WBSC UmpireManual

Umpire Manual Fastpitch
5th December 2021

INTRODUCTION
Rules are written for the players, managers, umpires and fans. There are rules for the
offense and rules for the defense. The rules are not meant to hinder or restrict play but
rather to guide the game so that it is played fairly without one team gaining an unfair
advantage over the other.
Umpires are there to apply the rules without favour, bias or emotion. Umpires are the
judges of whether the game is played fairly. Umpires take pride in their judgement and
mechanics. Included in mechanics are the umpire’s positioning, the umpire’s signals,
umpire’s hustle, the umpire’s game management and the umpire’s attitude. Mechanics
are all about the umpire.
This manual assumes that you have some basic knowledge of the fundamentals of the
game, and of umpiring, and is written to provide guidelines to the WBSC preferred method
of umpiring and the expectations of a WBSC umpire.
Umpiring has existed for many, many years and it is not the intention of the WBSC to re-
invent the wheel. The standard signals and mechanics used in umpiring are adopted here
with variations offered to some accepted practices to improve an umpire’s view of a play.
This manual would not exist without the assistance of many, many people. Many
organizations have contributed to the development of umpiring and we must acknowledge
the following for their contributions to this manual: Softball USA (the ASA – Craig Cress
and Kevin Ryan); Softball Australia (Alan McAuliffe, Kevin Broomhall and Margo
Koskelainen); Softball Canada
(Randy Souliers, Bob Henning, Brian Van Os); NCAA Softball (Emily Alexander and Jeff
Hansen)
Special thanks and acknowledgement to Henry Pollard, former Deputy Director of ISF
Umpiring, for his many ideas and hard work. The various members of the Regional
Umpires Committee have contributed greatly to the improvements to the umpire manual.
Current members are; Wayne Saunders, Oceania; Haruhi Goto, Asia; Vincent Maoeng,
Africa; Carolien Stadhouders, Europe; Santos Vasquez Ortiz, Latin America and Christina
Drumm, North America.
This manual would not have been possible without the vision, hard work, dedication and
love of umpiring of one man, Mr. Merle O. Butler. The WBSC dedicates this manual to the
memory of our dear friend Merle.
Bob Stanton
WBSC Director of Umpires
Table of Contents
SECTION 1 BEING AN UMPIRE 8

1.1 Why be Umpire 9
1.2 This Manual 9
1.3 Mission Statement 10
1.4 Prerequisites to Good Umpiring 10
1.5 Helpful Hints for Umpires – DO’S and DON’TS 11
SECTION 2 WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN WBSC UMPIRE 14

2.1WBSC Umpire Code of Ethics 15
2.2 Ethics 15
2.3Responsibilities and Expectations 17
2.4Mental Preparation and Game Strategies 18
2.5Interaction With the World Around You 19
2.5.1 Partners 19
2.5.2 Coaches 20
2.5.3 Players 20
2.5.4 Fans 20
2.6 Behavior 22
SECTION 3 UMPIRE TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS 23

3.1 Terms 24
3.2 Uniform and Appearance 34
3.3 Umpire Conditioning 35
3.4 Mental Preparation – Before, during and after the game 36
3.5 Pre-Game – Self, Partner and Coaches 42
3.6 Equipment Check 42
3.7 Forfeits, Protests, and Ejections 42
3.8 Rain, Darkness, Grounds 47
3.9 Lightning 48
3.10 Post-Game – Partners and Self 48
SECTION 4 SIGNALS 50
4.1 Standard Umpire Signals 51
Out 51
Overhand Out 52
Punch Out 53
Safe – No Catch – No Tag – No Infraction – Trapped Ball 54
Sell Safe 55
Dead Ball – Foul Ball – No Pitch 55
Time 56
Fair Ball 56
Fair/Foul Indicator 57
Delayed Dead Ball 58
Infield Fly 59
Point 59
Home Run 60
Ground Rule Double 60
Ejection 61
Play Ball 62
Do Not Pitch 62
Strike 63
Foul Tip 64
Count 64
4.2 Umpire-to-Umpire Signals 65
Infield Fly 65
How Many Outs? 66
What’s the Count? 67
SECTION 5 HANDLING EVERY GAME SITUATION 69

