motions that will show the
two triangles congruent. This leads to the theorems below.
Learn Right Triangle Congruence

Talk About It!
Theorem 14.6: Leg-Leg (LL) Congruence Can you declare that
Words If the legs of one right triangle are congruent to the the given triangles are
corresponding legs of another right triangle, then the congruent by HA?
triangles are congruent. Justify your argument.
Example Given right △ABC and C F
right △DEF, ¯ AB
  ≅¯
  DE
¯
and CB
  ¯
≅ FE
  . So,
△ABC ≅ △DEF
by LL. A B D E
Theorem 14.7: Hypotenuse-Angle (HA) Congruence
Words If the hypotenuse and an D
acute angle of one right
triangle are congruent to the D
hypotenuse and the
corresponding acute angle A of
another right triangle, then
E F
the triangles are congruent. A
E F
Example Given right △ABC and right
△DEF, ¯   AC ≅¯
  DF and B C
∠C ≅ ∠F. So,
△ABC ≅ △DEF by HA. B C
Theorem 14.8: Leg-Angle (LA) Congruence
If one leg and an acute angle of one right triangle are congruent to the
corresponding leg and acute angle of another right triangle, then the
Theorem 14.9: Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence
Go Online
Proofs of Theorems
If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are congruent to the
14.6 through 14.9 are
hypotenuse and the corresponding leg of another right triangle, then
available.
the triangles are congruent.
Lesson 14-5 • Proving Right Triangles Congruent 871
871_874_RM_INT1_S_M14_L05_700687.indd 871 17/04/19 7:57 AM

Example 1 Problem Solving with Right Triangles
HOME IMPROVEMENT Craig A
and his brother are painting a
house. The brothers use
ladders that are the same
B C
length. If they place their
D
ladders an equal distance from
the house, will each ladder
reach the same height on the
house? Construct a logical E F
argument.
Draw a diagram to model this situation. It is given that the length of
the ladders is the same and that they are placed the same distance
from the house.
Because the wall of the house is perpendicular to the ground, the
triangles formed by the house, the ground, and the ladders are right
triangles. The hypotenuses are congruent because the ladders are the
same length. The corresponding legs along the ground are congruent
because the ladders are placed the same distance from the house. So
the triangles are congruent by the Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence
Theorem or HL. Thus, ¯   and ¯
AB   are congruent by CPCTC. You can
DE
conclude that the ladders reach to the same height on the house.
Check
FENCES The fence has parallel
supports and a crossbar that forms
two triangles. Complete the proof
to show that the triangles are A D
congruent.
REASONS:
Given: ∠B and ∠D are
Alternate exterior angles
 AD ∥ ¯
right angles. ¯   .
BC
are congruent. B C
Alternate interior angles Prove: △ABC ≅ △CDA

are congruent. Proof:
Consecutive interior Statements Reasons
angles are congruent.
1. ∠B and ∠D are right 1. ?
Definition of right angles.
triangle
2. △ABC and △CDA 2. ?
Given
are right triangles.
HA
AD ∥ ¯
3.  ¯ BC
  3. ?
HL
4. ∠DAC ≅ ∠BCA 4. ?
LA
5.  ¯
AC ≅ ¯
  AC 5. ?
Reflexive Property
Symmetric Property 6. △ABC ≅ △CDA 6. ?
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Practice
Example 1
1. CAMPING In the diagram of the pup tent, the
support pole is perpendicular to the ground. The X
base of the support pole is located at the midpoint
of the segment connecting the bottom of the sides
of the tent. Write a two-column proof to show that the
triangles formed by the support pole are congruent.
Given:  ¯
XZ ⊥  ¯
WY; Z is the midpoint of ¯
  WY .
W Z Y
Prove: △WXZ ≅ △YXZ
2. TOWERS The cell phone tower has parallel poles and diagonal support
beams that form two triangles. Write a two-column proof to show that the
J
Given: ∠H and ∠K are right angles. H
¯
  GH ∥¯
  KJ K
Prove: △GKJ ≅ △JHG
G
Federicofoto/123RF, Alexey Baskakov/Hemera/Getty Images
3.
BRIDGES In the diagram, the vertical support beam,
¯
  , is perpendicular to the deck of the bridge. The two
BX B
diagonals, ¯
AB
  and ¯
CB
  , are equal in length.
Given: ¯
  BX ⊥  ¯
AC; AB = CB
Prove: △AXB ≅ △CXB

A C
X
Mixed Exercises
Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent. If yes, include the theorem
that applies.
4. W X 5. 6.
Z Y
7. E 8. R U 9.
B
A C F D Q S T V
Lesson 14-5 • Proving Right Triangles Congruent 873
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10. Which pairs of corresponding parts need to be congruent to X
prove that △ABC ≅ △XYZ using the indicated theorem?
a. HA
B
b. LL
A C Z Y
11. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Write a two-column proof. X
Given: ¯
BX
  ⊥¯
  , ¯
XA   ⊥  ¯
BY YA, and ¯
XA
  ≅¯
YA
 
Prove: △BXA ≅ △BYA
A B
Higher-Order Thinking Skills A

12. WRITE The sketch shows the side view of a sculpture that is 8 ft
being designed by an artist. Determine whether △ABC ≅
△DCA. If yes, then provide a paragraph proof. If no, then
explain your reasoning. B
y
13. PERSEVERE Write a paragraph proof. A 11 ft
  ¯ ⊥ ¯
Given: BY   ; ¯
AC CX
  ⊥¯
  ; AX = AY
AB
62°
Prove: △ABY ≅ △ACX X Y C D
B C
14. FIND THE ERROR The Harding Family recently hired an electrical
contractor to install two light posts on opposite sides of the end of
the walkway that leads from the rear of their house to the alley. They
wanted the contractor to install the posts so their distances from the
end of the walkway were equal in length. Suppose two triangles are
drawn from the light posts to both ends of the walkway as shown.
Josephine says that it can be proved with a right triangle congruency 50 ft 50 ft
theorem that the posts are equidistant from the end of the driveway.
Is Josephine’s conclusion correct? Explain your reasoning.
871_874_RM_INT1_S_M14_L05_700687.indd 874 17/04/19 7:57 AM

Lesson 14-6
Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles

Today’s Goals
Explore Properties of Equilateral, Isosceles, ● Solve problems
and Scalene Triangles involving isosceles
triangles.
O ● Solve problems
Explore. involving equilateral
triangles.
INQUIRY What are the differences between Today’s Vocabulary

equilateral, isosceles, and scalene triangles? isosceles triangle
legs of an isosceles
triangle
Explore Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles vertex angle of an
isosceles triangle
O base angles of an
Explore. isosceles triangle
auxiliary line
INQUIRY What conjecture can you make
about the relationship between the parts of
isosceles and equilateral triangles?
Learn Isosceles Triangles

1
An isosceles triangle is a triangle leg leg
with at least two sides congruent.
The two congruent sides are 2 3
called the legs of an isosceles base
triangle. The angle between the
sides that are the legs is called the vertex angle. ∠1 is the vertex angle
of the triangle. The side of the triangle opposite the vertex angle is
called the base. The two angles formed by the base and the congruent
sides are called the base angles of an isosceles triangle. ∠2 and ∠3
are the base angles.
Theorem 14.10: Isosceles Triangle Theorem

Words If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles
opposite those sides are congruent.
Example   ‾ ≅ BC
If AC  ‾, A B
1 2
then ∠2 ≅ ∠1.
Lesson 14-6 • Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 875
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Theorem 14.11: Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
Words If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides
opposite those angles are congruent.
Example If ∠1 ≅ _∠2, D
then FE  ‾.
  ≅ DE 1
E
2
F
Go Online A proof of Theorem 5.11 is available.
Example 1 Prove Theorems About Isosceles Triangles

Math History Minute
Prove the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.
Henry Dudeney
(1857–1930) was a To prove the Isosceles Triangle Theorem, draw an auxiliary line and
British government use the two triangles that are formed. An auxiliary line is an extra line
employee who enjoyed or segment drawn in a figure to help analyze geometric relationships.
creating logic puzzles
_
and mathematical   ‾ ≅ LP
Given: △LMP, LM   M
games. One of
Dudeney’s greatest Prove: ∠M ≅ ∠P
L N
accomplishments was
his success at solving
a particular puzzle, the P
Haberdasher’s Puzzle,
that requires a person
to cut an equilateral Proof:
triangle into four Statements Reasons
pieces that can be ¯.
1. Let N be the midpoint of MP 1. Every segment has exactly
rearranged to make one midpoint.
a square.
¯.
2. Draw an auxiliary segment  LN 2. Two points determine a line.
¯ ≅ PN
3.  MN   ¯ 3. Midpoint Theorem
‾ ≅  LN
4.  LN ‾ 4. Reflexive Property of
Congruence
_
‾ ≅ LP
5.  LM   5. Given
STATEMENTS/REASONS: 6. △LMN ≅ △LPN 6. SSS
Definition of congruence 7. ∠M ≅ ∠P 7. CPCTC
Given
Midpoint Theorem
¯ ≅ LN
LN   ¯
_
¯ ≅ LP
MP  
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Example 2 Find Missing Measures in Isosceles Triangles Watch Out!
Find m∠B and m∠C. Triangle Relationships
We cannot use the
Part A Determine side relationships. y Isosceles Triangle
A Theorem until we show
Use the Distance Formula to determine the
70° that two sides of △ABC
measures of the sides of △ABC. The
are congruent.
coordinates of △ABC are A(0, 3), B(-4, -2), O x
and C(4, -2).
___________________ __ C D B
√ 0 - (-4)]2 + [3 - (-2)]2   or √
AB = [    41  units
_______________ __
AC = √
(  0 - 4)2 + [3 - (-2)]2   or √
41  units
_____________________
CB = √ 4 - (-4)]2 + [-2 - (-2)]2   or 8 units
[   
Go Online
¯ ≅ AC
So, △ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB   ¯. An alternate method is
available for this
Part B Determine the angle measures. example.
Because AB¯ ≅ AC
  ¯, we know that ∠C ≅ ∠B by the Isosceles
Triangle Theorem.
m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180° Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem

m∠A + 2m∠B = 180° Definition of congruent
70° + 2m∠B = 180° Substitute.
m∠B = m∠C = 55° Solve.
Check
Find m∠XYZ and m∠YZX. y Y
m∠XYZ = ?
X
m∠YZX = ?
Z
O x
Learn Equilateral Triangles

The Isosceles Triangle Theorem leads to two corollaries about the
angles of an equilateral triangle.
Corollary 14.3
A triangle is equilateral if and only if it is equiangular.
Corollary 14.4
Each angle of an equilateral triangle measures 60°.
You will prove Corollaries 14.3 and 14.4 in Exercises 18 and 19, respectively.
875_882_RM_INT1_S_M14_L06_700687.indd 877 17/04/19 7:59 AM

Example 3 Find Missing Measures in Equilateral
Triangles
Study Tip Find m∠J. J
_ _
Isosceles Triangles Any Because JL = JK, JL
  ≅  JK . By the Isosceles
isosceles triangle that Triangle Theorem, base angles L and K are
has one 60° angle must congruent, so m∠L = m∠K. 12 ft 12 ft
be an equilateral triangle.
Use the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem to write
and solve an equation to find m∠J. 60°
L K
m∠J + m∠K + m∠L = 180° Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem
m∠J + 60° + 60° = 180° Isosceles Triangle Theorem
m∠J = 60° Solve.
Check P
Find m∠R and PR. 5 cm
m∠R = ?
60° Q
PR = ? cm
5 cm
R
Example 4 Find Missing Values

BILLIARDS Find the value of each variable.
A
¯ ≅ BC
Because AB ¯, ∠ACB ≅ ∠BAC by the
Isosceles Triangle Theorem. 60°
4y - 2 2y + 2
(6x + 6)° = 60° Isosceles Triangle Theorem
(6x + 6)°
x = 9 Solve. B C
Because each angle of the triangle measures
Talk About It! 60° by the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem, the triangle is an equilateral
Arturo argues that you
triangle by Corollary 5.3. Kucher Serhii/Shutterstock; Sira Anamwong/Shutterstock
do not have to use the 4y - 2 = 2y + 2 Corollary 14.3; definition of equilateral △

properties of equilateral
y = 2 Solve.
triangles to solve for y.
Do you agree? Explain
your reasoning.
Check
(2x)°
ARCHITECTURE The main (4y - 5) ft
entrance to the Louvre Museum 115 ft
is a unique metal and glass
Go Online pyramid. Find the value of each
You may want to (2x)°
variable.
complete the
construction activities x = ? and y = ?
for this lesson.
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Practice
Example 1
1. Write a two-column proof.
Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠2 B
  ¯
  ¯ ≅ CB
Prove: AB
1 3
A D
C 2
E

¯ ≅ CG
Given: CD ¯ D
¯ ≅ GF
DE ¯ E
  ¯ ≅ CF
Prove: CE   ¯ C
F
G

¯ ∥ BC
Given: DE ¯ C
E
3
∠1 ≅ ∠2 2
Prove: AB   ¯
  ¯ ≅ AC A
1
4
D B
4. ROOFS In the picture, BD   ¯ and △ABC is an isosceles triangle

  ¯ ⊥ AC B
  ¯. Write a two-column proof to prove that BD
with base AC   ¯ bisects the
angle formed by the sloped sides of the roof, ∠ABC. A
D C
Example 2
5. Refer to the figure. A
y
a. Find the measures of the sides of △ABC. Show your work.
b. Find m∠A. Show your work. 55°

C B
O x
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6. Find SR, ST, RT, m∠TRS, and m∠RST. Round 7. Find the measures of ∠DEF and ∠EFD.
to the nearest tenth, if necessary. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
E y
R y
D
O S
x F
52°
T O x
Examples 3 and 4
8. Find the value of x. 9. Find m∠B and AC. 10. Find the value of x.
X B D
3x + 8 60°
3m 3m
60° 6x°
Z Y A C F E
4x - 4
11. Find m∠Y and WY. 12. Find the value of x. 13. Find the value of x.
W Y L A B
7 in. 7 in. 4x 40
60° 3x° K 60°
X C
M
Maryna Kulchytska/Shutterstock
14. CHIPS Some tortilla chips 15. SIGNS Yield signs notify
(6x+3) mm
can be modeled by a drivers to slow down and (4y)˚
(2y+4)˚
triangle. allow oncoming vehicles YIELD
a. Solve for x. 27 mm to proceed first.
(2y+4)˚ a. Solve for x. 4x+2 3x+9
b. Solve for y.
b. Solve for y. 60˚
Mixed Exercises
16. CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Julita works for a Q
company that makes lounge chairs. As Q
shown in the figure, the back of each chair is
an isosceles triangle that can be adjusted so P P
the person sitting on the chair can recline. R S R S
Suppose the chair is adjusted so m∠Q = 50°. What is m∠QRS? Write a paragraph proof to justify
your argument.
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Mixed Exercises
17. STRUCTURE Each of the triangles shown is isosceles.
a. U
se a ruler to find the midpoint of each side of each triangle. Copy and draw
a triangle formed by connecting the midpoints of each side.
b. L
ook for patterns in your drawings. Make a conjecture about what you notice.
18. PROOF Write a two-column proof to prove each case of Corollary 14.3.
a. Case 1 b. Case 2
D F
Given: △DEF is an equilateral triangle. Given: △DEF is an equiangular triangle.

Prove: △DEF is an equiangular triangle. Given: △DEF is an equilateral triangle.
19. PROOF Write a two-column proof to prove Corollary 14.4. Q

Given: △PQR is an equilateral triangle.
Prove: m∠P = m∠Q = m∠R = 60°
P R
REGULARITY Find each measure.
20. m∠CAD A
21. m∠ACD
22. m∠ACB
92°
D B
23. m∠ABC C
24. PATHS A marble path, as shown at the right, is constructed out of several
congruent isosceles triangles. All the vertex angles measure 20°. What is the 1
measure of angle 1 in the figure?
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25. PRECISION Construct three different isosceles right triangles. Explain your
method. Then verify your constructions using measurement and mathematics.
26. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTIONS Every day, cars drive through approximate
isosceles triangles when they go over the Leonard Zakim Bridge in Boston.
The ten-lane roadway forms the bases of the triangles.
a. If m∠A = 67°, find m∠B. B
b. Find m∠C.
A C
c. What assumption is made when approximating that the bridge forms
isosceles triangles?

ANALYZE Determine whether the following statements are sometimes, always,
or never true. Justify your argument.
27. If the measure of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is an integer, then the
measure of each base angle is an integer.
28. If the measures of the base angles of an isosceles triangle are integers, then the
measure of its vertex angle is odd.
29. CREATE If possible, draw an isosceles triangle with base angles that are obtuse.
If it is not possible, explain why not.
30. WRITE How can triangle classifications help you prove triangle congruence?
G
31. FIND THE ERROR Darshan and Miguela are finding m∠G in the figure
shown. Darshan says that m∠G = 35°, and Miguela says that
m∠G = 60°. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning. H
70°
F
32. PERSEVERE A boat is traveling at 25 mi/h parallel B C
‾, as
to a straight section of the shoreline,  XY
shown. An observer in a lighthouse L spots the
70°
boat when the angle formed by the boat, the
lighthouse, and the shoreline is 35° and again 35°
when this angle is 70°. Shoreline
X L Y
a. Explain how you can prove that △BCL is
isosceles.
b. It takes the boat about 15 minutes to travel from point B to point C. When the
boat is at point C, what is the distance to the lighthouse?
875_882_RM_INT1_S_M14_L06_700687.indd 882 17/04/19 7:59 AM

Lesson 14-7
Triangles and Coordinate Proof

Learn Position and Label Triangles Today’s Goals
● Position a triangle on
Coordinate proofs use figures in the coordinate plane and algebra to the coordinate plane
prove geometric concepts. The first step in a coordinate proof is placing and label the vertices.
the figure on the coordinate plane. ● Write coordinate proofs
Key Concept • Placing Triangles on the Coordinate Plane to verify properties and
to prove theorems
1. Use the origin as a vertex, or the y about triangles.
center of the triangle. B(a, b)
2. Place at least one side of the coordinate proofs
triangle on an axis.
A(0, 0)
3. Keep the triangle within the first O C(2a, 0) x
quadrant if possible.
4. Use coordinates that make
computations as simple as possible.
Go Online
Example 1 Position and Label a Triangle You can watch a video
  ¯ and AB
Position and label right △ABC with legs AC   ¯ is 2a units
  ¯ so AC to see how to place
long and AB ¯
  is 2b units long. figures on the plane for
coordinate proofs.
Step 1 Position the triangle.
• P osition the triangle in the first quadrant.
Think About It!
• Placing the right angle of the triangle, y
∠A, at the origin will allow the two legs The coordinates of two
to be along the x- and y-axes. vertices of an equilateral
C(0, 2a)
triangle are (0, 0) and
Step 2 Determine the coordinates. (2a, 0). The height of
A(0, 0)
• Because C is on the y-axis, its O x
the triangle is b units.
B(2b, 0)
x-coordinate is 0. Its y-coordinate is 2a The coordinates of the
because the leg is 2a units long. third vertex are in
• Because B is on the x-axis, its terms of a and b. What
y-coordinate is 0. Its x-coordinate is 2b are the coordinates of
because the leg is 2b units long. the third vertex?
Check
Position and label isosceles triangle JKL on
  ¯
a coordinate plane such that the base JL 
is 2a units long, the vertex K is on the
y-axis, and the height of the triangle is
b units.
Lesson 14-7 • Triangles and Coordinate Proof 883
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Example 2 Identify Missing Coordinates
Name the missing coordinates of y
isosceles △RST. S (0, b)
Step 1 Find y-coordinates of R and T.

The base of the triangle is positioned
on the x-axis. So, the y-coordinate of R R (–2a, 0) T (2a, 0)
O Q (0, 0) x
is 0, and the y-coordinate of T is 0.
Study Tip Step 2 Use the properties of △RST.

y
Isosceles Triangles   ¯ ≅ TS
Because △RST is isosceles with RS  ¯, S(0, b)
You may want to ∠SRT ≅ ∠STR by the Isosceles Triangle
place isosceles and
Theorem.
equilateral triangles on T(?, 0)
the coordinate plane Draw an auxiliary line from S to the origin R(-2a, 0) O Q(0, 0) x
so that the uppermost and label the intersection point Q. Because
vertex lies on the   ¯ and RT 
SQ    ¯ coincide with the x- and
y-axis. Then you can ¯
y-axes, SQ 
    ¯. By HA, △RSQ ≅ △TSQ,
⊥ RT  y
use the properties of and then RQ    ¯ ≅ QT by CPCTC. S(0, b)
isosceles triangles to
label the coordinates Step 3 Find the x-coordinate of T.
of the vertices, making T(2a, 0)
the computations in So, because the x-coordinate of R is -2a, O Q(0, 0) x
R(-2a, 0)
coordinate proofs the x-coordinate of T must be 2a.
easier.
Check
Name the missing coordinates of isosceles right triangle ABC with BC
a units long.
Explore Triangles and Coordinate Proofs

Online Activity Use the guiding exercises to complete the
Explore.
INQUIRY How can you assign coordinates to

vertices of a triangle if the lengths of the
sides are unknown?
883_892_RM_INT1_S_M14_L07_700687.indd 884 17/04/19 7:15 AM

Learn Triangles and Coordinate Proof
Coordinate proofs use figures on the coordinate plane to prove
geometric concepts and theorems. Study Tip
Key Concept • Writing a Coordinate Proof Coordinate Proofs
These guidelines apply
Step 1 Place the figure on the coordinate plane.
to all polygons, not just
Step 2 Label the coordinates of the vertices of the figure. triangles.
Step 3 Use algebra to prove properties or theorems.
Example 3 Write a Coordinate Proof

Write a coordinate proof to show that △FGH ≅ △FDC.
y
Use the Distance Formula to find the  b
F 0,
length of each side of each triangle. D(-a, b) 2 G(a, b)
If the sides of the triangles are
congruent, then the triangles are
congruent by SSS. C(-a, 0) O H(a, 0) x
__________________
√
DC = [-a
   - (-a)]2 + (b - 0)2  or b
_______________
GH = √
(a
   2
- a) + (b - 0)   or b 2
  ¯ ≅ GH 
Because DC = GH, DC    ¯ by the definition of congruence.
√ √
________________ ______
(2 ) or a +   4  
b b2
DF = [0
   - (-a)]2 + __
    - b 2   2 __
√ √
_________________ ______
- 0)2 + (b - __
  2 )2   or a2 + __
b b2
GF = (a
     4  
√ √
________________ ______
- (-a)]2 +(__
  2  - 0)2   or a2 + __
b b2
CF = [0
      4  
√ √
_________________ ______
Go Online
( 2 ) or a +   4  
b b2
HF = (a
   - 0)2 + 0 - __
    2   2 __
You can complete an
  ¯ ≅ CF 
  ¯ ≅ GF 
Because DF = GF = CF = HF, DF    ¯ ≅ HF 
  ¯,
△FGH ≅ △FDC by SSS.
Check
y
Write a coordinate proof to show that △ABX ≅ △CDX.
Proof:
  ¯ is (_______ ) (  2 ,   2 ). The
? 0+a+x 0+b
____ , or ____ __ a+x b
The of AC   2 ,   2 
B(0 + x, b) C(a + x, b)
  ¯ is ( ) (  2 ,   2 ). Because x is

0+x+a b+0 a+x b
midpoint of BD _______
  ____ or ____
2 ,   2 
__
A(0, 0)
located at (____   2 ), it is the midpoint of AC
a+x b
  2 , __   ¯ and BD 
  ¯. By the definition O D(a, 0) x
  ¯ bisects BD 

of a segment bisector, AC    ¯ and BD    ¯.
  ¯ bisects AC  X 
a+x, b 
2 2
  ¯ ≅  XD 
Therefore, BX  ¯ and AX   ¯. From the
  ¯ ≅ XC  ? ,
___________________ ______
√___________________ √______
CD = [(a
    + x) - a]2 + (b - 0)2  or x2 + b2 , and
AB = √
[(0
    + x) - 0] + (b - 0)   or √
2 2 2   ¯ ≅ AB 
x + b  . Therefore, CD  2   ¯
by the definition of ? , and △ABX ≅ △CDX by SSS.
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Example 4 Prove a Theorem by Using Coordinate
Geometry y
Write a coordinate proof to show that

if two lines are each equidistant from B(a, b) D(2a, b)
a third line, then the two lines are F(3a, b)
parallel to each other.
⟷ ⟷
Given: AB   and EF
  are equidistant
⟷ A(0, 0) C(a, 0)
from CD
  . O x
E(2a, 0)
⟷ ⟷
Prove: AB   ǁ EF 
 
Proof:
⟷ ____ b-0 b ⟷ b-0 b
The slope of AB 
  =   a - 0  = __
  a .   = ______
The slope of EF    3a - 2a = __
  a .
⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ↔
Because the slopes of AB 
  and EF 
  are the same,  AB  ǁ  EF.
Check
Write a coordinate proof to show that the three segments joining
the midpoints of the sides of an isosceles triangle form another
isosceles triangle.
  ¯ ≅ AC 
Given: Isosceles triangle ABC; BC    ¯; R, y
C (a, b)
S, and T are midpoints of their respective
sides.
R S
Prove: △RST is isosceles.
A (0, 0) B (2a, 0)
O T x
883_892_RM_INT1_S_M14_L07_700687.indd 886 17/04/19 7:15 AM

Example 5 Classify a Triangle
NAVIGATION The Polynesian Triangle is a triangle formed between
the three Pacific island groups that form the South Pacific region
known as Polynesia. The approximate coordinates in latitude and
longitude of each vertex are Auckland, New Zealand (-40.9, 174.9),
Honolulu, Hawaii (21.3, -157.9), and Easter Island (-27.1, -109.4).
United States
of America
Study Tip
Honolulu, Hawaii Mexico Units of Measure
H (21.3, -157.9) While the distance
between cities is
usually measured in
miles or kilometers,
latitude and longitude
are measured in
degrees relative to the
Prime Meridian and the
PACIFIC OCEAN Equator.
Easter Island
E (-27.1, -109.4)
A (-40.9, 174.9)
Auckland, New Zealand
Part A Estimate the type of triangle formed by the Polynesian islands.

The triangle appears to be a(n) acute scalene triangle.
Part B Use coordinate geometry to determine the type of triangle
formed.
Use the Distance Formula to determine the length of each side of
the triangle.
Round to the nearest tenth.
_______________________________
√ -40.9 - (-27.1)]2 + [174.9 - (-109.4)]2  
AE = [    
≈ 284.6
______________________________
√
EH = (-27.1
     - 21.3)2 + [-109.4 - (-157.9)]2  
≈ 68.5
_____________________________
√
AH = (-40.9
     - 21.3)2 + [174.9 - (-157.9)]2  
≈ 338.6
Because the length of each side is different, the triangle is scalene.

883_892_RM_INT1_S_M14_L07_700687.indd 887 17/04/19 7:15 AM

Check
GEOGRAPHY Eldora’s family lives in New Mexico. She lives southwest
of Rio Rancho, her uncle lives in Clines Corners, and her grandparents
live in Rociada. Eldora has assigned coordinates to each location.
285
Rociada
L (e, f)
550 25 25
NEW MEXICO
J (a, b)
Rio Rancho 285
40
K (c, d)
25 Clines Corners 40
285
Part A Estimate the type of triangle formed.

A. acute scalene B. obtuse scalene C. right scalene
D. right isosceles E. equilateral
Part B Which of the following can be used in a coordinate proof to
show that the estimate chosen above is correct?
A. U se the Distance Formula to find the lengths of JL   ¯, JK 
  ¯, and KL 
  ¯. If
they are all equal, then the triangle is equilateral.
B. Use the Distance Formula to find the lengths of JL   ¯, JK 
  ¯, and KL 
  ¯. If
they are different, then the triangle is scalene.
C. Compare the slopes of JK   ¯ and KL    ¯. If the product of the slopes is
-1, then the lines are perpendicular. Use the Distance Formula to
 ¯ and KL 
find the lengths of JK    ¯. If the lengths are equal, then the
triangle is a right isosceles triangle.
D. Compare the slopes of JK   ¯ and KL    ¯. If the product of the slopes
is -1, then the lines are perpendicular. Use the Distance Formula
 ¯, JK 
to find the lengths of JL    ¯, and KL    ¯. If the lengths are different,
then the triangle is a right scalene triangle.
883_892_RM_INT1_S_M14_L07_700687.indd 888 17/04/19 7:15 AM

Practice
Example 1
REGULARITY Position and label each triangle on the coordinate plane.
  ¯ that is a units long and height that is b units

1. isosceles △ABC with base AB 
2. right △XYZ with hypotenuse YZ   ¯, leg XY 

  ¯ that is b units long, and leg XZ 
  ¯ that is
¯
three times the length of XY 
 
  ¯ and legs 3a units long

3. isosceles right △RST with hypotenuse RS 
  ¯ and KL 

4. right △JKL with legs JK    ¯ such that JK 
  ¯ is a units long and leg KL 
  ¯ is
4b units long
Example 2
Name the missing coordinate(s) of each triangle.
5. y 6. y
C(?, q) T(?, ?)
A(0, 0) R(0, 0)
O B(2p, 0) x O S(2a, 0) x
7. y 8. y
F(?, b) M(?, ?)
O(0, 0)
E(?, ?) O G(2g, 0) x O N(3b, 0) x
Examples 3 and 4
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS For Exercises 9–13, write a coordinate proof
for each statement.
9. The segments joining the midpoints of the sides of a right y
triangle form a right triangle. B(0, 2b)
 ¯.
Given: Point R is the midpoint of AB  P
R
 ¯.
Point P is the midpoint of BC 
 ¯.
Point Q is the midpoint of AC  A(0, 0)
O Q C(2a, 0) x
Prove: △RPQ is a right triangle.
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10. A segment from the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle to the midpoint y
of the base is perpendicular to the base. S(0, c)
  ¯.
Given: Isosceles △RST; U is the midpoint of base RT 
  ¯ ⊥ RT 
Prove: SU    ¯ T(a, 0)
R(-a, 0) O U(0, 0) x
11. In an isosceles right triangle, the segment from the vertex of the right y
angle to the midpoint of the hypotenuse is perpendicular to the A(0, 2a)
hypotenuse.
M
Given: isosceles right △ABC with right angle ∠ABC; M the midpoint
  ¯.
of AC B(0, 0)
O C(2a, 0) x
Prove: BM    ¯
  ¯ ⊥ AC 
12. The measure of the segment that joins the vertex of the right angle in a y
right triangle to the midpoint of the hypotenuse is one-half the measure B (0, 2b)
of the hypotenuse.
  ¯.
Given: right △ABC; P is the midpoint of BC  P
1
Prove: AP = __
  2 B
C
A (0, 0)
O C (2c, 0) x
13. If a line segment joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle, then its y
length is equal to one-half the length of the third side. C (b, c)
  ¯.
Given: S is the midpoint of AC 
  ¯.
T is the midpoint of BC  S T
1
Prove: ST = __
  2 AB
O A (0, 0) B (a, 0) x
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Example 5 y
14. NEIGHBORHOODS Kalini lives 6 miles east and 4 miles north of K(6, 4)
M(-2, 3)
her high school. After school, she works part time at the mall in a
music store. The mall is 2 miles west and 3 miles north of the
school. Use coordinate geometry to determine the type of triangle
O S(0, 0) x
formed by Kalini’s high school, her home, and the mall.
y R(7, 6)
15. COUNTY FAIR The fair committee wants to print a map to distribute
to vendors as they arrive to set up their booths at the fairgrounds. On G(1, 2)
a coordinate grid, the main gate is located at (3, -1), the grandstand
is located at (1, 2), and the rides and games are located at (7, 6).
Use coordinate geometry to determine the type of triangle formed O x
by these locations. M(3, −1)
16. USE ESTIMATION A town is preparing for a 5K run. The race will y
start at city hall which is represent by point C. The course will take
C
runners along straight streets to the library at L, to the science
museum at S, and back to city hall for the finish.
a. Estimate the type of triangle formed by the course. S
b. U
se coordinate geometry to determine the type of triangle
formed.
L
O x
Mixed Exercises
REASONING Draw △XYZ and find the slope of each side of the
triangle. Determine whether the triangle is a right triangle. Explain.
17. X(0, 0), Y(2h, 2h), Z(4h, 0) 18. X(0, 0), Y(1, h), Z(2h, 0)
19. SHELVES Martha has a shelf bracket shaped like a right isosceles
triangle. She wants to know the length of the hypotenuse relative to
the sides. She does not have a ruler but remembers the Distance
Formula. She places the bracket on a coordinate grid with the
right angle at the origin. The length of each leg is a. What are the
coordinates of the vertices that form the two acute angles?
20. FLAGS A flag is shaped like an isosceles triangle. A designer

would like to make a drawing of the flag on a coordinate plane.
She positions it so the base of the triangle is on the y-axis with
one endpoint located at (0, 0). She locates the tip of the flag at
(a, __
  2 ). What are the coordinates of the third vertex?
b
A y
21. DESIGN Andrew is using a coordinate plane to design a quilt. Two B

of the triangular patches for the quilt are shown in the figure.
C
Andrew wants to be sure that ∠A and ∠D have the same measure. O D x
Describe the main steps you can use to prove that ∠A ≅ ∠D. E
883_892_RM_INT1_S_M14_L07_700687.indd 891 17/04/19 11:48 AM

22. COMMUNITY A landscape architect is using a coordinate plane to design y
a triangular community garden. The fence that will surround the garden is A
modeled by △ABC. The architect wants to know whether any of the three
angles in the fence will be congruent. Determine the answer for the
O x
architect and give a coordinate proof to justify your response.
C
B
A(2a, 2b)
23. △ABC is isosceles with AB    ¯. D is the midpoint of AB 
  ¯≅ AC    ¯, E is the
  ¯, and F is the midpoint of AC 
midpoint of BC    ¯. What are the D F
coordinates of D, E, and F? B(0, 0)

O E C(4a, 0) x
24. DRAFTING An engineer is designing a roadway. Three roads

intersect to form a triangle. The engineer marks two vertices of the
triangle at (-5, 0) and (5, 0) on a coordinate plane.
a. Describe the set of points in the coordinate plane that could not be used as
the third vertex of the triangle.
b. Describe the set of points in the coordinate plane that could be the vertex of
an isosceles triangle.
c. Describe the set of points in the coordinate plane that would make a right
triangle with the other two points if the right angle is located at (-5, 0).

25. CREATE Draw an isosceles right triangle on the coordinate plane so the
midpoint of its hypotenuse is the origin. Label the coordinates of the vertex.
26. WRITE Explain why following each guideline for placing a triangle on the
coordinate plane is helpful in proving coordinate proofs.
a. Use the origin as a vertex of the triangle.
b. Place at least one side of the triangle on the x- or y-axis.
c. Keep the triangle within the first quadrant if possible.
PERSEVERE Find the coordinates of point L so △JKL is the indicated type of

triangle. Point J has coordinates (0, 0), and point K has coordinates (2a, 2b).
27. scalene triangle 28. right triangle 29. isosceles triangle
30. ANALYZE The midpoints of the sides of a triangle are located at (a, 0), (2a, b) and
(a, b). If one vertex is located at the origin, what are the coordinates of the other
vertices? Explain your reasoning.
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Module 14 • Triangles and Congruence
Review
Essential Question
How can you prove congruence and use congruent figures in real-world situations?
Showing combinations of angles and sides in two triangles congruent to one
another results in the potential to show two triangle congruent. These congruent
triangles can be used to represent objects used in the construction of buildings or
mechanical objects.
Module Summary • For right triangles, use the following ways to

prove congruence.
Lesson 14-1 through 14-2
Leg-Leg Congruence (LL)
Angles and Sides Hypotenuse-Angle Congruence (HA)
• The sum of the measures of the interior angles Leg-Angle Congruence (LA)
of a triangle is 180°.
Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence (HL)
• Two figures are congruent if and only if there is a
rigid motion or series of rigid motions that maps Lesson 14-6
one figure exactly onto the other Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
• In two congruent polygons, all the parts of one • If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the
polygon are congruent to the corresponding angles opposite those sides are congruent.
parts of the other polygon. • If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then
the sides opposite those angles are congruent.
Lesson 14-3 through 14-5 • Each angle of an equilateral triangle
measures 60°.
Ways to Prove Triangles Congruent
• Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence three sides
of one triangle congruent to three sides of a Lesson 14-7
second triangle
Coordinate Proof
• Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence two sides • To write a coordinate proof: Place the figure on
and the included angle of one triangle congruent the coordinate plane. Label the vertices. Use
to two sides and the included angle of a second algebra to prove properties or theorems.
triangle
• Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence two angles
and the included side of one triangle congruent Study Organizer
to two angles and the included side of a second Foldables
triangle
Use your Foldable to
• Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence two review this module.
angles and the nonincluded side of one triangle Working with a partner SSS SAS
congruent to two angles and the nonincluded can be helpful. Ask for
side of a second triangle clarification of concepts ASA AAS
as needed.
Module 14 Review • Triangles and Congruence 893

Test Practice
1. OPEN RESPONSE Find the measure of ∠BCD 5. MULTI-SELECT Given △DEF and △JLK where
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
in degrees. (Lesson 14-1) DE ≅ JL
, FD
≅ KJ
, LK
≅ EF
, ∠D ≅ ∠J,
B ∠E ≅ ∠L, and ∠F ≅ ∠K, which of the
following conclusions can be made? Select
64° all that apply. (Lesson 14-2)
A. △DEF and △JLK are congruent.
42°
A D B. △DEF and △JLK are not congruent.
C
C. A
series of rigid motions will map △DEF
onto △JLK.
D. A
series of rigid motions will not map
2. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the value of x given
△DEF onto △JLK.
the triangle below. (Lesson 14-1)
E. △FDE and △KJL are congruent.
F. △FDE and △KJL are not congruent.
(6x + 18)° 6. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which postulate shows

△ABC ≅ △DEF? (Lesson 14-3)
A. 7
A D
B. 12
C. 60
D. 126
3. MULTI-SELECT In △PQR, ∠Q is a right angle.

