Dt.

Pg.:
2ta
ATTER ROUNID
US URE
Fuxe ord means that there is po mixing in a Aubstance. But
aCtoding o Scienhs langunga all -thing an mixtue o
So mony aubstancesnat ingleone Thallsuhs they
a no Pie

LueAubstanes eanathai all elemenis_hauecame

chemícal Panpenieg
HPue Subsanne iS mace ub of Same Kino sT-ElemenlS

Substonce A Bubstante isa kind mallen -hat cannd be

Sepacxa-dedicda olher Kind stmatler by any Phaica
Paoperhes
Ahat is O mixtue ?
H is aAibstanre in which uso or mon ubstances arm
simply mixed together_ih a Proprmion
Cxample s Air is a mixture o oxgen,nitogen,Coa
and usaler uapou

ypes o Mxhure 3
HHomogerous-
mixdere
1) Hederogenou
Hixtute
DELTA Notebook
 D

Homogenous ie ALmíx-tute ohich -the Coposion e

is uni-toxm 18CalledhomageneOuA_mix-tun

Simple 'wgrdg k bdE

Udssolued E

aamble g Sugan in under. Hhas unitoam Comboslion

Hedengecousmiure2 Ahetemgeneous mixture ig a

mixtue in Lohich the composikion is nst untaàn
thoughoui the mikte. H Consist otophaSes

ample Mixtue ooi& ualerthey do ndi mx

thoxaghlyb nstead om we BePamde-
laiere.

whatis SoLUTION
A Solurtion is a_omogeneous mirlure of tao crmore
Substarreg
gAlimbu paniSOda uwattr eie.

Solut ion
Sotuent
Solute (Subsha nee in which
Substare dissolved
6lufe disotved
Suar Waer Sugar Solutfon
J

DELT Notebook
 Types of Mixtures

True Colloidal Suspension

1. Size of solute 1. Size of solute particles bigger than 1. Size of particles
particles smallest. true but smaller than suspension. In biggest.> 10' m.
10 m. between 10 to 10" m.

2. Solute particles 2. Can be seen

can't be seen with
Soluteeye.particles can't be scen with
2.Naked with naked eye.
naked eye.

3. Homogenous Seems homogenous but actually

3.heterogenous 3. Heterogenous
mixture. mixture. mixture.

4. Particles can't 4. Particles can't be separated by 4. Can be Separated

be separated by filteratoin. by filteration.
filteration.

5. Transparent 5. Translucent 5. Opaque

6. Unstable
6. Stable solutoins6. Stable solutions.
- i.e., solute solution -solute
particles do not particles settle
settle on keeping. upon keeping.
7. Show tyndall effect. 7. May or may not
7. Do not
tyndall effect.
show show tyndall effect.

8. Solution diffuse 8. Colloid particles pass through filter8. Suspension

rapidly through paperbut not through parchment paper.particles do not
pass through filter
filter paper as
well as parchment paper as well as
paper. parchment paper.
9. e.g., Sugar in 9. e.g.. Milk, blood. 9. e.g.. Sand/mud
water. in water.
 Common examples of colloids:
|Dispersal Phase perion
Type Example
Solute)
oivent
Gas Aerosol Fog. cloud
Liquid
2. Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke

Gas Liquid Foam Shaving

Cream
Liquid Emulsion Milk, face
. Liquid
cream,
emulsion paint
Solid Liquid Sol Mud, digene
o. Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber

sponge
1. Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese

. Solid Solid Solid sol Coloured

gemstones,
glass (milky,
coloured)

G a s in gas is not a colloidal solution - it is called a mixture.

 D1.

Pg. 2
Concentzation of Solution

Mass Mass bs Mass þexentage mass of so.lute x looo

mass a Solution

2 Mas bs Volume pereniage Volume_o Solute x loo

Volume o Solution

METHOD oF SEPARATION
voPomhion 8Ourto the huo componersls sa mixture
one Can evaporate Lie. has less boiling poiotad atber
bas higher boiling Poird
Eaample Nixture due and usader eurlouoader and
dye, uater evapates burl dye is let behind
dye has bigher boling pain

(2) Centritugation 8 epation opatkles Subsiaree on

he basis beir denstyiwhern mixture
is coterted vexyacthen denser paxicles are
orred at he0 botiom and liqhterr pasticles stay
above
Exampe 2 Sepaading cream mmilk

DELTA Notebook
 t Py

Applícaions
labson blaod and usine esis
La)_used in diagnose.
andhomeo Sepaate butttr-hom
butitr-fom
Lb))_used in-daities
Croam
machines dyers to Squeeze_ouf woater
Cc used in uashinq
omClothe

Sepamting tunne Two_ ímmiscible liquids which

in each other
do nat dissolve
ín epaaa-íng-
Con be easily Sepanated by puting
t u n D e p a m t e d _ b
q

APPlicatíons
Sepeadioo ooilfom umter:
La) iis oreLightem slag is.
Lb)Extmckon o xon-om
iDn
Mmoved om Qboue -b molten