5.1 Appeal Plays 70
5.2 Catch 71
5.3 Check Swings 71
5.4 Conferences 72
5.5 Dead Ball and Dead Ball Situations at the Plate 72
5.6 Illegal Pitch 74
5.7 Infield Fly 74
5.8 Intentional Walk 74
5.9 Interference, Obstruction 74
5.10 Tie-breaker 75
5.11 The Pitching Circle 75
SECTION 6 LINE-UP CARD MANAGEMENT 77

6.1 Line-Up Management 78
6.2 Check List 79
6.3 Examples of Giving Changes 80
6.4 Off-Field Umpire Protocol 81
SECTION 7 BEING IN CONTROL 83

7.1 Communication 84
7.2 Game Control 85
7.3 Going for Help 86
7.4 Preventive Umpiring 86
SECTION 8 MECHANICS 88
8.1 General Mechanics 89
8.1.1 Choosing a position, angles and distance 91
8.1.2 Guidelines for Umpires 92
8.2 Plate Mechanics 93
8.2.1 At the Plate 93
8.2.2 Being Ready for the First Pitch 94
8.2.3 Stepping into the Stance 94
8.2.4 Working the Slot Position 95
8.2.5 Moving to the Down (Set) Position 96
8.2.6 Footwork 96
8.2.7 Tracking the Pitch 97
8.2.8 Timing and Rhythm 97
8.2.9 The Count 97
8.2.10 Ball Rotation 98
8.2.11 Decision Time 98
8.2.12 Check Swings 100
8.2.13 ‘Not to Pitch’ Signal 100
8.2.14 Leaving the Plate Area 101
8.2.15 Catch and Call Responsibilities 102
8.2.16 Hitting the Ball a Second Time 102
8.2.17 Batter Hit by the Pitch 103
8.2.18 Strike Zone – Mind Set Theory 104
8.2.19 Consistency is the Umpire’s Ultimate Goal 105
8.2.20 Third Base Calls 105
8.2.21 Run-downs 106
8.2.22 Run Count (Time Play) 106
8.2.23 Tag Plays at the Plate 107
8.2.24 Appeal at the Plate 107
8.2.26 Helpful Hints for Plate Umpires 109
8.3 Base Mechanics 111
8.3.1 Techniques on the Bases 111
8.3.2 Decisions on Bases 111
8.3.3 Base Calls 113
8.3.4 The Force Play 113
8.3.5 Tag Plays 115
8.3.6 Pulled Foot 116
8.3.7 Swipe Tag 117
8.3.8 One Word Descriptions 117
8.3.9 Inside-Outside Theory 118
8.3.10 Button-Hook 118
8.3.11 Three Foot Line 118
8.3.12 Running Out of the Base Line 119
8.3.13 Interference 119
8.3.14 Obstruction 119
8.3.15 Catcher obstruction 120
8.3.16 Collisions 121
8.3.17 Illegal Pitches 121
8.3.18 Helpful Hints for Base Umpires 121
SECTION 9 PITCHING RULE AND STRIKE ZONE 123

9.1 Points of Emphasis 124
SECTION 10 20 SECOND CLOCK PROTOCOL 126

10.1 Clock 127
10.2 Pitcher 128
10.3 Batter 128
10.4 Calling Time 129
10.5 Not Subject to Review, Appeal or Protest 129
SECTION 11 CRITERIA OF UMPIRE ELIGIBILITY AND SELECTION FOR

WBSC SOFTBALL WORLD CUPS 131
APPENDIX 1 ONE UMPIRE SYSTEM
APPENDIX 2 TWO UMPIRE SYSTEM
APPENDIX 3 THREE/FOUR UMPIRE SYSTEMS