Select all the statements about ∠P and ∠R
that must be true. (Lesson 14-1)
B C E F
A. ∠P and ∠R are complementary.
B. ∠P and ∠R are supplementary. A. Side-Side-Side
C. ∠P and ∠R are congruent. B. Angle-Side-Angle

D. ∠P and ∠R are acute. C. Side-Angle-Side
E. ∠P or ∠R is obtuse.
D. Angle-Angle-Side
4. OPEN RESPONSE △PRQ has side lengths

PR = 6, QR = 8, and PQ = 5.
If △PRQ ≅ △CBA, then put the side lengths
of △CBA in order from shortest to longest.
(Lesson 14-2)
894 Module 14 Review • Triangles and Congruence

7. MULTIPLE CHOICE In △JKL and △PQR, 10. OPEN RESPONSE A technician is
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
≅ PQ
JK and JL
≅ PR
. Which additional assembling parts for a radio antenna. He
statement would prove that △JKL ≅ △PQR? attaches two metal bars to 3-foot-long
(Lesson 14-3) crosspieces so a triangle is formed, with each
bar meeting the crosspiece at a 40° angle.
A. ∠J ≅ ∠P Which postulate proves that all triangles
B. ∠L ≅ ∠R formed this way are congruent? (Lesson 14-4)
̶̶ ̶̶
C. JK ≅ PR
̶̶ ̶̶ 11. MULTIPLE CHOICE In △RST, m∠R = 85°,
D. JL
≅ KL
m∠S = 33°, and RT = 17.
8. OPEN RESPONSE Stephanie and Fernando Which set of measurements would make
are building triangular prism birdhouses that △RST ≅ △MNP by the AAS Theorem?
have the same dimensions. (Lesson 14-4)
• S
tephanie says that they should measure A. m∠M = 85°, m∠N = 33°, and MP = 17
the length of two sides of the triangular
B. m∠M = 85°, m∠N = 33°, and MN = 17
base and use a protractor to measure the
included angle to be sure the bases are C. m∠M = 33°, m∠N = 85°, and MP = 17
congruent.
D. m∠M = 33°, m∠N = 85°, and MN = 17
• F
ernando says that they can be sure the
triangular bases are congruent if they
measure the lengths of all three sides. 12. MULTI-SELECT Select all the pairs of triangles
that must be congruent to each other.
Which student is correct? (Lesson 14-3)
(Lesson 14-5)
A.
9. MULTI-SELECT In △ABC and △MNP, ∠A ≅ ∠M C F
̶̶ ̶̶
and BC
≅ NP
. What additional piece(s) of
information could be used to prove △ABC ≅
A B D E
△MNP by AAS? (Lesson 14-4)
B.
B N
C F
A C M P A B D E
A. ∠B ≅ ∠N C.
C F
B. ∠C ≅ ∠P
̶̶ ̶̶̶
C. AB
≅ MN

A B D E
̶̶ ̶̶
D. AC
≅ MP
D.
E. ∠A ≅ ∠N C F
A B D E
Module 14 Review • Triangles and Congruence 895

13. OPEN RESPONSE If the vertex angle of an 17. MULTIPLE CHOICE A triangle drawn on
isosceles triangle measures 86°, what is the a coordinate plane has vertices A(0, 0),
angle measure in degrees of one of the B(0, 2b), and C(2c, 0). Which expression
̶̶
base angles? (Lesson 14-6) represents the slope of BC
? (Lesson 14-7)
b
A. - __c
b
14. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the value of x. B. __
  c
(Lesson 14-6) c
C. __
  b
F
c
D. - __
b
E 40° (11x - 18)°
18. MULTIPLE CHOICE The given triangle will be
D used in a coordinate proof.
A. 5.3 y
Q(2b, 2c)
B. 8
C. 14.4 P(0, 0) R(2d, 0)
D. 70 O x
15. OPEN RESPONSE What is the length of

segment QR? (Lesson 14-6)
What are the coordinates of the midpoint
P ̶̶
of QR
? (Lesson 14-7)
60° A. (b - d, 0)
3x - 9 2x + 5 B. (b + d, 0)
C. (b - d, c)
60°

R Q D. (b + d, c)
16. MULTI-SELECT An air traffic control tower is 19. MULTIPLE CHOICE Use coordinate geometry
located at O(0, 0) on a coordinate plane. to determine the type of triangle formed
Aircraft A is located at A(39, 52) and aircraft B below. (Lesson 14-7)
is located at B(25, 60).
y A (2, 4)
C (−3, 3)
Select all statements that are true about this
situation. (Lesson 14-7)
A. Aircraft A is closer to the control tower. O x
B. Aircraft B is closer to the control tower. B (3, −1)
C. Both aircraft are the same distance from
the control tower.
D. △OAB is an acute triangle. A. equilateral
E. △OAB is an equilateral triangle. B. isosceles
C. right
D. scalene
896 Module 14 Review • Triangles and Congruence

Selected Answers
6136
Module 1 35. 2m + 6 37.  ____ y 39. 19.95 × t - 10 or
19.95t − 10 41. 5f + 45h 43. 1 45. 7
Quick Check 65 1
47. 149 49.  __ __
4 51. 44 53.   2 55. 18
2 1 3 1
1.  __ __
3 3.   13 5. 4 7.  __ __
2 or 1  2
57. 10 59. 16 61. 13 63a. 5t - 100
63b. 1400 students 65a. 1.75 + 3.45m
65b. $29.35 67a. Sample answer: the
Lesson 1-1 quotient of 5x and 2 plus y cubed; 5x divided
by 2 plus y to the third power 67b. 18
1. 2 + 12 ÷ 4 3. 3 × 11 + 7 5. 6 - 3 - 1 69. 89 71. 52 73. Sample answer: the
3+7 x-1
7. 24 ÷ 6 + 7 9. 116 ÷ 4 + 28 - 33 11.  ___ quotient of x minus 1 and 2; ____
  2
2 
10 1+2 12 + 16 x - (36 × 4)
____ ____ _____
13. (4 + 9) × 3 15.   4 × 5 17.   20 19.   3 + 4 75a. x - (36 × 4) 75b. _________
  0.20
36 + 14 6 + 15 75c. 350 mi 77. Sample answer: An algebraic
21.  ______ _____
2 × 5 23.   13 - 9 25. 365 × 85 expression is a math phrase that contains
27. 2 × 35 - 5 29. 12 × 7 31. 2744 33. 11
one or more numbers or variables. To write
35. 42 37. 7 39. 56 41. 22 43. 8
an algebraic expression from a real-world
45. 324 47. 29 49a. 20 × 5 + 9
1 situation, first assign variables. Then determine
49b. 109 flies 51a. 2 × __   2 (30 + 50)24
arithmetic operations done on the variables.
51b. 1920 in2 53. 84 + 6 55. Tamara;
Finally, put the terms in order. 79. Sample
when evaluating this expression, first perform
answer: Movie tickets cost $10 and a box of
the multiplication and division, and then the
popcorn cost $5.25. You buy t movie tickets
addition and subtraction. 57. The cashier;
and a box of popcorn. What is the greatest
Kelly should have entered the expression into
number of movies tickets you can purchase
her calculator as 3(18.95 - 2) + 2(11.50).
with $50?
59. 10 × 18 + 8 × 18; You can also find the
length of each side of the apartment, 18 and
10 + 8, and then multiply: 18(10 + 8). 61. The
student should have added/subtracted from Lesson 1-3
left to right. The correct value is 30.
1. Symmetric Property of Equality
3. Symmetric Property of Equality 5. 14
7. 34 9a. Exit 15 to Exit 8 9b. Symmetric
Lesson 1-2 Property of Equality
2
1. four times a number q 3. 15 plus r (3 ÷ 2) __
11. =   3 Multiplicative Identify
__ 3 __ 2
5. 3 times x squared 7. two times a plus six =   2 ⋅   3 Substitution
9. twenty-five plus six times a number =1 Multiplicative Identify
squared 11. three times a number raised to 2(5 - 5)
13. = Substitution
the fifth power divided by two 13. 5 times g = 2(0) Substitution
to the sixth power 15. four minus five times h = 0 Multiplicative Property
17. 1 less than 7 times x cubed 19. 3 times n of Zero
1
squared minus x 21. 18 times the quantity of 2(2 - 1) ⋅ __
15. =   2 Substitution
1 45
p and 5 23. n - 35 25.  _ __
3 n 27.   r = 2(1) ⋅ __
1
  Substitution
20
29. 18 - 3d 31.  __ 33. (k + 2) − 15 __ 1 2
t5 = 2 ⋅   2 Multiplicative Identity
=1 Multiplicative Inverse
Selected Answers SA1
SA01_SA72_RM_INT1_S_EM_SA_700687.indd 1 24/04/19 3:20 PM

4 2
4 + __
17. =   9 + 7 + __
  9 Substitution Lesson 1-4
4 2
= 4 + 7 + __   9 + __   9 Commutative (+) 1. 4(6) + 5(6); 54 3. 6(6) - 6(1); 30 5. 14(8) -
4+7+(   9 )
4 2
= __
  9 + __ Associative (+) 14(5); 42 7a. 39(23 + 2) 7b. $975
9a. 10(3 __
5) 9b. 10(3 __
5 ) = 10(3 +   5 ) =
6 3 3 __ 3
= 11 + __   9 Substitution
10(3) + 10(__
  5 ) = 30 + 6 = 36 yards of fabric
6 3
= 11 __
9 Substitution
11. 7(500 - 3); 3479 13. 36(3 + _   4 ); 117
__ 2 1
= 11  3 Substitution
(2 ⋅ 8) ⋅ (10 ⋅ 2)
19. = Associative (×) 15. 5(90 - 1); 445 17. 15(100 + 4); 1560
= 16 ⋅ 20 Associative (×) 19. 12(100 - 2); 1176 21. 3(10 + 0.2); 30.6
= 320 Substitution 23. 2(x) + 2(4); 2x + 8 25. 4(8) + (-3m)(8);
( 4 ⋅ 1  8 ) ⋅ 32
3 __ 1 32 - 24m 27. 2(17) + (-4n)(17); 34 - 68n
21. = 2 _ Associative (×) 1
29.  _
3 (27) + (-2b)(27); 9 - 54b 31. 6(2c) +
=(   8 ) ⋅ 32
11 9
__   4  ⋅ __ Substitution 6(-cd2) + 6(d); 12c - 6cd2 + 6d 33. 3(m) +
99 1
= __
  32 ⋅ 32 Substitution 3(n); 3m + 3n 35.  __ 2 (14) + (6a)(14); 7 + 84a
= 99 Substitution 37. 0.3(9) + (-6x)(9); 2.7 - 54x 39. 18r
2∙5∙4∙3
23. = Commutative (×) 41. 2m + 7 43. 13m + 5p 45. 14m + 11g
= (2 ∙ 5) ∙ (4 ∙ 3) Associative (×) 47. 12k3 + 12k 49. 18g 51. 5a2 53. 2q2 + q
= 10 ∙ 12 or 120 Substitution 55a. 3a + 5(a - b)
4 55b. 3a + 5(a - b) = 3a + 5a - 5b
_
25. =   3 ∙ 3 ∙ 7 ∙ 10 Commutative (×)
Distributive Property
=(   3 ∙ 3) ∙ (7 ∙ 10)
4
_ Associative (×)
= (3a + 5a) - 5b Associative (+)
= 4 ∙ 70 or 280 Substitution = 8a - 5b Substitution
27. -64 29. -5 31. -9 33. Sample 57. 24x + 28 59. 18d + 20 61. 7y3 + y4
answer: Multiplicative Identity and Multiplicative 63. 4b 65. 20x + 37y 67. 2n + 2m and
Inverse 35. 0; Additive Identity 37. 1; 2(n + m) 69. No; sample answer: 10 pounds
Multiplicative Identity 39. 5; Additive Identity 5 ounces is 10(16) + 5 = 165 ounces, but Ariana
41. 1; Multiplicative Inverse 43. 3; Reflexive used the Distributive Property incorrectly. She
Property 45. Yes; the Commutative and should have written 8(20 + 2) = 8(20) + 8(2) =
Associative Properties of Multiplication allow it 160 + 16 = 176 ounces. 71. Sample answer:
to be rewritten. 47. Sample answer: Algebraic expressions are helpful because they
(126 + 28) + 52 = 126 + (28 + 52) = 206 are easier to interpret and apply than verbal
49. Sample answer: 5 = 3 + 2 and 3 + 2 = expressions. They can also be written in a
4 + 1, so 5 = 4 + 1; 5 + 7 = 8 + 4 and 8 + more simplified form.
4 = 12, so 5 + 7 = 12. 51. 4 ÷ 8 ≠ 8 ÷ 4
1
because 4 ÷ 8 = __   2 and 8 ÷ 4 = 2, so there
is no Commutative Property for division. 16 ÷
Lesson 1-5
(8 ÷ 4) ≠ (16 ÷ 8) ÷ 4 because 16 ÷ (8 ÷ 4) =
1
16 ÷ 2 = 8 and (16 ÷ 8) ÷ 4 = 2 ÷ 4 = __   2 , so 1. |p - t| and |t - p| 3. |r - w| and |w - r|
there is no Associative Property for division. 5. 15 7. 22 9. 37 11. 32 13. -62 15. 11
As long as neither number is 0, when the 17. 10 19. 5 21. 5 23. 6 25. -7.4 27. 8.4
order of division of two numbers is switched, 29. -15 31. 22 33. 14.5 35a. |g - d|
the results are multiplicative inverses of each and |d - g| 35b. 5 meters 37. Sample
other. 53a. False; 3 - 4 = -1, which is not a answer: A meteorologist says that the high
whole number. 53b. True 53c. False; temperature is going to be 89 degrees. If the
2
2 ÷ 3 =  __
3 , which is not a whole number. actual high temperature that day is x, then
55. (2j)k = 2(jk); The other three equations |x - 89| represents the number of degrees
illustrate the Commutative Property of Addition the meteorologist is away from the actual high
or Multiplication. This equation represents the temperature. 39. False; suppose a = 5 and
Associative Property of Multiplication.
SA2 Selected Answers

b = -3, then |a + b| = |5 + (-3)| = |5 − 3| = Module 1 Review
|2| = 2 and |a| + |b| = |5| + |−3| = 5 + 3 =
8.2 ≠ 8, so Diaz’s claim is not correct. 1. D 3. 5(x + 7) - 43 5. A 7. B
9. A. True B. False C. True
11. B, D
Lesson 1-6 13. C, E 15. 67
17. Sample answer: No, the manager rounded
1. 32 3. 11.4 seconds 5. 0.512 7. Automatic down, but actually spent more than $4000.
1
Method: $6000; Exact Method: $5625 9. 2 _ 3
It would have been better to report a greater
Selected Answers
snack bars 11. The measurement with the amount so that it was clear her budget was not
least number of decimal places is 4.5 feet, so overspent.
round the area to the nearest tenth.; 28.1
13. $333.33 15. $10,700 17. Because the
number of students enrolled at Hartgrove
High School can be counted, giving an exact
enrollment is accurate. 19. The map maker
is probably accurate because the number of
traffic lights reportedly in New York City is not
very specific. 21. Sample answer: Steve Nash
would be selected as a free throw shooter.
Michael Jordan would be selected as a free
throw shooter. Shaquille O’Neal would not be
selected as a free throw shooter.
23. Sample answer: The length of my desk
is 19.5 inches. The width of my desk is 11.75
inches. The area of my desk is 229.125 square
inches. The measurement with the least
number of decimal places is 19.5 inches, so
round the area to the desk to the nearest
tenth inch: 229.1 square inches. 25. Sample
answer: The line represents the most accurate
number of visitors at the zoo for a given
temperature. 27. Sample answer: The number
of visitors does not increase at the same rate
for each average daily temperature.
29. Sample answer: An employer might
consider the number of sick days an employee
takes or the amount of sales an employee
generates. 31. Sample answer: $28.43
because 3.299 × 8.618 = 28.430782. The
answer could be accurate to the thousands
place, but it is only necessary to round to the
nearest hundredths place because the penny
is the smallest unit of money.
SA01_SA72_RM_INT1_S_EM_SA_700687.indd 3 06/06/19 10:20 AM

Module 2 and assign variables. Then, you should look
for key words or phrases that can help you
Quick Check to determine operations that are being used.
You can then write the equation using the
1. 6n + 2 3. 4b + 9 5. 8 7. 32 9. 36
numbers that you are given and the variables
and operations that you assigned.
Lesson 2-1
1. 3m + 2 = 18 3.  __
24 Lesson 2-2
x = 14 - 2x 5. 2 + 3h =
6 7. (48 + 33) + n = 107 9. 2a + a3 = b
1. 23 3. -43 5. -12 7. 73 9. -15
11. x + x2 = yz 13. A = ℓ2 15. P = 2ℓ + 7 7
11. -54 13.  __ __
20 15. -  15 17. -937
2w 17. I = prt 19. The sum of j and sixteen is 9
thirty-five. 21. Seven times the sum of p and 19. -147 21. -25 23. - __ 2 25. 15
twenty-three is the same as one hundred two. 27. 10 29. 64 31. 28 33. 18 35. 24
23. Two-fifths of v plus three-fourths is identical 37. 27 39. 39 41. 64 43. 9 45. -12
to two-thirds of x squared. 25. g plus 10 is the 47. 7 49. 64 51. -252 53. -52
same as 3 times g. 27. 4 times the sum of a 55. 2005 - x = 33; x = 1972 57. x - 21 = -9;
and b is 9 times a. 29. Half of the sum of f and x = 12ºC 59a. Let p = the number of players
y is f minus 5. 31. Sample answer: The volume who signed up for the soccer league. If 13% of
equals π times the radius squared times the the players who signed up for the soccer
height. The base is a circle so the expression πr2 league dropped out, then 100% -13%, or 87%
represents the area of the base. 33. Sample of the players finished the season. So, 0.87p
answer: The interest equals the product of the represents the number of players who finished
principal, the rate, and the time. 35. Sample the season. 59b. 0.87p = 174 59c. p = 200;
answer: Force equals mass times acceleration. 200 players signed up for the soccer league
2 1 4 10 32
The expression ma represents the force on an 61.  __ __ __ __ __
3 = -8n; -  12 63.   5 =   16 n;   25
object with mass m that is accelerating. 65. 4 __
4 __ 1 _1 16
__
5 n = 1  5 ;   4 67. -77 69.   3
37. B 39. A 41. y2 - 12 = 5x 43. 100 - 3b 10 3
= 6b 45. Four times n equals x times the 71. -10 73. -__
7 or -1 _
  7 75. 18
difference of five and n. 47. The sum of y and 77. 225 79. -14 81. 4 83. -49
the product of 3 and the square of x is 5 times 8
85. 40 87. -15 89. - __
15 91a. 12x = 780;
x. 49. V = ℓwh 51. m + 2m = 24 or 3m =
x = 65 91b. $20 93. x = 216; Multiplication
24 53. c = 10w + 0.1(10w) or c = 11w
Property of Equality 95. y = −224;
55a. It is correct. The product is squared, so
Subtraction Property of Equality
parentheses are needed. 55b. It is not correct.
97. 15 = b; Division Property of Equality
One-half of a number means to multiply, not
1 99. n − 16 = 29 does not belong because for the
divide, by one-half. It should be __ 2 n + 3 = n -
other three, n = 13, and for this one n = 45.
2. 57. Sample answer: A teacher ordered 188
101. Sample answer: x – 4 = 10 103. Sample
math books. The algebra books were packed
answer: To solve 5x = 35, I would divide each
in boxes of 12. The geometry books were
side by 5 to get x = 7. To solve 5 + x = 35, I
packed in boxes of 10. He ordered one more
would subtract 5 from each side to get x = 30.
box of algebra books than geometry books.
In both equations I used properties of equality
How many books of each type book did he
to isolate the variable. In the first equation I used
order? Let a = number of algebra books.
the Division Property of Equality and I used the
59. S = 6ℓ2 61. Sample answer: First, you
Subtraction Property of Equality in the second
should identify the unknown quantity or
equation.
quantities for which you are trying to solve,

Lesson 2-3 each side; 6. 57b. Correct; the Subtraction
Property was used to combine the variable
1. -5 3. -5 5. 70 7. 27 9. 16 terms on the left side of the equation. The
1 Division Property was used to isolate the
11. -61 13.  __
2 a - 5.25 = 22.50; $55.50
t − 10 variable on one side. 57c. Incorrect; to
15. ____
  15 = 4; 70 treats
eliminate -6z on the left side of the equals
17. 71 = 2h - 1; 36 inches sign, 6z must be added to each side of the
18 -35 -24 -14
19.  __ ____ ____ ___
a 21.   a 23.   a 25.   a equation; 1. 59. Sample answer:
27. 7 29. 10 31. -16 33. -2 2x + 1 = x + 9
Selected Answers
35. 18 37. (n - 2) ÷ 3 = 30; 92 39. Sample
answer: Both are correct. Dividing by a number Lesson 2-5
and multiplying by that number’s reciprocal are
-2 1. {8, -2}
equivalent operations. 41a. x = ___   a -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
41b. x = 13a 41c. x = __   a 43. Never; 3. Ø
whenever three odd integers are added -5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
together, the sum is always odd.
5. {2, -3.25}
-4-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7. Ø
Lesson 2-4 -5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
9. {16, -8}
1. 6 3. 1 5. -2 7. -2 9. 14 11. 4 -8-6-4-2 0 2 4 6 8 12 14 16
13. -5 15. 0 17. 7 + F = 4F + 1; France
won 2 gold medals and the U.S won 9 gold 11. {2, 5} 13. {-6, 4} 15. {0, 4}
medals. 19. 38 + 4x = 45.5 + 2.5x; 17. {-5, -1} 19. |t - 400| = 15; min = 385°F;
5 years 21. 180 - x = 10 + 2(90 - x); 10° max = 415°F 21a. |t - 20.9| = 5.3 21b. 15.6
23. 9(5 + x) = 15_
3
7 x; 7 25. no solution to 20.9; 10.3 to 31.5
27. identity 29. no solution 31. one solution 23. |x - 35| = 0.5 Absolute value
33. identity 35. no solution 37. no solution equation
39. all numbers 41. -25 43. 3 Case 1: x - 35 = 0.5 Definition of absolute
45. -2 47. 15 49a. Let n = the first odd value.
integer; 2(n + 2) = 3n - 13 49b. 17 and 19 x = 35.5 Simplify
51a. Let k = the number; 4k - 3 = 2k + 5 Case 2: x - 35 = -0.5 Definition of absolute
51b. k = 4 51c. Substitute 4 for k in the value.
expression for the perimeter of Figure 2,
x = 34.5 Simplify
2k + 5. So the perimeter of Figure 2 is 2(4) +
The bags of rock salt weigh no less than 34.5
5 = 8 + 5 = 13. 51d. Substitute 4 for k in the
pounds and no more than 35.5 pounds.
expression for the perimeter of Figure 1, 4k - 3.
25. |x| = 6 27. |x + 2| = 4 29. |x + 3| = 2
So the perimeter of Figure 1 is 4(4) - 3 = 16 -
3 = 13. The perimeter for Figure 1 and Figure 2 31. | x| = 4
33. {- __   2 }
3 9
is the same, so the value of k is correct.   2 , __
-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
53. Sample answer: First, add m to each side
to get y = ym + 1 + m. Next, subtract ym from 35. {5.5, -5.5}
-6-4-2 0 2 4 6
each side to get y - ym = 1 + m. Simplifying
the left side gives y(1 - m) = 1 + m. Finally, 37. {2, -2}
1+m
divide each side by 1 - m: y = _____
  1 - m . Because -5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1
the denominator cannot equal 0, m ≠ 1. 39. |x| = 1 __ _ _ _
2 41. |x - 4 | =   4 43. |x +   3 | = 1
55. Sample answer: 2(3x + 6) = 3(2x + 5) 45a. |x - 38| = 2 45b. 40°F, 36°F
57a. Incorrect; the 2 must be distributed over
both g and 5, then 10 must be subtracted from

mx + mt - z
47. |x - 3| = 1 49. |a - b| + |b - c| = interest rate is 1.5%. 47a. y = _________
  r
|a - c| 51. Cami; The absolute value of a 47b. Division by 0 is undefined, so in the
number cannot be negative. 53. Sample original equation m ≠ 0, and in the final
answer: Let x = the temperature at night. Then equation r ≠ 0. 49. No; Sasha does not have
5
the temperature is 4 ± 10 degrees. a correct solution. When she multiplied F by __   9 ,
5
she should have multiplied 32 by __  9 . To avoid
multiplying each term by a fraction, she could
Lesson 2-6 have subtracted 32 from both sides, then
5
multiplied both sides by __
 9 .
1. 40 3. 29.25 5. 9.8 7. 1.32 9. 0.84
11. 0.57 13. 6 15. 11 17. 18 19. 0.8
Module 2 Review
21. 11 23. -2 25. 1.86 27. -2.29
29. -2.2 31. 10 33. 3 35. -8.4 1. A 3. D 5. D 7. C 9. B, D
37. 12.5 gal 39. $46.27 41a. 60 free
11. C 13. Let d = age of dogwood tree (in
throws 41b. Sample answer: I assumed that 1
years); 3d – 2 = __
  2 (d + 8 + 8); The gingko tree
Brent continues to make free throws at the
is 10 years old, and the dogwood tree is
same rate. 43. 22.5 in. 45. $3333.33
4 years old. 15. A 17. b = 8 19. B
47. 180 mL 49. 6 51. 10 53. 21 55. 8 V
21. D 23A. h = 3 __ B 23B. 12
57. 42 59. 27 61. 3 63. 15 65. -3
67. -0.4 69. -6 71a. Sample answer: 2 cm
71b. Sample answer: about 6.67 miles
71c. Sample answer: about 544.4 mi2
73a. $4.50; because 8 potatoes cost $1.50,
multiply by 3 to get a cost of $4.50 for 24
potatoes. 73b. $4.13; Sample answer: $4.13 is
slightly less than $4.50, which aligns with my
2 1
estimate. 73c. 37 73d. $0.19 75.  __ __
4 or   2
77. Ratios and rates each compare two
numbers by using division. However, rates
compare two measurements that involve
x z
different units of measure. 79.  ___ _
100 =   y
Lesson 2-7
x-1 5-g x q
1. y =  ____ ____ _ __
2 3. f =   7 5. t =   7 7. r =   2
b u-z 10j + 9h
9. a = - __
  8 11. v =  ____
w 13. g =  
______
f
3 -33 + x
15. t = __
  2 (r - v) 17. a =  ______
10c
P−2w
19a. ℓ = ______
  2 19b. 14 m
c−p
21a. g = _____
  13.50 21b. 6 games
25. ≈ 12.96 trillion pounds 27. 0.44 ft
29. 24 miles 31. 90.2 gallons
2k - 3g
33. 82 students 35. c = ______
b
5p - 6j
37. c = ______
  8 39. c = x - 2d
w - 11v -13 + f A
41. t = ______
  31 43. c =  ______ __
10 - d 45. r =   P -
2182.25
1 =  ______
2150 - 1 = 1.015 - 1 = 0.015; The

Module 3 7. Maximum
Heart Rate
Quick Check 200
Heart Rate
190
1, 3. y 180
C 170
B 160
G
H 0 20 30 40
O x Age
Selected Answers
9. The x-axis represents the time in seconds. The
y-axis represents the height of the elevator in
5. 20 7. -3 feet. The x-axis has a scale of 1 mark = 1 second.
The y-axis has a scale of 1 mark = 10 feet. The
Lesson 3-1 origin (0, 0) represents a height of 0 feet in
0 seconds. 11. {(1, 7), (3, 45), (5, 11), (13, 15)}
1. 13. {(2, 5), (5, 0), (7, 8), (7, 10), (10, 2)} 15. {(2, 80),
x y
(3, 120), (6, 240), (8, 320)}; The x-axis represents
-1 -1 the number of gallons of syrup. The y-axis
1 1 represents the number of gallons of sap. The
2 1 x-axis has a scale of 1 mark = 1 gallon of syrup.
3 2 The y-axis has a scale of 1 mark = 40 gallons of
sap. The origin (0, 0) represents 0 gallons of sap
y x y
makes 0 gallons of syrup. 17a. (0, 12), (1, 8),
−1 −1 (2, 23), (3, 28), (4, 11), (5, 11)} 17b. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
1 1 17c. {8, 11, 12, 23, 28}
2 2
O x 3 19. sample answer:
D = {−1, 1, 2, 3}; R = {−1, 1, 2}

Distance
3. y
x y
3 -2
1 0
Time
O x
-2 4
3 1 21. Tim drives away from the pizzeria, stops to
make a delivery, continues to drive away from
the pizzeria, stops to make another delivery,
x y and then returns to the pizzeria. 23. Disagree;
The intersection point represents a time
3 −2
1 0 when Tim and Lauren were both at the same
−2 4 distance from the pizzeria. 25. Disagree;
1 Sample counter example: In the relation {(1, 2),
D = {−2, 1, 3}; R = {−2, 0, 1, 4}
(1, 3)}, the domain is {1}, so it has one element,
while the range is {2, 3}, which has two
5a. independent: price of item, dependent: elements. 27a. Sample answer: {(-1, -3),
number of items purchased 5b. As the price (0, -3), (0, -1), (1, 4), (2, 5)}
of an item increases, the number of items
purchased decreases.

27b. sample answer: x y 45a. y
40
-1 -3 35
Savings ($)
30
0 -1 25
20
0 -3 15
1 4 10
y 5
2 5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 x
x y Birdseed Purchased
O x −1 −3 45b. Yes; for any value x, the vertical line

0 −1 passes through no more than one point on
1 4 the graph. 45c. f(3) = 36.25, which means if
2 5
Aisha buys 3 pounds of birdseed, she saves
$36.25; f(18) = 17.50, which means if Aisha
29. Sample answer: A dependent variable is buys 18 pounds of birdseed, she saves $17.50;
determined by the independent variable for a f(36) = –5, which means if Aisha wants to
given relation. buy 36 pounds of birdseed, she needs $5
extra. 45d. 8 pounds 47a. h(20) = 46; The
height of the balloon 20 seconds after it is
Lesson 3-2 released is 46 feet. 47b. 2 minutes is 2(60) =
120 seconds, so calculate h(120) by substituting
1. Yes; for each element of the domain, there t = 120 in the equation; h(120) = 2(120) +
is only one element of the range. 3. No; the 6 = 246; The height of the balloon is 246
element 4 in the domain is paired with both 2 feet. 47c. 6 feet; t = 0 before the balloon is
and 5 in the range. 5. No; the element 5 in released, and h(0) = 6. 47d. Sample answer:
the domain is paired with both -3 and 2 in the The values of t must be greater than or equal
range. 7. Yes; for each element of the domain, to zero because a negative value for the time
there is only one element of the range. does not make sense for the given situation.
9. Yes; for any value x, the vertical line passes The graph would start at the vertical axis and
through no more than one point on the graph. go only to the right. 49. Sample answer: You
11. Yes; for any value x, the vertical line passes can determine whether each element of the
through no more than one point on the graph. domain is paired with exactly one element of
13. No; for x > 0, the vertical line passes the range. For example, if given a graph, you
through more than one point on the graph. could use the vertical line test; if a vertical line
15a. intersects the graph more than once, then
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 the relation that the graph represents is not a
Value ($) 254,000 293,000 338,000 372,000 function. 51. f(g + 3.5) = -4.3g - 17.05
15b. Domain: {2014, 2105, 2016, 2017}; Range: 53. Sample answer: f(x) = 3x + 2
{254,000; 293,000; 338,000; 372,000}
15c. For each element of the domain, there is Lesson 3-3
only one element of the range. So, this relation
is a function. 17. 26 19. 16 21. 42 23. 4 1. Neither; because the function has continuous
25. 6 27. 9b2 - 3b 29. f(3.5) = 12.25, which sections but is not a single line or curve, it is
means the area of a square with a side of neither continuous or discrete 3. Discrete;
length 3.5 units is 12.25 square units. because the function is made up entirely of
31. f(12) = $435, which is the cost of a gym individual points, it is discrete. 5. Continuous;
membership for 12 months, or 1 year. 33. -1 because the function is graphed with a single
35. 14 37. -4 39. -8y - 3 41. -2c + 7 line, it is continuous. 7. Discrete; because
43. -10d - 15 the function is made up entirely of individual
points, it is discrete. 9. discrete 11. discrete

13. linear 15. nonlinear 17. nonlinear 7. x-intercepts: (-5, 0) and (3, 0) y-intercept:
19. nonlinear 21. nonlinear 23. linear (0, 3) positive: -5 < x < 3 negative: x < -5
25a. linear and when x > 3
25b. 2 9. x-intercepts: none y-intercept: (0, -3)
1 positive: never negative: always
0 11. The x-intercept is 0. The y-intercept is 0.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–1
This means that Ryan earns $0 for working
–2
–3
0 hours. The function is positive when x is
Selected Answers
greater than 0, which means that that Ryan
Elevation
–4
–5 earns money for working. No portion of the
–6 graph shows that the function is negative.
–7 13a. The x-intercept is 6. The y-intercept is
–8
1950. 13b. The x-intercept means that after
–9
–10
6 months, Javier’s remaining balance will be
–11 $0, or it will take Javier 6 months to repay his
–12 parents. The y-intercept means that Javier
Minutes owes his parents $1950 after 0 months, or
27a. nonlinear Javier initially borrowed $1950 from his parents.
27b. 50 15. Sample graph; no solution
45 y
40
35
Elevation (ft)
30
25
O x
20
15
10
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 17. 2, 4
Time (min) y
29. continuous; nonlinear 31. neither;

nonlinear 33. discrete; nonlinear
35. Sample answer: A studio charges musicians
to use the space and recording equipment by O x
the hour, rounding a fraction of an hour up. So,
for up to 1 hour, the studio charges $100, but
for up to 2 hours, the studio charges $200, and
19. -3, 2
so on. The function that models this situation is
y
neither discrete nor continuous.
O x
Lesson 3-4
1. x-intercept: (-0.75, 0) y-intercept: (0, 2)
positive: when x > -0.75 negative: when
x < -0.75 3. x-intercepts: (0, 0) and (2, 0)
y-intercept: (0, 0) positive: when x < 0 and 21. The zero of the function is at 32. This
when x > 2 negative: 0 < x < 2 represents that after tying ribbon on 32 gift
5. x-intercepts: (-2, 0) y-intercept: (0, 4) bags, Juanita will have no ribbon left.
positive: when x > -2 negative: when x < -2

23. x-intercepts: (-2, 0) and (2, 0) y-intercept: 5. The graph is symmetric in the line x = 5. In
(0, 4) positive: -2 < x < 2 negative: when the context of the situation, the symmetry of
x < -2 and when x > 2 25. The x-intercepts the graph tells you that the area is the same
are 3 and 7. That means that the bird will be at when the width is a number less than or
sea level after 3 seconds and after 7 seconds. greater than 5. 7. always decreasing
The y-intercept is 4.5. This means that at time 9. decreasing: x < 1.5; increasing: x > 1.5
0, the bird was at a height of 4.5 feet. The 11. extrema: B and D; rel min: D; rel max: B
function is positive when x is less than 3 and 13. extrema: B and D; rel min: B; rel max: D
when x is greater than 7, which means that 15. Point A is a relative maximum. Point A
that the bird is in the above sea level from 0 to represents the greatest height of the golf
3 seconds and after 7 seconds. The function ball given the distance from the tee. 17. As
is negative when x is between 3 and 7, which x decreases, y increases. As x increases, y
means that that the bird is in the below sea, or increases. 19. As x decreases, y decreases.
under water, level for 4 seconds. As x increases, y increases. 21. no line
27. 1; x-int: 1; y-int: -15 symmetry; always decreasing; extrema: none;
y
As x decreases, y increases. As x increases,
12 y decreases. 23. The approximate point (2.5,
9
6 114) is a relative maximum. This represents the
3 greatest height of the rock given the time.
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x 25. The graph has one relative minimum at
−6 about (-2.25, -11); This statement is not true
−9 because there are two relative minimums: one at
−12
about (-2.25, -11) and one at about (2.25, -11).
29. To find the x-intercept in a graph, find the
place where the function crosses the x-axis. To
Lesson 3-6
find the y-intercept in a graph, find the place 1. David’s Savings for Car
where the function crosses the y-axis. To find 2200
the x-intercept in a table, find the x-value when
2000
the y-value is 0. To find the y-intercept in a
table, find the y-value when the x-value is 0. 1800
Savings ($)
31. Find the related function. Subtract 16 from

each side: 0 = x + 4 + (24 - 6) - 16. Evaluate 1600
the exponent: 0 = x + 4 + (16 - 6) - 16.
Evaluate the expression in parentheses: 1400
0 = x + 4 + 10 - 16. Add and subtract:

1200
0 = x - 2. Replace 0 for f(x). The related
function is f(x) = x - 2. The graph of the 0 2 4 6 8 10
related function intersects the x-axis at 2. This
Weeks
is the x-intercept, or zero. So the solution of the
equation is 2. Check the solution by solving the 3. 10
equation algebraically. Evaluate the exponent: 9
Height of Football (ft)
8
16 = x + 4 + (16 - 6). Evaluate the expression
7
in parentheses: 16 = x + 4 + 10. Add: 6
16 = x + 14. Subtract 14 from each side: 2 = x. 5
4
3
Lesson 3-5 2
1
1. This function is symmetric in the line x = -1.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3. This function is symmetric in the line x = 2.5.
Time (s)

5. Did You Use Module 3 Review
the Internet Yesterday?
Yes Responses
1. B, C
70
3. C
60 5. Sample answer: The element ‒4 in the
domain is paired with both 8 and 13 in the
0 12 24 36 48 60 range. This relation is not a function. 7. B
Months Since January 2005 9. (-1, 0) and (0, -1) 11. 40; 60 13. Sample
answer: In 1900 the population of Ohio was
Selected Answers
7. Sample answer: Internet use at home initially nearly 3 million more than the population of
has a higher number of users than Internet use Florida. Both populations grew between 1900
away from home. Both Internet use at home and 1950. At this point, the population of Ohio
and Internet use away from home increase exceeded that of Florida by approximately
after 36 months since March 2004. Neither 5 million, indicating a greater growth rate
Internet use at home nor Internet use away for Ohio than Florida during those decades.
from home reaches 0 users. Then from 1950 to 2000, the population of
9. 500 Ohio grew by about 3.4 million, whereas the
450 population of Florida grew by about 13 million,
Lateral Area of Hat (in2)
400 indicating a significantly greater growth rate for

350 Florida during those decades. In fact, by 2000,
300
the population of Florida surpassed Ohio by
250
200
more than 4 million people.
150
100
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Radius of Base (in.)
11. Sample answer: The graph on the calculator

and the graph I sketched are both linear,
increasing, and have an x- and y-intercept at 0.
13. P(x) = 28x - 840; P(x) is Aidan’s profit
from fixing and selling x bicycles. 15. The
x-intercept; To find the x-intercept, locate the
point on the graph when P(x) = 0, which is 30.
So, when 30 bicycles are bought and sold,
Aidan makes a profit of $0.

Module 4 7. x y 4
y
3
Quick Check 0 1 2
1
2 2
1, 3, 5. −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
y
4 3
−2
B −3
−4
D 9. y
O x
5 O x
7. y = -3x + 1 9. y = __
 2x - 6 11. y = -10x + 6
Lesson 4-1 11. y
1. x y
-2 0 O x
-2 1
-2 2
y
13. y
O x
O x
3. x y
y
8
6
-1 8 4
15a. The x-intercept is 6. This means that after
0 0 2 6 weeks, Amanda will have $0 in her school
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x lunch account. The y-intercept is 210. This
1 -8
−4 means that there was initially $210 in Amanda’s
−6 school lunch account.
−8
15b. 220
200
Amount in Account ($)
5. x y 12
y 180
10 160
0 8 8 140
1 7 6 120
4
100
2 6 2
80
−4−2 O 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
60
−4 40
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Weeks

17. y Lesson 4-2
1
1. _
  5  3. increased about 1.9 people per square
mile 5a. -5; This means the temperature
decreased 5°F per hour from 6 a.m. to 7 a.m.
5b. -5; This means the temperature
decreased 5°F per hour from 1 p.m. to 2 p.m.
1 3
7. linear; -_  1 or -1 9. not linear 11. -__
O x
5
1 4
19. y 13. 1 15. 0 17.  __ _
6 19.   3 21. undefined
Selected Answers
10
8 23. 1 25. undefined 27. 2 29. undefined
6 7 5
4 31. -1 33. undefined 35. -_ 2  37. __   2
_ 3 __ 1
2
39.   4 41. 6 43. 8 45. 11 47.   20
−8 −6 −4−2 O 2 4 6 8x 1 1 1 7
49. -__
2 51. _
  3 53. __
  2 55. -1 57. _   4
−4
−6 59. 3 61. After drawing a graph, use the two
points on the graph to determine the slope.
21. x-int: 7; y-int: -2 This can be done by counting squares for
1
23. x-int: 1 _
  3 ; y-int: 4 the rise and run of the line or by using the
1 coordinates of the points in the slope formula.
25. x-int: −1 __
  2 ; y-int: 1
1
27. y = 1.7x + 40; The y-intercept is 40. This 63. The rate of change is 2 _ 4 inches of growth
means that it cost $40 to hook up the car. per week. 65. Step 1; she reversed the order
60 of the x-coordinates in the formula. 67. The
55 difference in the x-values is always 0, and
50 division by 0 is undefined.
45
Total Cost ($)
40
35 Lesson 4-3
30
25 1. y = 5x - 3 3. y = -6x - 2 5. y = 3x + 2
1
20 7. y = x - 12 9. y = 5x + 6 11. y = _
  3 x - 2
15 13. y = -0.25x - 3 15. 275 = 25x + 100
10
17. y = 0.12x + 9
5
0 19. y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8
Miles
4
29. Sample answer: The x-intercept is −4.
The x-intercept is not reasonable because −8 −4 O 4 8x
the football team cannot lose −4 games. The −4
y-intercept is 4. The y-intercept is reasonable
−8
because the y-intercept means that if the
football team won 4 games, they lost 0 games.
21. y
31. No; sample answer: A horizontal line only 8
has a y-intercept and a vertical line only has
4
an x-intercept. 33. In the equation, let y = 0
to find the x-intercept: 2x + (0) = 4. So the −8 −4 O 4 8x
x-intercept is 2. In the equation, let x = 0 −4
to find the y-intercept: 2(0) + y = 4. So the
−8
y-intercept is 4. Robert graphed points at (2, 0)
and (0, 4) and connected the points with a line.
35. Sample answer: y = 8; horizontal line
37. Sample answer: x - y = 0; line through (0, 0)

23. y 35. 8
y
O x −8 −4 O 4 8x
−4
−8
25. y
37. y = 2x - 3 39. y = −x - 1
41a. T = 10x + 80
y=7 41b. T
300
250
O x 200
27. y 150
100
21 = 7y
O x 50
x
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
41c. 300°F 41d. T = -5x + 300
29a. c = 13 + 8p 43a. y = −4.25x + 25.5
29b. Streaming Television Plan 43b. Charity Walk
50 26
45 (0, 25.5)
24
40
22
Remaining Distance (km)
Total Cost ($)
35
20
30
18
25
16
20
14
15
12
10
10
5
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6
Premium Channels 4
1 2 (6, 0)
29c. $37 31. y = __
  2 x - 3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
33. y Hours
43c. The x-intercept (6) represents the number
of hours it will take Jazmin to complete the
O x walk. The y-intercept (25.5) represents the
length of the walk. 43d. Using the graph, I
can determine the value of x when y equals
-17 + 25.5 or 8.5 km, and use the value of the
x-intercept. The value of x is 4 when y = 8.5
and the x-intercept is 6. Therefore, Jazmin has
6 − 4 or 2 hours more to walk. 45. Yes; you
can find the value of x on the graph when
1
y = 0; x = __
  2 . 47. Sample answer: y = 25x +

200; I have $200 in savings and will save $25 of 3 between its terms. This is an arithmetic
per week until I have enough money to buy a sequence. 9. 1.06; 4.26, 5.32, 6.38
1 __ 2 _1
new phone. I can predict how much money I’ll 11. -2; 13, 11, 9 13.  _
3 ; 3  3 , 4, 4  3
have after x number of weeks. 15. 4; 19, 23, 27 17. -2; 5, -3, -1
19. an = -5n + 2; -33
21. an = -4n - 7; -35
Lesson 4-4
23a. f(n) = -4n + 128
1. g(x) is a translation of the parent function 23b. 132
120
Selected Answers
11 units up 3. g(x) is a translation of the parent
108
function 7 units right 5. g(x) is a translation of
Ounces Remaining
96
the parent function 10 units left and 1 unit down 84
7. g(x) = 4x; g(x) is the translation of f(x) 3.5 72
units down. 9. g(h) = 8h + 15; g(h) is the 60
translation f(h) of 5 units up. 11. g(x) is a 48
vertical compression of the parent function 36
1 24
by a factor of _  3 13. g(x) is a horizontal
12
compression of the parent function by a factor
1 0
of _   3 15. g(x) is a horizontal stretch of the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cups
parent function by a factor of 2.5 17. g(x) is
a vertical stretch of the parent function by a 23c. 72 ounces 25a. f(n) = 0.17n + 0.71
factor of 8 and a reflection across the x-axis 25b. 1.6
19. g(x) is a horizontal stretch of the parent 1.44
5 1.28
function by a factor of __  4 and a reflection across
1.12
the y-axis 21. g(x) is a horizontal compression Cost (S)
0.96
2
of the parent function by a factor of __  3 and 0.8
a reflection across the y-axis 23. g(x) is 0.64
0.48
a translation of the parent function 2 units
0.32
right and 8 units down 25. g(x) is a vertical 0.16
compression of the parent function by a factor 0
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
of __
  5 27. g(x) is a horizontal compression of
Ounces
the parent function by a factor of 0.4
29. g(x) = x - 7 31. g(x) = 1.5x; The graph 25c. 8 ounces 27a. f(n) = 2n + 28
of g(x) = 1.5x is the graph of f(x) = 0.55x 27b. 40
stretched vertically by a factor of 3. 36
32
33a. g(x) = 1.29x 33b. The graph of
28
g(x) = 1.29x is the graph of f(x) = x stretched
Push Ups
1 24
vertically by a factor of 1.29. 35. y = __   a x; The 20
function is horizontally stretched by a factor of a. 16
12
8
Lesson 4-5 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. This sequence has a common difference
Week
of 4 between its terms. This is an arithmetic
sequence. 3. This sequence does not have a 27c. 11th week 29. This sequence does not
common difference between its terms. This is have a common difference between its terms.
not an arithmetic sequence. 5. This sequence This is not an arithmetic sequence.
does not have a common difference between 31. This sequence has a common difference
its terms. This is not an arithmetic sequence. of 2 between its terms. This is an arithmetic
7. This sequence has a common difference sequence.