14 Sublimation
sublimediectly
af be Tuo Lomponerls, ore uill willdt:
Out Solid_and olbexr
Couelsto gas om
Nac(salt)
N H u l a m m o n i u mchlorde) and
Example
Example
easily Sepaatedby heatig
mitue can be Commoh salt
Sublims b t
Sothot NHcl
Yemans bebina

L A L APPicaions8
aCan
RELTA Notebook
laCamphor,na
Can Subltme
pthalene., anthaleoe
 D.
P: 2lta
Chxo.matogaphy _

asic rinciple Colouredl Combonents oa mixhure can be

Sepaxated by ysing an dsorberr on ohich -ley are
adsoxbedt difereri areas

chromalographY
Ink SPot PaPer
mixture of Line drawn by fenci
Colors -water|soluent

When wa-ler Lany Auttablesolueni moues up, the chmmato

-gaphy paperfnk with tuso dierei colourS epazes-
becduse both Colours are absaxbed di dikenet
Spoeds

APPlications
a To Separmte colours_odye
LbToSeparate piqmenls om natumlLColours like
chloropbyl.
[c)lo Sepamte drugsom blood.

DELTA Notebook
 (Can you guess what is done when athletes undergo a doping testfor their blood?)
(6) Distillation:
Basic principle: Based on Separating mixture of miscible liquids have different
boiling points, followed by condensation. Out of the two components one has a lower
boiling point and other has higher boiling point. This is used to separate two or more
miscible liquids.

Thermometer

Clamp-
water outlet

Distillation Clamp
lask
-Water
condenbe
"Mixture
ol acetone
and water
Cold water In

Acetone-

Example: When mixture of acetone and wateris heated, acetone having lesser
boiling point, boils and moves to delivery tube, within which it condenses back to liquid
with the help of a condenser clamped to it. Thus, acetone is separated out in a beaker and
water is left in the distillation flask.
Note: fthere are more than two components (liquids) mired (with diferent boiling
points) then we use afractionating column to separate all the components from each other.
This process is donefor air. petroleum etc.

18

rmn
Petroleum is separated into
parafin wax, Iubricating oil, diesel,
ratnatt
kerosene, petrol and petrol gas by
rehumn
this method

Fractional Distillation
of Air:
Air is also separated by this method.

Air Liquid air Allowed to warm Gases separated

cooled
up slowly in a at different heights
fractionating column
Some of the applications offractional distillation:
(a) In petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas
processing and cryogenic air separation plants.
(6) Inoil refineries to separate crude oil into useful substances (or fractions).
In the process of
(C) organicjuice.
(d) In the separation ofoxygen, liquid nitrogen and argon from air.
 Crystallisation:
Basie principle: To remove impurities from a mixture by first dissolving in a
Suitable solvent and then crystallising out one
component.
For example: Coppersulphatecrystals (impure) are first dissolved in sulphuricacid
and then
heated to saturated solution. Now, this solution is left ovemight. So, only
pure copper sulphate crystals on filter paper.
Why is crystallisation better than evaporation?
) Some solids decompose or get charred upon heating to dryness during
evaporation. E.g., sugar.
(i) Some impurities remain dissolved in solution after filteration. On
evaporation, these impurities do not evaporate and remain with the mixture.
Applications:
(a) Purification of salt from sea water.
(b) Separation ofcrystals (e.g. alum (phitkari), copper sulphate]
from their impure crystals.

Water purification in water treatment plants

Reservoir Sedimentation tank Loading tank
(Impure water) (Solids settle down) (Sedimentation of
suspended impurities
using alum elc.)

Water supply Chlorination tank Filtration tank

homes (Addition ofchlorine (All impurities filtered)
to kill germs)
 Physical Vs Chemical Changes
Chemical Physical
Not casily revered Easily reversible
New Product(s) formed Nonew products
Reactants used up Oftenjust a state change
Often heat/light/sound/ E.g., Ice melting
fizzing occurs
Electricity may be produced
Aprecipitate may formm
E.g., Wood burning

39/332

Elements
Made of same type of atoms

S.No. Metals Non-metals Metalloids

|Lustrous Non-lustrous Metallaoids have
intermediate properties
between metals and
non-metals.
20

Malleable, ductile Non-malleable, non- |E.g., Boron, Germanium,

ductile Silicon

Sonorous Non-sonorous

Good conductors of Bad conductors

heat& electricity
E.g.. Gold, iron ete. E.g.. Oxygen,
Phosphorus
Mixture Compound
I. Elements or compounds are 1. Substances are reacted together
simply mixed so no new substance with each other to make a new
is formed. substance.

2. Elements do not combine in 2.

a
Composition of the components is
fixed ratio. fixed i.e., they combine together
in a fixed radio according to their
masses

3. Amixture shows the properties of 3. Compound doesn't show the

Its components. properties of component
elements.

4. be
Components can
easily4. Components can't be separated
separated by any mechanical from each other by simple
method which is suitable. mechanical methods.

5. E.g.Mixture ofiron and sulphur. 5. E.g. Iron and sulphur react to

from iron sulphide.