SECTION 1
BEING AN UMPIRE
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1.1 WHY BE AN UMPIRE
What kind of umpire do you want to be?
Why do you want to umpire? There are many reasons why people umpire:
• Financial
• Give back to the game
• Exercise authority
• Earn respect of players, coaches, fans, friend and colleagues
• Be in a national or international game as an official
One of the above reasons may be the main motivation or it may be

something else. Each umpire has their own reason for umpiring, however
regardless of what that reason may be, all umpires can work towards being
the best umpire they can be. This manual is written to help you bring out
the best in yourself and to assist you in attaining your goals.
When setting goals, ensure that they are attainable, are realistic and are
measurable, i.e., you can tell when you are getting closer to attaining what
you desire. Work on your improvement in small steps, improve one thing
and then go on to the next.
“Umpiring is the only job where a person must be perfect the first time, and
THEN improve over the years!”
1.2 THIS MANUAL
This Manual has been prepared on an assumption that the umpire has a
basic knowledge of the game of softball, including rule knowledge and an
understanding of the signals and mechanics used.
This is only one minor part of the whole picture, when we are taking a total
approach to officiating. The goals, the mechanics, the positioning, the rules
and, most importantly, the ATTITUDE of the umpire, are all part of the total
approach. No one part is the answer, just as not one source has all the
answers – nor should we expect it.
The Manual is not complete, nor will it ever be, as there is always more to
learn and to be added.
USE THE MANUAL AS IT WAS MEANT TO BE USED…. which is only one (1)
part of the total approach to becoming the best umpire that you can be.
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Enjoy reading this Manual and remember, focus on YOUR VISION, and never
lose sight of it.
THE EMPHASIS is for uniform signals and calls,

so that Umpires will have a common base to work
from. All umpires will then personalize their
signals and calls from that common base.
SO YOU WANT TO BE AN UMPIRE
U UNIFORMITY – maintain consistency

M MOBILE – always HUSTLE and be in position
P PRIDE – be professional in attitude and dress
I INCONSPICUOUS – be confident, but not cocky
R REVIEW – the rule book and this Manual for
mechanics
E EXCELLENCE – continually strive to the best
you can be
1.3 MISSION STATEMENT
The mission of the WBSC. Umpire Program is to improve the overall quality
of umpiring throughout the world by:
• Identifying, observing, evaluating and training umpires for

assignments to National, Regional and World Championships.
• Providing consistency in the interpretation of WBSC softball rules and
umpiring mechanics.
• Promoting better communication between umpires, coaches and the
administrators of WBSC.
• Providing the best educational material available to umpires around
the world to improve umpiring and the game itself.
1.4 PREREQUISITES TO GOOD UMPIRING
Every umpire is performing a service to their fellow umpires, the leagues that
they serve and to the managers, players and spectators of Softball. In
performing their duties, a competent umpire will take on a number of roles.
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• Firstly, an umpire is the Brand or Image representing their league,
State/Provincial body, National body, the umpiring fraternity, and the
sport of Softball. From the moment umpires enter the ballpark,
people will judge them, and all the organizations they represent based
on their appearance and behavior. First impressions are always very
important.
• Secondly, an umpire is a Decision Maker. At the very core of umpiring
is the ability to observe the game and make timely decisions based on
those observations and the rules of Softball. Your decisions must be
made fairly, impartially, without emotion or bias and within the spirit
of the rules.
• Thirdly, an umpire must be a Communicator. They must be able to
talk and listen effectively to their partner(s), players and coaches.
Umpires must also use proper and easily recognized signals.
• Finally, umpires are Team Players. They must support their partners
by always being in position to help them and not submit any
suggestions or opinions concerning the other umpires’ decisions until
requested by those umpires. As with any good team player, try to help
your other team members. Lead by example…. Do it right!
To effectively carry out these roles, a good umpire must have a sound set of
skills and attitudes as detailed throughout this manual.
1.5 HELPFUL HINTS FOR UMPIRES – DO’S AND DON’TS
DO:
• Study rules regularly