33. an = -4n + 34 5. y
an
30
20 O x
10
O 2 4 6n
D = all real numbers,
35a. an = 3000 + 500n 35b. $15,000 R = f(x) ≥ -2.5
37a. an = 3n - 1 37b. 59 39. Sample 7. f(x)
answer: 5, 3, 8, 6, 11, 9, 14, …; The pattern is to
subtract 2 from the first term to find the second
term, then add 5 to the second term to find the
O x
third term.41. Sample answer: 2, -8, -18, -28,
... 43a. Sample answer: an = -2 - 3n 43b.
an = -19 + 7n 43c. an = 12 - 2n 45. On
day 9, Andre has read 270 pages while Sam
has 270 pages left to read. The table shows
R = all integer multiples of 3
that both functions have a value of 270
when x = 9. 9. y
Lesson 4-6 O x
1. y

O x R = all even integers
11. y
D = all real numbers, O x

R = f(x) ≥ -3
3. y
D = all real number,

O x R = all integers
13. y
25
Earnings ($)
20
Ariel’s
15
D = all real numbers, 10
R = f(x) ≥ -3 5
0 1 2 3 x
Hours
Babysitting

15. ⎧ 16.20 if 0 < x ≤ 1 7. f(x) = |x + 2| 9. f(x) = |x| - 3
⎪ 11. f(x) = |x| + 1 13. The graph of g(x) is a
⎪ 19.30 if 1 < x ≤ 2
f(x) = ⎨ 22.40 if 2 < x ≤ 3 horizontal compression of the parent function.
⎪ 15. The graph of g(x) is a vertical stretch of
⎪ 25.50 if 3 < x ≤ 4
⎩ 28.60 if 4 < x ≤ 5 the parent function. 17. The graph of g(x) is a
horizontal stretch of a parent function.
D = {x | 0 < x < 5}; 19. The graph of g(x) is a reflection of the
R = {16.20, 19.30, 22.40, 25.50, 28.60} parent function across the x-axis and a vertical
17. g(x ) = {
2x + 1 if x ≤ 2 stretch. 21. The graph of g(x) is a reflection
Selected Answers
        
x − 2 if x > 2 of the parent function across the y-axis and a
19. $133.00 horizontal stretch. 23. The graph of g(x) is
a reflection of the parent function across the
21a. y-axis and a horizontal compression.
x 0 2 4 6 8
f(x) 0 75 175 275 375 25. y
21b. f(x) = 25 + 50[[x]]

21c. f(x)
450
400
350 O x
300
Cost ($)
250 D = all real numbers,

200
R = g(x) ≥ 3
150
100 27. y
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
Number of Hours O x
21d. 2 < x ≤ 3
23. Sample answer:
−x x < −4
{x
y = 2x 
       − 4 ≤ x ≤ 
     2 D = all real numbers,
x>2 R = f(x) ≥ 0
25. A step function has different constants over
29. y
different intervals of its domain. A piecewise-
defined function can have different algebraic
rules over different intervals of its domain.
O x
  21   x − 3 x > 6
_
{ −  _21   x + 3 x ≤ 6
27. f(x) =         

29. R = f(x) ≥ 0 D = all real numbers,
31. 2.4 R = f(x) ≥ 2
Lesson 4-7
1. The graph of g(x) is the parent function
translated 5 units down. 3. The graph of g(x)
is the parent function translated 2 units right
and 7 units down. 5. The graph of g(x) is the
parent function translated 1 unit up.

31. y y
O x
O x

R = f(x) ≤ -3
33. 8
h(x) Module 4 Review
6
4 1.
Money Earned ($)

2
20
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
−4 10
−6
−8
0 2 4 6
D = all real numbers, Hours Babysitting
R = h(x) ≤ 1
3. 500 gallons/hr 5. B 7. A
35. y = 65|10 - x|
9. dilation 11. C
37. f(x)
13. f(n) = 9n - 8
an
40
35
O x 30
25
20
15
10
5
D = all real numbers, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
R = f(x) ≥ 0
The graph of g(x) is the parent function 15.
1 Hours Worked, x Money Earned, f(x)
horizontally compressed by a factor of __ 2 .
30 270
39. f(x) =|-3x - 5| 41. f(x) = |_
3 x + 2|
1
35 315
43. x = |s - 12|
40 360
45. x = |t - 21.7|; The range of times is twice
the value of x, 3.2(2) = 6.4 s; The solution to 45 427.5
the equation is 24.9 and 18.5, which has a 50 495
range of 24.9 - 18.5 = 6.4 s.
17. B
47. x = |b - 12|
19. Sample answer: It is translated 5 units up.
49. To get the graph of h(x), the parent absolute
21. f(x) = -|x - 4| + 3
value function is reflected in the x-axis, then
translated 2 units left and 3 units down.
-x + 1 if x < 3
51. f(x) =
x-1 if x ≥ 3

Module 5 Lesson 5-2
Quick Check 1. y + 3 = -1(x + 6)
y
1. y = 5 - x 3. y = x + 5 5. (4, 2) 7. (2, -4) 2
9. (-3, -3) −14 −10 −6 −2 O 2x
−4
−6
−8
Lesson 5-1 −10
Selected Answers
−12
1 3 17 1
1. y = __
  2 x 3. -_
4 x + __
  2 5. y = __   2 x + 1 −14
7. d = 3t + 12 9. C = 2.54y + 62.38
4
11. y = -4 13. y =  _
4 _1 3
__ 9
__ 3. y - 11 = _
  3 (x + 2)
3 x -   3 15. y = -  2 x -   2
4 58 1 9 y
17. y = - __ __ __ __
11 x +   11 19. y = -  2 x -   2 14
1 19 12
21. y = __
  6 x +  __
24 23. C = 10d + 12 10
8
25. T = -4.5x + 103 27. y = 3x - 1 6
29. y = -x - 4 31. y = -x + 3 33. No; 4
2
substituting 3 and -1 for x and y results in an −14−12−10−8 −6−4 −2 O 2x
equation that is not true. 35. Yes; substituting
15 and -13 for x and y results in an equation
5. Sample answer: y + 3 = -4(x - 1)
that is true. 37. Sample answer: (3, -3) 4
7. Sample answer: y - 3 =  _
3 (x - 3)
39. Sample answer: (0, -5) 41. Sample 1 8
answer: (0, 4) 43. C; x represents the number 9. y = -6x - 47 11. y = __
  6 x -  __
3
of plane tickets per order and y represents the 13. y - 18 = 3.5(x - 5) 15. 2x - y = 6
total cost of an order. 45. A; x represents the 17. x + 6y = -7 19. x - y = -1
number of hours and y represents the oil level 21. Sample answer: 2x + 3y = -13
in the tank, in inches. 47a. y = x + 2.5 23. Sample answer: 3x + y = -3
47b. 10 47c. y = x + 1.5 49a. p = 7.5x + 1 25. Sample answer: y = x - 5; y = -x + 1
1
49b. 1; Koby's puppy weighed 1 pound at birth 27. Sample answer: y = -5x + 2; y = __  5 x + 2
(0 months) 49c. 7.5; Koby's puppy gained 7.5
29. Sample answer:
pounds a month for the first 6 months. 3 3 4 17
51. Jacinta; Tess switched the x- and y = -_ 4 x +  __ _ __
2 ; y =   3 x +   3
y-coordinates on the point that she entered in 31. neither
Step 3. 53. Sample answer: Let y represent 33. perpendicular 35. neither
the number of quarts of water in a pitcher, and 37. Sample answer: 5x + 4y = 20
let x represent the time in seconds that water 39. y = 9x + 5; 9x - y = -5
is pouring from the pitcher. As time increase 41. y = -6x - 45; 6x + y = -45
9 3
by 1 second, the amount of water in the pitcher 43. y = __   10 x - 4 __
10 ; 9x - 10y = 43
1 1 45. Yes; sample answer: The line that
decrease by __   2 qt. An equation is y = -__
2 x + 4.
The slope is the rate at which the water is represents one of the ceiling walls has a slope
1
leaving the pitcher,  __
1 of -_
4 and the line that represents the other
2 quart per second. The
y-intercept represents the amount of water in ceiling wall has a slope of 4.
the pitcher when it is full, 4 qt. 47a. Sample answer: y - 0 = 0.5(x - 0)
47b. y = 0.5x 47c. x - 2y = 0
49. Sample answer: You need to know the
slope of the line and the y-intercept of the line,
the slope and the coordinates of another point
on the line, or the coordinates of two points on
the line.

51. No; the line through (7, -10) and (3, -2) has represented by x = 15. Two points on the line
a slope of -2 and 2x - y = -5 has a slope of 2. of best fit are (4, 175) and (17, 189). Use these
f-g two points to find the slope to be 1.75 and the
53. Sample answer: y =  _________
(h - f )(x - f )
equation of the line of best fit to be
55. Sample answer: Jocari spent $18 to go to
y = 1.75x + 168. 11c. Sample answer: about
a carnival and play games. The price she paid
196 minutes 11d. Sample answer: Not all of
included admission. The games cost $2 each;
the data points are close to the line of best fit,
y - 18 = 2(x - 5), y = 2x + 8.
so there is not a consistent trend regarding
the length of games. Therefore, the predicted
game length may or may not be accurate.
Lesson 5-3 13a. positive correlation; As the year increases,
the price of a ticket increases.
1. Positive; as time spent exercising increases,
13b. y = 2.87x + 64.24 13c. about $133.12
the more Calories are burned. 3. Negative;
as weight increases, the number of repetitions 15a.
100
decreases. 5a. y = -328.275x + 3142.15
Life Expectancy (years)

90
5b. about 187.675 million 80
7a. There is a positive correlation between the 70
60
child’s age and annual cost.
50
40
16
Annual Cost ($1000)
30
15
20
14
10
13
12 0 ’40 ’60 ’80 ’00 ’20
11 Year
10
9 15b. Sample answer: About 81.8; The data
0
show a positive correlation, so as the years
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
increase the life expectancy also increases.
Age (years)
Therefore, the life expectancy should be higher
7b. y = 270x + 10,640 7c. about $15,230 than that of a baby born in 2010. 15c. Sample
9. no correlation answer: I assumed that the trend continues, so
11a. as the year increases, the life expectancy also
increases.
192 17. Sample answer: The salary of an individual
189 and the years of experience that he or she has
186 could be modeled using a scatter plot. This
Time (min)
183
would be a positive correlation because the
180
177 more experience an individual has, the higher
174 the salary would likely be.
171 19. Neither; line g has the same number of
168 points above the line and below the line. Line
165 f is close to 2 of the points; but for the rest of
0 ’05 ’07 ’09 ’11 ’13 ’15 ’17 the data, there are 3 points above and 3 points
Year below the line.
21. Sample answer: You can visualize a line
11b. Sample answer: x represents the
to determine whether the data has a positive
number of years since 2005, so year 2005
or negative correlation. The graph shows
is represented by x = 0 and year 2020 is

the ages and heights of people. To predict 7a.
10
a person’s age given his or her height, write 9
a linear equation for the line of fit. Then 8
Blueberries (lb)
substitute the person’s height and solve for the 7
corresponding age. You can use the pattern in 6
the scatter plot to make decisions. 5
4
y
3
2
Height
Selected Answers
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Strawberries (lb)
O x
Age 7b. Negative; as the number of pounds of
strawberries produced increases, the number
of pounds of blueberries produced decreases.
Lesson 5-4
7c. The relationship is a correlation, but not a
1a. causation. A better yield of strawberries does
1.8 not cause the blueberries to grow poorly. Other
Pounds of Sherbet
1.6
factors, such as temperature and rain, could be
1.4
1.2 affecting the plants that week.
1 9. positive correlation and causation; Sample
0.8 answer: Because pizzas are topped with
0.6
cheese, an increase in the number of pizzas
0.4
0.2
made cause more cheese to be used.
11. Sample answer: Two elements can have
0 0.2 0.6 1 1.4 1.8 a strong correlation, but it does not mean
Pounds of Frozen Yogurt that one causes the other. There could be an
1b. Negative; as the number of pounds of unknown factor affecting the elements.
frozen yogurt consumed increases, the number 13. Sample answer: Correlation does not
of pounds of sherbet consumed decreases. mean causation. Even though there is a
1c. The relationship may be a causation. strong correlation that does not mean buying
Since both are frozen desserts, eating more swimsuits causes the use of air conditioners.
frozen yogurt may cause people to decrease Another factor, like the temperature, could be
the amount of sherbet they eat. Other things affecting both swimsuit sales and use of air
that might influence the data are an increase conditioners.
in frozen yogurt stores and a decrease in
popularity or availability of sherbet.
3. Correlation, sample answer: Having a wider Lesson 5-5
palm does not cause someone to watch less
television. 5. Causation; sample answer: An 1a. y = -1.31x + 50.95 1b. r ≈ -0.714;
increase in the price of cereal likely causes The equation models the data fairly well. Its
customers to buy less cereal. negative value means that as the years since
2010 increase, the total number of goals the
soccer team scores each season decreases.
3a. y = 8.52x + 3.18
3b. r ≈ 0.999; The equation models the data
very well. Its positive value means that as the
years since 2010 increase, sales, in millions of
dollars, increase.

5a. y = 103.77x + 108.06 5b. about $3221.16 3. {(-2, -4), (-1, -2), (1, 0), (0, 2), (2, 4)}
7a. y = 0.59x + 1.51 7b. The residuals are 5. {(-3, 5), (-9, 2), (-15, -1), (-21, -4)}
randomly scattered and are centered about the 7. {(16, -1), (12, -2), (8, -3), (4, -4)}
line y = 0. So, the best-fit line models that data 9. {(-49, -4), (35, 8), (-28, -1), (7, 4)}
well. 9a. y = 0.26x + 21.21 11. y
8
9b. r ≈ 0.359; The equation does not model
the data well. Its value means that as the years 4
since the 2011-2012 school year increase,
the percentage of students in public school −8 −4 O 4 8x
who met all six of California’s physical fitness −4

standards each year varies. 9c. Because −8
the data on the students who meet all six
standards is reported as a percentage, it 13. y
4
cannot exceed 100. 11a. y = 140.4x + 13.8 3
11b. r ≈ 0.999; The equation models the data 2
1
very well. Its positive value means that as the
number of games increases, the cumulative −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
number of yards increases. −2

−3
11c. Sample answer: Because the data have −4
a positive correlation, the total number of
yards will increase and then number of games 15. y
4
increases. So, the running back will have run 3
for 950 yards between games 6 and 9. 2
1
11d. during game 7
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
13a. y = 9619x + 443,918.8 13b. r ≈ 0.999;
−2
The equation models the data very well. Its
−3
positive value means that as the years since −4
the 2010-2011 school year increase, the
x
number of student athletes participating in 17. f -1 (x) = __
  6 - 7
college athletics each year increases. 5 1 - 5x
19. f -1(x) = __
  2 (x + 16) 21. f -1 (x) = _____
  4
13c. The residuals are randomly scattered and
are centered about the line y = 0. So, the best- 23a. P-1(x) = 7.6x - 36 23b. x represents
fit line models that data well. Alisha’s profit and represents the number of
13d. about 684,394 dozens of brownies sold. 23c. 5
x - 125
15. Apply a linear regression model to the 25a. C-1 (x) = ______   16 25b. 108 feet
data. Use the number of each test as the _ 1
27. f -1(x) =   4 x + 6 29. f -1(x) = 6x - 42
independent variable. If there is no correlation, 7 1 6
31. f -1(x) = __
  2 x - 14 33. f -1(x) = _
  7 x - __
  7
the r-value will not be close enough to 1 or
-1. If this is the case, the line of fit could not 35. f -1(x) = 2x - 22 37. B 39. A
be used to predict the scores of the other 41. {(-k, b), (p, -g), (-m, -w), (q, r)} 43. The
students. slopes are reciprocals. For example, if the slope
2
17a. y = 84,345.0x + 5,003,868.3 of one line is __   3 , then the slope of the inverse
3
17b. about 7,365,528 function is __   2 . 45. Sample answer: This claim
is incorrect. The -1 in the inverse function
notation is not an exponent. As an example,
Lesson 5-6 the inverse function for y = x + 1 is found by
switching x and y and solving for y, which gives
1. {(-1, -9), (-4, -7), (-7, -5), (-10, -3), y = x - 1. y = x - 1 is not the same as
1
(-13, -1)} y = _____
  (x + 1) , which is not a line. This method
does not work.

47. a = 2; b = 14 Module 5 Review
49. sometimes; Sample answer: f(x) and g(x)
do not need to be inverse functions for 1. B 3. y = 1.5x + 11 5. A
f(a) = b and g(b) = a. For example, if f(x) = 7. y - 4 = 2.5(x - 2) 9. A
2x + 10, then f(2) = 14 and if g(x) = x - 12, 11. a positive correlation 13. C
then g(14) = 2, but f(x) and g(x) are not inverse 15. f -1(x) = -2x + 1;
functions. However, if f(x) and g(x) are inverse y
functions, then f(a) = b and g(b) = a. 4
3
51. Sample answer: A situation may require
Selected Answers
2
substituting values for the dependent variable 1
into a function. By finding the inverse of the −4 −3−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x
function, the dependent variable becomes −2
the independent variable. This makes the −3
−4
substitution an easier process.
17. A

Module 6 51. {z | z ≥ 11}
Quick Check 0 6 12 18 24
1
1. 4 3. -2 5. {-29, 7} 7. {-1, 15} 53. {d | d > -2 __
2 }
-8 -4 0 4 8
Lesson 6-1 55. d 57. a 59. b

61. Sample answer: Let n = the number.
1. n + 7 ≤ -18; {n |n ≤ -25}
63. Sample answer: Let n = the number.
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 n + 2 ≤ 1; {n |n ≤ -1}
3. 65. Sample answer: Let n = the number.
-12n ≤ 84; {n |n ≥ -7}
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 67. {g | g > 4}
5.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 69. {x | x < 36}
7. t < -1 9. w < 5 11. b ≥ -5
13. {m | m < 7} 15. {r | r ≤ 15} 17. { b | b ≥ 2} 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
19. {c | c ≤ -4} 21. {m | m ≥ 4} 71. {m | m < 5.4}
23. {r | r ≥ 22} 25. {a | a ≤ -4}
27. {w | w ≥ -5} 29. {x | x ≤ 5} 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6
3
31.  __
10 x ≤ 4.50, x ≤ $15 33. no more than 2.1 73. {c | c ≥ 3.7}
pounds per day 35. at least 500 pieces
37. {m | m ≤ -68} 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
75. $22.23.
-76 -72 -68 -64 -60
77. Sample answer: The loudest insect is the
39. {c | c > 121} African cicada. It produces sounds as loud
as 105 decibels at 20 inches away. The blue
106 112 118 124 130 whale is the loudest mammal. The call of the
41. {x | x ≤ 20} blue whale can reach levels up to 83 decibels
louder than the African cicada. How loud are
0 6 12 18 24 the calls of the blue whale? Let x represent
43. {h | h > 21} the decibel level of the calls of a blue whale;
x - 83 ≤ 105; x ≤ 188. The calls of a blue
10 14 18 22 26 whale are less than or equal to 188 decibels.
x 7 12
45. {n | n ≥ 108} 79. -__
2 < 1 81a. x < __
  a 81b. x ≥ __
  a
1
81c. x > 3 81d. x ≥ _
  4
100 106 112 118 124
47. {r | r < 16}
Lesson 6-2
0 6 12 18 24
1a. 15 + 2h ≤ 35 1b. h ≤ 10; 10 hours
49. {t | t > -1} 3a. 1.50 + 0.25(5x - 1) ≤ 3.75 3b. x ≤ 2; 2 mi
3c. Because the rideshare service charges
-8 -4 0 4 8 1
per __
  a mile, multiply a by the number of miles,
1
x to find the number of __  a miles for which

Demetri will be charged. Add the charge for 41. 10n - 7(n + 2) > 5n - 12
1
the first __
  a mile to the product of 0.25 and a (Original inequality)
times the number of miles x. This sum is less 10n - 7n - 14 > 5n - 12
than or equal to the total amount Demetri has (Distributive Property)
in his pocket, $3.75. So the inequality is 1.50 +
3n - 14 > 5n - 12
0.25(ax) ≤ 3.75. 5a. 100 + 40x ≤ 250
(Combine like terms.)
5b. x ≤ 3.75; 3 hours
3n - 14 - 5n > 5n - 12 - 5n
7. 21 > 15 + 2x; x < 3
(Subtract 5n from each side.)
Selected Answers
-2n - 14 > -12
-10 -5 0 5 10
x (Simplify.)
9.  __
8 - 13 > -6; x > 56 -2n - 14 + 14 > -12 + 14
(Add 14 to each side.)
50 54 58 62 66
-2n > 2
11. 17 < 7 - 10x; x < -3
(Simplify.)
-2n
____ 2
-10 -5 0 5 10 -2 < ___
  -2
13. -__
5
4 x + 6 < 12; x > -__
5
24 Divide each side by -2. Change > to <.
n<-1
-10 -5 0 5 10 (Simplify.)
15. 15x + 30 < 10x - 45; x < -15 The solution set is {n | n < -1}.
78 + 80 + 78 + x
43.  ____________
   4 ≥ 82; x ≥ 94; Mei needs a
-24 -16 -8 0 8 score of at least 94 on the next exam.
17. {a | a ≤ 11} 45. Sample answer: 2(2x - 1) ≤ 10
47. Let c = the number of baseball cards Ted
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 has; 4c > 5c - 15; 15 > c; Ted has fewer than
15 cards. 49. Ø; If the inequality is always true,
19. {b | b is a real number.}
the opposite inequality will always be false.
51. Sample answer: The solution set for the
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
inequality that results in a false statement is the
21. {a | a ≥ -9} empty set, as in 12 ≤ - 15. The solution set for
an inequality in which any value of x results in a
-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5
true statement is all real numbers, as in 12 ≤ 12.
1
23. {x | x ≥  __
2 } 25. {m|m ≥ 18}
27. {w|w > -2} 29. {x | x ≤ 8}
31. {x | x > -6} 33. {x | x ≥ 1.5} Lesson 6-3
35. { 9 }
1
p | p ≤ 1 __
1. {f | 6 < f < 11}
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
4 6 8 10 12
37. x + 14 ≤ 3x; {x | x ≥ 7}
3. {y | y ≥ 8 or y < -4}
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
39. Eric does not have any pencils. Based on
5. {p | -4 < p ≤ 5}
his statement, the inequality is 6p + 15 < 20,
where p is the number of pencils. The solution
5 -4 -2 0 2 4
of the inequality is p < __
  6 . However, the number
of pencils must be a whole number, so p = 0.

7. {h | 2 ≤ h < 3} 39b. The solution of the compound inequality
is 2 < x < 7, so each of the lengths must be
0 1 2 3 4 5 greater than 2 m but less than 7 m. The sum of
9. {y | y < -3} the two lengths must be 9 m.
41. {x | -2 < x < 5}
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-10 -5 0 5 10
11. {b | 4 -1} 47. x > -1 or x ≥ 4; This can be written as
x > -1 because this is the union of two graphs.
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 49. The union of the two graphs is the graph
15. {m | 2 ≤ m < 4} on the left, so the graph on the left is the graph
of the solution set for part a. The intersection
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 of the two graphs is the graph on the right, so
the graph on the right is the graph of the
17a. x + 8 < 20 or x + 8 > 35 17b. 0 < x < 12
solution set for part b.
or x > 27; Because the combined height of the 4 4
sign and pole cannot be negative, the value of x 51a. x > -__
a and x ≤  __
a
6
must be greater than 0. 51b. x < -__
a or x > 5a
17c. 53. Sometimes; The graph of x > 2 or x < 5
includes the entire number line.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
19. -3 < x ≤ 3 21. x < -2 or x ≥ 1

23. b > 3 or b ≤ 0 25. y < -1 or y ≥ 1 Lesson 6-4
27. f | -2 < f < -1}
1. {x | -24 < x < 8}
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-28 -24 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12
29. {b | -2 < b < 6}
3. {c | -3 ≤ c ≤ 4}
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
31. {a | -2 ≤ a < 5}
5. {Ø}
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
33. Sample answer: Let n = the number. 7. {r | r < -8 or r > 4}
n - 2 ≤ 4 or n - 2 ≥ 9; {n | n ≤ 6 or n ≥ 11}
35. 54° ≤ x ≤ 68° 37. The minimum is 67, -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
since the solution of the inequality
2 9. {h | h ≤ -3 or h ≥ 6}
2000 ≤ 1000 + 15x is 66 __
3 ≤ x, and the
number of students must be a whole number.
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
The maximum is 100, since the solution of the
1 11. {v | v is a real number.}
inequality 1000 + 15x ≤ 3000 is x ≤ 133 _ 3 , but
the bus can only hold 100 students. 39a. The
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
side lengths must be 5, x, and 9 - x. Using the
13. { 4 or n ≥ 3  4 }
1 3
Triangle Inequality results in the compound n | n ≤ -5 _ _
inequality x + 5 > 9 - x and 14 - x > x.

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

15. { 3 < h < 5}
2
h | -5 __ 49. The solution set for |x - 2| > 4 is
{x | x < -2 or x > 6}. The solution set for
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -2x < 4 or x > 6 is {x | x > -2}. One includes
17. {Ø} numbers greater than -2, and the other
includes numbers less than -2 or greater than
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6. These solution sets are not the same.
19. { 3 }
2 51. Jordan is correct. Chloe did not distribute
r | -2 < r <  __
the negative to both x and 3.
53. (-8 ≤ n < -3) or (1 < n ≤ 6). To solve
Selected Answers
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
this compound inequality, split it into two
21. {x | 58.5 ≤ x ≤ 61.5} 23a. |p - 130| ≤ 3.05 inequalities. The first one to solve is |n + 1| > 2
23b. and the second one is |n + 1| ≤ 7. The solution
set of the entire problem is the overlap of the
124 126 128 130 132 134 individual solutions.
25a. |x - 515| ≤ 114 25b. 287 to 743 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
27. |n + 2|≥ 1 29. |w - 2|< 2 31. |x| > 1
33. d 35. c 55. No; Sample answer: Lucita forgot to
37. |x - 92| ≤ 8; {x |84 ≤ x ≤ 100} change the direction of the inequality sign for
the negative case of the absolute value.
84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 57. Sample answer: If t = 0, then the absolute
39. {x | -1 ≤ x ≤ 3} value is equal to 0, not greater than 0.
59. Sample answer: When an absolute value
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 is on the left and the inequality symbol < or
≤, the compound sentence uses and, and if
41. {x | -7 ≤ x ≤ 3}
the inequality symbol is > or ≥, the compound
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 sentence uses or. To solve, if |x| < n, then set
43. {x | x > 18 or x < -17} up and solve the inequalities x < n and x > -n,
and if |x| > n, then set up and solve the
-22-20-18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
inequalities x > n or x < -n.
45. By definition, the absolute value is always
greater than a negative number. Therefore, no
matter what number is chosen, it will always be
Lesson 6-5
greater than -1 when evaluated in the absolute
value inequality given. 47a. Set the absolute 1. y
value of an unknown variable, x, minus the
recommended weight, 516, to be less than or
equal to the variance of 4. So, the inequality
|x - 516| ≤ 4 represents the situation. O x
47b. Write two inequalities, one for each case:
x - 516 ≤ 4 and -(x - 516) ≤ 4. For the first
case, add 516 to both sides: x = 520. For the
second case, distribute the negative on the left
side, subtract 516 from both sides and divide 3. y
by a negative 1 remembering to switch the

inequality sign: x = 512. This means a box of
cereal should have a minimum weight of 512 g O x
and a maximum weight of 520 g.

5. y 13b. no, no, yes, no
15. y
O x
O x
7. y
17. y
O x O x
19. y
9. y
O x
O x
21. y
11. y
O x
23. y
O O x
x
13a. y < 1240x + 48,200

25a. 2.25p + 2b > 90; p ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0
58,000
25b. Profits from Smoothies
56,000
Income ($1000)
54,000 50
52,000
50,000
Berry Smoothies
40
48,000
46,000 30
44,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
Years since 2006
10
0
10 20 30 40 50
Peach Smoothies

25c. The café sold more than 22 berry Module 6 Review
smoothies. 25d. 41; Sample explanation:
40 peach smoothies results in a profit of exactly 1. A
$90, so to make a profit of more than $90, the 3. 8 rows
café must have sold 41 smoothies. 27. The 5. C
value of c must be positive. Since (0, 0) is a
7. {t | t < -3}
solution of the inequality, a(0) + b(0) < c must
be a true statement, so 0 < c. 29. Sample 9. A, B
answer: y < -x + 1. 31. Sample answer: The 11. {g | -5 ≤ g}
Selected Answers
inequality y > 10x + 45 represents the cost of a 13A. {h | -8 < h < 2}
monthly smartphone data plan with a flat rate of 13B.
$45 for the first 2 GB of data used, plus $10 per
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
additional GB of data used. Both the domain and
range are nonnegative real numbers because the 15. B
GB used, and the total cost cannot be negative. 17. C, D, B, A

Module 7 17a. y = 400x + 1000; y = 5900 - 300x
Quick Check 6000

First Plane
5000
1. (4, 0) 3. (0, 0) 5. x = 6 - 2y 7. m = 2n + 6
Altitude (m)
4000
Lesson 7-1 3000
2000 Second Plane

1. 1; consistent; independent
3. 0; inconsistent 1000
5. 1; consistent; independent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7. 1; consistent; independent Time (min.)
9. 1; consistent; independent
17b. After 7 minutes the planes will be at the
11. 1 solution; (0, -3) same altitude.
y
19. y = 3x + 6 and y = 6; (0, 6)
y
8
O x
4
−8 −4 O 4 8x
−4
−8
13. no solution
y
8 21. y = -12x + 90 and y = 30; (5, 30)
y
4 40
20
−8 −4 O 4 8x
−4
−8 −4 O 4 8x
−8 −20
−40
15. infinitely many solutions
y
23. y = 2x + 5 and y = 2x + 5; infinitely many
solutions
y
8
O x
4
−8 −4 O 4 8x
−4
−8

25. approximately (2.68, 1.01) 39. 1 solution; (2, 1); consistent; independent
y
27. approximately (2.67, -0.88)
29. Sample answer: x + y = 260; 2.5x + x+y=3
0.75y = 450; approximately (145.71, 114.29); The (2, 1)
bookstore will make a weekly profit of $450 with O x
y - x = -1
total weekly sales of 260 items when about 146
books and about 114 magazines are sold.
31. no solution; inconsistent
Selected Answers
y
4 41a. x = time, in seconds, y = distance from
2x + y = 4 where Olivia started to the finish line, in feet;
2
y = 20x; y = 15x + 150
−4 −2 O 2 4x 41b. 1000
900
y = -2x - 2 −2 800
700
Distance (ft)
−4
600
33. 1 solution; (1, −3); consistent; independent 500
y 400
2x - y = 5 300
200
100
O x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (s)
x + y = -2
41c. 600 ft
43a. x = time walking in minutes, y = time on
35. infinitely many solutions; consistent; bike in minutes; 3x + 2y = 70, x = y + 15
dependent 43b. y
y
20
3 16
x=6- 8y
O x 12
8
2 1
4= 3x+ 4y
4
37. infinitely many solutions; consistent; O 4 8 12 16 20 x

dependent
y 43c. 20 minutes
x + 2y = 4
45. (–2, 3)
y
1 8
y = -2x + 2
6
O x 4
2
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
−4
−6
−8
47. Sample answer: 4x + 2y = 14, 12x + 6y = 18;

This system is inconsistent while the others are
consistent and independent.

49. Graphing clearly shows whether a system variable. That expression can then be substituted
of equations has one solution, no solution, or into the second equation for the variable.
infinitely many solutions. However, finding the
exact value of x and y from a graph can be
difficult. Lesson 7-3
51. Francisca; If the item is less than $100, then
$10 off is better. Of the item is more than $100, 1. (-3, 4) 3. (-3, 1) 5. (4, -2) 7. (8, -7)
then the 10% is better. 9. (4, 7) 11. (4, 1.5) 13. (2, 1) 15. (11, 0)
17. (-3, 7) 19. (2, -1) 21. (-3, -5)
23. (10, 4) 25. (7, 5) 27. (2, -3)
Lesson 7-2 29. -2 and -4
1. (1, 6) 3. (29, 53) 5. (1, 1) 7. infinitely many 31a. r + s = 181 and r - s = 119
9. no solution 11. (0, 1) 13. (2, 5) 31b. 31 state senators and 150 state
15. infinitely many representatives
33. (4, -1) 35. ( 3 )

1
17a. Sample answer: a + b = 5; 0.7a + 0.2b = -1, 3 _
0.65(5) 37. (-36, -4) 39. 34 games
17b. 4.5 mL from Beaker A and 0.5 mL from 41a. Sample answer: 4p + 2n = 18.50, 7p
Beaker B + 2n = 26.75, where p is the price of a bag
19. ( 2 , -8 )
1 3
 __ __ of popcorn and n is the price of a plate of
21. Sample answer: In 2011, the population nachos
of Ecuador was about 15,180,000 and the 41b. (2.75, 3.75); A bag of popcorn costs $2.75
population of Chile was about 17,150,000. The and a plate of nachos costs $3.75.
population of Ecuador increased by 1,210,000 43a. Add the equations because this will
and the population of Chile increased by eliminate the variable y, and then you can
760,000 from 2011 to 2016. Let x = the number solve for x.
of 5-year periods and y = population. The
43b. (5, -2)
system is y = 15,180,000 + 1,210,000x and y =
17,150,000 + 760,000x. Solve by substitution to 43c. y
find that x ≈ 4.4, or 4.4 × 5 = 22 years. So, the

population of Ecuador and Chile will be equal in
about 2011 + 22 = 2033. (Source: World Bank) O x
23. Let x = tens digit and y = units digit of the
original number; 10y + x = 10x + y - 45; x =
3y + 1; (7, 2); The original number is 72.
25. Neither; Guillermo substituted incorrectly Sample answer: The point of intersection on
for b. Cara solved correctly for b, but the graph will match the solution (5, -2).
misinterpreted the pounds of apples bought.
43d. The equations would be equivalent.
27. Sample answer: The solutions found by There would be infinitely many solutions, all
each of these methods should be the same. real numbers x and y satisfying the equation
However, it may be necessary to estimate x - 5y = 15.
when using a graph. So, when a precise
43e. There would be no solution because
solution is needed, you should use substitution.
the lines would be parallel and would never
29. An equation containing a variable with a intersect.
coefficient of 1 can easily be solved for the
45. Sample answer: x + y = 1 and -x - y = 1;
This system of equations has no solutions.

47. Sample answer: -x + y = 5, I used the reduced to 1 without turning other coefficients
solution to create another equation with the into fractions. Otherwise, elimination is more
coefficient of the x-term being opposite of its helpful because it will avoid the use of fractions
corresponding coefficient. when solving the system.
49. Sample answer: It would be most beneficial
to use elimination to solve a system of
equations when one variable has either the Lesson 7-5
same coefficient in both equations or one
1. y
Selected Answers
variable has coefficients that are additive
inverses in the equations.
Lesson 7-4
O x
1. (-1, 3) 3. (−3, 4) 5. (-2, 3) 7. (3, 5)
9. (1, -5) 11. (0, 1)
3. y
13a. 2x + y = 592.30 and x + 2y = 691.31,
where x is the number of MLB games and y is
the number of NBA games
13b. MLB: $164.43, NBA: $263.44
15. 8 and -1
17. wash: $6, vacuum: $2 O x
19a.
5. no solutions
Tropical Kona y
Total 8
Breeze Cooler
Amount of 4
t k 10
Juice (qt)
−8 −4 O 4 8x
Amount of
−4
Pineapple 0.2t 0.5k 4
Juice (qt) −8
19b. ( 3 , 6  3 ); The owner

1 2 1
3 _ __ should mix 3 _
3 qt of y
2
__ 7.
Tropical Breeze and 6 3 qt of Kona Cooler.
1 2 x = -1
19c. 3 _
  3 qt + 6 __
  3 qt = 10 qt, so the total amount
3   qt) + 0.5(6  3   qt) = 4 qt,
is correct, and 0.2(3 _
1 __ 2
O x
so the amount of pineapple juice in the new
y = -3
drink is correct.
21. Jason; In order to eliminate the t-terms,
you can multiply the second equation by 2
and then subtract, or multiply the equation by 9. y
-2 and then add. Daniela did not subtract the y=x+3

equations correctly.
23. Sample answer: 2x + 3y = 6 and O x
4x + 9y = 5
y = -1
25. Sample answer: It is more helpful to use
substitution when one of the variables has
a coefficient of 1 or if a coefficient can be

11. no solution 21. Let x = tins of popcorn and y = tins of
y peanuts; x + y ≤ 200; x ≥ y; 3x + 4y ≤ 900;
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0.
y = -x + 3 23. Sample answer: (3, 3)
O x 25. Sometimes; sample answer: y > 3, y < -3
will have no solution, but y < -3, y < 3 will
y = -x - 1 have solutions.
27. 9 units2
y
13a. Sample answer: Let x = hours at gym and
y = miles of walking; x ≥ 9, x ≤ 12, y ≥ 4.5,
y≤6
13b. Diego’s Routine
16 x
14 O
Walking (miles)
12
10
8
6
4
2 Module 7 Review
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. B, C, D 3. B
Gym (hours)
5. 4 wooden frames and 3 plastic frames
13c. Sample answers: gym 5 h, walk 9 mi; 7. one solution; (-2, 7)
gym 6 h, walk 10 mi, gym 5.5 h, walk 11 mi
9. (10, 4)
15. y ≤ x + 2, y ≥ x - 3
11. A, B 13. r = 6, t = 5 15. D 17. C
17. y ≥ x + 1, y < 1
19. The solution set is the region where the
graphs of the inequalities overlap. The point
(2.5, 1) is not in the overlapping region, so it is
not a solution. A solution must make all of the
inequalities in the system true statements:
4x – 5y ≥ 2 → 4(2.5) – 5(1) ≥ 2 → 10 – 5 ≥ 2 →
5 ≥ 2; 2x + 3y > 8 → 2(2.5) + 3(1) > 8 → 5 +
3 > 8 → 8 > 8; The first inequality is true, but
the second inequality is false. So, (2.5, 1) is not
a solution.

Module 8 13b. 50
45
Quick Check 40
Iodine 131 (mg)

35
1. −196 30
25
3. 0.25
20
5. 32 15
7. −3 10
5
Selected Answers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lesson 8-1
Number of Days
1. No; the domain values are at regular 13c. Because time cannot be negative, the
intervals and the range values have a common relevant domain is {x ≥ 0}. Since the amount
difference 3. of Iodine 131 cannot be negative, the relevant
3. Yes; the domain values are at regular intervals range is {y ≥ 0}.
and the range values have a common factor 2. 9. y
5. No; there is no common factor between the
picture areas.
7. y
O x
2; D = {all real numbers}, R = {y | y > 0};

y=0
O x 11. y
1; D = {all real numbers}, R = {y | y > 0} O x
9. y
−3; D = {all real numbers}, R = {y | y < 0};

O x y=0
13. y
3; D = {all real numbers}, R = {y | y > 2}
11. y
4
3
2
1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x O x
−2
−3
−4 3; D = {all real numbers}, R = {y | y > 0};
y=0
2; D = {all real numbers}, R = {y | y > −3} 15a. 1038 millibars
13a. y-intercept = 50; D = {all real numbers}, 15b. about 794 millibars
R = {y | y > 0} 15c. It decreases.

