Science Project Atom and Molecules Best Presenyt

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Name~Yug khunt

Std~9
Div~c
Subject~Science
Topic~Atoms and molecules
Laws of chemical combinations

1.Law
1.Lawofofconservation
conservationofofmass
mass
Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.

2.Law of constant proportions


“In a chemical substance the elements are always
present in definite proportions by mass”.
John Dalton’s atomic theory

All matter is made up of very tiny particles called Atoms.

Atoms are indivisible particles which cannot be created or destroyed.

Atoms of given elements are identical in their mass and chemical


properties.

Atoms of different elements have different mass and chemical properties.

Atoms combine in ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds.

The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given


compound.
What is Atom?
Have you observed a mason building walls, from these walls a room
and then a collection of rooms to form a building? What is the building
block of the huge building? What about the building block of an
ant-hill?It is a small grain of sand.Similarly, the building blocks of all
matter are atoms.

Atomic radius is measured in nanometers


1/109 = 1nm

1m = 10 9nm
SYMBOLS OF SOME ELEMENTS
ATOMIC MASS

The most remarkable concept that Dalton’s atomic theory


proposed was that of the atomic mass. According to him,
each element had a characteristic atomic mass. The
theory could explain the law of constant proportions so
well that scientists were prompted to measure the atomic
mass of an atom. Since determining the mass of an
individual atom was a relatively difficult task, relative
atomic masses were determined using the laws of
chemical combinations and the compounds formed.
ATOMIC MASSES OF SOME ATOMS

Hydrogen 1 Magnesium 24

Carbon 12 Sulphur 32

Nitrogen 14 Chlorine 35.5

Oxygen 16 Calcium 40

Sodium 23
How do atoms exist?

Atoms of most elements are not able to exist


independently. Atoms form molecules and
ions. These molecules or ions aggregate in
large numbers to form the matter that we
can see, feel or touch.
MOLECULES OF ELEMENTS

The molecules of an element are constituted by the same type of


atoms. Molecules of many elements, such as argon (Ar), helium (He)
etc. are made up of only one atom of that element. But this is not the
case with most of the nonmetals. For example, a molecule of oxygen
consists of two atoms of oxygen and hence it is known as a diatomic
molecule, O2 . If 3 atoms of oxygen unite into a molecule, instead of
the usual 2, we get ozone, O3 . The number of atoms constituting a
molecule is known as its atomicity. Metals and some other elements,
such as carbon, do not have a simple structure but consist of a very
large and indefinite number of atoms bonded together. Let us look at
the atomicity of some non-metals.
ATOMICITY OF SOME ELEMENTS

Name Atomicity
Argon Monatomic
Helium Monatomic
Oxygen Diatomic
Hydrogen Diatomic
Phosphorus Tetra-atomic
Sulphur Poly-atomic
What is an Ion?

Compounds composed of metals and nonmetals contain charged


species. The charged species are known as ions. Ions may consist of a
single charged atom or a group of atoms that have a net charge on them.
An ion can be negatively or positively charged. A negatively charged ion is
called an ‘anion’ and the positively charged ion, a ‘cation’. Take, for
example, sodium chloride (NaCl). Its constituent particles are positively
charged sodium ions (Na+ ) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl– ).
A group of atoms carrying a charge is known as a polyatomic ion.
Name and symbol of some ions
Writing a chemical formulae
The rules that you have to follow while writing a chemical formula are as
follows:
• the valencies or charges on the ion must balance.
• when a compound consists of a metal and a Non-metal, the name or symbol
of the metal is written first. For example: calcium oxide (CaO), sodium
chloride (NaCl), iron sulphide (FeS), copper oxide (CuO), etc., where oxygen,
chlorine, sulphur are nonmetals and are written on the right, whereas calcium,
sodium, iron and copper are metals, and are written on the left.
• in compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the number of ions present in
the compound is indicated by enclosing the formula of ion in a bracket and
writing the number of ions outside the bracket. For example, Mg (OH)2 . In
case the number of polyatomic ion is one, the bracket is not required. For
example, NaOH.
Formulae of simple compounds
MOLECULAR MASS

We discussed the concept of atomic


mass. This concept can be extended
to calculate molecular masses. The
molecular mass of a substance is the
sum of the atomic masses of all the
atoms in a molecule of the substance.
It is therefore the relative mass of a
molecule expressed in atomic mass
units (u).
FORMULA UNIT MASS
The formula unit mass of a
substance is a sum of the atomic
masses of all atoms in a formula
unit of a compound. Formula unit
mass is calculated in the same
manner as we calculate the
molecular mass. The only
difference is that we use the word
formula unit for those substances
whose constituent particles are
ions. For example, sodium
chloride as discussed above, has
a formula unit NaCl. Its formula
unit mass can be calculated as– 1
× 23 + 1 × 35.5 = 58.5 u
THANKYOU

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