• Take pride in your work
• Always strive to improve yourself and your umpiring
• Stay in shape
• Hustle
• Be pleasant and professional at all times
• Be approachable
• Be courteous, but firm (control the game)
• Be alert in thought and action
• Be truthful
• Be punctual
• Be neat and well-groomed at all times
• Avoid unnecessary conversation with players and managers
• Know the ballpark and ground rules
• Forget the bad days and the players that gave you problems.
Tomorrow is another day
• Keep the plate, bases, and the pitching rubber clean
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• Keep your eyes on the ball
• Be on top of the play
• Stay focused whenever necessary
• Be clear, crisp, and meaningful when making calls
• Work with and back-up your partner(s)
• Keep your cap, shoes, ball bag, and uniform items clean
• Keep your hands off the players or coaches at all times
• Use the energy necessary to make a call believable, but never
embarrass a player.
DO NOT:
• Go out on the field with a chip on your shoulder. Be overly

technical. Use common sense!
• Call the strike overly out loud when the batter obviously swings at and
misses the pitch
• Make excuses to anyone at any time! It won’t help
• Look for trouble. You’ll find plenty of it without looking
• Get lazy. No one respects or appreciates an umpire who doesn’t
hustle. You’re fooling no one but yourself
• Second guess your partner at any time, on or off the field. Chew
tobacco when on the diamond.
• Try to out-take the players, coaches, or managers. Let them do the
talking and when they have said enough, make them Play Ball
• Make any of your calls too soon. It is better to be a little late in making
the call than to have to change your decision
• Have to hear everything that is said or respond to the spectators.
• Tell the players what to do, or how to play their position. Your job is to
umpire and attend to that only.
• Pick on any particular player. It leads to umpire/player friction. Avoid
those players (and managers) who are looking for an argument.
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A FEW WISE WORDS
“It’s not the mistakes we make that count, it’s how

we learn from the mistakes we and others make.”
“Knowledge is of two kinds…we know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can

find information on it.”
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SECTION 2
WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A WBSC UMPIRE
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2.1 WBSC UMPIRE CODE OF ETHICS
The Umpire Program of the WBSC places responsibility for ethical conduct
in softball on the following:
• Umpires
• Team members
• Administrators
• Spectators
• The media
• Educators
• Parents
• Sponsors
The WBSC Umpire is to act as an impartial arbitrator of softball competitions

and carry out their duties with:
• Accuracy
• Consistency
• Objectivity
• The highest sense of integrity
The Umpire Program of the WBSC recognizes that to preserve and

encourage confidence in the professionalism and integrity of umpiring,
ethical behavior must be fostered by all umpires.
In conjunction with the Umpires “Code of Ethics,” UMPIRES HAVE THE

RIGHT TO EXPECT THAT:
• Their health and safety are paramount.
• They are treated with courtesy, respect and openness.
• They are not appointed or recommended to a level of competition
beyond their level competence.
• They have access to self-improvement opportunities.
2.2 ETHICS
The following Behavioral Ethics apply to WBSC Umpires:
1) Respect the rights, dignity and worth of every human being regardless
of age, gender, ethnic origin, religion or ability.
• Refrain from any discriminatory practices on the basis of age,
gender, ethnic origin, religion, or ability.
• Cooperate and be professional in your association with your
fellow officials on and off the field and do nothing to cause them
embarrassment.
• Refrain from negatively criticizing the on-field performance and
conduct of any umpire.
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2) Be professional in your appearance and manner and accept
responsibility for all actions taken.
• Display high standards in language, manner, punctuality,
preparation and presentation.
Display control, respect, dignity and professionalism to all
involved with softball (including athletes, coaches, officials,
scorers, administrators, the media, parents, and spectators) and
encourage other umpires to demonstrate the same qualities.
• Be courteous, respectful and open to discussion and
interaction.
• Honor all assignments and report to the playing field at least 60
minutes prior to the scheduled game time.
• Be prepared both physically and mentally.
• Refrain from making any comments or committing any action
that undermines the WBSC and its officers.
• Do not smoke or chew tobacco on or in the vicinity of the
playing field nor drink any alcohol beverages on the day of the
game.
• Refrain from the use of banned or illegal substances.
3) Refrain from any form of harassment.