17. f(x) = 3(2x) 43. The graph has been reflected over the
19. Sample answer: The number of teams x-axis and reflected over the y-axis. It has been
competing in a basketball tournament can stretched vertically by a factor of 3 and shifted
be represented by y = 2x, where the number up 1 unit.
of teams competing is y and the number of y
rounds is x. The y-intercept of the graph is 1. 8
The graph increases rapidly for x > 0. With an 4

exponential model, each team that joins the
tournament will play all of the other teams. −8 −4 O 4 8x
If the scenario were modeled with a linear −4
function, each team that joined would play a
−8
fixed number of teams.
y
45. The graphs of these two exponential
functions are the same. f(x) = 4x + 2 = 4x ∙ 42 =
16 ∙ 4x = g(x).
47. Jennifer is correct. Sample answer: As it is
written, the function is multiplied by 2, which
causes the graph to rise more rapidly than the
O x parent graph, so Jennifer is correct. However,
g(x) = 2(2x) is equivalent to g(x) = 2x + 1. This
graph is the parent graph of f(x) = 2x shifted to
Lesson 8-2 the left one unit, but it still rises at the same rate.
49. The first pair; g(x) is shifted right 3 units
1. translated up 8 units 3. compressed instead of left 3 units.
horizontally 5. reflected across the x-axis;
translated 1 unit right 7. reflected across the
y-axis; translated 4 units up 9. stretched Lesson 8-3
vertically 11. translated right 3 units
13. y = –2x 15. y = 2–x + 5 17. stretched 1. y = 4 ∙ 2x 3. y = 10 ∙x 3x 5. y = 3 ∙ 4x
7. y = 3 ∙ 2x 9. y = (_
  4 ) 11. f(x) = 50 ∙ 2x,
vertically by a factor of 2000 19. stretched 1
vertically by a factor of 20 21. translated up where x is the number of 30-minute time
6 units 23. reflected across the x-axis; periods 13. f(x) = 43 ∙ (1.23)x, where x is the
vertically compressed 25. reflected across number of years since 2010.
the y-axis 27. g(x) = 2x + 3 15a. P = 8,192,426(1.009)t 15b. about 9,370,872
29. g(x) = 5x−2 31. g(x) = 6x + 5 17a. Z = 60,000(0.90)t 17b. about $31,886
1
33. g(x) = __
  2 (4x) 35. g(x) = 23x 19. about $2200 21. 360 million
37. g(x) = 5x - 2 39. g(x) = 5x – 4 23. y = 2.6 ∙ 4x 25. 77,529
41a. translated up 500 units 41b. $500 27. Sample answer: The equation can be
rewritten in the form y = a(1 + r)x to find the
amount of original investment, a, and the rate
of increase or decrease. Because a = 2400,
he invested $2400. Because 1 + r = 0.95 and
is less than 1, his investment is decreasing in
value. A graphing calculator can be used to
find that the investment will be worth $1200 in
about 13.5 years.
29a. P(t) = 128(1.25)t

29b. an increase of approximately 41 deer 11. Account B; Account A has a monthly interest
per year 29c. No; the amount of increase rate of 0.5%. Account B has a monthly interest
is exponential, not linear. 29d. There is rate of about 0.21%. Account B’s monthly
no common difference over equal intervals interest rate is greater.
(differences are 32, 40 and 50). There is a 13. T(t) = 72 + 140(0.67)t
common factor (factor is 1.25 in each case.)
15. Sample answer: Bank A offers a savings
31. about 9.2 years 33. Sample answer: account with a 0.6% interest rate compounded
Exponential models can grow without quarterly. Bank B offers a savings account with
Selected Answers
bound, which is usually not the case for the a 2% interest rate compounded annually. Bank
situation that is being modeled. For instance, A offers the better interest rate because it has
a population cannot grow without bound due a higher effective annual interest rate of
to space and food constraints. Therefore, about 2.4%.
the situation that is being modeled should
be carefully considered when used to make
decisions.
Lesson 8-5
35a. Sample answer: 5%; about 14.2 years
35b. Sample answer: 10%; about 6.6 years 1. The ratios are not the same, so the sequence
is not geometric.
35c. Sample answer: about 10.4 years; about
$8320 3. Since the ratio is the same for all of the
terms, 5, the sequence is geometric.
5. The ratios are not the same, so the
Lesson 8-4 sequence is not geometric.
7. Because the ratio is the same for all of the
1a. A(t) = (1.021)t; A(t) = (1.0052)4t 1
terms, __
  2 , the sequence is geometric.
1b. Bank B has the better plan because the 9. The ratios are not the same, so the
effective quarterly interest rate is 0.8%, which is sequence is not geometric.
greater than the quarterly interest rate of about
11. The ratios are not the same, so the
0.52% for Bank A.
sequence is not geometric.
1c. About 3.2%; sample answer: This confirms
13. –250, 1250, –6250
the result of part b because 3.2% is greater than
the annual interest rate at Bank A, so Bank B 15. 108, 324, 972
has the better plan. 17. –2058; –14,406; –100,842
3. Bank A; Bank A has a quarterly interest rate 19. 54, 162, 486
1 1 1
of 0.95%. Bank B has a quarterly interest rate 21.  __ __ __
10 ,   20 ,   40
of about 0.92%. Bank A’s quarterly interest rate 1 1 1
23.  _ __ ___
3 ,   18 ,   108
is higher.
25. 387,420,489
5. Species B; the population of Species A is
decreasing at a rate of about 0.25% per quarter. 27. 177,147
29. an = 4 ∙ (   2 )
n-1
3
The population of Species B is decreasing at a __
rate of about 0.33% per quarter. The population 31. $1310.72
of Species B is decreasing at a faster rate. 33a. an = P ∙ 1.005n
7. Plan A 33b. $538.84
  16 ( __
3 )
n-1
9. Account A; Account A has a semi-annual 35. an = __
9 2
; __
4
  81
interest rate of 2.3%. Account B has a semi-
37. an = -8(_
  4 )n - 1; - ____
1 1
annual interest rate of about 2.1%. Account A’s 2048
semi-annual interest rate is greater.

39. Sample answer: an = 39,416(1.03)n – 1; ≈ Lesson 8-6
69,116.19; This means that after 20 years of
employment the average annual salary will be 1. 23, 30, 37, 44, 51
about $69,116.19. 3. 8, 20, 50, 125, 312.5
41. –3, –12, –48 5. 13, –29, 55, –113, 223
43a. The first method provides a starting salary 7. a1 = 12, an = an – 1 – 13, n ≥ 2
of $100 and an $8 per month raise. The second 9. a1 = 2, an = an – 1 + 9, n ≥ 2
method provides a starting salary of $0.01 and
11. a1 = 40, an = –1.5an – 1, n ≥ 2
doubles it each month.
13. a1 = 3, an = an – 1 – 1, n ≥ 2
43b. The first situation is linear because
there is a common difference of $8. The 15. a1 = 2, an = an – 1 + 1, n ≥ 2
5 1
equation is y = 8x + 92. The second situation 17. a1 = __
  2 , an = an – 1 − __
  2 , n ≥ 2
is exponential because it is a geometric 19a. 875, 1050, 1225, 1400, 1575
sequence with a common ratio of 2. The
19b. a1 = 175, an = an – 1 + 175, n ≥ 2
equation is y = 0.01(2)x – 1.
19c. an = 175n
43c. Sample answer: As long as I do not need
money immediately, I would use the second 21a. a1 = 6, an = 0.9an – 1, n ≥ 2
method. In the last month, I would make 21b. an = 6(0.9)n – 1
y = 0.01(2)23 = $83,886.08 due to the fact that 23. an = −12n + 10
the payment is growing exponentially. In the 25. a1 = 45, an = an – 1 − 7, n ≥ 2
last month, in the first method I would make
27. a1 = -11, an = an – 1 + 5, n ≥ 2
y = 8(24) + 92 = $284.
29. an = 16(4)n–1
45. If the values
___ fit a geometric sequence,
√ 540 __ 31. an = 500(1.05)n–1

  180   = √
then r = ___ 3 . This would mean that the
interior __
angles of a square would have a sum 33. Ramon has 2 parents, 4 grandparents,
of 180√3  ≈ 312°. Since the sum of the angles 8 great-grandparents, and so on. We can write
in a square is 360°, this is not a geometric a geometric sequence to count the number of
sequence. ancestors in a given generation. The recursive
formula is an + 1 = 2an. The explicit formula
47. Neither; Haro calculated the exponent
is an = 2n. Ramon’s claim is about the 8th
incorrectly. Matthew did not calculate (–2)8
generation back: a8 = 28 = 256. Ramon is
correctly.
correct.
49. Sample answer: When graphed, the
35a. Sample answer: B3 = B2 + B1 and
terms of a geometric sequence lie on a curve
C2 = B2 ÷ B1
that can be represented by an exponential
function. They are different in that the domain 35b. The ratio approaches a constant value of
of a geometric sequence is the set of natural 1.618034… For larger values of n, the Fibonacci
numbers, while the domain of an exponential numbers behave like a geometric sequence
function is all real numbers. Thus, geometric with a common ratio of 1.618034…
sequences are discrete, while exponential 37. Both; Sample answer: The sequence can
functions are continuous. be written as the recursive formula a1 = 2,
51. Sample answer: In the geometric sequence an = (–1)an – 1, n ≥ 2. The sequence can also be
6, 3, 1.5, …, the value of r is 0.5 and the written as the explicit formula an = 2(–1)n – 1.
absolute value of an + 1 will be closer to zero 39. False; sample answer: A recursive formula
than the value of an. for the sequence 1, 2, 3, … can be written as
a1 = 1, an = an – 1 + 1, n ≥ 2 or as a1 = 1, a2 = 2,
an = an – 2 + 2, n ≥ 3.

41. Sample answer: In an explicit formula, the 3. As x increases, y increases; and, as x
nth term an is given as a function of n. In a decreases, y approaches 0.
recursive formula, the nth term an is found by 5. A
performing operations to one or more of the
7. A
terms that precede it.
9. D
11. The Local Credit Union offers Joey the
Module 8 Review better savings plan; sample answer: the
monthly interest rate is 0.12% higher than at
Selected Answers
1. y First & Loan, and the annual interest rate is
8
7 1.6% higher than at First & Loan.
6
5
13. 146 people
4 15. a1 = 20, an = an-1 + 15, n ≥ 2
3
2 17. row 2: 12; row 3: 12, 48; row 4: 48, 192
1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4x

Module 9 29. Sample answer: I can assume that the data
is tightly clustered around 37 because all three
Quick Check measures of center are close. 31. 75th percentile
1. 45.88 3. 3 __
3 33. Because the mean is an average of all the
20 5. 82.4% 7. 85.6%
numbers in the data set, it is most affected by
Lesson 9-1 outliers. An outlier on the high end will cause
the mean to increase. The median is the middle
1. mean: 15.625, median: 15.5, mode: none value in the dataset, adding one high number
3. mean: 3.3, median: 2.5, mode: 2 should not have much effect on the median
5. mean: 5 students; median: 4 students; mode: unless the dataset has values, which are widely
3 students 7. mean: 54.75 mph; median: spread. The mode is the most frequent number
54 mph; mode: 53 mph 9. mean: about 2.8; so the outlier will have no effect on the mode
median: 2.75; mode: 2 11. 25th percentile unless the outlier is the same as the mode.
13. Sample answer: The mean could be slightly 35. The mean, median, and mode will all be
higher because on a few of Saturday nights multiplied by the number. 37. Julio should
throughout the year, there were a very large have chosen the mean because all the growth
number of people at the movies, which caused values are close together. 39. Sample answer:
the mean to increase but did not affect the To find a percentile rank, order the data set in
median. 15. mean: 252; median: 245; decreasing order. Count the number of items
mode: none 17. 23 19. mean: 51.5, median: below the item you are ranking, and divide that
51, mode: none 21. 20 points 23. 90th by the total number of items. Multiply this answer
percentile 25a. mean = 109,633; median = by 100 to arrive at the percentile rank.
66,556, no mode 25b. Sample answer: The
novels lower than the 50th percentile would be
those consisting of words in the thirty-thousands Lesson 9-2
and in the upper fifty-thousands. My prediction
is correct because those three books are in the 1. Summer Reading Program
47th percentile, which is just under the 50th
percentile. 25c. The median will change from
66,556 to 69,920, a difference of 3364 words.
The mean will change from 109,633 to 111,065,
a difference of 1432 words. 27. Canada: 20th
3 4 5 6 7 8
percentile; France: 50th percentile; Japan: 40th Number of Books Read
percentile; Russia: 60th percentile; Brazil: 10th
3. Field Trip Destination
percentile; Great Britain: 70th percentile 12
Number of Votes
10
Olympic Medal Counts
8
Country Total Medals 6
Australia 29 4
2
Brazil 19
0
Canada 22
y
o
k
m
or
r
Zo
Pa
eu
t
va
us
China 70
e
er
at
M
bs
St
O
France 42 Destination
Great Britain 67
Japan 41
New Zealand 18
Russia 56
United States 121

5. The data are discrete and categorical, so a 17. Sample answer: Bar graphs and histograms
bar graph would be most appropriate. are similar because each displays data with bars.
Favorite Type of Movie They are different because a bar graph is best
Number of Students
12 used with data that are discrete and a histogram
10 represents data that are continuous. For this
8
reason, the bars in a bar graph do not touch
6
4 and represent single values while the bars in a
2 histogram touch and represent a range of values.
0
Selected Answers
n
i-fi
rro
ed
am
tio
sc
ho
m
ac
dr
Lesson 9-3
co
Type of Movie
7a. 1. Sample answer: The intended population is

all students. By asking only students leaving
Miles Lisa Jogged basketball practice, Awan is not getting a
representative example of the entire student
body. 3. Sample answer: The first sentence
0 2 4 6 8 10 states a positive outcome of music education,
Miles Jogged which may bias the respondent toward
7b. 2 7c. 8 support. This bias may serve people trying to
keep music education in schools. 5. Mean:
9a. Masonville 10K 4, median: 4, mode: 2; The mean and median
Number of Participants
7
6 are appropriate measures to use to accurately
5 summarize the data. 7. Sample answer: The
4 scale for vendor 1 starts at 70, and because
3 of the size of the bars, it looks like their sales
2
doubled in one year, when they increased
1
0
about 50%. Vendor 2 had a larger increase in
sales of approximately 67%.
9
9
9
9
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
9. Sample answer: The required class would

10
70
30
40
20
50
60
Age be better because it is more likely to contain

9b. 8 9c. 30-39 a representative sample of students. The
11. Sample answer: The scientist should break elective class might not be representative of
down the data into increments of two-tenths the whole student body because these courses
starting at 1 and going through 2.6. are chosen for reasons such as personal
13. Sample answer: 1) Because the data preference or future career aspirations.
is clustered around ratings 7-10, it can be 11. Median; sample answer: The two lowest
concluded that the product is well-liked by most weights are much lower than the others, so the
customers and may have minor inconsistencies mean will be affected by those outliers.
that certain people did not like. 2) Because 13. Sample answer: The original data are very
there are only two low ratings, it can be close together, so it is likely that the measures
concluded that dissatisfaction with the product of center will all be the same or very close.
could be a result of personal preference or Adding an outlier of 24 to the data set will
manufacturer defect in a specific item. cause the mean to go up, but the median and
mode would likely stay unchanged or very
15. Sample answer: If the range of the data is
close to the original number. So, in this case
broad with specific, unrepeating values, then
the median or mode would best represent the
it makes the dot plot more meaningful if the
center of data.
range is divided up into equal intervals.

15. Sample answer: To assess a sample Lesson 9-5
for bias, identify the intended population
and sample method; then, based on this 1. symmetric
information assess whether there is potential
sample bias. 21. There are more extreme
values in the lower end, which cause the mean
to be lower than the median.
Lesson 9-4 [24, 78] scl: 6 by [0, 10] scl: 1
1. 41 3. 62 5. 20
7. 62, 66, 73, 82, 99
60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100
9. 35.2, 35.7, 35.9, 36.2, 36.5 [24, 78] scl: 6 by [0, 5] scl: 1
3. Sample answer: The distribution is skewed,
so use the five-number summary. The range is
35 35.2 35.4 35.6 35.8 36 36.2 36.4 36.6 36.8
53 – 12, or 41. The median is 39.5, and half of
11. 25 13. 13 15. 20 17. 2.83 19. 2.97 the data are between 28 and 48.
21. 2.16; Since the standard deviation is large
compared to the mean of 3, the number of
goals scored each game is not relatively close
to the mean. 23a. 9, 36, 59, 67, 69 23b.
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76
[10, 55] scl: 5 by [0, 10] scl: 1
25. range: 14; minimum: 3; lower quartile: 6;
median: 12; upper quartile: 14.5; maximum: 17; 5. Sample answer: The distribution is
interquartile range: 8.5; standard deviation: 4.5 symmetric, so use the mean and standard
deviation. The mean is about 58.7 with
standard deviation of about 22.8.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
27. Both; sample answer; When an outlier is

removed from a set of data, the spread and
standard deviation of the data will decrease.
When more values that are equal to the mean
of a data set are added to the data set, the
mean will be stronger and outliers will have [10, 100] scl: 10 by [0, 5] scl: 1
less influence.
7a.
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475
7b. min: 182, Q1: 249, median: 274, Q3: 315.5,

max: 455 7c. The outlier mainly affects the
mean. When the outlier is removed, the median
decreases, but only $3 to $271. However, the
mean changes from $289 to $266, which is
more representative of the data as a whole.

9. negatively skewed
[40, 70] scl: 3 by [0, 5] scl: 1

[10, 80] scl: 10 by [0, 10] scl: 1
17a. Sample answer: The distribution is
Selected Answers
skewed, so use the five-number summary. min:
62, max: 525, med: 103, Q1: 84, Q3: 290
17b. Sample answer: The distribution is
symmetric, so use the mean and standard
deviation. The mean is about 92.4 with
standard deviation of about 18.4.
[10, 80] scl: 10 by [0, 10] scl: 1
11. symmetric
[60, 125] scl: 5 by [0, 5] scl: 1
[10, 70] scl: 10 by [0, 20] scl: 2 17c. Original: mean 171.5, median 103; altered:
mean about 92.4, median 92. The means differ
by about 79.1, while the medians differ by 11.
19a. Sample answer: 225–230 g would be a
reasonable advertised weight for either brand,
so it is quite likely that they have the same
advertised weight. Rafaello appears to have
better control over the exact quantity in each
[10, 70] scl: 10 by [0, 20] scl: 2 package because its distribution is grouped
13. symmetric more closely about the mean. 19b. Sample
answer: Both distributions have an inverted,
symmetric U-shape with “tails” on either side.
Leonardo’s distribution is lower and wider.
21. Currently, Gerardo’s distribution would
be positively skewed. If he lost his longest
streaks, the data would represent a symmetric
distribution.
[35, 65] scl: 3 by [0, 5] scl: 1
15. Sample answer: The distribution is

approximately symmetric, so use the mean and
standard deviation. The mean is about 54.7 years
with standard deviation of about 6.2 years.

23a. negatively skewed
Supreme Court Justices
100
84
78 80
80
67 68
62 62
60 57
49
Age
[45, 100] scl: 5 by [0, 5] scl: 1

40
9b. Sample answer: The distributions are
20 skewed, so use the five-number summaries.
0
The medians for both teams are 79. The upper
quartile and maximum for the Marlins are 83.5
.
er
ch
as
or
y
.
g
n
Jr
Jr
ed
ga
ur
ey
ay
om
su
rts
ito
sb
nn
Ka
Br and 92. The upper quartile and maximum

m
or
be
Al
Th
in
to
Ke
G
G
Ro
So
for the Cubs are 88 and 97. This means that

23b. The data is skewed, so use the five- the upper 50% of data for the Cubs is slightly
number summary; min: 49, Q1: 59.5, median: higher than the upper 50% of data for the
67, Q3: 79, max: 84. 23c. There are no Marlins. Overall, we can conclude that the
outliers in the data. 25. Sample answer: A Cubs were slightly more successful than the
bimodal distribution is a distribution of data Marlins during this time period. 11. 93.5; 94.5;
that is characterized by having data divided 97; 17; 5.1 13. 60; 62.5; 45; 50; 16.9 15. 25.9;
into two clusters, thus producing two modes 21.5; 17; 30; 10.3 17. 13.9; 14; 14.4; 1.4; 0.5
and having two peaks. The distribution can 19. 75.8; 72; no mode; 48, 16.1 21a. 160.5; 166;
be described by summarizing the center and no mode; 115; 33.9 21b. 216.5; 222; no mode;
spread of each cluster of data. 27. Sample 115; 33.9 23a. 64.7, 66, 55, 46, 15.9
answer: In a symmetrical distribution, the 23b. 18.1, 18.9, 12.8, 25.6, 8.9
majority of the data are located near the
25a. Sample answer: The mean of Saeed’s
center of the distribution. The mean of the
prices is $11.79, which is $0.80 more than his
distribution is also located near the center
rival’s mean price. The new prices come from
of the distribution. Therefore, the mean and
subtracting $0.80 from each price, which will
standard deviation should be used to describe
reduce the mean price to be the same as his
the data. In a skewed distribution, the majority
rival’s.
of the data lie either on the right or left side of
the distribution. Because the distribution has New Prices
a tail or may have outliers, the mean is pulled 14.19 3.69 9.19 17.69 12.19
away from the majority of the data. The median 6.19 7.69 21.19 12.69 13.19
is less affected. Therefore, the five-number
9.19 10.19 11.69 3.69 12.19
summary should be used to describe the data.
25b. Current prices: μ = 11.79, σ = 4.60
New prices: μ = 10.99, σ = 4.60 The mean
Lesson 9-6 has dropped by 0.8, but the standard deviation
has remained constant 27. Sample answer:
1. 60.9; 60; 60; 14; 4.7 3. 22.5; 21.5; no mode; Male students, x   ¯ = 70.0 in., σ = 2.0 in. Female
24; 7.4 5. 36.8; 38; 12; 56; 20.0 7. 26.8; 27.2;   ¯ = 66.3 in., σ = 2.7 in. Sample
students, x 
29.6; 10.4; 3.5 answer: For male students, the mean is 70.0 in.,
9a. both negatively skewed and the standard deviation is 2.0 in. For female
students, the mean is 66.3 in., and the standard
deviation is 2.7 in. On average, males are taller.
However, because the standard deviation
of males is smaller than that of females, the
heights of females are more spread out.

29. Sample answer: Histograms show 7. Sample answer: Most of the students are
the frequency of values occurring within studying Spanish. 9. Sample answer: Each
set intervals. This makes the shape of the conditional relative frequency represents the
distribution easy to recognize. However, no proportion of each candidate’s support from
specific values of the data set can be identified each gender. 11. 12
from looking at the histogram, and the overall 13. Male Female Total
spread of the data can be difficult to determine.
The box plot show the data divided into four Tree Swallow 5 7 12
sections. This aids when comparing the spread Cardinal 5 10 15
Selected Answers
of one set of data to another. However, the box Goldfinch 8 5 13
plots are limited because they cannot display Total 18 22 40
the data any more specifically than showing it
divided into four sections. 31. $37,750 15. 18
33. Sample answer: When two distributions 17.
are symmetric, determine how close the
Sports No Sports Total
averages are and how spread out each set of
or Clubs or Clubs
data is. The mean and standard deviation are
the best values to use for this comparison. Freshmen 10% 12.5% 22.5%
When distributions are skewed, determine Sophomores 12.5% 15% 27.5%
which direction the data is skewed and Juniors 10.6% 14.4% 25%
the degree to which the data is skewed. Seniors 11.9% 13.1% 25%
The mean and standard deviation cannot
Total 45% 55% 100%
provide information in this regard, but get
this information by comparing the range, 19. 55.6% 21. 66 23. 100 25. 31 27. 38%
quartiles, and medians found in the 29.
five-number summaries. So if one or both sets
of data are skewed, it is best to compare their Sweet
Region Apple Pumpkin Totals
five-number summaries. Potato
77 ≈ 4≈ 13 ≈ 94 ≈
West
19.0% 1.0% 3.2% 23.2%
32 ≈ 6≈ 54 ≈ 92 ≈
Lesson 9-7 Midwest
7.9% 1.5% 13.3% 22.7%
1. 12 ≈ 63 ≈ 24 ≈ 99 ≈
Small Large Total South
3.0% 15.6% 5.9% 24.4%
Cherry 35 20 55 92 ≈ 2≈ 26 ≈ 120 ≈
Northeast
Grape 25 15 40 22.7% 0.5% 6.4% 29.6%
Watermelon 15 15 30 213 ≈ 75 ≈ 117 ≈ 405 =
Total
Total 75 50 125 52.6% 18.5% 28.9% 100%
31. Sample answer: The conditional relative
3. 30
frequencies based on pie preference give the
5. probability of a person preferring a particular pie
Male Female Total
Spanish 22.5% 25% 47.5% choice being from one of the U.S. regions. For
example, there is an 84% probability that a person
French 20% 15% 35%
who prefers sweet potato pie is from the south.
German 7.5% 10% 17.5%
Total 50% 50% 100%

Sweet to the marginal frequency. Therefore, it is
Region Apple Pumpkin important to understand what relationship is
Potato
being analyzed because each two-way relative
West 36.2% 5.3% 11.1%
frequency table can provide two different
Midwest 15.0% 8.0% 46.2% conditional relative frequency tables.
South 5.6% 84% 20.5%
Northeast 43.2% 2.7% 22.2%
Total 100% 100% 100% Module 9 Review
33. 1.
Vehicle Type 2WD AWD Totals Quiz Scores
Hatchbacks 90 9 99
Sedans 60 13 73
SUVs 2 41 43 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100
Total 152 63 215
3. C, D 5. The data could be separated into
35. Sample answer: Yes, there does appear to intervals of 10, from 0–9, 10–19, 20–29, and
be an association. When the gasoline prices so on through 70–79. 7. scaled dot plot;
are higher, the distances traveled appear to be histogram
lower; when the gasoline prices are lower, the 9.
distances traveled appear to be higher.
37. Sample answer: A relative frequency is the
ratio of the number in a category to the overall 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
total of both categories. A conditional relative 11. D 13. C
frequency is the ratio of the joint frequency

Module 10 District twice and it is not the first/last stop.
Axiom 5 is not satisfied because all three routes
Quick Check visit Stadium District. 19. Sample answer: The
rules of a game are like the axioms of an axiomatic
1. y
system. They establish what can h appen within
the game. Plays are like theorems. They are
W(-5, 2)
tested against the rules or axioms to see whether
O x they are legal in the game. In basketball, it is
a rule that during playing time 5 players from
Selected Answers
each team shall be on the p laying court. A play
in which 6 players are on the court is a violation
because the rules allow exactly 5 players.
3. y 21. Sample answer: The second figure does not
satisfy all the axioms. The axioms do not specify
that the line segments connecting the points
need to be straight, so the first and third figures
O x would work. 23. Sample answer: The triangle
Y(-3, -1)
on the coordinate grid does not belong because
it illustrates analytic geometry, while the other
two figures illustrate synthetic geometry.
5. 20 7. 68
Lesson 10-2
Lesson 10-1 1. Sample answer: n and q 3. plane R
5. Sample answer: point P 7. Yes; sample
1. Sample answer: Kelsey’s jersey number
answer: Line n intersects line q when the lines
is greater than 5 and less than 11. Marie and
are extended. 9. plane 11. plane 13. point
Kelsey are on the same team. Kylie’s team
on a line 15. line 17. plane 19. plane
scored 26 points. 3. Sample answer: Tom
21. Sample answer:
mulched the yard of all three clients this
week. Ms. Martinez paid Tom $115 this week.
Mr. Hansen paid Tom to mow his lawn and
mulch his yard. Mrs. Johnson used all of Tom’s
services this week. 5. analytic geometry
7. synthetic geometry 9. synthetic geometry
11. Sample answer: Pedro and Rafael ate the
same type of salad. 13. Sample answer: Theo 23. Sample answer:
is likely doing analytic geometry, because he is
using a graph with points. 15. Sample answer:
Because Sydney’s plan is on a grid, she is likely
J
using analytic geometry; that is, assuming the
grid is used as a coordinate system. 17. Sample
answer: It is not a model for bus routes.
Axioms 1, 2, and 4 are satisfied. Axiom 3 is
not satisfied because Route 3 visits Stadium

25. 5 27. A, B, E, F or B, C, D, E or A, C, D, F 47. Sample answer: Hiroshi is correct. After you
⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ ⟷ draw the line from the first point to the other
  , AG 
29. AB    , AH 
  , BC 
  , BH 
  , CD 
  , DE 
  , DH 
  , EF 
  ,
⟷ ⟷ three, one of the lines from the second point is
 FG , FH 
  31a. The lines intersect at the vanishing
points. 31b. Sample answer: The walls of the already drawn. 49. Sample answer: A table is
building and the ground form planes. a finite plane. It is not possible to have a
33. Sample answer: real-life object that is an infinite plane because
all real-life objects have boundaries.
y
8 J
6 Lesson 10-3
F 4
G 1
2 P 1. 2.1 mm 3. 1.1 cm 5. 2.0 m 7. 2 _
4 in.
−4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x 9. 5.3 mm 11. b = 12.5; YZ = 100 13. c = 1.7;
−4 K YZ = 3.4 15. w = 4; YZ = 24 17. n = 4;
YZ = 1 19. k = 6; YZ = 46 21. x = 6;
⟷ ⟷ YZ = 18 23. x = 10; YZ = 60 25. 13 in. and
35. Sample answer: line q 37. CD 
  or DC 
 
39. Sample answer: 65 in. 27a. 6 mi 27b. Sample answer: I
T assumed the three locations were in a straight
line. 29. 4.4 mm 31. 10.8 in. 33. 66 m
R 35. 3 37. 4
K 39. Sample answer: AP + PM = AM
41. 5184 ft 43. x = 3; 13 mi 45. 40 ft
47. JK = 12, KL = 16 49. x = 3; y = 4
41. Sample answer:
51. Sample answer: 2.8 + BC = 5.3; BC = 2.5 in.
Y H 5.3 in.
C A
2.8 in.
P B
C
B
Lesson 10-4
43. planes intersecting in lines
1. 5 3. 9 5. 12 7. 3 9. 3 11. 9 13. 6
45. Sample answer:
15. yes ___ 17. no 19. no 21. 10 units
23. √ ___ 89 or about 9.4 units ___
25. √ 20 or about 4.5 units 27. √ 20  or
approximately 4.5 units 29. Yes; sample
answer: The distance ___ between Mariah’s house
and the library is √ 74 or about 8.6 miles.
2
Because __   3 of 12 miles is 8 miles, Mariah’s bike
2
ride is more than __  3 of
___the cycling portion of
the triathlon. ___ 31. √37 or about 6.1__units

33. √
29 or about ___5.4 units 35. √ 13  or about
3.6 units ___ 37. √
89  or about 9.4 units ___
39. 3√37 or about 18.2 units 41. √ 52  or
about 7.2 units 43. no 45. (0, –4), (0, 10)
47. 5 in. 49. No; sample answer: We know
that QU + UR = QR = 4 and QU = UR,
so QU = 2. Further, we know that
RV + VS = RS = 2, and RV = VS, so RV = 1.
Because QU is not equal to RV, we know
̶̶̶ ̶̶
that QU   is not congruent to RV   . 51. (5, 10)

53. Sample answer: Substitute 10 for d, (1, 3) 25. Sample answer:
for (x1, y1), and (9,______________
y) for (x2, y2) in the Distance y
Formula: 10 = (y √
  - 3)2 + (9 - 1)2 . Solve for y: F(-3, 3)
100 = (y - 3) + (9 - 1)2
2
= (y - 3)2 + 82 H(-1, 1)
= (y - 3)2 + 64 O x
36 = (y - 3)2
6 = y - 3 or -6 = y - 3 G(3, -3)
9 = y or -3 = y
Selected Answers
1
So, the y-coordinate of point B is 9 or -3. H is __
  3 of the distance from F to G.
Lesson 10-7
Lesson 10-5
1. -2 3. 0.5 5. 1.5 7. 3 9. -4.5 11. 8.5
1. 6 3. 9 5. 8.4 7. -1 9. -5.5 11. -4 13. 9 15. 3 17. 9 yd 19. (4, 6) 21. (-3, -3)
13. -1 15. -2 17. Y 19. -4 21. -3 23. (-1.5, 3.5) 25. (5, 4) 27. (18.5, 5.5)
23a. 4.36 mi 23b. 10 mi 25. 720 mi 29. (-6.5, -3) 31. (4.2, 10.4) 33. A(1, 6)
2
27. 2 __ ¯
5 in. 29. Sample answer: Draw AB
  . Next, 35. C(16, -4) 37. C(-12, 13.25) 39. 16
draw a construction line and place point C on 41. 2.5 43. 8 45. 7 47. 0.5 49. Q(8, 4)
it. From C, strike 6 arcs in succession of length 51. N(-5, 1) 53. (1, 1) 55. (6, 7.5) 57. 48 m
AB. On the sixth segment of length AB, perform 59. Sample answer: The midpoint of a
1
a segment bisector two times to create a _  4 AB segment is the average of the coordinates of
length. Label the endpoint D. 31. Sometimes; the endpoints. Divide each coordinate of the
sample answer: If the coordinate of X is 0 endpoint that is not located at the origin by 2.
and the coordinate of Y is negative, then the For example, if the segment has coordinates
coordinate of W will be negative and less than
(0, 0) and (-10, 6), the midpoint is located at
the coordinate of X. If the coordinate of X is
(-2 ,   2 )or (-5, 3). Using the Midpoint Formula,
10 __
__ 6
positive and the coordinate of Y is greater than
the coordinate of X, then the coordinate of W if the endpoints of the segment are (0, 0) and
(a, b), the midpoint is (   2 ) or (   2 ).
a+0 b+0 a b
will be greater than the coordinate of X. ____
  2 , ____ __
  2 , __
61. Sample answer:
Lesson 10-6 A B C
1. (-3.6, -2.2) 3. (1, 1 __ 3 ) 5. (  3 , 1)
2 14
__
Module 10 Review
7. (-__ 5 , 4) 9. (   7 , -3) 11. (   4 )
7 16 5
__ 1, __
1. B, D
13. (   7 , -1) 15. (-7, 11) and (-1, 1)
20
__
3 3. intersecting planes; line m
17. (-3, -2) 19. _   4 21a. Julianne substituted
the wrong values for (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). 5. 11
21b. (1.6, 4.2) 23. Sample answer: Because 7. C
the distance from A to P is twice the distance 9. B
from P to D, the distance from A to P could 11. D
be 2 and the distance from P to D could be 1.
13. (3, 6)
Therefore, the fractional distance that P is from
2 2 15. B
A to D is ____
  2 + 1 or __
  3 . The coordinates of point P
are (5, 10). 17. C

Module 11 33. Sample answer:
complement
Quick Check
1. 63 3. 3 5. 1980 7. 344 1
supplement
Lesson 11-1
1. A 3. ∠ADC, ∠CDA 5. 66° 7. 78° 35. No; sample answer: Straight angles or
9. 61° 11. 56° 13. Sample answer: ∠SRQ angles that are greater than 180° do not have
and ∠TRP 15. 65 17. x = 35, y = 85 supplementary angles because their measures
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
19. R 21. P 23.  NM  and NV    25.  RP  and are greater than or equal to 180°.
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
 RQ  or RT 
  and RQ 
  27. ∠TPQ 29. ∠TPN,
∠NPT, ∠TPM, ∠MPT 31. S, Q 33. Sample Lesson 11-3
answer: ∠MPR, ∠PRQ 35. x = 48, y = 21
37. Sample answer: ∠HGE, ∠DGE 1. 20.9 cm; 16 cm2 3. 17.8 cm; 25.1 cm2
39. Sample answer: ∠BFC, ∠BFD 41. Sample 5. 11.3 cm; 8 cm2 7. 15.7 in.; 19.6 in2 9. 42.1 ft;
answer: ∠STV, ∠VTW, ∠UTW 43a. yes 92.5 ft2 11. 35.1 m2 13a. 398 m 13b. In part a,
43b. no 43c. no 43d. no 45. 45° I assumed that there was no space between
⟶
47a. 45° 47b. EF    49. 168; sample answer: the field and the first lane of the track. I also
⟶
If m∠RMP = 21° and  MR  bisects ∠QMP, then assumed the athlete’s body was centered on the
m∠QMP = 2(21) or 42°. If m∠QMP = 42° border of the track. 13c. 402 m 13d. 30 cm
⟶
and  MQ  bisects ∠LMP, then m∠LMP = 2(42) 15. quadrilateral; 20 units; 24 square units
⟶
or 84°. If m∠LMP = 84° and  MP  bisects ∠LMN, 17. quadrilateral; 28 units; 36 square units
then m∠LMN = 2(84) = 168°. 19. $650; sample answer: The side of the play
area that is adjacent to the house does not
need fencing. The remaining three sides of the
Lesson 11-2 play area on the grid have lengths 4, 5, and
4 units. The perimeter of the play area on the
1. 72.5°, 107.5° 3. 128°; 52° 5. 45°; 135° grid is P = 4 + 5 + 4 = 13 units. Each unit on
7. m∠ABD = 47°; m∠DBC = 43° 9. a = 20 the grid represents 5 feet, so Derek will need
11. Yes; because ∠7 is a right angle, ∠6 and ∠8 13(5 ft) or 65 ft of fencing. The cost of the
must form a right angle. 13. Yes; the angles fencing is $10 per foot, so the total cost will be
are nonadjacent and are formed by two 65($10) = $650. 21. 78.5 square miles
intersecting lines. 15. 40° 17. 7 19. 92°
23a. s__= 4, so A = 42__= 16 units __
2
23b. b = 2,
21. No; the measures of the angles are unknown. 1
h=√ 3 , so A = 2  (2)(√3 ) = √
__ 3  units2
23. No; the angles are not adjacent.
23c. 14.3 units2; sample answer: The area not
25. x = 25 27. x = 94, y = 79, z = 154
covered by the triangle is equal to the area of
29. Yes; sample answer: Angles that are right
the square minus __ the area of the triangle.
or obtuse do not have complements because
So, A = (16 - √ 3 ) units2, 14.3 units2.
their measures are greater than or equal to
25. 290.93 units2
90°. 31. Sample answer: You can determine
whether an angle is right if it is marked with a 27. Sample answer: An equilateral triangle
right angle symbol, if the angle is a vertical pair has congruent side lengths. Use the Distance
_______________
with a right angle, or if the angle forms a linear Formula to find KM = (10 √    - (-2))2 + (6 - 1)2 
pair with a right angle. = 13. So, P = 3(KM) = 3(13) or 39 units.
Lesson 11-4
1. reflection 3. rotation 5. translation
7. rotation 9. A′(2, 0), B′(–1, –5), and C′(4, –3)

11. A′(2, 2), B′(–1, 7), and C′(4, 5) 13. A′(–2, 0), 7. 26.9 cm2; 7.7 cm3 9. 800 ft2; 1280 ft3
B′(1, –5), and C′(–4, –3) 15. D′(4, 1), E′(5, –2), 11. 90π or about 282.7 yd2; 100π or about
and F′(1, –2) 17. D′(5, –1), E′(6, 2), and F′(2, 2) 314.2 yd3 13a. 35 ft2 13b. 13 bags
19. D′(–4,1), E′(–5, –2), and F′(–1,–2) 15. 2004 in2 17. 3.9 cm 19. 3 in. 21a. 5027 ft3
21. translation along vector 〈–10, 35〉 21b. 402 ft3 21c. 5429 ft3 23a. 0.012 m3;
23a. rotation 23b. translation 25. reflection; 1 1
V=_   3 Bh, so V = _
  3 (900)(40) or 12,000 cm3. One
translation cubic meter equals 1 million cubic centimeters,
27. y so the volume of one pyramid shaped lawn
A
Selected Answers
ornament is 0.012 cm3. 23b. concrete:
28.5 kg; granite: 32.2 kg; marble 32.5 kg
B C 23c. If the volume of the lawn ornament stays
OE D x the same, then the weight of the ornament
increases as the density of the material used
to make it increases. 25. Neither; sample
F
answer: The surface area is twice the sum of the
29. reflection in the x-axis 31. translation areas of the top, front, and left side of the prism
3 units right and 2 units down 33. Antwan; or 2(5 ∙ 3 + 5 ∙ 4 + 3 ∙ 4), which is 94 square
sample answer: When you reflect a point inches. 27. Sample answer: The cone and
across the x-axis, the reflected point is in the pyramid have nearly the same volumes.
same place horizontally, but not vertically. Cone: The area of the base is approximately
When (2, 3) is reflected across the x-axis, the 1
154 square centimeters, so V ≈ _   3 (154)(28) or
coordinates of the reflected point are (2, –3) about 1437 cubic centimeters. The volume of
because it is in the same location horizontally, the pyramid is greater by such a small amount
but the other side of the x-axis vertically. that we can say the volumes are approximately
35. Sample answer: equal. 29. 27 mm3
y
Lesson 11-6
1.
O x
37. Sample answer: Vector notation and

function notation describe the distance a figure
3.
is translated in the horizontal and vertical
directions. Vector notation does not give a rule
in terms of initial location, but function notation top left front right
does. For example, the translation a units to view view view view
the right and b units up from point (x, y) would 5.
be written 〈a, b〉 in vector notation and
(x, y) → (x + a, y + b) in function notation.
Lesson 11-5 view view view view
1. not a polyhedron; cone 3. polyhedron; 7.
rectangular pyramid; base WXYZ; faces
□WXYZ, △VWX, △VXY, △VYZ, △VZW; edges
̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
WX, XY
, YZ
, ZW
, WV
, XV
, YV
, ZV
; vertices
W, X, Y, Z, V 5. sphere; not a polyhedron

9. square pyramid, 144 cm2 25. Sample answer: ice cream cone
27. No; the area of this net is 48 square
centimeters.
9 cm 29. Julian; All of Julian's triangles are
congruent. Caleb's top triangle will not match
with the others when folded. 31. Orthographic
drawings and nets are both two-dimensional
shapes used to describe three-dimensional
figures. Orthographic drawings are views
of the top, left, front, and right sides of an
6 cm object, whereas nets can be folded to create
11. cylinder; 3.5π in2 or 11.0 in2 a three-dimensional object.
2 in.
3
4 in. Lesson 11-7
1. The sample is precise because there
13. tetrahedron are consistently 17 or 18 rice cakes in each
15. octahedron package. The sample indicates an innacurate
17. claim of 20 rice cakes per package.
3. 0.05 milliamp 5. 1.1° 7a. 16.5 yd
7b. 12.5 yd 7c. least possible area =
3 ft 189.75 yd2; greatest possible area = 218.75 yd2
7d. The cost would be at least $75.90 but less
than $87.50. 9. 1 in. 11a. 0.11 lb 11b. 0.01 lb
11c. 0.64 lb 13. The cost would be at least
$955.94 but less than $961.36. 15. The cost
6 ft would be at least $107.81 but less than $132.81.
19. 17. Accuracy is how well the information or
18 in. data matches the true values. Precision is the
repeatability of the measurement and level of
measurement. Sample answer: 16.1 oz, 16.3 oz,
15.93 oz, 15.8 oz. 19a. There are two faces that
have an area of 111.4 in2, two faces that have an
18 in. area 35.82 in2, and two faces that have an area
21. 75.3 in2. 19b. 445.0 in2 19c. The calculation
of surface area is accurate to the nearest tenth.
12 ft The true surface area falls between 444.95 in2
and 445.05 in2. 19d. 440.0 in2
Lesson 11-8
20 ft
1. 5 3. 2 5. 1 7. Michelle 9. 4.5 to 5.5 in.
23. 11. 2.5 to 3.5 cm 13. 4.25 to 4.75 in. 15. 2
17. 4 19. 2 21. 7.2 mL 23. 15.1 cm2 25. The
area of the circle is between 31.2 and 33.2 cm2.
27. 4 29. 5 31. 5 33. 0.663 gram 35. Scale
1: 4; Scale 2: 3; Scale 3: 4 37. 79.40 yd2 39.
8.3 g 41. 624 in3
front right

43. Sample answer: The 0 in each dimension, Module 11 Review
1.40 cm and 1.60 cm, is significant. The answer
should be given with 3 significant figures as 1. A, C 3. Sample answer: Use paddy paper
2.24 square meters. 45. Yes; sample answer: or wax paper. Draw an angle on the paper.
The zeros before and after the decimal are not Fold the paper so that one side of the angle
significant because a nonzero number did not is directly on top of the other side. Draw the
come before them. Therefore, both numbers angle bisector in the crease of the fold. 5. B
have two significant figures. 47. Sometimes; 7. Perimeter: 20.6 units; Area: 24.2 square units
sample answer: A zero between two nonzero 9. B 11. C 13. 2143.57 in³ 15. B
Selected Answers
significant figures is always significant, a
leading zero is never significant, and a zero at
the end of a number is only significant when a
decimal point is given in the number.