• This includes explicit, implicit, verbal and non-verbal
harassment.
4) Avoid any situation which may lead to a conflict of interest.
5) Operate within the rules and spirit of softball.

• Abide by and respect the regulations governing softball and
sport generally and the organizations and individuals
administering those regulations.
6) Refrain from any form of personal abuse towards athletes.

• This includes verbal, physical and emotional abuse.
7) Place the safety and welfare of the participants above all else.
• Ensure that equipment and facilities meet rule requirements
and safety standards.
8) Make a commitment to providing quality service to umpiring and the

WBSC, by seeking continual improvement of your umpiring
knowledge and skill through study, performance, appraisal and
regular updating of competencies.
• Maintain and improve on umpiring skills.
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• Observe the work of other umpires so you may gain knowledge
and new skills or successful mechanics.
• Study the rules through rule books and case books diligently
and ask questions when in doubt. Always remember, “no
question is a stupid question.”
9) Be impartial.
• Be fair and unbiased in your decisions, rendering them without
regard to the score.
10) Show concern and caution towards sick and/or injured athletes. Call
the medical staff onto the field immediately.
11) Encourage inclusively and access to all areas of umpiring.

• Remember that while your work as an official is important, you
must conduct yourself in such a way that spectator attention is
directed to those playing the game and not at yourself.
12) Be a positive role model for softball and umpiring, and always be
aware that you are a representative of your country and the WBSC
Umpire Program.
• Personal conduct on the field, around the ballparks and at
softball events and meetings should be above reproach.
• Keep in mind that the game is more important than the wishes
of any individual player or coach, or the ambitions of any
individual umpire.
• Dress and maintain your appearance in a manner befitting the
dignity and importance of the game and the WBSC.
• Be fair, but not overbearing; courteous, but not ingratiating;
positive, but never rude; dignified, but never “cocky”; friendly,
but not companionable; and calm, but ever alert.
13) World Championships:

• Attend Opening and Closing Ceremonies when requested.
• Be a part of the umpire team on and off the field.
• Follow international protocol where ever a championship may
be held.
• Be courteous to all host committee members, drivers, and
sponsors at all times.
2.3 RESPONSIBILITIES AND EXPECTATIONS
WBSC umpires must continuously seek self-improvement by studying the

game, the rules, and the accepted mechanics of umpiring.
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Umpires have to keep up with the way the game is being played, what new
strategies are being adopted, what new skill sets are being used and the
tendencies of the players.
Umpires need to know the rules, the intent of the rules, the spirit in which
they are to be enforced and the fairness to be adopted in the application of
the rules.
Using accepted mechanics allow umpires to be in the best position possible

and to communicate their decisions with clarity.
Umpiring is a combination of science and art; angles and distances and set
positions are all science; signals however, while maintaining the basic
elements can employ an individual artistic touch that allows an umpire’s
personality to be displayed. Umpires are not meant to be robots.
Umpires must always put their best foot forward and present themselves as
professional, courteous, approachable while also being a firm decision maker
without displaying arrogance.
An umpire is part of the umpiring team and part of the game. Umpires must
ensure that they:
• Support their partners
• Allow the game to be played safely and fairly
• Not allow any player, coach or administrator to unfairly
influence a game or any of its participants
• Handle conflicts quickly and with dignity for all involved.
Everything an umpire does will reflect on themselves, their partners, the

game, and their Federation or organization. Always be aware that you
represent more than yourself.
As an umpire you will make errors from time to time. This should not cause
you to feel shame or to seek forgiveness. It is a human trait to err in
judgment from time to time. We must learn from our mistakes and work
harder to lessen them.
2.4 MENTAL PREPARATION AND GAME STRATEGY

Mental preparation is as important as physical preparation for a game. An
umpire must understand the theory behind the rules and the mechanics.
Games do not happen in a vacuum so rules cannot easily capture every
situation. Knowing the intent and spirit of the rule can help when dealing
with those grey areas.
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Likewise with mechanics. Diagrams encourage us to assume that X marks
the best spot where we should be. X is merely an indicator of where to be
in an ideal situation. Ideal situations rarely happen so you must adapt to
where the ball is, where the fielders are and where the runner might be. If
you know the theory and keep the four essential elements in front of you, the
ball, the defensive player, the offensive player and the base or area of play,
you will be in be in good position to see the play. Think in terms of an oval
area rather than an X. Imagine you are viewing the four essential through a
window frame, move to keep the four essentials within the window and watch
how they interact,
Before each game, visualize how you will umpire the game; prepare a
strategy using your knowledge of the teams, players, level of play, past
history, what is at stake (play off, National or World Championship) and who
your partners are. Think about how you will handle certain situations like
obstruction, interference, confrontation and close plays.
Clear your mind of personal problems, leave them behind. Forget about
personal biases. If problems have occurred in the past between you, a player
or coach, forget it and start with a fresh page.
Be prepared. Visualize yourself being the umpire you want to be. See
yourself in the tough situation. See yourself taking charge, managing and
resolving. See yourself hustling, getting in perfect position and making a
good, crisp signal. When situations arise, you have “been theredone that” in
your mind and you will know just how to act.
Always control the things you can control. Do not create your own
distractions. If it is hot, begin hydrating a few hours before. If umpiring in a
tournament, begin hydrating days before the start of the tournament. Plan
to eat when it is most comfortable for you. Do not allow being physically
unprepared to destroy your mental preparation.
2.5 INTERACTION WITH THE WORLD AROUND YOU
2.5.1 Fellow umpires
Being a member of an umpiring crew is like being the member of a

partnership. While you may not always agree or see eye to eye, you are in
it together to obtain a desired outcome – a well officiated game. Some
things you can do to ensure a working partnership are:
• Keep the big picture in mind
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• Be respectful, treat others as you would want to be treated
yourself
• Set aside prejudices and biases
• Work together, communicate and maintain a united front
• Support one another – work at understanding cultural and
language differences
2.5.2 Coaches
Umpires and coaches have a role to play in any game. Understanding how
those roles interrelate can give you an appreciation of the coach’s role and
how you can better work together. Always make an effort to:
• Forget any negative comments you may have heard about a coach
• Bear in mind where the coach may be coming from, his job is to
defend and motivate his players
• Be professional and you will be treated professionally
• See the coach as a professional, he will do likewise
• Use all your communications skills, be a good listener
• Acknowledge the coach’s efforts
• Show empathy
• Remain calm
• Stay in charge, manage the situation
• Keep conversations one on one
2.5.3 Players
The game needs umpires and players so they need to find a way to get along;
some things you can do to get along with players:
• Treat them with respect

• Understand that, in most cases, they are driven to win
• Be mindful of your comments – keep your comments general in
nature
• Acknowledge a good play
• Acknowledge fair play and displays of sportsmanship
• Let them start the conversations
2.5.4 Fans
Fans are there to cheer for and support their team. They will see things with
their heart, not their eyes. If there are problems with the fans let the home
team or tournament officials deal with it. Umpires cannot win at trying to
manage fans.
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Enter and leave the field as a crew, ignore comments from the fans and if
amongst the fans do not make comments about the game.
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2.6 BEHAVIOUR
As an official you must behave in a professional manner both on and off the
field. You are seen as a representative of the organization to which you
belong. Dress and speak in an appropriate manner at all times.
Even if you are merely watching a game as a fan, it is important to realize

that almost everyone in the park will know you are an official. Ensure that
you do not comment on the work of the umpires doing the game. Most
importantly do NOT make any comments on a play or call.
You set an example for others to follow. You may be the first official that
someone sees at the park. Make a good, lasting first impression.
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SECTION 3
UMPIRE TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
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3.1 TERMS
90-Degree Angle – Tag

This concept determines the umpire’s location on tag plays. The umpire
should be 90degrees to the path of the runner into a base or the
application of the tag on a play not involving a base from a location 3-4
meters (12 feet) away.
90-Degree Angle – Throw