Module 12 31b. For six points, there should be 32 regions;
however only 31 regions are formed. The
Quick Check conjecture is false.
1. 5 3. 2.3 5. ∠BXD, ∠AXE 7. 6 20 24
23
19 21 22
25 28
18 30 29 26
Lesson 12-1 17 4 27
1. Each term in the pattern is four more than the 31 1 6
15 3 5
previous term; 24. 16 2
14 9
3. Each term is one half the previous term; _
1
 16 . 13 7 8
5. Each arrival time is 2 hours and 30 minutes 11 10
prior to the previous arrival time; 7:30 a.m.
7. The shaded section in each circle has moved 12
one section counterclockwise from its location 33. False; sample answer: If the two points
in the previous circle. create a straight angle that includes the third
point, then the conjecture is true. If the two
points do not create a straight angle with the
third point, then the conjecture is false.
35. Sample answer: A postulate states that a
line contains at least two points. These two
points and all the points between them are line
9. The product is an odd number. segments, by the definition of a line segment.
11. They are equal. 13. The points equidistant
from A and B form the perpendicular bisector
̶̶ Lesson 12-2
of AB
.
15. NP = PQ 17. 180 cm
1. -3 - 2 = -5, and vertical angles are
19. False; sample answer: Suppose x = 2, congruent; p is true, and q is true, so p and q
then -x = -2. is true.
21. false;
3. Vertical angles are congruent, or 2 + 8 ≤ 10;
A B C q is true, and ∽r is true, so q ∨ ∽r is true.
5. -3 - 2 ≠ -5, and vertical angles are not
23. False; sample answer: The length could be congruent; ∼p is false, and ∼q is false, so
4 m, and the width could be 5 m. ∼p ∧ ∼q is false. 7. H: there is no struggle; C:
25. Yes; sample answer: If no team got more there is no progress 9. H: you lead; C: I will
than 5 medals, then the total number follow 11. H: two angles are vertical; C: they
of medals could not be more than 5 × 6 or are congruent 13. H: you were at the party;
30 medals. C: you received a gift; If you were at the party,
27a. 1, 3, 5 27b. You get all the odd numbers. then you received a gift. 15. H: a figure is a
27c. Their sum equals n2. circle; C: the area is πr 2; If a figure is a circle,
29. Sample answer: When n = 4, 2n - 1 = 15 then the area is πr 2. 17. H: an angle is right;
and 15 = 3 × 5. C: the angle measures 90°; If an angle is right,
31a. Sample answer: The number of then the angle measures 90°. 19. Converse:
regions doubles when you add a point If you can buy five raffle tickets, then you have
on the circle. five dollars. The converse is true. Inverse: If
you do not have five dollars, then you cannot
buy five raffle tickets. The inverse is true.

Contrapositive: If you cannot buy five raffle Because column 5 is the same as column 8, the
tickets, then you do not have five dollars. The conditional is equivalent to its contrapositive.
contrapositive is true. Because column 6 is the same as column 7,
21. Converse: If you do not take this medicine, the converse and the inverse are equivalent.
then you can drive. The converse is true. 49. Kiri; sample answer: When the hypothesis
Inverse: If you are not driving, then you of a conditional is false, the conditional is
can take this medicine. The inverse is true. always true.
Contrapositive: If you take this medicine, then
Lesson 12-3
Selected Answers
you are not driving. The contrapositive is true.
23. Conditional: If it is raining, then the game
will be cancelled. The conditional is true. 1. deductive 3. deductive 5. inductive
Converse: If the game is cancelled, then it is 7. valid; Law of Detachment 9. Invalid; your
raining. Counterexample: The game could be battery could be dead because it was old.
cancelled, and it is not raining. The converse 11. valid; Law of Detachment 13. If Tina has a
is false. Because the converse is false, a grade point average of 3.0 or greater, then she
biconditional statement cannot be written. will have her name in the school paper.
15. If the measure of an angle is between 90°
25. Conditional: If a polygon has four sides,
and 180°, then it is not acute. 17. No valid
then it is a quadrilateral. Converse: If a polygon
conclusion; the conclusion of statement (1) is
is a quadrilateral, then it has four sides. The
not the hypothesis of statement (2). 19. The
conditional and the converse are true, so the
sum of the measures of ∠1 and ∠2 is 90°; Law
biconditional is true. 27. true 29. false
of Detachment 21. No valid conclusion; the
31. yes 33. nothing 35. If a ray does not conclusion of statement (1) is not the hypothesis
bisect an angle, then it does not divide the angle of statement (2).
into two congruent angles.
23. If Terryl completes a course with a grade of
37. If two angles are right angles, then they are C, then he will have to take the course again;
congruent. Law of Syllogism. 25. Valid; Theo is inside
39a. Sample answer: If you are in Houston, the small and large circles, so the conclusion
then you are in Texas. 39b. Sample answer: is valid.
Converse: If you are in Texas, then you are in
People who don’t eat meat
Houston. Inverse: If you are not in Houston,
then you are not in Texas. Contrapositive:
If you are not in Texas, then you are not in
Houston. 39c. Converse: false; Inverse: false;
Contrapositive: true
41. There exists at least one student at Hammond
High school that does not have a locker.
Vegetarians
Theo
43. For every real number x, x2 ≠ x. 45. There
exists a real number that does not have a real
square root.
47. Truth table with the following columns: 27. then Mozart did not live in Vienna in the
early 1800s. 29. The child is at least 5 years
p q ~p ~q p → q→ ~p → ~q →
old. 31. Energy costs will be higher in Florida.
q p ~q ~p
T T F F T T T T
33. Law of Detachment: [(p → q) ⋀ p] → q. Law
of Syllogism: [(p → q) ⋀ (q → r)] → (p → r).
T F F T F T T F
35. Sample answer: Jonah’s statement can be
F T T F T F F T
restated as, “Jonah is in Group B, and Janeka
F F T T T T T T is in Group B.” For this compound statement

to be true, both parts of the statement must 4. SR = RT, so UR = RV. (Substitution)
be true. If Jonah was in Group A, he would not ̶̶
5. R is the midpoint of UV
  . (Definition of
be able to say that he is in Group B, because midpoint)
students in Group A must always tell the truth.
15. L is the midpoint of JK.
Therefore, the statement that Jonah is in Group MK JL
B is true. For the compound statement to be Given
false, the statement that Janeka is in Group B
must be false. Therefore, Jonah is in Group B, JL LK MK = JL
and Janeka is in Group A. Midpoint Theorem Def. of congruent

segments
37. Sample answer: Given: If you are at the
Willis Tower, then you are in Chicago. If you are JL = LK LK = MK
in Chicago, then you are in Illinois. Conclusion: Def. of congruent Transitive Prop. of
Therefore, if you are at the Willis Tower, then segments Equality
you are in Illinois.

39. D; Statement D follows logically from LK MK
Def. of congruent
statements (1) and (2). Statements A, B, and C do segments
not follow logically from statements (1) and (2). ̶̶
17. Given: B is the midpoint of AC
. C is the
̶̶
midpoint of BD
.
Lesson 12-4 Prove: AB = CD
̶̶
Proof: Because B is the midpoint of AC and C is
1. The two planes meet at the edge, which lies ̶̶
the midpoint of BD
, we know by the Midpoint
on line t . Postulate: If two planes intersect, then ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Theorem that AB
≅ BC
and BC
. Because
≅ CD
their intersection is a line. congruent segments have equal measures,
3. Postulate 3.1; Through any two points, there AB = BC and BC = CD. Thus, by the Transitive
is exactly one line. Property of Equality, AB = CD.
5. Always; Postulate 3.2 states that through any 19. Two points determine a line. 21. Iza is
three noncollinear points, there is exactly one because a line can lie in a plane and intersect
plane. it in infinite points. 23. 15 25. Ana is correct.
7. Sometimes; the points do not have to be Sample answer: The proof should begin with
̶̶
collinear to lie in a plane. the given, which is that AB
is congruent to
̶̶
BD and A, B, and D are collinear. Therefore,
9. Never; Postulate 3.7 states that if two planes
Ana began the proof correctly. 27a. Plane
intersect, then their intersection is a line.
Q is perpendicular to plane P. 27b. Line a is
11. Statements (Reasons) perpendicular to plane P. 29. Sometimes; if
̶̶
1. Y is the midpoint of XZ
  . W is collinear with the points were noncollinear, then there would
̶̶̶
X, Y, and Z. Z is the midpoint of YW
  . (Given) be exactly one plane by Postulate 3.2 shown
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ by Figure 1. If the points were collinear, then
2. XY
  ≅ YZ
and YZ
  ≅ ZW
(Midpoint Theorem)
there would be infinitely many planes. Figure 2
3. XY = YZ and YZ = ZW (Definition of
shows what two planes through collinear
congruent segments)
points would look like. More planes would
4. XY = ZW (Transitive Property of Equality) rotate around the three points.
̶̶ ̶̶̶
5. XY
  ≅  ZW (Definition of congruent
Figure 1 Figure 2
segments)
A B P P
13. Statements (Reasons) C
1. SR = RT (Given)
A B C
̶̶
2. R is the midpoint of ST
  . (Definition of
midpoint) Q
3. SR = UR and RT = RV (Given)

Lesson 12-5 5. CF + FE = IL + LK (Substitution Property)
̶̶ 6. CF + FE = IL + FE (Substitution Property)
1a. C is the midpoint of AE
.
̶̶ 7. CF + FE - FE = IL + FE - FE (Subtraction
C is the midpoint of BD
.
̶̶ ̶̶ Property of Equality)
≅ BD
AE
8. CF = IL (Substitution Property)
1b. Definition of midpoint 1c. Definition of ≅ ̶̶ ̶̶
segments 9. CF
  ≅   IL (Def. of ≅ segments)
1d. AE = AC + CE 11a. Both segments are half the length of two
congruent segments, so the lengths of the
Selected Answers
BD = BC + CD
shorter segments must be the same.
1e. Substitution Property 1f. Substitution
Property 1g. 2AC = 2CD 1h. AC = CD 11b.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
1i. Definition of ≅ segments 1. AB
; M is the midpoint of AB
≅ CD and CD
.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ 2. Congruent segments have equal lengths.
3. Given: VZ and WY
≅ VY ≅ XZ

̶̶̶ ̶̶ 3. Definition of midpoint
Prove: VW
≅ VX
5. Segment Addition Postulate
Proof 6. Substitution Property of Equality
Statements (Reasons) 7. Substitution Property of Equality
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ 8. Distributive Property
1. VZ
   
≅ VY and WY
    (Given)
≅ XZ
9. AM = CM
2. VZ = VY and WY = XZ (Def. of ≅ ̶̶̶ ̶̶̶
10. AM
≅ CM
segments) ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
13. Neither; because AB ≅ CD
and CD
≅ BF
,
3. VZ = VX + XZ and VY = VW + WY ̶̶ ̶̶
then AB by the Transitive Property of
≅ BF
(Segment Addition Postulate)
Congruence.
4. VX + XZ = VW + WY (Substitution Prop.)
15. Sample diagram:
5. VX + WY = VW + WY (Substitution Prop.) A B C D
6. VX = VW (Sub. Prop. of =)
2 in.
7. VW = VX (Symmetric Property)
̶̶̶ ̶̶ 17. No; The Segment Addition Postulate only
8. VW
   
≅ VX (Def. of ≅ segments)
5. Clara is shorter than Chad when Maria is applies to points that are collinear, but points P,
shorter than Luna; Clara and Chad are the same Q, and R are not collinear.
̶̶ ̶̶
height when Maria is the same height as Luna. 19. Because PQ
≅ RS
and congruent segments
7. No, it’s not possible. Lolaʼs house must be have equal lengths, PQ = RS. Because Q is the
̶̶
less than a mile from each house because midpoint of PR
, PQ = QR. By the Substitution
she lives between them. Property of Equality, QR = RS so R is the
̶̶
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ midpoint of QS
.
9a. Given: AC
, FE
≅ GI ≅ LK
, AC + CF + FE =
GI + IL + LK
Prove: CF
̶̶ ̶̶
≅ IL
Lesson 12-6
Proof 1. 113° 3. 74° 5. 46°
Statements (Reasons)
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ 7. Statements (Reasons)
1. AC
  , FE
≅ GI   ≅ LK
, AC + CF + FE =
1. ∠
1 and ∠2 form a linear pair.
GI + IL + LK (Given)
∠3 and ∠4 form a linear pair. (Def. of
2. AC = GI and FE = LK (Def. of ≅ segments) linear pair)
3. AC + CF + FE = AC + IL + LK 2. ∠
1 and ∠2 are supplementary.
(Substitution Property) ∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary. (Supp. Thm)
4. AC - AC + CF + FE = AC - AC + IL + 3. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 (Given)
LK (Subtraction Property of Equality)
4. ∠2 ≅ ∠4 (≅ Supp. Thm)

9. Statements (Reasons) 10. m∠2 = 90°, m∠3 = 90° (Subs.)
1. m∠ABC = m∠DEF (Given) 11. ∠2, ∠3, and ∠4 are rt. angles. (Def. of rt.
2. ∠ABC ≅ ∠DEF (Def. of ≅ angles) angles (Steps 6, 10))
3. ∠ABC and ∠DEF are supplementary. (Given) 25. Statements (Reasons)
4. ∠ABC and ∠DEF are rt. angles. (If two ∠s 1. ∠1 ≅ ∠2, ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary.
are ≅ and supp., then each ∠ is a rt. ∠.) (Given)
11. 36°; 84° 2. m∠1 + m∠2 = 180° (Def. of supp. angles)
13. m∠6 = m∠8 = 73°, m∠7 = 107° (≅ Supp. 3. m∠1 = m∠2 (Def. of ≅ angles )
Thm. and Vert. ∠s Thm.) 4. m∠1 + m∠1 = 180° (Subs.)
15. m∠3 = 62°, m∠1 = m∠4 = 45° (≅ Comp. 5. 2(m∠1) = 180° (Subs.)
and Supp. Thm.) 6. m∠1 = 90° (Div. Prop.)
17. m∠9 = 156°, m∠10 = 24° (≅ Supp. Thm.) 7. m∠2 = 90° (Subs. (steps 3, 6))
19. Statements (Reasons) 8. ∠1 and ∠2 are rt. angles. (Def. of rt. angles)
1. ∠PQT and ∠TQR form a linear pair. (Given) 27. By the Transitive Property, if any two angles
2. ∠PQR is a straight angle. (Given from figure) are equal to the angle of the template, then
they must be equal to each other.
3. m∠PQR = 180° (Def. of straight angle)
29. Sample answer: m∠WXY = 90°
4. m∠PQT + m∠TQR = m∠PQR (Angle Add.
Post.) Given: m∠WXZ = 45°, ∠WXZ ≅ ∠YXZ
5. m∠PQT + m∠TQR = 180° (Subs.) Prove: m∠WXY = 90°
6. ∠PQT and ∠TQR are supplementary. Proof:
(Def. of supp. angles) Statements (Reasons)
21. Statements (Reasons) m∠WXZ = 45°, ∠WXZ ≅ ∠YXZ (Given)
1. ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary. m∠WXZ = m∠YXZ (Def. of ≅ ∠s)
∠2 and ∠3 are supplementary. (Given) m∠YXZ = 45° (Substitution)
m∠WXY = m∠WXZ + m∠YXZ (Angle
2. m∠1 + m∠2 = 180°
Add. Post.)
m∠2 + m∠3 = 180° (Def. of supp. angles)
m∠WXY = 45° + 45° (Substitution)
3. m∠1 + m∠2 = m∠2 + m∠3 (Subs.)
m∠WXY = 90° (Substitution)
4. m∠1 = m∠3 (Subtraction Prop. of =)
31. Each of these theorems uses the words “or
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 (Def. of ≅ angles) to congruent angles” indicating that this case
23. Statements (Reasons) of the theorem must also be proved true. The
1. ℓ ⊥ m (Given) first proof of each theorem only addressed the
“to the same angle” case of the theorem.
2. ∠1 is a right angle. (Def. of ⊥)
Proof of the Congruent Complements Theorem
3. m∠1 = 90° (Def. of rt. angles)
(Case 2: Congruent Angles)
4. ∠1 ≅ ∠4 (Vert. Angles Thm)
Given: ∠ABC ≅ ∠DEF, ∠GHI is complementary
5. m∠1 = m∠4 (Def. of ≅ angles) to ∠ABC, ∠JKL is complementary to ∠DEF.
6. m∠4 = 90° (Subs.) Prove: ∠GHI ≅ ∠JKL
∠3 and ∠4 form a linear pair. (Def. of linear A C D F
pairs) G J
8. m∠1 + m∠2 = 180°, m∠4 + m∠3 = 180°
(Linear pairs are supp.)
B E
9. 90° + m∠2 = 180°, 90° + m∠3 = 180° (Subs.) H I K L

Proof: Lesson 12-7
Statements (Reasons) ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
, CG
1. BF , and DH
3. ABCD and EFGH or
1. ∠ABC ≅ ∠DEF, ∠GHI is complementary ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
ABFE and CDHG 5. EF , AB
, and DC

to ∠ABC, ∠JKL is complementary to ∠DEF.
7. Sample answer: ABCD and DCGH could
(Given)
be characterized as perpendiculars, because
2. m∠ABC + m∠GHI = 90°, ̶̶
DCGH contains segment CG , which is
∠DEF + ∠JKL = 90° (Def. of compl. angles) perpendicular to ABCD. 9. line d; alternate
3. m∠ABC + m∠JKL = 90° (Subs.) exterior 11. line d; corresponding 13. line
Selected Answers
a; consecutive interior 15. line c; alternate
4. 90° = m∠ABC + m∠JKL (Symm. Prop.)
interior 17. line d; corresponding 19. line p
5. m∠ABC + m∠GHI = m∠ABC + m∠JKL 21. 100° 23. 80° 25. 100° 27. 170°
(Trans. Prop.) 29. x = 28, y = 47; Use supplementary angles
6. m∠ABC - m∠ABC + m∠GHI = to find x. Then use alternate exterior angles to
m∠ABC - m∠ABC + m∠JKL (Subt. Prop.) find y. 31. x = 12, y = 31 33. 105°
7. m∠GHI = m∠JKL (Subs. Prop.) 35. 105° 37. 75° 39. 94°
8. ∠GHI ≅ ∠JKL (Def. of ≅ angles) 41. 64°; sample answer: Opposite sides of
Proof of the Congruent Supplements Theorem a rectangle are parallel. So, the top and
(Case 2: Congruent Angles) bottom lines on the side panel are parallel
and cut by a transversal, which is the dashed
Given: ∠ABC ≅ ∠DEF, ∠GHI is supplementary
line. Therefore, ∠1 and the 116°-angle are
to ∠ABC, ∠JKL is supplementary to ∠DEF.
consecutive interior angles, so their sum is
Prove: ∠GHI ≅ ∠JKL 180°. m∠1 + 116° = 180°, so m∠1 = 64°.
C G F 43. Sample
J answer:
3
4
A B H I D E K L
C G F J
1
2
B H I D E K L ∠1 and ∠4 are alternate interior angles. ∠2 and
∠3 are also alternate interior angles. ∠1 and ∠3
Proof: are complementary angles, and ∠2 and ∠4 are
Statements (Reasons) complementary angles.
1. ∠ABC ≅ ∠DEF, ∠GHI is suppl. to ∠ABC, 45. By the Corresponding Angles Postulate,
∠JKL is suppl. to ∠DEF. (Given) ∠1 ≅ ∠13 and ∠13 ≅ ∠9. By the Transitive
2. m∠ABC + m∠GHI = 180°, Property, ∠1 ≅ ∠9. So, m∠1 = m∠9. By the
m∠DEF + m∠JKL = 180° (Def. of suppl. Corresponding Angles Postulate, ∠4 ≅ ∠8 and
angles) ∠8 ≅ ∠12. By the Transitive Property,
∠4 ≅ ∠12. So, m∠4 = m∠12. It is given that
3. m∠ABC + m∠JKL = 180° (Subs.)
m∠1 - m∠4 = 25°. By the Substitution
4. 180° = m∠ABC + m∠JKL (Symm. Property) Property, m∠9 - m∠12 = 25°.
5. m∠ABC + m∠GHI = m∠ABC + m∠JKL 47. By the Vertical Angles Theorem, ∠7 ≅ ∠5.
(Trans. Prop.) By the Corresponding Angles Theorem ∠5 ≅
6. m∠ABC - m∠ABC + m∠GHI = ∠1. By the Transitive Property, ∠1 ≅ ∠7.
m∠ABC - m∠ABC + m∠JKL (Subt. Prop.)
7. m∠GHI = m∠JKL (Subs.)
8. ∠GHI ≅ ∠JKL (Def. of ≅ angles)

49. c 17. y
O x
J P
b
a X
⟷ 19. y
51. Sometimes; sample answer: AB 
  −10−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6x
⟷
intersects EF 
  depending on where the planes −4
intersect. −6
D −8
53. x = 171 or x = 155; y = 3 or y = 5 −10
−12
55. No; sample answer: From the definition −14
of skew lines, the lines must not intersect and −16
cannot be coplanar. Different planes cannot
21a. y = -_
3 x + _
2 11
be coplanar, but they are always parallel or   3  21b. When the drummer
intersecting. Therefore, skew lines must be on crosses the x-axis, the y-coordinate will be 0,
so solve 0 = -_
3 x + _
2 11
planes that are parallel or intersecting.   3 to find the x-coordinate;
solving shows that x = _  2  or 5 _
11 1
 , so the
Lesson 12-8 2
x-coordinate will be greater than 5.
23. y = -10 25. y = _
 5 x + _
1. parallel 1 12
  5 
y
6 A
B 27. y = -8
4 y
2 8
6
−6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8 10 x
4
D −4 2
−6
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
−8
C
−10 −4
−6
−8
3. neither
y
D
10 29. y = 0
8 y
6 8
4 6
B 2 A 4
C 2
−10−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6x
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
−4
−6 −4
−6
−8
5. perpendicular
31. y = -_
2 x - 7; y =  _ x - _
y 3 2 8
6 3
  3 
A
4 B 33. No; none of the slopes are equal, and no
2
two of the slopes have a product of -1.
−6 −4 −2 O
D 2 4 6 8 10 x
−4
35a. 450 yd 35b. -3; Ford Street and 6th
−6 Street are parallel, so they have the same
slope. 35c. Both have a slope of _
−8 1
C  3  because
−10
both are perpendicular to Ford and 6th and
7. perpendicular 9. parallel 11. perpendicular the slope of a perpendicular is given by the
13. neither 15. parallel negative reciprocal. 35d. 200 yd

37. S(0, -5 _
2)
1 ̶̶ _ 2-4
  ; The slope of QR
is   3 - (-2)  = and right slanted edges, and the angles are
̶̶ _ supplementary. So, the left and right edges are
-_
2 5
5 , so the slope of RS
is   2 . Let the parallel.
coordinates of S be (0, y) because S must be 17a. 108°; sample answer: To ensure that the
5 y-2 1 horizontal part of the A is truly horizontal, it
on the y-axis. Solve __
  2 = ____
  0 - 3 for y. y = -5 __
2 , should be parallel to the dashed line. Therefore,
so the coordinates of S are (0, -5 _
2)
1
  . ∠2 and the 108°-angle are alternate interior
39a. y - 1 = a(x - 5); the line must have slope angles, and m∠2 = 108°. ∠1 and ∠2 are
Selected Answers
a to be parallel to line p. congruent angles, so m∠1 = 108°.
39b. y = -_  x + _
1 2
  a  + 3; the line must have 17b. Sample answer: One side of the A is
_1 a
slope -a  to be perpendicular to line p. longer than the other.
41a. B(2, 4) and D(10, -4) 19. Sample answer: It is given that ∠1 ≅ ∠2.
̶̶ Also, ∠1 ≅ ∠3, because these are vertical angles.
41b. Sample answer: The slopes of AB and
̶̶ Therefore, ∠2 ≅ ∠3 by the Transitive Property
DC are undefined, so they are parallel to each
̶̶ ̶̶ of Congruence. This shows that ℓ || m by
other. The slopes of AD
and BC
are 0, so they
are parallel to each other. the Converse of Corresponding Angles
̶̶ Theorem.
41c. Sample answer: Because the slope of AB
̶̶ 21. t
is undefined and the slope of BC
is zero,
the lines are perpendicular to each other.
Therefore, they form a right angle, which
measures 90°. The same logic applies to r
all the sides. P
43. Yes; the slope of the line through the q
points (-2, 2) and (2, 5) is _
3
 4 . The slope of the
line through the points (2, 5) and (6, 8) is _
3
    . 4
Because these lines have the same slope and 23. Sample answer: Because the corners are
have a point in common, their equations would right angles, each pair of opposite sides is
be the same. Therefore, all the points are on perpendicular to the same line. Therefore,
the same line, and all the points are collinear. each pair of opposite sides is parallel.
45. Two nonvertical lines are parallel if and only 25. Daniela is correct. ∠1 and ∠2 are alternate
̶̶̶ ̶̶
if they have the same slope. Two nonvertical interior angles for WX
and YZ
. So, if alternate
lines are perpendicular if and only if the product interior angles are congruent, then the lines are
of their slopes is -1. parallel.
27a. E
Lesson 12-9 A D
1. a || b; Alternate Interior Angles Converse
3. ℓ || m; Alternate Exterior Angles Converse
5. g || h; Converse of Corresponding Angles
Thm. B C
7. 22 9. 6 11. 13 13. 20 27b. Sample answer: Using a straightedge, the
lines are equidistant. So, they are parallel.
15. Parallelogram; sample answer: The top ⟷ ⟷
edges are perpendicular to the vertical line, 27c. Sample answer: AB 
  is a transversal for BC 
 
⟷
so they are a single line. The bottom edge and AD 
  . ∠ABC was copied to construct ∠EAD.
is also a single line and perpendicular to the So, ∠ABC ≅ ∠EAD. ∠ABC and ∠EAD are
same line as the top, so it is parallel to the corresponding angles, so by the Converse of
⟷ ⟷
top. The top edge is a transversal to the left the Corresponding Angles Theorem, AD    ||  BC .

29. Yes; sample answer: A pair of angles 31. Sometimes; sample answer: The distance can
can be supplementary and congruent if the only be found if the line is parallel to the plane.
measure of both angles is 90°, because the 33. If two planes are each equidistant from a
sum of the angle measures would be 180°. third plane, then the two planes are parallel to
each other.
Lesson 12-10
__ __
1. √2  units 3. 6 units 5. √10  units
7. yes; 4.24 in.
__ ___
9. 8 units 11. √10  units 13. 3√2  units
__ _____
15. 4√17  units 17. √14.76  units 19. 0 units
21. Sample answer: Isaiah can measure the
perpendicular distance between the wires in
two different places. If the distances are equal,
then the wires are parallel. Module 12 Review
23.
1. 6
E
3. B
G 5. x = 29, m∠ABD = 66°, m∠DBC = 24°
7. A, D, E
F 9. Lines m and p
11. 102° 13. A, B, C, D 15. B
25. No; a path that is perpendicular to the
tee box would be the shortest. The angle that
the tee box makes with the path that Mark
walked is less than 90°, so it is not the shortest
possible path.
27. Sample answer: The point is on the line.
The two lines are the same line.
29. Sample answer: First, a point on one of
the parallel lines is found. Then the line that is
perpendicular to the line through the point is
found. Then the point of intersection is found
between the perpendicular line and the other
line that is not used in the first step. Last, the
Distance Formula is used to determine the
distance between the pair of intersection
points. This value is the distance between the
pair of parallel lines.

Module 13 15. reflection in the line y = –1
17. Sample answer: The M can be represented
Quick Check
with the points (0, 0), (0, 3), (1, 1), (2, 0), and (2, 3).
1. -14 3. -2 5. (3, 0) 7. (1, -1) Reflecting in the line y = x gives (0, 0), (3, 0), (1, 1),
(0, 2), and (3, 2). 19. (–b, –a)
21. Sometimes; sample answer: If the point is
Lesson 13-1 located on the line of reflection, then the point
will remain in its same location.
1. A′(2, -3), B′(1, 0), C′(–3, -2)
Selected Answers
y
A
Lesson 13-2
B
B 1. △J′K′L′ is a translation of △JKL. This
O x
translation vector can be represented as 〈2, 5〉.
C
3. (4, 3), (5, 5), (6, 3)
C A
5. y 7. y S
X X
T
3. R′(3, –2), S′(4, 2), T′(–3, 2), U′(–4, –2)
y S O x O x
R
T S
S
O x
Z Z Y Y T
U R 9. Q′(2, -7) 11. B′(12, 2)

T 13. No; sample answer: The size has been
U
changed.
5. S′(–7, 5)
15. (x, y) → (x, y + 4)
7. y
Q
17. (0, 2), (2, 2), (0, 0), (2, 0); sample answer: To
R minimize the length of the vector, I used the
vertex closest to the origin, (2, 1), as the preimage
P for the point translated to the origin.
y
O x
9. W′(–7, 14)
11. F y O x
O x
H G
F
G
Lesson 13-3
H
13. C y E 1. 8
y
E 6
Y
4
C
X
−8 −6 −4 −2O 2 4 6 8x
D Z
O D x −4 Z
y = 3x −6
X
Y

3. F
4
y Lesson 13-4
2
G 1. y
−10−8 −6 −4 −2O 2 4 6 8 10 x 8
H 6
−4 R" S"
4
−6 2
T"
H −8
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 T 8x
G −12 −4
S
−14 −6 R
−16 −8
F
5. home plate: (3, 23), first base: (3, 13), second 3. y

14
base: (13, 13), third base: (13 , 23) 12
7. K′(0, –10) 9. X′(–3, 13), Y′(0, 12) 11. 10 times 10
D
8 G"
13a. Sample answer: 6
G
C 4 D"
B 2 F"
F
−2 O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
B A
5. y
A C 8
W
P 6
4
13b. Sample answer: 270° clockwise rotation X
2
about point P −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
15. Sample answer: A rotation followed by −4

−6 X" W"
another rotation is still a rotation. For example, a −8
rotation of 30° clockwise followed by a rotation
of 20° counterclockwise is the same as a rotation 7. y
12
of 10° clockwise. 10
G" 8
17. Sample answer: Distance is preserved 6 G
because the lengths of segments remain 4
the same measure. Angle measures are F"
2
F
preserved because angle measures remain −8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
the same measure. Parallelism is preserved −4
because parallel lines remain parallel.
Collinearity is preserved because points 9. a 50° clockwise A''
remain on the same lines. rotation about u
the point where B B''
19. Yes; sample answer: A rotation is a
transformation that maintains congruence lines u and v v
A 25°
of the original figure and its image. So, the intersect
preimage can be mapped onto the image, and C''
corresponding segments will be congruent. C
Therefore, collinearity and betweenness of
points are maintained in rotations. 11. a 90° counter- u
clockwise
rotation about
S'' P'' 45°
the point where v
lines u and v
intersect R'' Q'' P Q
S R

13. △JKL ≅ △MNP; reflection in y-axis 7. tessellation; uniform, semi-regular, rotation,
followed by translation along 〈-1, 2〉 translation
15. △JKL ≅ △MNP; translation along 〈2, 0〉 9. Yes; sample answer: reflection, rotation,
followed by 180° rotation about the origin translation
17. Sample answer: Reflect the first two shapes
vertically, and then translate to the right and
repeat.
19. y
Selected Answers
D E
11. Never; sample answer: Each interior angle
180°(12-2)
O F x of a regular dodecagon is ________
  12 = 150°.
D
Because 150° is not a factor of 360°, a regular
F
dodecagon will not tessellate the plane.
E
13. Never; sample answer: Each interior angle
21. (3, -1), (2, -5), (-5, -2) 180°(15-2)
of a regular 15-gon is _________
  12 = 156°.
23. (1, 1), (0, 5), (-7, 2)
Because 156° is not a factor of 360°, a regular
25. Sometimes; sample answer: If the lines of
15-gon will not tessellate the plane.
reflection intersect, the composition is a rotation.
15. translation 17. rotation 19. Sample
27. Sometimes; sample answer: This is true if answer: Translations can be performed because
the point is the origin. the pieces slides. Rotations can be performed
29. Sample answer: Proof: It is given that a because each piece can be turned. Reflections
translation along 〈a, b〉 maps R to R' and S to cannot be performed because the back of a
S'. Using the definition of a translation, points piece cannot be used to create the puzzle.
R and S move the same distance in the same 21.
direction, therefore ¯   ¯. It is also given
  ≅ R'S'
RS
that a reflection in a maps R' to R'' and S' to S''.
Using the definition of a reflection, points R
and S are the same distance from line a, so
¯ ≅ R''S''
 R'S'   ¯. By the Transitive Property of
Congruence, ¯ ¯.
  ≅  R''S''
RS
31. Sometimes; sample answer: The order of Lesson 13-6
rotating by 180° about the origin and reflecting
1. yes; 3
in the line y = x does not change the location
of the final image.
33. P' ''(1, -2), Q' ''(2, 1), R' ''(-1, 3), S' ''(-2, 0)
Lesson 13-5
3. no
180(5 - 2)
1. x = _______
  5  = 108°; Because 108° is not 5. yes; 5
a factor of 360°, a regular pentagon will not
180(9 - 2)
3. x = _______
  9  = 140°; Because 140° is not
a factor of 360°, a regular 9-gon will not
5. yes; 2 regular hexagons, 2 equilateral
triangles

7a. Yes; the hubcap can map onto itself with a 31. Sample answer: In both rotational and
rotation that is less than 360°. line symmetry a figure is mapped onto itself.
7b. Yes; the hubcap can map onto itself with a However, in line symmetry the figure is mapped
rotation that is less than 360°. onto itself by a reflection, and in rotational
symmetry a figure is mapped onto itself by a
7c. Yes; the hubcap can map onto itself with a
rotation. A figure can have line symmetry and
rotation that is less than 360°.
rotational symmetry.
9. Yes; the symbol can map onto itself with a
rotation that is less than 360°.
11. yes; 3; 120° Module 13 Review
1. B′ y
C′
13. yes; 2; 180°

O A′ x
3. (–9, 6)
̶̶
15. 5. Sample answer: The length of AC
is not the
̶̶
same as the length of EG
.
7. C 9. Quadrant II 11. false 13. A, D
15. C
17. order = 24; magnitude = 15°
17. 2; 180° 19. pentagon 21. yes; order
of symmetry: 3; magnitude of symmetry:
120° 23. yes; order of symmetry: 6;
magnitude of symmetry: 60°
25. Sample answer: A rectangular mirror with
two lines of symmetry, one vertical and one
horizontal, through the middle or a spoon with
one line of symmetry down the middle.
27. 24; 360° ÷ 15° = 24, so the order of
symmetry is 24. This means there are 24 sides.
29. Sample answer: (–1, 0), (2, 3), (4, 1), and (1, –2);
O
x

Module 14 2
1
Quick Check 3 2 3
1
1. right 3. obtuse 5. 10.8 7. 18.0
33. Sample answer: Because an exterior angle
is acute, the adjacent angle must be obtuse.
Lesson 14-1 Because another exterior angle is right, the
adjacent angle must be right. A triangle
1. m∠1 = 30°, m∠2 = 60° cannot contain a right angle and an obtuse
Selected Answers
3. m∠1 = 109°, m∠2 = 29°, m∠3 = 71° angle because the sum would be greater
5. 50° 7. 98° 9. 62° 11. 26° 13. 55° than 180°. Therefore, a triangle cannot have
15. x = 20; 40°, 60°, 80° 17. x = 11; 80°, 117° an obtuse, an acute, and a right exterior angle.
19. 35. Sample answer: I found the measure of
Proof: the second angle by subtracting the first angle
from 90° because the acute angles of a right
∠R is a rt. ∠. triangle are complementary.
Given
56°
m∠R = 90° m∠R + m∠S + m∠T = 180°
34°
Def. of rt. ∠ Triangle Angle-Sum Thm.
90 + m∠S + m∠T = 180°

Lesson 14-2
Substitution
1. ∠A ≅ ∠D; ∠ABC ≅ ∠DCB; ∠ACB ≅ ∠DBC;
m∠S + m∠T = 90°  AC  ¯ ≅ DB  ¯ ; AB    ¯ ≅ DC   ¯; △ABC ≅ △DCB
Subtraction Prop. 3. ∠X ≅ ∠A; ∠Y ≅ ∠B; ∠Z ≅ ∠C; XY    ¯ ≅ AB 
  ¯;
¯
 XZ  ≅ AC  ¯
  ; YZ 
  ¯ ¯
  ; △XYZ ≅ △ABC
≅ BC 
∠S and ∠T are complementary. 5. ∠R ≅ ∠J; ∠T ≅ ∠K; ∠S ≅ ∠L; RT    ¯ ≅ JK 
¯;
¯ ¯
 TS  ≅ KL 
  ; RS 
  ¯ ¯
  ; △RTS ≅ △JKL
≅ JL 
Def. of comp. angles 7. 48 9. 5 11. 35 13. 41°
21. m∠D = 27°, m∠E = 81°, m∠F = 72° 15. Proof:
23. m∠J = 18°, m∠K = 72°, m∠L = 90° Statements (Reasons)
25. m∠Z < 23°; Sample answer: Because the sum   ¯, AD 
  ¯ ≅ CB 
1. AB    ¯ (Given)
  ¯ ≅ CD 
of the measures of the angles of a triangle is
  ¯ ≅ BD 
2. BD    ¯ (Reflexive Prop. of Congruence)
180° and m∠X = 157°, 157° + m∠Y + m∠Z =
180°, so m∠Y + m∠Z = 23°. If m∠Y was 0°, 3. ∠
ABD ≅ ∠CBD, ∠ADB ≅ ∠CDB (Given)
then m∠Z would equal 23°. But because an 4. ∠
A ≅ ∠C (Third Angles Theorem)
angle must have a measure greater than 0°, 5. △ABD ≅ △CBD (CPCTC)
m∠Z must be less than 23°, so m∠Z < 23°.
17. Proof: It is given that BD   ¯ bisects ∠ABC and
27. 90° 29. m∠1 = 55°, m∠2 = 75°,
∠ADC. Therefore, ∠ABD ≅ ∠CBD and
m∠3 = 55°, m∠4 = 15° 31. Sample answer:
∠ADB ≅ ∠CDB by the definition of angle
Draw a triangle and then tear the corners off
bisector. By the Third Angles Theorem,
the triangle. Arrange the three corners so the
∠A ≅ ∠C. It is given that AB ¯ and
  ¯ ≅  CB
angles are adjacent. The angles now form ¯ ¯
  ≅ CD
AD   . By the Reflexive Property of
a straight angle. Because a straight angle
Congruence,   ¯ BD  ≅   ¯
BD . Therefore,
measures 180°, the sum of the measures
△ABD ≅ △CBD by CPCTC.
of the angles of a triangle is 180°.

19. x = 12; y = 6 Lesson 14-3
A D
2y - 5 1. Statements (Reasons)
7
11 + x 3x - 13 E   ¯ ≅ XY
1. AB  ¯
B ¯
  AC  ≅ XZ  ¯
9  ¯ ≅ YZ
BC  ¯ (Given)
C
F 2. △ABC ≅ △XYZ (SSS Post.)
21. x = 4; y = 19 3. Proof:
K N Statements (Reasons)
(y + 4)° (2y - 15)° 1. AB  ¯, D is the midpoint of  AC
  ¯ ≅ CB ¯. (Given)
¯ ≅ DC
2.  AD  ¯ (Definition of midpoint)
 ¯ ≅ BD
3. BD   ¯ (Reflexive Property of Congruence)
12 4. △ABD ≅ △CBD (SSS)
5. Proof: We know that QR   ¯ ≅ SR 
¯ and ST    ¯.
  ¯≅ QT 
67°   ¯
RT  ¯
≅ RT 
  by the Reflexive Property. Because
  ¯ ≅ SR 
QR  ¯, ST  ¯, and RT 
  ¯ ≅ QT    ¯ ≅ RT 
¯,
J 5 L M P △QRT ≅ △SRT __ by SSS. __ __
2x - 3 √2 , PQ = 5√__2 , EF = 2√__10 ,
7. DE = 5__
23a. △ABI ≅ △EBF, △CBD ≅ △HBG QR = 2√10 , DF = 5√2 , PR = 5√2 ;
23b. Sample answer: ∠A ≅ ∠E, ∠ABI ≅ ∠EBF, △DEF ≅ △PQR by SSS because corresponding
  ¯ ≅ EB 
∠I ≅ ∠F; AB    ¯, BI 
  ¯ ≅ BF 
  ¯, AI 
  ¯ ≅ EF 
¯ sides have the same measure and are __
__ 9. AB = 2, KL = 2, BC = 2√2 ,
25. Statements (Reasons) congruent.
1. ∠P ≅ ∠X, ∠Q ≅ ∠Y (Given) LM = 2√2 , AC = 2, KM = 2; The
2. m ∠P = m∠X, m∠Q = m∠Y (Def. of corresponding sides have the same measure
congruent angles) and are congruent, so △ABC ≅ △KLM by SSS.
11. Proof:
3. m
∠P + m∠Q + m∠R = 180
180 = m∠X + m∠Y + m∠Z (Triangle Statements (Reasons)
̶̶ ̶̶
Angle-Sum Thm.) 1. NP = PM, NP
    (Given)
⊥ PL
4. m
∠P + m∠Q + m∠R = m∠X + m∠Y + 2. ∠
MPL and ∠NPL are rt. angles. (⊥ lines
m∠Z (Transitive Property) form rt. angles.)
5. m
∠X + m∠Y + m∠R = m∠X + m∠Y + 3. ∠
MPL ≅ ∠NPL (All right angles are
m∠Z (Substitution Property) congruent.)
6. m∠R = m∠Z (Subtraction Prop. of Eq.) ̶̶ ̶̶
4. PL   (Reflexive Property of ≅)
  ≅ PL
7. ∠R ≅ ∠Z (Def. of congruent angles) 5. △NPL ≅ △MPL (SAS)
̶̶
27. Sample answer: Do you think that the sum 13. Proof: Because V is the midpoint of YZ  
̶̶̶
of the angles of a quadrilateral is constant? and the midpoint of WX   , by the definition of
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶
If so, do you think that the final pair of midpoint, YV
   
≅ VZ and WV
    . Because
≅ XV
corresponding angles will be congruent if ∠YVW and ∠ZVX vertical angles, by the Vertical
three other pairs of corresponding angles are Angles Theorem, the angles are congruent.
congruent for a pair of quadrilaterals? Therefore, by SAS, △XVZ ≅ △WVY.
29. Sample answer: When naming congruent 15. Proof:
triangles, it is important that the corresponding Statements (Reasons)
vertices be in the same location for both triangles ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
1. BD
    ; BD
⊥ AC   bisects AC
  . (Given)
because the location indicates congruence. For
example, if △ABC is congruent to △DEF, then 2. ∠
BDA and ∠BDC are rt. angles. (⊥ lines
∠A ≅ ∠D, ∠B ≅ ∠E, and ∠C ≅ ∠F. form rt. angles.)