This concept determines the umpire’s location on force plays. The
umpire should be 90degrees to the path of the ball (throw) to a base
from a location 5-6 meters (18 feet) away.
B1
The batter or batter-runner. The batter-runner may also be referred to
as the BR.
Backfilling This is when the play requires an umpire to counter-

rotate to cover a position not filled by another umpire being required
to cover a play situation elsewhere. An umpire must be ready to move
to cover off a play when the responsible umpire cannot get in position
to make the call.
Example: With a runner at 2nd or 3rd base or runner at 2nd and 3rd
base and either U2 or U3 goes out to cover a fly ball to the outfield
and the PU stays or moves back to home for a play. Depending on
the development of the play, the BU at 2nd base may need to backfill
to provide coverage at 3rd base.
Base Line
The imaginary straight line between home and first, first and second,
second and third, and third and home.
Base Path
An imaginary straight line between the base and a runner (advancing
or returning to the base), when a play is being made on the runner.
Batter Runner
A batter who has finished a turn at bat but has not yet been put put
or reached first basethe.
BU
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The base umpire. When more than two umpires work together, U1 is
the first base umpire. U2 is the second base umpire, and U3 is the
third base umpire.
Calling Depth
• A force play should be viewed from an approximate distance of 5-
6 meters (18 feet), allowing the umpire to see the four essential
elements; the ball, the defensive player, the runner (offensive
player), base within their field of vision.
• A tag play should be viewed from an approximate distance of 3-4
meters (12 feet) allowing the umpire to see the four essential
elements; the ball, the defensive player, the runner (offensive
player), base or area of play within their field of vision.
• There may be times when, because of the position of the player’s
body, the umpire may need to move closer or look over the top to
clearly see the play.
Calling - Making the Call
While in the set position, the umpire must see the interaction of the
four essential elements. Track the ball with the eyes allowing the ball
to turn the head into the play.
On force plays, just prior to the thrown ball reaching the receiver,
change your focus to the ball, fielder and runner, watching all the
elements come together. Once you have made your decision on the
play, rise from the set position and signal and verbalize your call, using
appropriate emphasis and voice.
On tag plays, watch the thrown ball into the fielder’s glove and follow
the ball and glove to the area of the tag, while always having the runner
in your field of vision as the fielder begins to move towards the area
where the tag will happen. With the Four Essential Elements in front
of you judge whether the runner was obstructed and that the tag was
made prior to the runner touching the base. Stop, set, see the play
and make the signal and verbal call, using the appropriate emphasis
and voice. If required, you must adjust your position to best see all the
Four Essential Elements.
Calling Position
The subsequent movement or adjustment, usually one or two steps
from the Primary Position to physically see the tag (or what needs to
be seen dictated by the play) and to make an informed judgment.
Remember on tag plays, never have (a) a fielder between you and the
tag; (b) a runner between you and the tag; or (c) a base between you
and the tag.
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Clear the Catcher
The plate umpire will clear the catcher whenever a play follows a pitch
e.g., passed ball or pop foul fly ball back to screen. To clear the catcher,
step back with the foot away from the catcher’s turn (with a right-
handed batter and the catcher turning to the right, step back with your
right foot; if the catcher turns left, step back with the left foot). The
same is true with a left handed batter. This will increase the distance
between your body and the catcher. When properly executed, the
movement prevents contact between the plate umpire and the catcher
and allows the umpire to move to observe the developing play. Do not
remove your mask until you have cleared the catcher.
Dead-ball Signal
To indicate that time is out and the ball is no longer in play, an umpire
will raise both hands above his/her head, arms extended, palms
forward and call “Dead Ball!”
Fielders
The defensive players are routinely designated by their numerical
scorekeeping identifying numbers: F1 is the pitcher, F2 is the catcher,
F3 is the first baseman, F4 is the second baseman, F5 is the third
baseman, F6 is the shortstop, F7 is the left fielder, F8 the center fielder,
and F9 the right fielder.
First-base Line Extended