3. ∠
BDA ≅ ∠BDC (All right angles are 3. Proof:
congruent.) AB CB ∠A ∠C
̶̶ ̶̶
4. AD
   
≅ DC (Def. of segment bisector) Given Given
̶̶ ̶̶
5. BD  ≅  BD (Reflexive Property of ≅)
6. △ABD ≅ △CBD (SAS) ABD CBD AD CD
17. Yes; sample answer: ∠GLH and ∠JLK ASA CPCTC
are vertical angles, so they are congruent.
Therefore, △GLH ≅ △JLK by the SAS ∠ABD ∠CBD
Selected Answers
Congruence Postulate. 19. Yes; sample Def. of ∠ bisector
 ¯, so
answer: The triangles share the side AC 
they have two pairs of congruent sides. The
given congruent angles are included angles, DB bisects ∠ABC.
so △ABC ≅ △CDA by SAS. 21. No; sample Given
answer: The sticks do not change size, so
any arrangement will yield a congruent 5. Proof: We are given that CE   ¯ bisects ∠BED
triangle. 23. Sample answer: She needs to and that ∠BCE and ∠ECD are right angles.
measure one side of each tile because all the Because all right angles are congruent,
tiles are equilateral triangles. 25. No; sample ∠BCE ≅ ∠ECD. By the definition of angle
answer: You cannot use SAS because the bisector, ∠BEC ≅ ∠DEC. The Reflexive Property
angle congruence that we are given is not an   ¯ ≅ EC 
tells us that EC    ¯. By the Angle-Side-Angle
included angle between two sides that are Congruence Postulate, △ECB ≅ △ECD.
known to be congruent, and SSS cannot be 7a. yes; by the ASA Congruence Postulate
used because only 2 sides of each triangle 7b. 10 in² 9a. Sample answer: Because
are known to be congruent. 27. First pair; ¯ ∥  BK 
 AC  ¯, ∠CAB ≅ ∠KBM by the Corresponding
sample answer: The second pair can be shown Angles Theorem. Because CB   ¯ ∥ KM 
  ¯, ∠ABC ≅
congruent by SAS or SSS, and third pair can ∠BMK by the Corresponding Angles Theorem.
be shown congruent by SSS. 29. Case 1: You Because B is the midpoint of AM   ¯, AB 
  ¯ ≅ BM 
¯ by
know that the hypotenuses are congruent the Midpoint Theorem. Therefore, by the ASA
and that one pair of legs are congruent. Then Congruence Postulate, △ABC ≅ △BMK.
the Pythagorean Theorem says that the other 9b. 74 ft
pair of legs are congruent, so the triangles are
11. Proof:
congruent by SSS. Case 2: You know that the
pairs of legs are congruent and that the right TR bisects ∠STU. ∠STR ∠UTR
angles are congruent, so the triangles are Given Def. of ∠ bisector
congruent by SAS. 31. Shada; to use SAS, the
angle must be the included angle. ∠S ∠U SRT URT
Given AAS
Lesson 14-4 RT RT
1. Proof: Reflexive Prop.
Statements (Reasons) ̶̶ ̶̶
13. Proof: It is given that ∠E ≅ ∠G and DE   ∥ FG.
1. AB ¯ (Given)
 ¯ ∥ CD By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem,
2. ∠CBD ≅ ∠ADB (Given) ̶̶ ̶̶
∠DFG ≅ ∠FDE. DF    
≅ DF by the Reflexive
ABD ≅ ∠BDC (Alternate Interior Angles
3. ∠ Property of Congruence. Therefore, △DFG ≅
Theorem) △FDE by AAS.
 ¯ ≅ BD
4. BD ¯ (Reflexive Property of Congruence)
5. △ABD ≅ △CDB (ASA)

15. Proof: Lesson 14-5
1. Statements (Reasons)
1. MS  ¯,  MS
 ¯ ≅ RQ  ¯ (Given)
¯∥ RQ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
1.  XZ ⊥ WY
(Given)
2. ∠SPM ≅ ∠QPR (Vertical Angles Theorem)
2. ∠
XZW and ∠XZY are right angles. (⊥ lines
SMP ≅ ∠QRP (Alternate Interior Angles
3. ∠ form right angles.)
Theorem)
3. △
WXZ and △YXZ are right triangles.
5. △MSP ≅ △RQP (AAS) (Definition of right triangle)
̶̶̶
17. Yes; sample answer: They are congruent by 4. Z
is the midpoint of WY
  . (Given)
AAS. 19. Proof: Because it is given that GE   ¯ ̶̶̶ ̶̶
5.  WZ ≅ ZY
(Midpoint Thm.)
bisects ∠DEF, ∠DEG ≅ ∠FEG by the definition ̶̶ ̶̶
6.  XZ ≅ XZ
(Reflexive Property of
of an angle bisector. It is given that ∠D ≅ ∠F.
Congruence)
 ¯ ≅ GE 
By the Reflexive Property, GE    ¯. So, △DEG
≅ △FEG by AAS. Therefore, DG  ¯
¯ by
≅ FG  7. △WXZ ≅ △YXZ (LL Congruence Thm.)
CPCTC. 21. Tyrone; Lorenzo showed that all 3. Proof:
three corresponding angles were congruent,
but AAA is not a proof of triangle congruence.
23. 1. BX    ¯ (Given)
  ¯ ⊥ AC 
2. ∠
AXB and ∠CXB are rt. ∠s. (Definition of
Method Use when…
⊥ lines)
All corresponding parts of one 3. △
AXB and △CXB are rt. △s. (Definition of
Definition of
triangle are congruent to the right △s)
Congruent
corresponding parts of the
Triangles   ¯ ≅ XB 
4. XB    ¯ (Reflexive Property)
other triangle.
5. △AXB ≅ △CXB (HL Congruence Thm.)
The three sides on one triangle
SSS must be congruent to the three 5. Yes; LA 7. No; not enough information
sides of the other triangle. 9. No; not enough information
11. Proof:
Two sides and the included
angle of one triangle must be
SAS congruent to two sides and   ¯ ⊥ XA 
1. BX    ¯, BY 
  ¯ ⊥ YA 
¯ (Given)
the included angle of the other 2. ∠
BXA and ∠BYA are rt. ∠s. (Definition of
triangle. ⊥ lines)
Two angles and the included side 3. △
BXA and △BYA are rt. △s. (Definition of
of one triangle must be congruent right △s)
ASA
to two angles and the included   ¯ ≅ YA 
4. XA    ¯ (Given)
side of the other triangle.   ¯ ≅ BA 
5. BA    ¯ (Reflexive Property)
Two angles and a non-included 6. △BXA ≅ △BYA (HL Congruence Thm.)
side of one triangle must be 13. Proof: By the definition of ⊥ segments,
AAS congruent to two angles and the ∠AYB and ∠AXC are right angles. By the
corresponding non-included side definition of right triangles, △AYB and
of the other triangle. △AXC are right triangles. By the definition of
congruent segments, AX   ¯ is congruent to
¯. By the Reflexive Property of Congruence,
 AY 
∠BAY is congruent to ∠CAX. Therefore by LA,
△ABY is congruent to △ACX.

Lesson 14-6 19. Proof:
1. Proof:
1. △PQR is an equilateral triangle. (Given)
Statements (Reasons) ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
2. PQ
   
≅ QR   (Def. of equilateral
≅ PR
1. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 (Given) triangle)
2. ∠2 ≅ ∠3 (Vertical Angles Thm.) 3. ∠
P ≅ ∠Q ≅ ∠R (Isosceles Triangle Theorem)
3. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 (Transitive Prop. of ≅) 4. m∠P = m∠Q = m∠R (Def. of congruence)
̶̶ ̶̶
 
4. AB  
≅ CB (Conv. of Isos. Triangle Thm.)
Selected Answers
5. m
∠P + m∠Q + m∠R = 180° (Triangle
3. Proof: Angle-Sum Thm.)
Statements (Reasons) 6. 3m∠P = 180° (Substitution)
1. DE  ¯ (Given)
 ¯ ∥ BC 7. m∠P = 60° (Division Property)
2. ∠
1 ≅ ∠4 8. m∠P = m∠Q = m∠R = 60° (Substitution)
∠2 ≅ ∠3 (Corresponding angles are ≅.) 21. 44° 23. 22°
3. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 (Given) 25.
4. ∠3 ≅ ∠4 (Transitive Property of ≅.)
E
5. AB ¯(Converse of Isosceles Triangle
¯≅ AC B
Thm.)
5a. The coordinates of △ABC are A(0, 5),
B(3, 1), and C(–3, –1).
_______________ A C D F
√____________
AC = [0-(-3)]
   2
+ (5-1)2 or 5 units
AB = √
(0-3)
   + (5-1)  or 5 units
2 2
BC = 6 units H
So, △ABC is an isosceles triangle with E
 AB    ¯.
¯ ≅ AC  B
¯, we know that ∠C ≅ ∠B
  ¯ ≅  AC 
5b. Because AB 
by the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.
A C D F G J
m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180° Triangle Angle-
Sum Theorem
m∠A + 2m∠C = 180° Definition of
congruent H
E
B
m∠A + 2(55) = 180° Substitute.
m∠A + 110 = 180° Multiply.
m∠A = 70° Solve.
7.Am∠DEF =C 45° and m∠EFD = 45°D 9. 60°; F G J
3 m 11. 60°; 7 in. 13. 10 15a. 7 15b. 15
17a.
Sample answer: I constructed a pair of
perpendicular segments and then used the
same compass setting to mark points that are
17b. Sample answer: The triangle formed by equidistant from their intersection. I measured
connecting the midpoints of the sides of an both legs for each triangle. Because
isosceles triangle is an isosceles triangle. AB = AC = 1.3 cm, DE = DF = 1.9 cm, and
GH = GJ = 2.3 cm, the triangles are isosceles.
I used a protractor to confirm that ∠A, ∠D, and
∠G are all right angles.

coordinates of T are (
_   2 ).
  2 , _
a+b c
27. Sometimes; sample answer: Only if the
____________________
√
measure of the vertex angle is even.
ST = (_   2 )  + (_
  2  - _   2 )    or _
  2  - _
2
a+b b c c 2 a
29. Sample answer: It is not possible because       2 
__________________
a triangle cannot have more than one obtuse AB = √(a
   - 0)  2+ (0 - 0)2  or a
angle. 31. No; m∠G = _
180-70
2 or 55°.
ST = _
1
2 AB
15. The slope between the grandstand and the
rides and games is _
2
 3 . The slope between the
Lesson 14-7 grandstand and the main gate is - _
3
. Because
2
1. y _
  ⋅ - _ = -1, the triangle formed by these three
2 3
3 2
C(0, b) locations is a right triangle.
  ¯ = 1, slope of YZ 
17. Slope of XY   ¯ = -1, slope
  ¯ = 0; because 1(-1) = -1, XY 
of ZX    ¯ ⊥ YZ 
  ¯.
 1  O 1  x Therefore, △XYZ is a right triangle.
A - a, 0 B  a, 0 y
2 2
Z (4h, 0)
3. y
R(0, 3a)
Y (2h, 2h)
X (0, 0)
O x
O T(0, 0) S(3a, 0) x
19. (a, 0) and (0, a) 21. Sample answer: Use

5. C(p, q) 7. E(-2g, 0); F(0, b) 9. Sample the Distance Formula to find the length of each
answer: Position and label right △ABC side of each triangle. Show that the triangles
with the coordinates A(0, 0), B(0, 2b), are congruent by SSS. Conclude that ∠A ≅ ∠D
̶̶
and C(2a, 0). The midpoint P of BC
  is using CPCTC. 23. D(a, b), E(2a, 0), F(3a, b)
(_   2 , _   2 ) = (a, b). The midpoint Q of
0 + 2a 2b + 0
25. Sample answer:
 AC is (_ 2 )
y
  2 ,  _
̶̶ 0 + 2a 0 + 0
  = (a, 0). The midpoint 8
(5, 5)
(−5, 5)
is (_   2 ) = (0, b). The
  2 , _
̶̶ 0 + 0 0 + 2b 4
R of AB
 
  a - 0  = _
  ¯ is _
b-b 0
slope of RP  a = 0, so the segment −8 −4 O 4 8x
  a - a = _
 ¯ is _
b-0 0
is horizontal. The slope of PQ  a , −4
which is undefined, so the segment is vertical. (5, −5)
−8
∠RPQ is a right angle because any horizontal
line is perpendicular to any vertical line. △PRQ 27. Sample answer: (a, 0)
has a right angle, so △PRQ is a right triangle. 29. Sample answer: (4a, 0) or (0, 4b)
11. Proof: The Midpoint Formula shows that the
coordinates of M are (_ 2 )
  2 ,  _
0 + 2a 2a + 0
  or
(a, a). The slope of AC    ¯ is _

2a - 0
 0 - 2a  = –1. The
Module 14 Review
_ a - 0
  ¯ is   a - 0  = 1. The product of the
slope of BM  1. 106 3. A, D 5. A, C, E 7. A 9. A, B
slopes is –1, so BM    ¯. 13. Proof:
 ¯ ⊥ AC  11. A 13. 47 15. 33 units 17. A 19. B
The coordinates of S are (
_   2 ), and the
  2 , _
b c

Glossary
English Español
A
30°-60°-90° triangle A right triangle with two acute triángulo 30°-60°-90° Un triángulo rectángulo con
angles that measure 30° and 60°. dos ángulos agudos que miden 30° y 60°.
45°-45°-90° triangle A right triangle with two acute triángulo 45°-45°-90° Un triángulo rectángulo con
angles that measure 45°. dos ángulos agudos que miden 45°.
absolute value The distance a number is from zero on valor absoluto La distancia que un número es de cero
the number line. en la línea numérica.
absolute value function A function written as función del valor absoluto Una función que se escribe
f(x) = |x|, in which f(x) ≥ 0 for all values of x. f(x) = |x|, donde f(x) ≥ 0, para todos los valores de x.
accuracy The nearness of a measurement to the true exactitud La proximidad de una medida al valor
value of the measure. verdadero de la medida.
additive identity Because the sum of any number a identidad aditiva Debido a que la suma de cualquier
and 0 is equal to a, 0 is the additive identity. número a y 0 es igual a, 0 es la identidad aditiva.
additive inverses Two numbers with a sum of 0. inverso aditivos Dos números con una suma de 0.
adjacent angles Two angles that lie in the same plane ángulos adyacentes Dos ángulos que se encuentran
and have a common vertex and a common side but en el mismo plano y tienen un vértice común y un lado
have no common interior points. común, pero no tienen puntos comunes en el interior.
adjacent arcs Arcs in a circle that have exactly one arcos adyacentes Arcos en un circulo que tienen un
point in common. solo punto en común.
algebraic expression A mathematical expression that expresión algebraica Una expresión matemática que
contains at least one variable. contiene al menos una variable.
algebraic notation Mathematical notation that notación algebraica Notación matemática que
describes a set by using algebraic expressions. describe un conjunto usando expresiones algebraicas.
alternate exterior angles When two lines are cut by a ángulos alternos externos Cuando dos líneas son
transversal, nonadjacent exterior angles that lie on cortadas por un ángulo transversal, no adyacente exterior
opposite sides of the transversal. que se encuentran en lados opuestos de la transversal.
alternate interior angles When two lines are cut by a ángulos alternos internos Cuando dos líneas son
transversal, nonadjacent interior angles that lie on cortadas por un ángulo transversal, no adyacente interior
opposite sides of the transversal. que se encuentran en lados opuestos de la transversal.
altitude of a parallelogram A perpendicular segment altitud de un paralelogramo Un segmento

between any two parallel bases. perpendicular entre dos bases paralelas.
Glossary G1
G01_G42_RM_INT1_S_EM_GLO_700687.indd 1 24/04/19 2:21 PM

altitude of a prism or cylinder A segment perpendicular altitud de un prisma o cilindro Un segmento
to the bases that joins the planes of the bases. perpendicular a las bases que une los planos de las bases.
altitude of a pyramid or cone A segment altitud de una pirámide o cono Un segmento

perpendicular to the base that has the vertex as one perpendicular a la base que tiene el vértice como un
endpoint and a point in the plane of the base as the punto final y un punto en el plano de la base como el
other endpoint. otro punto final.
altitude of a triangle A segment from a vertex of the altitud de triángulo Un segmento de un vértice del
triangle to the line containing the opposite side and triángulo a la línea que contiene el lado opuesto y
perpendicular to that side. perpendicular a ese lado.
ambiguous case When two different triangles could caso ambiguo Cuando dos triángulos diferentes pueden
be created or described using the given information. ser creados o descritos usando la información dada.
amplitude For functions of the form y = a sin bθ or amplitud Para funciones de la forma y = a sen bθ o
y = a cos bθ, the amplitude is |a|. y = a cos bθ, la amplitud es |a|.
analytic geometry The study of geometry that uses geometría analítica El estudio de la geometría que
the coordinate system. utiliza el sistema de coordenadas.
angle The intersection of two noncollinear rays at a ángulo La intersección de dos rayos no colineales en
common endpoint. un extremo común.
angle bisector A ray or segment that divides an angle bisectriz de un ángulo Un rayo o segmento que
into two congruent angles. divide un ángulo en dos ángulos congruentes.
angle of depression The angle formed by a horizontal ángulo de depresión El ángulo formado por una línea
line and an observer’s line of sight to an object below horizontal y la línea de visión de un observador a un
the horizontal line. objeto por debajo de la línea horizontal.
angle of elevation The angle formed by a horizontal ángulo de elevación El ángulo formado por una línea
line and an observer’s line of sight to an object above horizontal y la línea de visión de un observador a un
the horizontal line. objeto por encima de la línea horizontal.
angle of rotation The angle through which a figure ángulo de rotación El ángulo a través del cual gira
rotates. una figura.
apothem A perpendicular segment between the apotema Un segmento perpendicular entre el centro
center of a regular polygon and a side of the polygon or de un polígono regular y un lado del polígono o la
the length of that line segment. longitud de ese segmento de línea.
approximate error The positive difference between error aproximado La diferencia positiva entre una
an actual measurement and an approximate or medida real y una medida aproximada o estimada.
estimated measurement.
arc Part of a circle that is defined by two endpoints. arco Parte de un círculo que se define por dos puntos
finales.
arc length The distance between the endpoints of an arc longitude de arco La distancia entre los extremos de
measured along the arc in linear units. un arco medido a lo largo del arco en unidades lineales.
G2 Glossary

area The number of square units needed to cover a área El número de unidades cuadradas para cubrir
Glossary ∙ Glosario
surface. una superficie.
arithmetic sequence A pattern in which each term secuencia aritmética Un patrón en el cual cada
after the first is found by adding a constant, the término después del primero se encuentra añadiendo
common difference d, to the previous term. una constante, la diferencia común d, al término anterior.
asymptote A line that a graph approaches. asíntota Una línea que se aproxima a un gráfico.
auxiliary line An extra line or segment drawn in a línea auxiliar Una línea o segmento extra dibujado en
figure to help analyze geometric relationships. una figura para ayudar a analizar las relaciones
geométricas.
average rate of change The change in the value of tasa media de cambio El cambio en el valor de la
the dependent variable divided by the change in the variable dependiente dividido por el cambio en el valor
value of the independent variable. de la variable independiente.
axiom A statement that is accepted as true without axioma Una declaración que se acepta como
proof. verdadera sin prueba.
axiomatic system A set of axioms from which sistema axiomático Un conjunto de axiomas de los
theorems can be derived. cuales se pueden derivar teoremas.
axis of symmetry A line about which a graph is eje de simetría Una línea sobre la cual un gráfica es
symmetric. simétrico.
axis symmetry If a figure can be mapped onto itself eje simetría Si una figura puede ser asignada sobre sí
by a rotation between 0° and 360° in a line. misma por una rotación entre 0° y 360° en una línea.
B
bar graph A graphical display that compares gráfico de barra Una pantalla gráfica que compara las
categories of data using bars of different heights. categorías de datos usando barras de diferentes alturas.
base In a power, the number being multiplied by base En un poder, el número se multiplica por sí
itself. mismo.
base angles of a trapezoid The two angles formed by ángulos de base de un trapecio Los dos ángulos
the bases and legs of a trapezoid. formados por las bases y patas de un trapecio.
base angles of an isosceles triangle The two angles ángulo de la base de un triángulo isosceles Los dos
formed by the base and the congruent sides of an ángulos formados por la base y los lados congruentes
isosceles triangle. de un triángulo isosceles.
base edge The intersection of a lateral face and a arista de la base La intersección de una cara lateral y
base in a solid figure. una base en una figura sólida.
base of a parallelogram Any side of a parallelogram. base de un paralelogramo Cualquier lado de un

paralelogramo.
base of a pyramid or cone The face of the solid base de una pirámide o cono La cara del sólido
opposite the vertex of the solid. opuesta al vértice del sólido.
Glossary G3

bases of a prism or cylinder The two parallel base de un prisma o cilindro Las dos caras
congruent faces of the solid. congruentes paralelas de la figura sólida.
bases of a trapezoid The parallel sides in a trapezoid. bases de un trapecio Los lados paralelos en un
trapecio.
best-fit line The line that most closely approximates línea de ajuste óptimo La línea que más se aproxima
the data in a scatter plot. a los datos en un diagrama de dispersión.
betweenness of points Point C is between A and B if intermediación de puntos El punto C está entre A y B
and only if A, B, and C are collinear and AC + CB = AB. si y sólo si A, B, y C son colineales y AC + CB = AB.
bias An error that results in a misrepresentation of a sesgo Un error que resulta en una tergiversación de
population. una población.
biconditional statement The conjunction of a declaración bicondicional La conjunción de un

conditional and its converse. condicional y su inverso.
binomial The sum of two monomials. binomio La suma de dos monomios.
bisect To separate a line segment into two congruent bisecar Separe un segmento de línea en dos
segments. segmentos congruentes.
bivariate data Data that consists of pairs of values. datos bivariate Datos que constan de pares de valores.
boundary The edge of the graph of an inequality that frontera El borde de la gráfica de una desigualdad
separates the coordinate plane into regions. que separa el plano de coordenadas en regiones.
bounded When the graph of a system of constraints is acotada Cuando la gráfica de un sistema de
a polygonal region. restricciones es una región poligonal.
box plot A graphical representation of the five- diagram de caja Una representación gráfica del
number summary of a data set. resumen de cinco números de un conjunto de datos.
C
categorical data Data that can be organized into datos categóricos Datos que pueden organizarse en
different categories. diferentes categorías.
causation When a change in one variable produces a causalidad Cuando un cambio en una variable
change in another variable. produce un cambio en otra variable.
center of a circle The point from which all points on a centro de un círculo El punto desde el cual todos los
circle are the same distance. puntos de un círculo están a la misma distancia.
center of a regular polygon The center of the circle centro de un polígono regular El centro del círculo
circumscribed about a regular polygon. circunscrito alrededor de un polígono regular.
center of dilation The center point from which centro de dilatación Punto fijo en torno al cual se
dilations are performed. realizan las homotecias.
G4 Glossary

center of rotation The fixed point about which a centro de rotación El punto fijo sobre el que gira
figure rotates. una figura.
center of symmetry A point in which a figure can be centro de la simetría Un punto en el que una figura
rotated onto itself. se puede girar sobre sí misma.
central angle of a circle An angle with a vertex at the ángulo central de un círculo Un ángulo con un vértice
center of a circle and sides that are radii. en el centro de un círculo y los lados que son radios.
central angle of a regular polygon An angle with its ángulo central de un polígono regular Un ángulo con
vertex at the center of a regular polygon and sides that su vértice en el centro de un polígono regular y lados que
pass through consecutive vertices of the polygon. pasan a través de vértices consecutivos del polígono.
centroid The point of concurrency of the medians of a baricentro El punto de intersección de las medianas
triangle. de un triángulo.
chord of a circle or sphere A segment with endpoints cuerda de un círculo o esfera Un segmento con
on the circle or sphere. extremos en el círculo o esfera.
circle The set of all points in a plane that are the círculo El conjunto de todos los puntos en un plano
same distance from a given point called the center. que están a la misma distancia de un punto dado
llamado centro.
circular function A function that describes a point on función circular Función que describe un punto en un
a circle as the function of an angle defined in radians. círculo como la función de un ángulo definido en radianes.
circumcenter The point of concurrency of the circuncentro El punto de concurrencia de las

perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle. bisectrices perpendiculares de los lados de un triángulo.
circumference The distance around a circle. circunferencia La distancia alrededor de un círculo.
circumscribed angle An angle with sides that are ángulo circunscrito Un ángulo con lados que son
tangent to a circle. tangentes a un círculo.
circumscribed polygon A polygon with vertices poligono circunscrito Un polígono con vértices fuera
outside the circle and sides that are tangent to the circle. del círculo y lados que son tangentes al círculo.
closed If for any members in a set, the result of an cerrado Si para cualquier número en el conjunto, el
operation is also in the set. resultado de la operación es también en el conjunto.
closed half-plane The solution of a linear inequality semi-plano cerrado La solución de una desigualdad
that includes the boundary line. linear que incluye la línea de limite.
codomain The set of all the y-values that could possibly codominar El conjunto de todos los valores y que
result from the evaluation of the function. podrían resultar de la evaluación de la función.
coefficient The numerical factor of a term. coeficiente El factor numérico de un término.
coefficient of determination An indicator of how well coeficiente de determinación Un indicador de lo bien

a function fits a set of data. que una función se ajusta a un conjunto de datos.
Glossary G5

cofunction identities Identities that show the identidades de cofunción Identidades que muestran
relationships between sine and cosine, tangent and las relaciones entre seno y coseno, tangente y
cotangent, and secant and cosecant. cotangente, y secante y cosecante.
collinear Lying on the same line. colineal Acostado en la misma línea.
combination A selection of objects in which order is combinación Una selección de objetos en los que el
not important. orden no es importante.
combined variation When one quantity varies directly variación combinada Cuando una cantidad varía
and/or inversely as two or more other quantities. directamente y / o inversamente como dos o más
cantidades.
common difference The difference between diferencia común La diferencia entre términos
consecutive terms in an arithmetic sequence. consecutivos de una secuencia aritmética.
common logarithms Logarithms of base 10. logaritmos comunes Logaritmos de base 10.
common ratio The ratio of consecutive terms of a razón común El razón de términos consecutivos de
geometric sequence. una secuencia geométrica.
common tangent A line or segment that is tangent to tangente común Una línea o segmento que es
two circles in the same plane. tangente a dos círculos en el mismo plano.
complement of A All of the outcomes in the sample complemento de A Todos los resultados en el espacio
space that are not included as outcomes of event A. muestral que no se incluyen como resultados del
evento A.
complementary angles Two angles with measures ángulo complementarios Dos ángulos con medidas
that have a sum of 90°. que tienen una suma de 90°.
completing the square A process used to make a completar el cuadrado Un proceso usado para
quadratic expression into a perfect square trinomial. hacer una expresión cuadrática en un trinomio
cuadrado perfecto.
complex conjugates Two complex numbers of the conjugados complejos Dos números complejos de la
form a + bi and a − bi. forma a + bi y a − bi.
complex fraction A rational expression with a fracción compleja Una expresión racional con un
numerator and/or denominator that is also a rational numerador y / o denominador que también es una
expression. expresión racional.
complex number Any number that can be written in número complejo Cualquier número que se puede
the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i escribir en la forma a + bi, donde a y b son números
is the imaginary unit. reales e i es la unidad imaginaria.
component form A vector written as <x, y>, which forma de componente Un vector escrito como
describes the vector in terms of its horizontal <x, y>, que describe el vector en términos de su
component x and vertical component y. componente horizontal x y componente vertical y.
G6 Glossary

composite figure A figure that can be separated into figura compuesta Una figura que se puede separar
regions that are basic figures, such as triangles, en regiones que son figuras básicas, tales como
rectangles, trapezoids, and circles. triángulos, rectángulos, trapezoides, y círculos.
composite solid A three-dimensional figure that is solido compuesta Una figura tridimensional que se
composed of simpler solids. compone de figuras más simples.
composition of functions An operation that uses the composición de funciones Operación que utiliza
results of one function to evaluate a second function. los resultados de una función para evaluar una
segunda función.
composition of transformations When a composición de transformaciones Cuando una

transformation is applied to a figure and then another transformación se aplica a una figura y luego se aplica
transformation is applied to its image. otra transformación a su imagen.
compound event Two or more simple events. evento compuesto Dos o más eventos simples.
compound inequality Two or more inequalities that desigualdad compuesta Dos o más desigualdades
are connected by the words and or or. que están unidas por las palabras y u o.
compound interest Interest calculated on the interés compuesto Intereses calculados sobre el
principal and on the accumulated interest from principal y sobre el interés acumulado de períodos
previous periods. anteriores.
compound statement Two or more statements joined enunciado compuesto Dos o más declaraciones
by the word and or or. unidas por la palabra y o o.
concave polygon A polygon with one or more interior polígono cóncavo Un polígono con uno o más
angles with measures greater than 180°. ángulos interiores con medidas superiores a 180°.
concentric circles Coplanar circles that have the círculos concéntricos Círculos coplanarios que tienen
same center. el mismo centro.
conclusion The statement that immediately follows conclusión La declaración que inmediatamente sigue
the word then in a conditional. la palabra entonces en un condicional.
concurrent lines Three or more lines that intersect at líneas concurrentes Tres o más líneas que se
a common point. intersecan en un punto común.
conditional probability The probability that an event probabilidad condicional La probabilidad de que un
will occur given that another event has already occurred. evento ocurra dado que otro evento ya ha ocurrido.
conditional relative frequency The ratio of the joint frecuencia relativa condicional La relación entre la
frequency The process of performing operations with frecuencia de la articulación y la frecuencia marginal.
units. to the marginal frequency.
conditional statement A compound statement that enunciado condicional Una declaración compuesta
consists of a premise, or hypothesis, and a conclusion, que consiste en una premisa, o hipótesis, y una
which is false only when its premise is true and its conclusión, que es falsa solo cuando su premisa es
conclusion is false. verdadera y su conclusión es falsa.
Glossary G7

cone A solid figure with a circular base connected by cono Una figura sólida con una base circular
a curved surface to a single vertex. conectada por una superficie curvada a un solo vértice.
confidence interval An estimate of the population intervalo de confianza Una estimación del parámetro
parameter stated as a range with a specific degree of de población se indica como un rango con un grado
certainty. específico de certeza.
congruent Having the same size and shape. congruente Tener el mismo tamaño y forma.
congruent angles Two angles that have the same ángulo congruentes Dos ángulos que tienen la misma
measure. medida.
congruent arcs Arcs in the same or congruent circles arcos congruentes Arcos en los mismos círculos o
that have the same measure. congruentes que tienen la misma medida.
congruent polygons All of the parts of one polygon poligonos congruentes Todas las partes de un polígono
are congruent to the corresponding parts or matching son congruentes con las partes correspondientes o partes
parts of another polygon. coincidentes de otro polígono.
congruent segments Line segments that are the segmentos congruentes Línea segmentos que son la
same length. misma longitud.
congruent solids Solid figures that have exactly the sólidos congruentes Figuras sólidas que tienen
same shape, size, and a scale factor of 1 : 1. exactamente la misma forma, tamaño y un factor de
escala de 1 : 1.
conic sections Cross sections of a right circular cone. secciones cónicas Secciones transversales de un
cono circular derecho.
conjecture An educated guess based on known conjetura Una suposición educada basada en
information and specific examples. información conocida y ejemplos específicos.
conjugates Two expressions, each with two terms, in conjugados Dos expresiones, cada una con dos
which the second terms are opposites. términos, en la que los segundos términos son opuestos.
conjunction A compound statement using the word conjunción Una declaración compuesta usando la
and. palabra y.
consecutive interior angles When two lines are cut by ángulos internos consecutivos Cuando dos líneas se
a transversal, interior angles that lie on the same side of cortan por un ángulo transversal, interior que se
the transversal. encuentran en el mismo lado de la transversal.
consistent A system of equations with at least one consistente Una sistema de ecuaciones para el cual
ordered pair that satisfies both equations. existe al menos un par ordenado que satisfice ambas
ecuaciones.
constant function A linear function of the form y = b; función constante Una función lineal de la forma y = b;
The function f(x) = a, where a is any number. La función f(x) = a, donde a es cualquier número.
constant of variation The constant in a variation constante de variación La constante en una función
function. de variación.
G8 Glossary

constant term A term that does not contain a variable. término constante Un término que no contiene una
variable.
constraint A condition that a solution must satisfy. restricción Una condición que una solución debe
satisfacer.
constructions Methods of creating figures without the construcciones Métodos de creación de figuras sin el
use of measuring tools. uso de herramientas de medición.
continuous function A function that can be graphed función continua Una función que se puede representar
with a line or an unbroken curve. gráficamente con una línea o una curva ininterrumpida.
continuous random variable The numerical outcome of a variable aleatoria continua El resultado numérico de
random event that can take on any value. un evento aleatorio que puede tomar cualquier valor.
contrapositive A statement formed by negating both antítesis Una afirmación formada negando tanto la
the hypothesis and the conclusion of the converse of a hipótesis como la conclusión del inverso del
conditional. condicional.
convenience sample Members that are readily muestra conveniente Se seleccionan los miembros
available or easy to reach are selected. que están fácilmente disponibles o de fácil acceso.
converse A statement formed by exchanging the recíproco Una declaración formada por el
hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement. intercambio de la hipótesis y la conclusión de la
declaración condicional.
convex polygon A polygon with all interior angles polígono convexo Un polígono con todos los ángulos
measuring less than 180°. interiores que miden menos de 180°.
coordinate proofs Proofs that use figures in the pruebas de coordenadas Pruebas que utilizan figuras
coordinate plane and algebra to prove geometric en el plano de coordenadas y álgebra para probar
concepts. conceptos geométricos.
coplanar Lying in the same plane. coplanar Acostado en el mismo plano.
corollary A theorem with a proof that follows as a corolario Un teorema con una prueba que sigue
direct result of another theorem. como un resultado directo de otro teorema.
correlation coefficient A measure that shows how coeficiente de correlación Una medida que muestra
well data are modeled by a regression function. cómo los datos son modelados por una función de
regresión.
corresponding angles When two lines are cut by a ángulos correspondientes Cuando dos líneas se
transversal, angles that lie on the same side of a cortan transversalmente, los ángulos que se encuentran
transversal and on the same side of the two lines. en el mismo lado de una transversal y en el mismo lado
de las dos líneas.
corresponding parts Corresponding angles and partes correspondientes Ángulos correspondientes y

corresponding sides of two polygons. lados correspondientes.
cosecant The ratio of the length of a hypotenuse to cosecante Relación entre la longitud de la hipotenusa
the length of the leg opposite the angle. y la longitud de la pierna opuesta al ángulo.
Glossary G9

cosine The ratio of the length of the leg adjacent to coseno Relación entre la longitud de la pierna
an angle to the length of the hypotenuse. adyacente a un ángulo y la longitud de la hipotenusa.
cotangent The ratio of the length of the leg adjacent cotangente La relación entre la longitud de la pata
to an angle to the length of the leg opposite the angle. adyacente a un ángulo y la longitud de la pata opuesta
al ángulo.
coterminal angles Angles in standard position that ángulos coterminales Ángulos en posición estándar
have the same terminal side. que tienen el mismo lado terminal.
counterexample An example that contradicts the contraejemplo Un ejemplo que contradice la conjetura
conjecture showing that the conjecture is not always true. que muestra que la conjetura no siempre es cierta.
critical values The z-values corresponding to the most valores críticos Los valores z correspondientes a los
common degrees of certainty. grados de certeza más comunes.
cross section The intersection of a solid and a plane. sección transversal Intersección de un sólido con un
plano.
cube root One of three equal factors of a number. raíz cúbica Uno de los tres factores iguales de un
número.
cube root function A radical function that contains the función de la raíz del cubo Función radical que
cube root of a variable expression. contiene la raíz cúbica de una expresión variable.
curve fitting Finding a regression equation for a set of ajuste de curvas Encontrar una ecuación de regresión
data that is approximated by a function. para un conjunto de datos que es aproximado por una
función.
cycle One complete pattern of a periodic function. ciclo Un patron completo de una función periódica.
cylinder A solid figure with two congruent and cilindro Una figura sólida con dos bases circulares
parallel circular bases connected by a curved surface. congruentes y paralelas conectadas por una superficie
curvada.
D
decay factor The base of an exponential expression, factor de decaimiento La base de una expresión
or 1 - r. exponencial, o 1 - r.
decomposition Separating a figure into two or more descomposición Separar una figura en dos o más
nonoverlapping parts. partes que no se solapan.
decreasing Where the graph of a function goes down decreciente Donde la gráfica de una función
when viewed from left to right. disminuye cuando se ve de izquierda a derecha.
deductive argument An argument that guarantees argumento deductivo Un argumento que garantiza la
the truth of the conclusion provided that its premises verdad de la conclusión siempre que sus premisas sean
are true. verdaderas.
G10 Glossary

deductive reasoning The process of reaching a razonamiento deductivo El proceso de alcanzar una
specific valid conclusion based on general facts, rules, conclusión válida específica basada en hechos
definitions, or properties. generales, reglas, definiciones o propiedades.
define a variable To choose a variable to represent an definir una variable Para elegir una variable que
unknown value. represente un valor desconocido.
defined term A term that has a definition and can be término definido Un término que tiene una definición
explained. y se puede explicar.
definitions An explanation that assigns properties to definiciones Una explicación que asigna propiedades
a mathematical object. a un objeto matemático.
degree The value of the exponent in a power grado Valor del exponente en una función de
function; _ potencia. _
1 1
  360 of the circular rotation about a point.  360 de la rotación circular alrededor de
un punto.
degree of a monomial The sum of the exponents of grado de un monomio La suma de los exponents de
all its variables. todas sus variables.
degree of a polynomial The greatest degree of any grado de un polinomio El grado mayor de cualquier
term in the polynomial. término del polinomio.
density A measure of the quantity of some physical densidad Una medida de la cantidad de alguna
property per unit of length, area, or volume. propiedad física por unidad de longitud, área o volumen.
dependent A consistent system of equations with an dependiente Una sistema consistente de ecuaciones
infinite number of solutions. con un número infinito de soluciones.
dependent events Two or more events in which the eventos dependientes Dos o más eventos en que el
outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other resultado de un evento afecta el resultado de los otros
events. eventos.
dependent variable The variable in a relation, usually variable dependiente La variable de una relación,
y, with values that depend on x. generalmente y, con los valores que depende de x.
depressed polynomial A polynomial resulting from polinomio reducido Un polinomio resultante de la

division with a degree one less than the original división con un grado uno menos que el polinomio
polynomial. original.
descriptive modeling A way to mathematically modelado descriptivo Una forma de describir

describe real-world situations and the factors that matemáticamente las situaciones del mundo real y los
cause them. factores que las causan.
descriptive statistics The branch of statistics that estadística descriptiva Rama de la estadística cuyo
focuses on collecting, summarizing, and displaying enfoque es la recopilación, resumen y demostración de
data. los datos.
diagonal A segment that connects any two diagonal Un segmento que conecta cualquier dos
nonconsecutive vertices within a polygon. vértices no consecutivos dentro de un polígono.
Glossary G11

diameter of a circle or sphere A chord that passes diámetro de un círculo o esfera Un acorde que pasa
through the center of a circle or sphere. por el centro de un círculo o esfera.
difference of squares A binomial in which the first diferencia de cuadrados Un binomio en el que los
and last terms are perfect squares. términos primero y último son cuadrados perfectos.
difference of two squares The square of one quantity diferencia de dos cuadrados El cuadrado de una
minus the square of another quantity. cantidad menos el cuadrado de otra cantidad.
dilation A nonrigid motion that enlarges or reduces a dilatación Un movimiento no rígido que agranda o
geometric figure; A transformation that stretches or reduce una figura geométrica; Una transformación que
compresses the graph of a function. estira o comprime el gráfico de una función.
dimensional analysis The process of performing análisis dimensional El proceso de realizar

operations with units. operaciones con unidades.
direct variation When one quantity is equal to a variación directa Cuando una cantidad es igual a una
constant times another quantity. constante multiplicada por otra cantidad.
directed line segment A line segment with an initial segment de línea dirigido Un segmento de línea con
endpoint and a terminal endpoint. un punto final inicial y un punto final terminal.
directrix An exterior line perpendicular to the line directriz Una línea exterior perpendicular a la línea
containing the foci of a curve. que contiene los focos de una curva.
discontinuous function A function that is not función discontinua Una función que no es
continuous. continua.
discrete function A function in which the points on función discreta Una función en la que los puntos del
the graph are not connected. gráfico no están conectados.
discrete random variable The numerical outcome of a variable aleatoria discreta El resultado numérico
random event that is finite and can be counted. de un evento aleatorio que es finito y puede ser
contado.
discriminant In the Quadratic Formula, the expression discriminante En la Fórmula cuadrática, la expresión
under the radical sign that provides information about bajo el signo radical que proporciona información sobre
the roots of the quadratic equation. las raíces de la ecuación cuadrática.
disjunction A compound statement using the word or. disyunción Una declaración compuesta usando la
palabra o.
distance The length of the line segment between two distancia La longitud del segmento de línea entre dos
points. puntos.
distribution A graph or table that shows the distribución Un gráfico o una table que muestra la
theoretical frequency of each possible data value. frecuencia teórica de cada valor de datos posible.
domain The set of the first numbers of the ordered dominio El conjunto de los primeros números de los
pairs in a relation; The set of x-values to be evaluated pares ordenados en una relación; El conjunto de
by a function. valores x para ser evaluados por una función.
G12 Glossary

dot plot A diagram that shows the frequency of data gráfica de puntos Una diagrama que muestra la
on a number line. frecuencia de los datos en una línea numérica.
double root Two roots of a quadratic equation that raíces dobles Dos raíces de una función cuadrática
are the same number. que son el mismo número.
E
e An irrational number that approximately equals e Un número irracional que es aproximadamente
2.7182818…. igual a 2.7182818 ....
edge of a polyhedron A line segment where the faces arista de un poliedro Un segmento de línea donde las
of the polyhedron intersect. caras del poliedro se cruzan.
elimination A method that involves eliminating a eliminación Un método que consiste en eliminar una
variable by combining the individual equations within a variable combinando las ecuaciones individuales dentro
system of equations. de un sistema de ecuaciones.
empty set The set that contains no elements, conjunto vacio El conjunto que no contiene
symbolized by { } or ∅. elementos, simbolizado por { } o ∅.
end behavior The behavior of a graph at the positive comportamiento extremo El comportamiento de un
and negative extremes in its domain. gráfico en los extremos positivo y negativo en su dominio.
enlargement A dilation with a scale factor greater ampliación Una dilatación con un factor de escala
than 1. mayor que 1.
equation A mathematical statement that contains two ecuación Un enunciado matemático que contiene dos
expressions and an equals sign, =. expresiones y un signo igual, =.
equiangular polygon A polygon with all angles polígono equiangular Un polígono con todos los
congruent. ángulos congruentes.
equidistant A point is equidistant from other points if equidistante Un punto es equidistante de otros
it is the same distance from them. puntos si está a la misma distancia de ellos.
equidistant lines Two lines for which the distance líneas equidistantes Dos líneas para las cuales la
between the two lines, measured along a perpendicular distancia entre las dos líneas, medida a lo largo de una
line or segment to the two lines, is always the same. línea o segmento perpendicular a las dos líneas, es
siempre la misma.
equilateral polygon A polygon with all sides polígono equilátero Un polígono con todos los lados
congruent. congruentes.
equivalent equations Two equations with the same ecuaciones equivalentes Dos ecuaciones con la
solution. misma solución.
equivalent expressions Expressions that represent expresiones equivalentes Expresiones que

the same value. representan el mismo valor.
evaluate To find the value of an expression. evaluar Calcular el valor de una expresión.
Glossary G13

even functions Functions that are symmetric in the incluso funciones Funciones que son simétricas en el
y-axis. eje y.
event A subset of the sample space. evento Un subconjunto del espacio de muestra.
excluded values Values for which a function is not valores excluidos Valores para los que no se ha
defined. definido una función.
experiment A sample is divided into two groups. The experimento Una muestra se divide en dos grupos. El
experimental group undergoes a change, while there is grupo experimental experimenta un cambio, mientras
no change to the control group. The effects on the groups que no hay cambio en el grupo de control. A continuación
are then compared; A situation involving chance. se comparan los efectos sobre los grupos; Una situación
de riesgo.
experimental probability Probability calculated by probabilidad experimental Probabilidad calculada

using data from an actual experiment. utilizando datos de un experimento real.
exponent When n is a positive integer in the exponente Cuando n es un entero positivo en la

expression xn, n indicates the number of times x is expresión xn, n indica el número de veces que x se
multiplied by itself. multiplica por sí mismo.
exponential decay Change that occurs when an initial desintegración exponencial Cambio que ocurre
amount decreases by the same percent over a given cuando una cantidad inicial disminuye en el mismo
period of time. porcentaje durante un período de tiempo dado.
exponential decay function A function in which the función exponenciales de decaimiento Una ecuación
independent variable is an exponent, where a > 0 and en la que la variable independiente es un exponente,
0 0 y 0 < b < 1.
explicit formula A formula that allows you to find any fórmula explícita Una fórmula que le permite
term an of a sequence by using a formula written in encontrar cualquier término an de una secuencia
terms of n. usando una fórmula escrita en términos de n.
exponential equation An equation in which the ecuación exponencial Una ecuación en la que la
independent variable is an exponent. variable independiente es un exponente.
exponential form When an expression is in the forma exponencial Cuando una expresión está en la
form xn. forma xn.
exponential function A function in which the función exponencial Una función en la que la variable
independent variable is an exponent. independiente es el exponente.
exponential growth Change that occurs when an crecimiento exponencial Cambio que ocurre cuando
initial amount increases by the same percent over a una cantidad inicial aumenta por el mismo porcentaje
given period of time. durante un período de tiempo dado.
exponential growth function A function in which the función de crecimiento exponencial Una función en
independent variable is an exponent, where a > 0 and la que la variable independiente es el exponente,
b > 1. donde a > 0 y b > 1.
G14 Glossary

exponential inequality An inequality in which the desigualdad exponencial Una desigualdad en la que
independent variable is an exponent. la variable independiente es un exponente.
exterior angle of a triangle An angle formed by one ángulo exterior de un triángulo Un ángulo formado
side of the triangle and the extension of an adjacent por un lado del triángulo y la extensión de un lado
side. adyacente.
exterior angles When two lines are cut by a ángulos externos Cuando dos líneas son cortadas por
transversal, any of the four angles that lie outside una transversal, cualquiera de los cuatro ángulos que
the region between the two intersected lines. se encuentran fuera de la región entre las dos líneas
intersectadas.
exterior of an angle The area outside of the two rays exterior de un ángulo El área fuera de los dos rayos
of an angle. de un ángulo.
extraneous solution A solution of a simplified form of solución extraña Una solución de una forma
an equation that does not satisfy the original equation. simplificada de una ecuación que no satisface la
ecuación original.
extrema Points that are the locations of relatively high extrema Puntos que son las ubicaciones de valores
or low function values. de función relativamente alta o baja.
extreme values The least and greatest values in a set valores extremos Los valores mínimo y máximo en un
of data. conjunto de datos.
F
face of a polyhedron A flat surface of a polyhedron. cara de un poliedro Superficie plana de un poliedro.
factored form A form of quadratic equation, forma factorizada Una forma de ecuación cuadrática,
0 = a(x - p)(x - q), where a ≠ 0, in which p and q 0 = a(x - p)(x - q), donde a ≠ 0, en la que p y q son
are the x-intercepts of the graph of the related function. las intercepciones x de la gráfica de la función
relacionada.
factorial of n The product of the positive integers less factorial de n El producto de los enteros positivos
than or equal to n. inferiores o iguales a n.
factoring The process of expressing a polynomial as factorización por agrupamiento Utilizando la

the product of monomials and polynomials. Propiedad distributiva para factorizar polinomios que
possen cuatro o más términos.
factoring by grouping Using the Distributive Property factorización El proceso de expresar un polinomio
to factor some polynomials having four or more terms. como el producto de monomios y polinomios.
family of graphs Graphs and equations of graphs that familia de gráficas Gráficas y ecuaciones de gráficas
have at least one characteristic in common. que tienen al menos una característica común.
feasible region The intersection of the graphs in a región factible La intersección de los gráficos en un
system of constraints. sistema de restricciones.
finite sample space A sample space that contains a espacio de muestra finito Un espacio de muestra que
countable number of outcomes. contiene un número contable de resultados.
Glossary G15

finite sequence A sequence that contains a limited secuencia finita Una secuencia que contiene un
number of terms. número limitado de términos.
five-number summary The minimum, quartiles, and resumen de cinco números El mínimo, cuartiles y
maximum of a data set. máximo de un conjunto de datos.
flow proof A proof that uses boxes and arrows to demostración de flujo Una prueba que usa cajas y
show the logical progression of an argument. flechas para mostrar la progresión lógica de un
argumento.
focus A point inside a parabola having the property foco Un punto dentro de una parábola que tiene la
that the distances from any point on the parabola to propiedad de que las distancias desde cualquier punto
them and to a fixed line have a constant ratio for any de la parábola a ellos ya una línea fija tienen una
points on the parabola. relación constante para cualquier punto de la parábola.
formula An equation that expresses a relationship fórmula Una ecuación que expresa una relación entre
between certain quantities. ciertas cantidades.
fractional distance An intermediary point some distancia fraccionaria Un punto intermediario de

fraction of the length of a line segment. alguna fracción de la longitud de un segmento de línea.
frequency The number of cycles in a given unit of frecuencia El número de ciclos en una unidad del
time. tiempo dada.
function A relation in which each element of the función Una relación en que a cada elemento del
domain is paired with exactly one element of the range. dominio de corresponde un único elemento del rango.
function notation A way of writing an equation so that notación functional Una forma de escribir una
y = f(x). ecuación para que y = f(x).
G
geometric means The terms between two medios geométricos Los términos entre dos términos
nonconsecutive terms of a geometric sequence; The no consecutivos de una secuencia geométrica; La
nth root, where n is the number of elements in a set of enésima raíz, donde n es el número de elementos de
numbers, of the product of the numbers. un conjunto de números, del producto de los números.
geometric model A geometric figure that represents a modelo geométrico Una figura geométrica que
real-life object. representa un objeto de la vida real.
geometric probability Probability that involves a probabilidad geométrica Probabilidad que implica
geometric measure such as length or area. una medida geométrica como longitud o área.
geometric sequence A pattern of numbers that secuencia geométrica Un patrón de números que
begins with a nonzero term and each term after is comienza con un término distinto de cero y cada
found by multiplying the previous term by a nonzero término después se encuentra multiplicando el término
constant r. anterior por una constante no nula r.
geometric series The indicated sum of the terms in a series geométricas La suma indicada de los términos
geometric sequence. en una secuencia geométrica.
G16 Glossary

glide reflection The composition of a translation reflexión del deslizamiento La composición de una
followed by a reflection in a line parallel to the traducción seguida de una reflexión en una línea
translation vector. paralela al vector de traslación.
greatest integer function A step function in which función entera más grande Una función del paso en
f(x) is the greatest integer less than or equal to x. que f(x) es el número más grande menos que o igual a x.
growth factor The base of an exponential expression, factor de crecimiento La base de una expresión
or 1 + r. exponencial, o 1 + r.
H
half-plane A region of the graph of an inequality on semi-plano Una región de la gráfica de una
one side of a boundary. desigualdad en un lado de un límite.
height of a parallelogram The length of an altitude of altura de un paralelogramo La longitud de la altitud

the parallelogram. del paralelogramo.
height of a solid The length of the altitude of a solid altura de un sólido La longitud de la altitud de una
figure. figura sólida.
height of a trapezoid The perpendicular distance altura de un trapecio La distancia perpendicular entre
between the bases of a trapezoid. las bases de un trapecio.
histogram A graphical display that uses bars to histograma Una exhibición gráfica que utiliza barras
display numerical data that have been organized in para exhibir los datos numéricos que se han organizado
equal intervals. en intervalos iguales.
horizontal asymptote A horizontal line that a graph asíntota horizontal Una línea horizontal que se
approaches. aproxima a un gráfico.
hyperbola The graph of a reciprocal function. hipérbola La gráfica de una función recíproca.
hypothesis The statement that immediately follows hipótesis La declaración que sigue inmediatamente a
the word if in a conditional. la palabra si en un condicional.
I
identity An equation that is true for every value of the identidad Una ecuación que es verdad para cada
variable. valor de la variable.
identity function The function f(x) = x. función identidad La función f(x) = x.
if-then statement A compound statement of the form if enunciado si-entonces Enunciado compuesto de la
p, then q, where p and q are statements. forma si p, entonces q, donde p y q son enunciados.
image The new figure in a transformation. imagen La nueva figura en una transformación.
imaginary unit i The principal square root of -1. unidad imaginaria i La raíz cuadrada principal de -1.
incenter The point of concurrency of the angle incentro El punto de intersección de las bisectrices
bisectors of a triangle. interiors de un triángulo.
Glossary G17

included angle The interior angle formed by two ángulo incluido El ángulo interior formado por dos
adjacent sides of a triangle. lados adyacentes de un triángulo.
included side The side of a triangle between two lado incluido El lado de un triángulo entre dos
angles. ángulos.
inconsistent A system of equations with no ordered inconsistente Una sistema de ecuaciones para el cual
pair that satisfies both equations. no existe par ordenado alguno que satisfaga ambas
ecuaciones.
increasing Where the graph of a function goes up crecciente Donde la gráfica de una función sube
when viewed from left to right. cuando se ve de izquierda a derecha.
independent A consistent system of equations with independiente Un sistema consistente de ecuaciones

exactly one solution. con exactamente una solución.
independent events Two or more events in which the eventos independientes Dos o más eventos en los
outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of que el resultado de un evento no afecta el resultado de
the other events. los otros eventos.
independent variable The variable in a relation, variable independiente La variable de una relación,
usually x, with a value that is subject to choice. generalmente x, con el valor que sujeta a elección.
index In nth roots, the value that indicates to what root índice En enésimas raíces, el valor que indica a qué
the value under the radicand is being taken. raíz está el valor bajo la radicand.
indirect measurement Using similar figures and medición indirecta Usando figuras y proporciones
proportions to measure an object. similares para medir un objeto.
indirect proof One assumes that the statement to demostración indirecta Se supone que la afirmación
be proven is false and then uses logical reasoning to a ser probada es falsa y luego utiliza el razonamiento
deduce that a statement contradicts a postulate, lógico para deducir que una afirmación contradice un
theorem, or one of the assumptions. postulado, teorema o uno de los supuestos.
indirect reasoning Reasoning that eliminates all razonamiento indirecto Razonamiento que elimina
possible conclusions but one so that the one remaining todas las posibles conclusiones, pero una de manera
conclusion must be true. que la conclusión que queda una debe ser verdad.
inductive reasoning The process of reaching a razonamiento inductive El proceso de llegar a una
conclusion based on a pattern of examples. conclusión basada en un patrón de ejemplos.
inequality An open sentence that contains <, >, ≤, desigualdad Una oración abierta que contiene uno o
≥, or ≠. más de <, >, ≤, ≥, o ≠.
inferential statistics When the data from a sample is estadísticas inferencial Cuando los datos de una
used to make inferences about the corresponding muestra se utilizan para hacer inferencias sobre la
population. población correspondiente.
infinite sample space A sample space with outcomes espacio de muestra infinito Un espacio de muestra
that cannot be counted. con resultados que no pueden ser contados.
infinite sequence A sequence that continues secuencia infinita Una secuencia que continúa
without end. sin fin.
G18 Glossary

informal proof A paragraph that explains why the prueba informal Un párrafo que explica por qué la
conjecture for a given situation is true. conjetura para una situación dada es verdadera.
initial side The part of an angle that is fixed on the lado inicial La parte de un ángulo que se fija en el
x-axis. eje x.
inscribed angle An angle with its vertex on a circle ángulo inscrito Un ángulo con su vértice en un círculo
and sides that contain chords of the circle. y lados que contienen acordes del círculo.
inscribed polygon A polygon inside a circle in which polígono inscrito Un polígono dentro de un círculo en
all of the vertices of the polygon lie on the circle. el que todos los vértices del polígono se encuentran en
el círculo.
intercept A point at which the graph of a function interceptar Un punto en el que la gráfica de una
intersects an axis. función corta un eje.
intercepted arc The part of a circle that lies between arco intersecado La parte de un círculo que se
the two lines intersecting it. encuentra entre las dos líneas que se cruzan.
interior angle of a triangle An angle at the vertex of a ángulo interior de un triángulo Un ángulo en el
triangle. vértice de un triángulo.
interior angles When two lines are cut by a ángulos interiores Cuando dos líneas son cortadas
transversal, any of the four angles that lie inside the por una transversal, cualquiera de los cuatro ángulos
region between the two intersected lines. que se encuentran dentro de la región entre las dos
líneas intersectadas.
interior of an angle The area between the two rays of interior de un ángulo El área entre los dos rayos de
an angle. un ángulo.
interquartile range The difference between the upper rango intercuartil La diferencia entre el cuartil
and lower quartiles of a data set. superior y el cuartil inferior de un conjunto de datos.
intersection A set of points common to two or more intersección Un conjunto de puntos communes a dos
geometric figures; intersection The graph of a o más figuras geométricas; intersección La gráfica de
compound inequality containing and. una desigualdad compuesta que contiene la palabra y.
intersection of A and B The set of all outcomes in the intersección de A y B El conjunto de todos los resultados
sample space of event A that are also in the sample en el espacio muestral del evento A que también se
space of event B. encuentran en el espacio muestral del evento B.
interval The distance between two numbers on the intervalo La distancia entre dos números en la escala
scale of a graph. de un gráfico.
interval notation Mathematical notation that describes notación de intervalo Notación matemática que
a set by using endpoints with parentheses or brackets. describe un conjunto utilizando puntos finales con
paréntesis o soportes.
inverse A statement formed by negating both the inverso Una declaración formada negando tanto la
hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional hipótesis como la conclusión de la declaración
statement. condicional.
Glossary G19

inverse cosine The ratio of the length of the inverso del coseno Relación de la longitud de la
hypotenuse to the length of the leg adjacent to an hipotenusa con la longitud de la pierna adyacente a un
angle. ángulo.
inverse functions Two functions, one of which funciones inversas Dos funciones, una de las cuales
contains points of the form (a, b) while the other contiene puntos de la forma (a, b) mientras que la otra
contains points of the form (b, a). contiene puntos de la forma (b, a).
inverse relations Two relations, one of which contains relaciones inversas Dos relaciones, una de las cuales
points of the form (a, b) while the other contains points contiene puntos de la forma (a, b) mientras que la otra
of the form (b, a). contiene puntos de la forma (b, a).
inverse sine The ratio of the length of the hypotenuse inverso del seno Relación de la longitud de la hipotenusa
to the length of the leg opposite an angle. con la longitud de la pierna opuesta a un ángulo.
inverse tangent The ratio of the length of the leg inverso del tangente Relación de la longitud de la
adjacent to an angle to the length of the leg opposite pierna adyacente a un ángulo con la longitud de la
the angle. pierna opuesta a un ángulo.
inverse trigonometric functions Arcsine, Arccosine, funciones trigonométricas inversas Arcsine,

and Arctangent. Arccosine y Arctangent.
inverse variation When the product of two quantities variación inversa Cuando el producto de dos
is equal to a constant k. cantidades es igual a una constante k.
isosceles trapezoid A quadrilateral in which two sides trapecio isósceles Un cuadrilátero en el que dos
are parallel and the legs are congruent. lados son paralelos y las patas son congruentes.
isosceles triangle A triangle with at least two sides triángulo isósceles Un triángulo con al menos dos
congruent. lados congruentes.
J
joint frequencies Entries in the body of a two-way frecuencias articulares Entradas en el cuerpo de una
frequency table. In a two-way frequency table, the tabla de frecuencias de dos vías. En una tabla de
frequencies in the interior of the table. frecuencia bidireccional, las frecuencias en el interior
de la tabla.
joint variation When one quantity varies directly as variación conjunta Cuando una cantidad varía
the product of two or more other quantities. directamente como el producto de dos o más
cantidades.
K
kite A convex quadrilateral with exactly two distinct cometa Un cuadrilátero convexo con exactamente
pairs of adjacent congruent sides. dos pares distintos de lados congruentes adyacentes.
L
lateral area The sum of the areas of the lateral faces área lateral La suma de las áreas de las caras
of the figure. laterales de la figura.
G20 Glossary

lateral edges The intersection of two lateral faces. aristas laterales La intersección de dos caras laterales.
lateral faces The faces that join the bases of a solid. caras laterales Las caras que unen las bases de un
sólido.
lateral surface of a cone The curved surface that joins superficie lateral de un cono La superficie curvada
the base of a cone to the vertex. que une la base de un cono con el vértice.
lateral surface of a cylinder The curved surface that superficie lateral de un cilindro La superficie curvada
joins the bases of a cylinder. que une las bases de un cilindro.
leading coefficient The coefficient of the first term coeficiente líder El coeficiente del primer término
when a polynomial is in standard form. cuando un polinomio está en forma estándar.
legs of a trapezoid The nonparallel sides in a patas de un trapecio Los lados no paralelos en un
trapezoid. trapezoide.
legs of an isosceles triangle The two congruent sides patas de un triángulo isósceles Los dos lados
of an isosceles triangle. congruentes de un triángulo isósceles.
like radical expressions Radicals in which both the expresiones radicales semejantes Radicales en los
index and the radicand are the same. que tanto el índice como el radicand son iguales.
like terms Terms with the same variables, with términos semejantes Términos con las mismas
corresponding variables having the same exponent. variables, con las variables correspondientes que
tienen el mismo exponente.
line A line is made up of points, has no thickness or línea Una línea está formada por puntos, no tiene
width, and extends indefinitely in both directions. espesor ni anchura, y se extiende indefinidamente en
ambas direcciones.
line of fit A line used to describe the trend of the data línea de ajuste Una línea usada para describir la
in a scatter plot. tendencia de los datos en un diagrama de dispersión.
line of reflection A line midway between a preimage línea de reflexión Una línea a medio camino entre
and an image; The line in which a reflection flips the una preimagen y una imagen; La línea en la que una
graph of a function. reflectión voltea la gráfica de una función.
line of symmetry An imaginary line that separates a línea de simetría Una línea imaginaria que separa
figure into two congruent parts. una figura en dos partes congruentes.
line segment A measurable part of a line that consists segmento de línea Una parte medible de una línea
of two points, called endpoints, and all of the points que consta de dos puntos, llamados extremos, y todos
between them. los puntos entre ellos.
line symmetry A figure has line symmetry if each half simetría de línea Una figura tiene simetría de línea si
of the figure matches the other side exactly; Each half cada mitad de la figura coincide exactamente con el
of a figure matches the other half exactly. otro lado; Cada mitad de una figura coincide
exactamente con la otra mitad.
linear equation An equation that can be written in the ecuación lineal Una ecuación que puede escribirse
form Ax + By = C with a graph that is a straight line. de la forma Ax + By = C con un gráfico que es una
línea recta.
Glossary G21

linear extrapolation The use of a linear equation to extrapolación lineal El uso de una ecuación lineal para
predict values that are outside the range of data. predecir valores que están fuera del rango de datos.
linear function A function in which no independent función lineal Una función en la que ninguna
variable is raised to a power greater than 1; A function variable independiente se eleva a una potencia mayor
with a graph that is a line. que 1; Una función con un gráfico que es una línea.
linear inequality A half-plane with a boundary that is desigualdad lineal Un medio plano con un límite que
a straight line. es una línea recta.
linear interpolation The use of a linear equation to interpolación lineal El uso de una ecuación lineal para
predict values that are inside the range of data. predecir valores que están dentro del rango de datos.
linear pair A pair of adjacent angles with noncommon par lineal Un par de ángulos adyacentes con lados no
sides that are opposite rays. comunes que son rayos opuestos.
linear programming The process of finding the programación lineal El proceso de encontrar los
maximum or minimum values of a function for a region valores máximos o mínimos de una función para una
defined by a system of inequalities. región definida por un sistema de desigualdades.
linear regression An algorithm used to find a precise regresión lineal Un algoritmo utilizado para encontrar
line of fit for a set of data. una línea precisa de ajuste para un conjunto de datos.
linear transformation One or more operations transformación lineal Una o más operaciones
performed on a set of data that can be written as a realizadas en un conjunto de datos que se pueden
linear function. escribir como una función lineal.
literal equation A formula or equation with several ecuación literal Un formula o ecuación con varias
variables. variables.
logarithm In x = by, y is called the logarithm, base b, logaritmo En x = by, y se denomina logaritmo,
of x. base b, de x.
logarithmic equation An equation that contains one ecuación logarítmica Una ecuación que contiene uno
or more logarithms. o más logaritmos.
logarithmic function A function of the form f(x) = log función logarítmica Una función de la forma f(x) =
base b of x, where b > 0 and b ≠ 1. base log b de x, donde b > 0 y b ≠ 1.
logically equivalent Statements with the same truth lógicamente equivalentes Declaraciones con el
value. mismo valor de verdad.
lower quartile The median of the lower half of a set of cuartil inferior La mediana de la mitad inferior de un
data. conjunto de datos.
M
magnitude The length of a vector from the initial magnitud La longitud de un vector desde el punto
point to the terminal point. inicial hasta el punto terminal.
G22 Glossary

magnitude of symmetry The smallest angle through magnitud de la simetria El ángulo más pequeño a
which a figure can be rotated so that it maps onto itself. través del cual una figura se puede girar para que se
cargue sobre sí mismo.
major arc An arc with measure greater than 180°. arco mayor Un arco con una medida superior a 180°.
mapping An illustration that shows how each element cartografía Una ilustración que muestra cómo cada
of the domain is paired with an element in the range. elemento del dominio está emparejado con un
elemento del rango.
marginal frequencies In a two-way frequency table, frecuencias marginales En una tabla de frecuencias de
the frequencies in the totals row and column; The totals dos vías, las frecuencias en los totales de fila y columna;
of each subcategory in a two-way frequency table. Los totales de cada subcategoría en una tabla de
frecuencia bidireccional.
maximum The highest point on the graph of a curve. máximo El punto más alto en la gráfica de una curva.
maximum error of the estimate The maximum error máximo de la estimación La diferencia máxima
difference between the estimate of the population entre la estimación de la media de la población y su
mean and its actual value. valor real.
measurement data Data that have units and can be medicion de datos Datos que tienen unidades y que
measured. pueden medirse.
measures of center Measures of what is average. medidas del centro Medidas de lo que es promedio.
measures of spread Measures of how spread out the medidas de propagación Medidas de cómo se
data are. extienden los datos son.
median The beginning of the second quartile that mediana El comienzo del segundo cuartil que separa
separates the data into upper and lower halves. los datos en mitades superior e inferior.
median of a triangle A line segment with endpoints mediana de un triángulo Un segmento de línea con
that are a vertex of the triangle and the midpoint of the extremos que son un vértice del triángulo y el punto
side opposite the vertex. medio del lado opuesto al vértice.
metric A rule for assigning a number to some métrico Una regla para asignar un número a alguna
characteristic or attribute. caracteristica o atribuye.
midline The line about which the graph of a function linea media La línea sobre la cual oscila la gráfica de
oscillates. una función periódica.
midpoint The point on a line segment halfway punto medio El punto en un segmento de línea a
between the endpoints of the segment. medio camino entre los extremos del segmento.
midsegment of a trapezoid The segment that segment medio de un trapecio El segmento que
connects the midpoints of the legs of a trapezoid. conecta los puntos medios de las patas de un trapecio.
midsegment of a triangle The segment that connects segment medio de un triángulo El segmento que
the midpoints of the legs of a triangle. conecta los puntos medios de las patas de un triángulo.
minimum The lowest point on the graph of a curve. mínimo El punto más bajo en la gráfica de una curva.
Glossary G23

minor arc An arc with measure less than 180°. arco menor Un arco con una medida inferior a 180°.
mixture problems Problems that involve creating a problemas de mezcla Problemas que implican crear
mixture of two or more kinds of things and then una mezcla de dos o más tipos de cosas y luego
determining some quantity of the resulting mixture. determinar una cierta cantidad de la mezcla resultante.
monomial A number, a variable, or a product of a monomio Un número, una variable, o un producto de

number and one or more variables. un número y una o más variables.
monomial function A function of the form f(x) = axn, función monomial Una función de la forma f(x) = axn,
for which a is a nonzero real number and n is a positive para la cual a es un número real no nulo y n es un
integer. entero positivo.
multi-step equation An equation that uses more than ecuaciones de varios pasos Una ecuación que utiliza
one operation to solve it. más de una operación para resolverla.
multiplicative identity Because the product of any identidad multiplicativa Dado que el producto de
number a and 1 is equal to a, 1 is the multiplicative cualquier número a y 1 es igual a, 1 es la identidad
identity. multiplicativa.
multiplicative inverses Two numbers with a product inversos multiplicativos Dos números con un
of 1. producto es igual a 1.
multiplicity The number of times a number is a zero multiplicidad El número de veces que un número es
for a given polynomial. cero para un polinomio dado.
mutually exclusive Events that cannot occur at the mutuamente exclusivos Eventos que no pueden
same time. ocurrir al mismo tiempo.
N
natural base exponential function An exponential función exponencial de base natural An exponential
function with base e, written as y = ex. function with base e, written as y = ex.
natural logarithm The inverse of the natural base logaritmo natural La inversa de la función exponencial
exponential function, most often abbreviated as ln x. de base natural, más a menudo abreviada como ln x.
negation A statement that has the opposite meaning, negación Una declaración que tiene el significado
as well as the opposite truth value, of an original opuesto, así como el valor de verdad opuesto, de una
statement. declaración original.
negative Where the graph of a function lies below the negativo Donde la gráfica de una función se
x-axis. encuentra debajo del eje x.
negative correlation Bivariate data in which y correlación negativa Datos bivariate en el cual y
decreases as x increases. disminuye a x aumenta.
negative exponent An exponent that is a negative exponente negativo Un exponente que es un número
number. negativo.
G24 Glossary

negatively skewed distribution A distribution that distribución negativamente sesgada Una distribución
typically has a median greater than the mean and less que típicamente tiene una mediana mayor que la media
data on the left side of the graph. y menos datos en el lado izquierdo del gráfico.
net A two-dimensional figure that forms the surfaces red Una figura bidimensional que forma las superficies
of a three-dimensional object when folded. de un objeto tridimensional cuando se dobla.
no correlation Bivariate data in which x and y are not sin correlación Datos bivariados en los que x e y no
related. están relacionados.
nonlinear function A function in which a set of points función no lineal Una función en la que un conjunto
cannot all lie on the same line de puntos no puede estar en la misma línea
nonrigid motion A transformation that changes the movimiento no rígida Una transformación que
dimensions of a given figure. cambia las dimensiones de una figura dada.
normal distribution A continuous, symmetric, bell- distribución normal Distribución con forma de
shaped distribution of a random variable. campana, simétrica y continua de una variable aleatoria.
nth root If an = b for a positive integer n, then a is raíz enésima Si an = b para cualquier entero positive
the nth root of b. n, entonces a se llama una raíz enésima de b.
nth term of an arithmetic sequence The nth term of enésimo término de una secuencia aritmética El
an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common enésimo término de una secuencia aritmética con el
difference d is given by an = a1 + (n - 1)d, where n is a primer término a1 y la diferencia común d viene dado por
positive integer. an = a1 + (n - 1)d, donde n es un número entero positivo.
numerical expression A mathematical phrase expresión numérica Una frase matemática que
involving only numbers and mathematical operations. implica sólo números y operaciones matemáticas.
O
oblique asymptote An asymptote that is neither asíntota oblicua Una asíntota que no es ni horizontal
horizontal nor vertical. ni vertical.
observational study Members of a sample are estudio de observación Los miembros de una
measured or observed without being affected by the muestra son medidos o observados sin ser afectados
study. por el estudio.
octant One of the eight divisions of three-dimensional octante Una de las ocho divisiones del espacio
space. tridimensional.
odd functions Functions that are symmetric in the funciones extrañas Funciones que son simétricas en
origin. el origen.
one-to-one function A function for which each función biunívoca Función para la cual cada
element of the range is paired with exactly one element elemento del rango está emparejado con exactamente
of the domain. un elemento del dominio.
onto function A function for which the codomain is sobre la función Función para la cual el codomain es
the same as the range. el mismo que el rango.
Glossary G25

open half-plane The solution of a linear inequality medio plano abierto La solución de una desigualdad
that does not include the boundary line. linear que no incluye la línea de limite.
opposite rays Two collinear rays with a common rayos opuestos Dos rayos colineales con un punto
endpoint. final común.
optimization The process of seeking the optimal price optimización El proceso de buscar el precio óptimo o
or amount that is desired to minimize costs or maximize la cantidad que se desea minimizar los costos o
profits. maximizar los beneficios.
order of symmetry The number of times a figure orden de la simetría El número de veces que una
maps onto itself. figura se asigna a sí misma.
ordered triple Three numbers given in a specific triple ordenado Tres números dados en un orden
order used to locate points in space. específico usado para localizar puntos en el espacio.
orthocenter The point of concurrency of the altitudes ortocentro El punto de concurrencia de las altitudes
of a triangle. de un triángulo.
orthographic drawing The two-dimensional views of the dibujo ortográfico Las vistas bidimensionales de los
top, left, front, and right sides of an object. lados superior, izquierdo, frontal y derecho de un objeto.
oscillation How much the graph of a function varies oscilación Cuánto la gráfica de una función varía
between its extreme values as it approaches positive or entre sus valores extremos cuando se acerca al infinito
negative infinity. positivo o negativo.
outcome The result of a single event; The result of a resultado El resultado de un solo evento; El resultado
single performance or trial of an experiment. de un solo rendimiento o ensayo de un experimento.
outlier A value that is more than 1.5 times the parte aislada Un valor que es más de 1,5 veces el
interquartile range above the third quartile or below the rango intercuartílico por encima del tercer cuartil o por
first quartile. debajo del primer cuartil.
P
parabola A curved shape that results when a cone is parábola Forma curvada que resulta cuando un cono
cut at an angle by a plane that intersects the base; The es cortado en un ángulo por un plano que interseca la
graph of a quadratic function. base; La gráfica de una función cuadrática.
paragraph proof A paragraph that explains why the prueba de párrafo Un párrafo que explica por qué la
conjecture for a given situation is true. conjetura para una situación dada es verdadera.
parallel lines Coplanar lines that do not intersect; líneas paralelas Líneas coplanares que no se
Nonvertical lines in the same plane that have the same intersecan; Líneas no verticales en el mismo plano que
slope. tienen pendientes iguales.
parallel planes Planes that do not intersect. planos paralelas Planos que no se intersecan.
parallelogram A quadrilateral with both pairs of paralelogramo Un cuadrilátero con ambos pares de
opposite sides parallel. lados opuestos paralelos.
G26 Glossary

parameter A measure that describes a characteristic parámetro Una medida que describe una
of a population; A value in the equation of a function característica de una población; Un valor en la ecuación
that can be varied to yield a family of functions. de una función que se puede variar para producir una
familia de funciones.
parent function The simplest of functions in a family. función basica La función más fundamental de un
familia de funciones.
Pascal’s triangle A triangle of numbers in which a triángulo de Pascal Un triángulo de números en el

row represents the coefficients of an expanded que una fila representa los coeficientes de un binomio
binomial (a + b)n. expandido (a + b)n.
percent rate of change The percent of increase per por ciento tasa de cambio El porcentaje de aumento
time period. por período de tiempo.
percentile A measure that tells what percent of the percentil Una medida que indica qué porcentaje de
total scores were below a given score. las puntuaciones totales estaban por debajo de una
puntuación determinada.
perfect cube A rational number with a cube root that cubo perfecto Un número racional con un raíz cúbica
is a rational number. que es un número racional.
perfect square A rational number with a square root cuadrado perfecto Un número racional con un raíz
that is a rational number. cuadrada que es un número racional.
perfect square trinomials Squares of binomials. trinomio cuadrado perfecto Cuadrados de los binomios.
perimeter The sum of the lengths of the sides of a perimetro La suma de las longitudes de los lados de
polygon. un polígono.
period The horizontal length of one cycle. periodo La longitud horizontal de un ciclo.
periodic function A function with y-values that repeat función periódica Una función con y-valores aquella
at regular intervals. repetición con regularidad.
permutation An arrangement of objects in which permutación Un arreglo de objetos en el que el orden

order is important. es importante.
perpendicular Intersecting at right angles. perpendicular Intersección en ángulo recto.
perpendicular bisector Any line, segment, or ray that mediatriz Cualquier línea, segmento o rayo que pasa
passes through the midpoint of a segment and is por el punto medio de un segmento y es perpendicular
perpendicular to that segment. a ese segmento.
perpendicular lines Nonvertical lines in the same plane líneas perpendiculares Líneas no verticales en el mismo
for which the product of the slopes is –1. plano para las que el producto de las pendientes es -1.
phase shift A horizontal translation of the graph of a cambio de fase Una traducción horizontal de la
trigonometric function. gráfica de una función trigonométrica.
pi The ratio __ pi Relación __

cricumference circunferencia
  diameter .   .
diámetro
Glossary G27

piecewise-defined function A function defined by at función definida por piezas Una función definida por al
least two subfunctions, each of which is defined menos dos subfunciones, cada una de las cuales se define
differently depending on the interval of the domain. de manera diferente dependiendo del intervalo del dominio.
piecewise-linear function A function defined by at función lineal por piezas Una función definida por al
least two linear subfunctions, each of which is defined menos dos subfunciones lineal, cada una de las cuales
differently depending on the interval of the domain. se define de manera diferente dependiendo del
intervalo del dominio.
plane A flat surface made up of points that has no plano Una superficie plana compuesta de puntos que
depth and extends indefinitely in all directions. no tiene profundidad y se extiende indefinidamente en
todas las direcciones.
plane symmetry When a plane intersects a three- simetría plana Cuando un plano cruza una figura
dimensional figure so one half is the reflected image of tridimensional, una mitad es la imagen reflejada de la
the other half. otra mitad.
Platonic solid One of five regular polyhedra. sólido platónico Uno de cinco poliedros regulares.
point A location with no size, only position. punto Una ubicación sin tamaño, solo posición.
point discontinuity An area that appears to be a hole discontinuidad de punto Un área que parece ser un
in a graph. agujero en un gráfico.
point of concurrency The point of intersection of punto de concurrencia El punto de intersección de

concurrent lines. líneas concurrentes.
point of symmetry The point about which a figure is punto de simetría El punto sobre el que se gira una
rotated. figura.
point of tangency For a line that intersects a circle in one punto de tangencia Para una línea que cruza un
point, the point at which they intersect. círculo en un punto, el punto en el que se cruzan.
point symmetry A figure or graph has this when a simetría de punto Una figura o gráfica tiene esto
figure is rotated 180° about a point and maps exactly cuando una figura se gira 180° alrededor de un punto y
onto the other part. se mapea exactamente sobre la otra parte.
polygon A closed plane figure with at least three polígono Una figura plana cerrada con al menos tres
straight sides. lados rectos.
polyhedron A closed three-dimensional figure made poliedros Una figura tridimensional cerrada formada
up of flat polygonal regions. por regiones poligonales planas.
polynomial A monomial or the sum of two or more polinomio Un monomio o la suma de dos o más
monomials. monomios.
polynomial function A continuous function that can función polinómica Función continua que puede
be described by a polynomial equation in one variable. describirse mediante una ecuación polinómica en una
variable.
G28 Glossary

polynomial identity A polynomial equation that is true identidad polinomial Una ecuación polinómica que es
for any values that are substituted for the variables. verdadera para cualquier valor que se sustituya por las
variables.
population All of the members of a group of interest población Todos los miembros de un grupo de interés
about which data will be collected. sobre cuáles datos serán recopilados.
population proportion The number of members in the proporción de la población El número de miembros
population with a particular characteristic divided by en la población con una característica particular dividida
the total number of members in the population. por el número total de miembros en la población.
positive Where the graph of a function lies above the positiva Donde la gráfica de una función se encuentra
x-axis. por encima del eje x.
positive correlation Bivariate data in which y correlación positiva Datos bivariate en el cual y
increases as x increases. aumenta a x disminuye.
positively skewed distribution A distribution that typically distribución positivamente sesgada Una distribución
has a mean greater than the median. que típicamente tiene una media mayor que la mediana.
postulate A statement that is accepted as true postulado Una declaración que se acepta como
without proof. verdadera sin prueba.
power function A function of the form f(x) = axn, función de potencia Una ecuación polinomial que es
where a and n are nonzero real numbers. verdadera para una función de la forma f(x) = axn,
donde a y n son números reales no nulos.
precision The repeatability, or reproducibility, of a precisión La repetibilidad, o reproducibilidad, de una

measurement. medida.
preimage The original figure in a transformation. preimagen La figura original en una transformación.
prime polynomial A polynomial that cannot be written polinomio primo Un polinomio que no puede
as a product of two polynomials with integer escribirse como producto de dos polinomios con
coefficients. coeficientes enteros.
principal root The nonnegative root of a number. raíz principal La raíz no negativa de un número.
principal square root The nonnegative square root of raíz cuadrada principal La raíz cuadrada no negativa
a number. de un número.
principal values The values in the restricted domains valores principales Valores de los dominios
of trigonometric functions. restringidos de las functiones trigonométricas.
principle of superposition Two figures are congruent principio de superposición Dos figuras son
if and only if there is a rigid motion or series of rigid congruentes si y sólo si hay un movimiento rígido o una
motions that maps one figure exactly onto the other. serie de movimientos rígidos que traza una figura
exactamente sobre la otra.
prism A polyhedron with two parallel congruent prisma Un poliedro con dos bases congruentes
bases connected by parallelogram faces. paralelas conectadas por caras de paralelogramo.
Glossary G29

probability The number of outcomes in which a probabilidad El número de resultados en los que se
specified event occurs to the total number of trials. produce un evento especificado al número total de
ensayos.
probability distribution A function that maps the distribución de probabilidad Una función que mapea
sample space to the probabilities of the outcomes in el espacio de muestra a las probabilidades de los
the sample space for a particular random variable. resultados en el espacio de muestra para una variable
aleatoria particular.
probability model A mathematical representation of a modelo de probabilidad Una representación

random event that consists of the sample space and the matemática de un evento aleatorio que consiste en el
probability of each outcome. espacio muestral y la probabilidad de cada resultado.
projectile motion problems Problems that involve problemas de movimiento del proyectil Problemas
objects being thrown or dropped. que involucran objetos que se lanzan o caen.
proof A logical argument in which each statement is prueba Un argumento lógico en el que cada
supported by a statement that is accepted as true. sentencia está respaldada por una sentencia aceptada
como verdadera.
proof by contradiction One assumes that the prueba por contradicción Se supone que la afirmación
statement to be proven is false and then uses logical a ser probada es falsa y luego utiliza el razonamiento
reasoning to deduce that a statement contradicts a lógico para deducir que una afirmación contradice un
postulate, theorem, or one of the assumptions. postulado, teorema o uno de los supuestos.
proportion A statement that two ratios are equivalent. proporción Una declaración de que dos proporciones
son equivalentes.
pure imaginary number A number of the form bi, número imaginario puro Un número de la forma bi,
where b is a real number and i is the imaginary unit. donde b es un número real e i es la unidad imaginaria.
pyramid A polyhedron with a polygonal base and pirámide Poliedro con una base poligonal y tres o
three or more triangular faces that meet at a common más caras triangulares que se encuentran en un vértice
vertex. común.
Pythagorean identities Identities that express the identidades pitagóricas Identidades que expresan el
Pythagorean Theorem in terms of the trigonometric Teorema de Pitágoras en términos de las funciones
functions. trigonométricas.
Pythagorean triple A set of three nonzero whole triplete Pitágorico Un conjunto de tres números
numbers that make the Pythagorean Theorem true. enteros distintos de cero que hacen que el Teorema de
Pitágoras sea verdadero.
Q
quadrantal angle An angle in standard position with a ángulo de cuadrante Un ángulo en posición
terminal side that coincides with one of the axes. estándar con un lado terminal que coincide con uno
de los ejes.
quadratic equation An equation that includes a ecuación cuadrática Una ecuación que incluye una
quadratic expression. expresión cuadrática.
G30 Glossary

quadratic expression An expression in one variable expresión cuadrática Una expresión en una variable
with a degree of 2. con un grado de 2.
quadratic form A form of polynomial equation, au2 + forma cuadrática Una forma de ecuación polinomial,
bu + c, where u is an algebraic expression in x. au2 + bu + c, donde u es una expresión algebraica en x.
quadratic function A function with a graph that is a función cuadrática Una función con una gráfica que
parabola. es una parábola.
quadratic inequality An inequality of the form y > ax2 desigualdad cuadrática Una desigualdad de la forma
+ bx + c, y ≥ ax2 + bx + c, y < ax2 + bx + c, or y ≤ y > ax2 + bx + c, y ≥ ax2 + bx + c, y < ax2 + bx + c,
ax2 + bx + c. or y ≤ ax2 + bx + c.
quadratic relations Equations of parabolas with relaciones cuadráticas Ecuaciones de parábolas con
horizontal axes of symmetry that are not functions. ejes horizontales de simetría que no son funciones.
quartic function A fourth-degree function. función cuartica Una función de cuarto grado.
quartiles Measures of position that divide a data set cuartiles Medidas de posición que dividen un
arranged in ascending order into four groups, each conjunto de datos dispuestos en orden ascendente en
containing about one fourth or 25% of the data. cuatro grupos, cada uno de los cuales contiene
aproximadamente un cuarto o el 25% de los datos.
quintic function A fifth-degree function. función quíntica Una función de quinto grado.
R
180° 180°
radian A unit of angular measurement equal to ____
  π or radián Una unidad de medida angular igual o ____
  π
about 57.296°. alrededor de 57.296°.
radical equation An equation with a variable in a ecuación radical Una ecuación con una variable en
radicand. un radicand.
radical expression An expression that contains a expresión radicales Una expresión que contiene un
radical symbol, such as a square root. símbolo radical, tal como una raíz cuadrada.
radical form When an expression contains a radical forma radical Cuando una expresión contiene un
symbol. símbolo radical.
radical function A function that contains radicals with función radical Función que contiene radicales con
variables in the radicand. variables en el radicand.
radicand The expression under a radical sign. radicando La expresión debajo del signo radical.
radius of a circle or sphere A line segment from the radio de un círculo o esfera Un segmento de línea
center to a point on a circle or sphere. desde el centro hasta un punto en un círculo o esfera.
radius of a regular polygon The radius of the circle radio de un polígono regular El radio del círculo
circumscribed about a regular polygon. circunscrito alrededor de un polígono regular.
Glossary G31

range The difference between the greatest and least rango La diferencia entre los valores de datos más
values in a set of data; The set of second numbers of grande or menos en un sistema de datos; El conjunto
the ordered pairs in a relation; The set of y-values that de los segundos números de los pares ordenados de
actually result from the evaluation of the function. una relación; El conjunto de valores y que realmente
resultan de la evaluación de la función.
rate of change How a quantity is changing with tasa de cambio Cómo cambia una cantidad con
respect to a change in another quantity. respecto a un cambio en otra cantidad.
rational equation An equation that contains at least ecuación racional Una ecuación que contiene al
one rational expression. menos una expresión racional.
rational exponent An exponent that is expressed as a exponente racional Un exponente que se expresa
fraction. como una fracción.
rational expression A ratio of two polynomial expresión racional Una relación de dos expresiones
expressions. polinomiales.
a(x) a(x)
rational function An equation of the form f(x) =  ___
b(x) , función racional Una ecuación de la forma f(x) =  ___
b(x) ,
where a(x) and b(x) are polynomial expressions and b(x) donde a(x) y b(x) son expresiones polinomiales y b(x) ≠
≠ 0. 0.
rational inequality An inequality that contains at least desigualdad racional Una desigualdad que contiene
one rational expression. al menos una expresión racional.
rationalizing the denominator A method used to racionalizando el denominador Método utilizado para
eliminate radicals from the denominator of a fraction or eliminar radicales del denominador de una fracción o
fractions from a radicand. fracciones de una radicand.
ray Part of a line that starts at a point and extends to rayo Parte de una línea que comienza en un punto y
infinity. se extiende hasta el infinito.
n n
reciprocal function An equation of the form f(x) =  ___
b(x) , función recíproca Una ecuación de la forma f(x) = ___  b(x) ,
where n is a real number and b(x) is a linear expression donde n es un número real y b(x) es una expresión lineal
that cannot equal 0. que no puede ser igual a 0.
reciprocal trigonometric functions Trigonometric funciones trigonométricas recíprocas Funciones

functions that are reciprocals of each other. trigonométricas que son reciprocales entre sí.
reciprocals Two numbers with a product of 1. recíprocos Dos números con un producto de 1.
rectangle A parallelogram with four right angles. rectángulo Un paralelogramo con cuatro ángulos rectos.
recursive formula A formula that gives the value of formula recursiva Una fórmula que da el valor del
the first term in the sequence and then defines the next primer término en la secuencia y luego define el
term by using the preceding term. siguiente término usando el término anterior.
reduction A dilation with a scale factor between 0 reducción Una dilatación con un factor de escala
and 1. entre 0 y 1.
reference angle The acute angle formed by the ángulo de referencia El ángulo agudo formado por el
terminal side of an angle and the x-axis. lado terminal de un ángulo en posición estándar y el eje x.
G32 Glossary

reflection A function in which the preimage is reflexión Función en la que la preimagen se refleja en
reflected in the line of reflection; A transformation in la línea de reflexión; Una transformación en la que una
which a figure, line, or curve is flipped across a line. figura, línea o curva se voltea a través de una línea.
regression function A function generated by an función de regresión Función generada por un

algorithm to find a line or curve that fits a set of data. algoritmo para encontrar una línea o curva que se
ajuste a un conjunto de datos.
regular polygon A convex polygon that is both polígono regular Un polígono convexo que es a la vez
equilateral and equiangular. equilátero y equiangular.
regular polyhedron A polyhedron in which all of its poliedro regular Un poliedro en el que todas sus
faces are regular congruent polygons and all of the caras son polígonos congruentes regulares y todos los
edges are congruent. bordes son congruentes.
regular pyramid A pyramid with a base that is a pirámide regular Una pirámide con una base que es
regular polygon. un polígono regular.
regular tessellation A tessellation formed by only one teselado regular Un teselado formado por un solo
type of regular polygon. tipo de polígono regular.
relation A set of ordered pairs. relación Un conjunto de pares ordenados.
relative frequency In a two-way frequency table, the frecuencia relativa En una tabla de frecuencia
ratios of the number of observations in a category to bidireccional, las relaciones entre el número de
the total number of observations; The ratio of the observaciones en una categoría y el número total de
number of observations in a category to the total observaciones; La relación entre el número de
number of observations. observaciones en una categoría y el número total de
observaciones.
relative maximum A point on the graph of a function máximo relativo Un punto en la gráfica de una
where no other nearby points have a greater función donde ningún otro punto cercano tiene una
y-coordinate. coordenada y mayor.
relative minimum A point on the graph of a function mínimo relativo Un punto en la gráfica de una función
where no other nearby points have a lesser donde ningún otro punto cercano tiene una coordenada
y-coordinate. y menor.
remote interior angles Interior angles of a triangle ángulos internos no adyacentes Ángulos interiores
that are not adjacent to an exterior angle. de un triángulo que no están adyacentes a un ángulo
exterior.
residual The difference between an observed y-value residual La diferencia entre un valor de y observado y
and its predicted y-value on a regression line. su valor de y predicho en una línea de regresión.
rhombus A parallelogram with all four sides rombo Un paralelogramo con los cuatro lados
congruent. congruentes.
rigid motion A transformation that preserves distance movimiento rígido Una transformación que preserva
and angle measure. la distancia y la medida del ángulo.
Glossary G33

root A solution of an equation. raíz Una solución de una ecuación.
rotation A function that moves every point of a rotación Función que mueve cada punto de una
preimage through a specified angle and direction about preimagen a través de un ángulo y una dirección
a fixed point. especificados alrededor de un punto fijo.
rotational symmetry A figure can be rotated less than simetría rotacional Una figura puede girar menos de
360° about a point so that the image and the preimage 360° alrededor de un punto para que la imagen y la
are indistinguishable. preimagen sean indistinguibles.
S
sample A subset of a population. muestra Un subconjunto de una población.
sample space The set of all possible outcomes. espacio muestral El conjunto de todos los resultados
posibles.
sampling error The variation between samples taken error de muestreo La variación entre muestras
from the same population. tomadas de la misma población.
scale The distance between tick marks on the x- and escala La distancia entre las marcas en los ejes x e y.
y-axes.
scale factor of a dilation The ratio of a length on an factor de escala de una dilatación Relación de una
image to a corresponding length on the preimage. longitud en una imagen con una longitud
correspondiente en la preimagen.
scatter plot A graph of bivariate data that consists of gráfica de dispersión Una gráfica de datos bivariados que
ordered pairs on a coordinate plane. consiste en pares ordenados en un plano de coordenadas.
secant Any line or ray that intersects a circle in secante Cualquier línea o rayo que cruce un círculo
exactly two points; The ratio of the length of the en exactamente dos puntos; Relación entre la longitud
hypotenuse to the length of the leg adjacent to the angle. de la hipotenusa y la longitud de la pierna adyacente al
ángulo.
sector A region of a circle bounded by a central angle sector Una región de un círculo delimitada por un
and its intercepted arc. ángulo central y su arco interceptado.
segment bisector Any segment, line, plane, or point bisectriz del segmento Cualquier segmento, línea,
that intersects a line segment at its midpoint. plano o punto que interseca un segmento de línea en
su punto medio.
self-selected sample Members volunteer to be muestra auto-seleccionada Los miembros se ofrecen

included in the sample. como voluntarios para ser incluidos en la muestra.
semicircle An arc that measures exactly 180°. semicírculo Un arco que mide exactamente 180°.
semiregular tessellation A tessellation formed by two teselado semiregular Un teselado formado por dos o
or more regular polygons. más polígonos regulares.
sequence A list of numbers in a specific order. secuencia Una lista de números en un orden
específico.
G34 Glossary

series The indicated sum of the terms in a sequence. serie La suma indicada de los términos en una
secuencia.
set-builder notation Mathematical notation that notación de construción de conjuntos Notación

describes a set by stating the properties that its matemática que describe un conjunto al declarar las
members must satisfy. propiedades que sus miembros deben satisfacer.
sides of an angle The rays that form an angle. lados de un ángulo Los rayos que forman un ángulo.
sigma notation A notation that uses the Greek notación de sigma Una notación que utiliza la letra
uppercase letter S to indicate that a sum should be mayúscula griega S para indicar que debe encontrarse
found. una suma.
significant figures The digits of a number that are dígitos significantes Los dígitos de un número que
used to express a measure to an appropriate degree of se utilizan para expresar una medida con un grado
accuracy. apropiado de precisión.
similar polygons Two figures are similar polygons if polígonos similares Dos figuras son polígonos similares
one can be obtained from the other by a dilation or a si uno puede ser obtenido del otro por una dilatación o
dilation with one or more rigid motions. una dilatación con uno o más movimientos rígidos.
similar solids Solid figures with the same shape but sólidos similares Figuras sólidas con la misma forma
not necessarily the same size. pero no necesariamente del mismo tamaño.
similar triangles Triangles in which all of the triángulos similares Triángulos en los cuales todos
corresponding angles are congruent and all of the los ángulos correspondientes son congruentes y todos
corresponding sides are proportional. los lados correspondientes son proporcionales.
similarity ratio The scale factor between two similar relación de similitud El factor de escala entre dos
polygons. polígonos similares.
similarity transformation A transformation composed transformación de similitud Una transformación

of a dilation or a dilation and one or more rigid motions. compuesto por una dilatación o una dilatación y uno
o más movimientos rígidos.
simple random sample Each member of the muestra aleatoria simple Cada miembro de la
population has an equal chance of being selected as población tiene la misma posibilidad de ser
part of the sample. seleccionado como parte de la muestra.
simplest form An expression is in simplest form when forma reducida Una expresión está reducida cuando
it is replaced by an equivalent expression having no like se puede sustituir por una expresión equivalente que
terms or parentheses. no tiene ni términos semejantes ni paréntesis.
simulation The use of a probability model to imitate a simulación El uso de un modelo de probabilidad para
process or situation so it can be studied. imitar un proceso o situación para que pueda ser
estudiado.
sine The ratio of the length of the leg opposite an seno La relación entre la longitud de la pierna
angle to the length of the hypotenuse. opuesta a un ángulo y la longitud de la hipotenusa.
Glossary G35

sinusoidal function A function that can be produced función sinusoidal Función que puede producirse
by translating, reflecting, or dilating the sine function. traduciendo, reflejando o dilatando la función sinusoidal.
skew lines Noncoplanar lines that do not intersect. líneas alabeadas Líneas no coplanares que no se cruzan.
slant height of a pyramid or right cone The length of altura inclinada de una pirámide o cono derecho La
a segment with one endpoint on the base edge of the longitud de un segmento con un punto final en el borde
figure and the other at the vertex. base de la figura y el otro en el vértice.
slope The rate of change in the y-coordinates (rise) to pendiente La tasa de cambio en las coordenadas y
the corresponding change in the x-coordinates (run) for (subida) al cambio correspondiente en las coordenadas
points on a line. x (carrera) para puntos en una línea.
slope criteria Outlines a method for proving the criterios de pendiente Describe un método para
relationship between lines based on a comparison of probar la relación entre líneas basado en una
the slopes of the lines. comparación de las pendientes de las líneas.
solid of revolution A solid figure obtained by rotating sólido de revolución Una figura sólida obtenida
a shape around an axis. girando una forma alrededor de un eje.
solution A value that makes an equation true. solución Un valor que hace que una ecuación sea
verdadera.
solve an equation The process of finding all values of resolver una ecuación El proceso en que se hallan
the variable that make the equation a true statement. todos los valores de la variable que hacen verdadera la
ecuación.
solving a triangle When you are given measurements resolver un triángulo Cuando se le dan mediciones
to find the unknown angle and side measures of a para encontrar el ángulo desconocido y las medidas
triangle. laterales de un triángulo.
space A boundless three-dimensional set of all espacio Un conjunto tridimensional ilimitado de todos
points. los puntos.
sphere A set of all points in space equidistant from a esfera Un conjunto de todos los puntos del espacio
given point called the center of the sphere. equidistantes de un punto dado llamado centro de la esfera.
square A parallelogram with all four sides and all four cuadrado Un paralelogramo con los cuatro lados y
angles congruent. los cuatro ángulos congruentes.
square root One of two equal factors of a number. raíz cuadrada Uno de dos factores iguales de un
número.
square root function A radical function that contains función raíz cuadrada Función radical que contiene la
the square root of a variable expression. raíz cuadrada de una expresión variable.
square root inequality An inequality that contains the square root inequality Una desigualdad que contiene
square root of a variable expression. la raíz cuadrada de una expresión variable.
standard deviation A measure that shows how data desviación tipica Una medida que muestra cómo los
deviate from the mean. datos se desvían de la media.
G36 Glossary

standard error of the mean The standard deviation of error estandar de la media La desviación estándar de
the distribution of sample means taken from a la distribución de los medios de muestra se toma de
population. una población.
standard form of a linear equation Any linear forma estándar de una ecuación lineal Cualquier
equation can be written in this form, Ax + By = C, ecuación lineal se puede escribir de esta forma, Ax +
where A ≥ 0, A and B are not both 0, and A, B, and C By = C, donde A ≥ 0, A y B no son ambos 0, y A, B y C
are integers with a greatest common factor of 1. son enteros con el mayor factor común de 1.
standard form of a polynomial A polynomial that is forma estándar de un polinomio Un polinomio que se
written with the terms in order from greatest degree to escribe con los términos en orden del grado más
least degree. grande a menos grado.
standard form of a quadratic equation A quadratic forma estándar de una ecuación cuadrática Una
equation can be written in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, ecuación cuadrática puede escribirse en la forma ax2 +
where a ≠ 0 and a, b, and c are integers. bx + c = 0, donde a ≠ 0 y a, b, y c son enteros.
standard normal distribution A normal distribution with a distribución normal estándar Distribución normal con
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. una media de 0 y una desviación estándar de 1.
standard position An angle positioned so that the posición estándar Un ángulo colocado de manera
vertex is at the origin and the initial side is on the que el vértice está en el origen y el lado inicial está en
positive x-axis. el eje x positivo.
statement Any sentence that is either true or false, enunciado Cualquier oración que sea verdadera o
but not both. falsa, pero no ambas.
statistic A measure that describes a characteristic of a estadística Una medida que describe una
sample. característica de una muestra.
statistics An area of mathematics that deals with estadísticas El proceso de recolección, análisis e
collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. interpretación de datos.
step function A type of piecewise-linear function with función escalonada Un tipo de función lineal por
a graph that is a series of horizontal line segments. piezas con un gráfico que es una serie de segmentos
de línea horizontal.
straight angle An angle that measures 180°. ángulo recto Un ángulo que mide 180°.
stratified sample The population is first divided muestra estratificada La población se divide primero en
into similar, nonoverlapping groups. Then members grupos similares, sin superposición. A continuación, los
are randomly selected from each group. miembros se seleccionan aleatoriamente de cada grupo.
substitution A process of solving a system of sustitución Un proceso de resolución de un sistema

equations in which one equation is solved for one de ecuaciones en el que una ecuación se resuelve para
variable in terms of the other. una variable en términos de la otra.
supplementary angles Two angles with measures ángulos suplementarios Dos ángulos con medidas
that have a sum of 180°. que tienen una suma de 180°.
Glossary G37

surface area The sum of the areas of all faces and área de superficie La suma de las áreas de todas las
side surfaces of a three-dimensional figure. caras y superficies laterales de una figura tridimensional.
survey Data are collected from responses given by encuesta Los datos se recogen de las respuestas
members of a group regarding their characteristics, dadas por los miembros de un grupo con respecto a
behaviors, or opinions. sus características, comportamientos u opiniones.
symmetric distribution A distribution in which the distribución simétrica Un distribución en la que la

mean and median are approximately equal. media y la mediana son aproximadamente iguales.
symmetry A figure has this if there exists a rigid simetría Una figura tiene esto si existe una reflexión-
motion—reflection, translation, rotation, or glide reflexión, una traducción, una rotación o una reflexión de
reflection—that maps the figure onto itself. deslizamiento rígida-que mapea la figura sobre sí misma.
synthetic division An alternate method used to divide división sintética Un método alternativo utilizado
a polynomial by a binomial of degree 1. para dividir un polinomio por un binomio de grado 1.
synthetic geometry The study of geometric figures geometría sintética El estudio de figuras geométricas
without the use of coordinates. sin el uso de coordenadas.
synthetic substitution The process of using synthetic sustitución sintética El proceso de utilizar la división
division to find a value of a polynomial function. sintética para encontrar un valor de una función
polynomial.
system of equations A set of two or more equations sistema de ecuaciones Un conjunto de dos o más
with the same variables. ecuaciones con las mismas variables.
system of inequalities A set of two or more sistema de desigualdades Un conjunto de dos o más
inequalities with the same variables. desigualdades con las mismas variables.
systematic sample Members are selected according muestra sistemática Los miembros se seleccionan de
to a specified interval from a random starting point. acuerdo con un intervalo especificado desde un punto
de partida aleatorio.
T
tangent The ratio of the length of the leg opposite an tangente La relación entre la longitud de la pata
angle to the length of the leg adjacent to the angle. opuesta a un ángulo y la longitud de la pata adyacente
al ángulo.
tangent to a circle A line or segment in the plane of a tangente a un círculo Una línea o segmento en el
circle that intersects the circle in exactly one point and plano de un círculo que interseca el círculo en
does not contain any points in the interior of the circle. exactamente un punto y no contiene ningún punto en el
interior del círculo.
tangent to a sphere A line that intersects the sphere tangente a una esfera Una línea que interseca la
in exactly one point. esfera exactamente en un punto.
term A number, a variable, or a product or quotient of término Un número, una variable, o un producto o
numbers and variables. cociente de números y variables.
G38 Glossary

term of a sequence A number in a sequence. término de una sucesión Un número en una
secuencia.
terminal side The part of an angle that rotates about lado terminal La parte de un ángulo que gira
the center. alrededor de un centro.
tessellation A repeating pattern of one or more teselado Patrón repetitivo de una o más figuras que
figures that covers a plane with no overlapping or cubre un plano sin espacios superpuestos o vacíos.
empty spaces.
teorema Una afirmación o conjetura que se puede
theorem A statement that can be proven true using probar verdad utilizando términos, definiciones y
undefined terms, definitions, and postulates. postulados indefinidos.
theoretical probability Probability based on what is probabilidad teórica Probabilidad basada en lo que
expected to happen. se espera que suceda.
transformation A function that takes points in the transformación Función que toma puntos en el
plane as inputs and gives other points as outputs. The plano como entradas y da otros puntos como salidas.
movement of a graph on the coordinate plane. El movimiento de un gráfico en el plano de
coordenadas.
translation A function in which all of the points of a traslación Función en la que todos los puntos de una
figure move the same distance in the same direction; A figura se mueven en la misma dirección; El movimiento
transformation in which a figure is slid from one de un gráfico en el plano de coordenadas.
position to another without being turned.
translation vector A directed line segment that vector de traslación Un segmento de línea
describes both the magnitude and direction of the dirigido que describe tanto la magnitud como la
slide if the magnitude is the length of the vector from dirección de la diapositiva si la magnitud es la
its initial point to its terminal point. longitud del vector desde su punto inicial hasta su
punto terminal.
transversal A line that intersects two or more lines in transversal Una línea que interseca dos o más líneas
a plane at different points. en un plano en diferentes puntos.
trapezoid A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of trapecio Un cuadrilátero con exactamente un par de
parallel sides. lados paralelos.
trigonometric equation An equation that includes at ecuación trigonométrica Una ecuación que incluye al
least one trigonometric function. menos una función trigonométrica.
trigonometric function A function that relates the función trigonométrica Función que relaciona la
measure of one nonright angle of a right triangle to the medida de un ángulo no recto de un triángulo
ratios of the lengths of any two sides of the triangle. rectángulo con las relaciones de las longitudes de
cualquiera de los dos lados del triángulo.
trigonometric identity An equation involving identidad trigonométrica Una ecuación que implica
trigonometric functions that is true for all values for funciones trigonométricas que es verdadera para todos
which every expression in the equation is defined. los valores para los cuales se define cada expresión en
la ecuación.
Glossary G39

trigonometric ratio A ratio of the lengths of two sides relación trigonométrica Una relación de las
of a right triangle. longitudes de dos lados de un triángulo rectángulo.
trigonometry The study of the relationships between trigonometría El estudio de las relaciones entre los
the sides and angles of triangles. lados y los ángulos de los triángulos.
trinomial The sum of three monomials. trinomio La suma de tres monomios.
truth value The truth or falsity of a statement. valor de verdad La verdad o la falsedad de una
declaración.
two-column proof A proof that contains statements prueba de dos columnas Una prueba que contiene
and reasons organized in a two-column format. declaraciones y razones organizadas en un formato de
dos columnas.
two-way frequency table A table used to show tabla de frecuencia bidireccional Una tabla utilizada
frequencies of data classified according to two para mostrar las frecuencias de los datos clasificados
categories, with the rows indicating one category and de acuerdo con dos categorías, con las filas que indican
the columns indicating the other. una categoría y las columnas que indican la otra.
two-way relative frequency table A table used to tabla de frecuencia relativa bidireccional Una tabla
show frequencies of data based on a percentage of the usada para mostrar las frecuencias de datos basadas
total number of observations. en un porcentaje del número total de observaciones.
U
unbounded When the graph of a system of no acotado Cuando la gráfica de un sistema de
constraints is open. restricciones está abierta.
undefined terms Words that are not formally explained términos indefinidos Palabras que no se explican
by means of more basic words and concepts. formalmente mediante palabras y conceptos más básicos.
uniform motion problems Problems that use the problemas de movimiento uniforme Problemas que
formula d = rt, where d is the distance, r is the rate, utilizan la fórmula d = rt, donde d es la distancia, r es la
and t is the time. velocidad y t es el tiempo.
uniform tessellation A tessellation that contains the teselado uniforme Un teselado que contiene la
same arrangement of shapes and angles at each vertex. misma disposición de formas y ángulos en cada vértice.
union The graph of a compound inequality containing unión La gráfica de una desigualdad compuesta que
or. contiene la palabra o.
union of A and B The set of all outcomes in the unión de A y B El conjunto de todos los resultados en
sample space of event A combined with all outcomes in el espacio muestral del evento A combinado con todos
the sample space of event B. los resultados en el espacio muestral del evento B.
unit circle A circle with a radius of 1 unit centered at círculo unitario Un círculo con un radio de 1 unidad
the origin on the coordinate plane. centrado en el origen en el plano de coordenadas.
univariate data Measurement data in one variable. datos univariate Datos de medición en una variable.
G40 Glossary

upper quartile The median of the upper half of a set cuartil superior La mediana de la mitad superior de
of data. un conjunto de datos.
V
valid argument An argument is valid if it is impossible argumento válido Un argumento es válido si es
for all of the premises, or supporting statements, of the imposible que todas las premisas o argumentos de
argument to be true and its conclusion false. apoyo del argumento sean verdaderos y su conclusión
sea falsa.
variable A letter used to represent an unspecified variable Una letra utilizada para representar un
number or value; Any characteristic, number, or quantity número o valor no especificado; Cualquier
that can be counted or measured. característica, número, o cantidad que pueda ser
contada o medida.
variable term A term that contains a variable. término variable Un término que contiene una variable.
variance The square of the standard deviation. varianza El cuadrado de la desviación estándar.
vertex Either the lowest point or the highest point of a vértice El punto más bajo o el punto más alto en una
function. función.
vertex angle of an isosceles triangle The angle ángulo del vértice de un triángulo isósceles El ángulo
between the sides that are the legs of an isosceles entre los lados que son las patas de un triángulo
triangle. isósceles.
vertex form A quadratic function written in the form forma de vértice Una función cuadrática escribirse de
f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k. la forma f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k.
vertex of a polyhedron The intersection of three vértice de un polígono La intersección de tres bordes
edges of a polyhedron. de un poliedro.
vertex of an angle The common endpoint of the two vértice de un ángulo El punto final común de los dos
rays that form an angle. rayos que forman un ángulo.
vertical angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by ángulos verticales Dos ángulos no adyacentes
two intersecting lines. formados por dos líneas de intersección.
vertical asymptote A vertical line that a graph asíntota vertical Una línea vertical que se aproxima a
approaches. un gráfico.
vertical shift A vertical translation of the graph of a cambio vertical Una traducción vertical de la gráfica
trigonometric function. de una función trigonométrica.
volume The measure of the amount of space volumen La medida de la cantidad de espacio
enclosed by a three-dimensional figure. encerrada por una figura tridimensional.
W
work problems Problems that involve two people problemas de trabajo Problemas que involucran a
working at different rates who are trying to complete a dos personas trabajando a diferentes ritmos que están
single job. tratando de completar un solo trabajo.
Glossary G41

X
x-intercept The x-coordinate of a point where a graph intercepción x La coordenada x de un punto donde la
crosses the x-axis. gráfica corte al eje de x.
Y
y-intercept The y-coordinate of a point where a graph intercepción y La coordenada y de un punto donde la
crosses the y-axis. gráfica corte al eje de y.
Z
z-value The number of standard deviations that a valor z El número de variaciones estándar que separa
given data value is from the mean. un valor dado de la media.
zero The x-intercept of the graph of a function; the cero La intercepción x de la gráfica de una función; el
value of x for which f(x) = 0. punto x para los que f(x) = 0.
G42 Glossary

Index
axiomatic system, 553 conjectures, 703
A axioms, 553 conjunctions, 711
absolute value constant functions, 231
equations, 101
expressions, 45
B constant terms, 13
functions, 267 bar graphs, 497 constraints, 67
inequalities, 367 base angles continuous functions, 157
accuracy, 52, 679 of an isosceles triangle, 875 contrapositives, 712
additive identity, 25 base of a pyramid or cone, 657 converses, 712
additive inverses, 25 bases coplanar, 561
Algebra Tiles, 35, 39, 69, 75, 85, of a prism or cylinder, 657 corollary, 841
351, 399 bases, 5 correlation
algebraic expressions, 13 best-fit lines, 319 coefficients, 319
negative, 307
analytic geometry, 555 betweenness of points, 569
no, 307
Analyze See Practice in the bias, 503 positive, 307
lessons. bisect, 603 corresponding
Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) bisectors angles, 758
Congruence, 865 angle, 617 parts, 847
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) segment, 603 counterexamples, 706
Congruence, 863 bivariate data, 307 Create See Practice in the
angles, 615 boundaries, 375 lessons.
adjacent, 619 cylinders, 657
box plots, 509
alternate exterior, 758
alternate interior, 758
bisectors, 617 C D
complementary, 625
consecutive interior, 758 categorical data, 487 deductive
corresponding, 758 arguments, 731
causation, 315
exterior of triangles, 840 reasoning, 721
centers
exterior, 758 define a variable, 13
of rotation, 645
interior of triangles, 840 defined terms, 553
interior, 758 circumferences, 635
remote interior, 840 definitions, 553
closed, 34
of rotation, 651 dependent variable, 137
straight, 615 coefficients, 38
descriptive modeling, 49
supplementary, 625 collinear, 561
vertical, 619 dilations, 243
common differences, 251
Apply Example, 8, 79, 173, 290, dimensional analysis, 121
common ratios, 465
455, 498, 571, 662, 785, 804, discrete functions, 157
839 component form, 649
disjunctions, 711
compound inequalities, 357
approximate error, 681 distances, 577
compound interest, 453
areas, 635 distributions, 515
of circles, 635 conclusions, 712 negatively skewed, 515
of rectangles, 635 cones, 657 positively skewed, 515
of squares, 635 symmetric, 515
of triangles, 635 congruent, 572
angles, 617 domains, 135
arithmetic sequences, 251 polygons, 847 dot plots, 495
asymptotes, 433 segments, 572
Index IN1
IN1_IN5_RM_INT1_S_EM_IND_700687.indd 1 09/05/19 11:49 AM

five-number summaries, 509
E formulas
H
edges of polyhedron, 657 Distance Formula on a Number half-planes, 375
Line, 577 closed, 375, 376
elimination method
Distance Formula on the open, 375
using addition, 405
Coordinate Plane, 579
using multiplication, 413 histograms, 497
Midpoint Formula on a Number
using subtraction, 407 Hypotenuse-Angle Congruence
Line, 599
end behavior, 185 Midpoint Formula on the (HA), 871
equations, 65 Coordinate Plane, 601 Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence
absolute value, 101 Section Formula on a Number (HL), 871
equivalent, 75 Line, 587
hypothesis, 712
linear, 160 Section Formula on the
literal, 117 Coordinate Plane, 594
multi-step, 85 formulas, 117 I
solve, 75 explicit, 473
systems of, 387 identities, 25, 96
recursive, 473
with coefficients represented Slope Formula, 222, 223, 224 identity functions, 239
by letters, 87 Four-Step Problem-Solving image, 645
equidistant, 599 Plan, 7 included
equivalent equations, 75 fractional distances, 585 angles, 857
equivalent expressions, 38 sides, 863
frequencies
conditional relative, 535 independent variables, 137
Estimation, 58, 588, 694, 699,
786, 870, 887, 888, 891 joint, 533 inequalities, 341
marginal, 533 absolute value, 367
evaluate, 5 relative, 535 compound, 357
Expand, 30, 234, 436 functions, 147 solve, 342
exponential absolute value, 267 systems of, 419
decay functions, 433, 436 constant, 231 interquartile ranges, 509
functions, 431 continuous, 157
intersections, 357, 563
growth functions, 433 decreasing, 182
discrete, 157 inverse functions, 328–329
exponents, 5
exponential, 431 inverse relations, 327
expressions exponential decay, 433, 436
absolute value, 45 inverses, 712
exponential growth, 433
algebraic, 13 greatest integer, 260 isometry, 645
equivalent, 38 identity, 239
numerical, 3
extrema, 182
increasing, 182
inverse, 328, 329
L
linear, 160 Leg-Angle Congruence (LA), 871
extreme values, 518
negative, 167
Leg-Leg Congruence (LL), 871
nonlinear, 160
F notation, 150 legs
of an isosceles triangle, 875
parent, 239
faces of polyhedra, 657 piecewise-defined, 259 like terms, 38
factors, 2, 3 piecewise-linear, 259
line segments, 569
positive, 167
families of graphs, 239 directed, 585
step, 260
Find the Error, 12, 44, 48, 58, 61, line symmetry, 179
90, 108, 128, 218, 228, 266,
294, 306, 334, 350, 366, 374, G linear
equations, 160
380, 398, 404, 418, 450, 464, extrapolation, 308
geometric
472, 480, 494, 508, 514, 540, functions, 160
models, 638
560, 568, 598, 634, 655, 656, interpolation, 308
666, 678, 696, 720, 738, 746, geometric sequences, 465 regression, 319
774, 782, 792, 802, 810, 818, glide reflections, 811 transformations, 523
832, 854, 862, 870, 874, 882
greatest integer functions, 260
IN2 Index

linear equations no correlation, 307 properties
point-slope form, 295 nonlinear functions, 160 Addition Property of
slope-intercept form, 229 Equality, 75
standard form, 160 numerical expressions, 3 Addition Property of
writing, 65, 229, 287, 295 Inequalities, 342
linear pairs, 619 O Additive Identity Property, 25
Additive Inverse Property, 25
lines, 561 Order of Operations, 5 Distributive Property, 35
auxiliary, 876 Division Property of
equidistant, 787 orthographic drawings, 667
Equality, 78
parallel, 757 outliers, 518 Division Property of
perpendicular, 626–627 Inequalities, 344
of reflection, 645
skew, 757
P Multiplication Property of
Equality, 78
lines of fit, 308 parallel lines, 300, 757 Multiplication Property of
literal equations, 117 parameters, 231 Inequalities, 344
Multiplicative Identity
logically equivalent, 712 parent functions, 239 Property, 26
lower quartiles, 509 percentiles, 489 Multiplicative Inverse
perimeters, 635 Property, 26
M perpendicular lines, 300
Multiplicative Property of
Zero, 26
Index
magnitudes, 803 piecewise-defined functions, 259 Reflexive Property, 23
Reflexive Property of Triangle
mapping, 135 piecewise-linear functions, 259
Congruence, 849
Math History Minutes, 8, 94, 196, planes, 561 Substitution Property, 16
262, 320, 352, 415, 435, 475, intersecting, 563 Symmetric Property of Triangle
505, 553, 658, 767, 820, 876 parallel, 757 Congruence, 849
maximum, 182 Platonic solids, 658 Subtraction Property of
Equality, 75
measurement data, 487 point-slope form, 767
Subtraction Property of
measures of center, 487 points, 561 Inequalities, 342
mean, 487-488 polygons, 635 Symmetric Property, 23
median, 487, 488 concave, 636 Transitive Property, 23
mode, 487, 488 congruent, 847 Transitive Property of Triangle
measures of spread, 509 convex, 636 Congruence, 849
interquartile range, 509 proportions, 109
polyhedrons, 657
range, 509
standard deviation, 512 populations, 503 pyramids, 657
variance, 512 positive correlations, 307
medians, 487, 488 positively skewed Q
metrics, 49 distributions, 515
quartiles, 509
midpoints, 599 postulates, 553
minimum, 182
Parallel Postulate, 775
powers, 5
R
multi-step equations, 85
precision, 679 ranges, 135, 509
multiplicative identity, 26
preimage, 645 rates of change, 219
multiplicative inverses, 26
principle of superposition, 847 rays, 615
opposite, 615
N prisms, 657
reasoning
product, 3
deductive, 721
negations, 711
proofs, 731 inductive, 703
negative correlations, 307 coordinate, 883
reflections, 245
negatively skewed flow, 732
paragraph, 734 reflections, 645
distributions, 515
two-column, 731 in a horizontal line, 799
nets, 670 in intersecting lines, 813
Index IN3

in parallel lines, 813 standard deviations, 512 Perpendicular Transversal
in a vertical line, 799 standard form Theorem, 759
in the line y = x, 799 of a linear equation, 160 Third Angles Theorem, 849
regular Triangle Angle-Sum
statements, 711 Theorem, 839
polyhedra, 658 biconditional, 715
tessellations, 819 compound, 711 transformations, 239
relations, 135 conditional, 712 transformations, 645
relative maximum, 182 if-then, 712 compositions of, 811
statistics, 505 congruence, 645
relative minimum, 182 rigid motion, 645
residuals, 322 step functions, 260
translation vectors, 649
rigid motions, 645 substitution method, 399
translations, 239, 645
roots, 171 surface areas, 659
of regular pyramids, 659 transversals, 757
rotations, 645 of right cones, 659 triangles
of right cylinders, 659 isosceles, 875
S of right prisms, 659 truth values, 711
of spheres, 659
samples, 503 two-way frequency tables, 533
symmetric distributions, 515
scale, 139 two-way relative frequency
symmetry, 825 tables, 535
scatter plots, 307 centers of, 826
line, 825
semiregular tessellations, 819
sequences, 251
lines of, 825 U
magnitudes of, 826
arithmetic, 251 undefined terms, 553
orders of, 826
as explicit formulas, 473 point, 827 uniform tessellations, 819
as functions, 252, 467 points of, 826–827
as recursive formulas, 473 unions, 359
rotational, 826
geometric, 465 univariate data, 487
terms of, 251, 465 synthetic geometry, 555
upper quartiles, 509
set-builder notation, 342 systems of equations, 387
consistent, 387
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)
Congruence, 857
dependent, 387 V
inconsistent, 387
Side-Side-Side (SSS) valid arguments, 721
independent, 387
Congruence, 855 variable terms, 13
systems of inequalities, 419
sides of angles, 615 variables, 13, 510
significant figures, 687 T variances, 512
simplest form, 38 vertex angle of an isosceles
terms, 13 triangle, 875
slant heights
of pyramids, 659–660 terms of a sequence, 251, 465 Vertical Line Test, 147
of right cones, 659–660 tessellations, 819 vertices, 267
slope, 222 theorems, 553 of angles, 615
Alternate Exterior Angles of polyhedra, 657
slope criteria, 765
for parallel lines, 765 Theorem, 759 volumes, 659
for perpendicular lines, 765 Alternate Interior Angles of cones, 659
Theorem, 759 of cylinders, 659
slope-intercept form, 767 Consecutive Interior Angles of prisms, 659
slopes, 765 Theorem, 759 of pyramids, 659
Corresponding Angles of spheres, 659
solutions, 75
Theorem, 759
solve an equation, 75 Exterior Angle Theorem, 840
space, 561 Isosceles Triangle W
Theorem, 875
spheres, 657 Write See Practice in the lessons.
IN4 Index

X
x-intercepts, 167
Y
y-intercepts, 167
Z
zeros, 171
Index
Index IN5

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2 Equations in One Variable

3 Relations and Functions

4 Linear and Nonlinear Functions

5 Creating Linear Equations

7 Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

11 Angles and Geometric Figures

12 Logical Arguments and Line Relationships

13 Transformations and Symmetry

14 Triangles and Congruence

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Check Example 2 Graph a Greatest Integer Function Talk About It!

Learning on the Go!

The flexible approach of Reveal

Algebra 1, Reveal Geometry, and

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Equations in One Variable

Table of Contents vii

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Relations and Functions

viii Table of Contents

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Linear and Nonlinear Functions

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Creating Linear Equations

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xii Table of Contents

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Table of Contents xiii

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xiv Table of Contents

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Angles and Geometric Figures

xvi Table of Contents

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Logical Arguments and

Table of Contents xvii

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Transformations and Symmetry

13-4 Compositions of Transformations.......................................................811

xviii Table of Contents

15 – [10 + (3 – 2)2] + 6 = 15 – [10 + (1)2] + 6

47. 25 + [(16 - 3 · 5) + _____