An imaginary line that extends the first-base fair/foul line into foul
territory behind home plate for an unlimited distance. The plate
umpire will assume a position on the first-base line extended in several
instances including: to render fair/foul decisions on batted balls to the
right of home plate; to observe action at first base as another runner
scores (which he/she must also observe), or as a starting position on
selected tag plays at home plate.
Fly Ball Coverage

On a fly ball to the outfield, one base umpire shall go out to
determine whether the ball is fair or foul (including balls leaving the
field of play) and whether a fielder has made a catch or there is no
catch. If a catch, the umpire is to signal the out. In the 3-umpire
system if, the responsible umpire is at the 2nd base position, then the
plate umpire shall make the call fair or foul (including balls leaving
the field of play), catch or no catch from F7 or F9 to the fence.
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Four Essential Element Theory
(FEET) The Four Essential
Elements are:
1. The Ball.
2. The Defensive player.
3. The Offensive players.
4. The base or the area of the play.
The umpire positions and rotations shown in the following diagrams

for Live Ball plays from the Infield and Outfield, and Fly-Ball
Coverage are WBSC-SD best practice for the large majority of
primary plays. It is acknowledged that as some plays develop (this is
particularly so for secondary plays) umpires will be required to adjust
their position to better see the Four Essential Elements.
Hammer
The final position of the strike or out signal. It is holding the right arm
up to the side and away from the body at an angle of 90 degrees, and
the hand closed. The hammer is held long enough to convey the
decision with conviction. The arm is brought down prior to moving
the feet.
Holding Position
A position in foul territory, halfway between home plate and 3rd base
or home plate and 1st base, 4 - 5 meters (12-15 feet) off the foul line
or to an area where the umpire can observe all Four Essential
Elements and be ready to move to their next position. Umpires use
the holding position while watching the play develop to determine
which base they are required. U1 shall use the holding zone before
rotating to home plate. If no immediate play at home and with U3
abandoning his position, move to home plate and push the PU up to
3rd base.
Hustle
Brisk, purposeful and appropriate movement at all times during a
game.
In/Out Theory
On hit balls to the infield, base umpires should stay on the outside of
the base paths and either stay at their starting position or move to
the correct calling position.
On balls to the outfield, base umpires not going out on a fly ball
should rotate into the inside of the diamond. With no runners on
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base, U2 may stay outside only if it will keep U2 out of a possible
throwing lane.
Once the ball returns to the infield, the base umpires having rotated
to their proper coverages may move back out beyond the base path
when it is clear that there will no play at an umpire’s area of coverage
and there is time to move out while keeping all the Four Essential
Elements in front.
If runners are moving and there is a possibility of a play at an

umpire’s area of coverage, open up to the ball and runner, staying
out of any possible throwing lane and move to the proper angle and
distance for a possible play and call.
On hits to right field or right center field, U3, if not rotating to 2nd
base, may come down the line in foul territory, to a point even with
the bag and allow the Four Essential Elements dictate whether U3
should rotate inside or go back out beyond the baseline. If there is a
possibility of a play at 3rd base on the throwback, rotate inside. If the
throw is to home with no immediate play at 3rd base, move back out
beyond the baseline in fair territory.
Overhand Out
One of the “sell” calls referred to later, with the umpire using emphasis
to make the call by using a similar movement as a ball player throwing
a ball. The right arm comes up and over as the umpire steps towards
the play and ends up with the feet square to the play and the right
arm ending at the waist. Some umpires use a “punch” to emphasize
their “sell” call.
Overthrow
A thrown ball, from one fielder to another that goes beyond the
boundary lines of the playing field or becomes a blocked ball.
Pre-Pitch Preparations
The thought process umpires should use to anticipate a play prior to
each pitch to better understand where they may or may not need to
move. This includes but is not limited to: the count, position of the
runners, defensive positioning, and recognition of any situations that
may occur.
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Primary Position
The initial location assumed by an umpire to rule on a play as a runner
approaches a base or as a play develops. The umpire’s line of vision
forms a 90-degree angle to:
1. The path of the runner on a tag play into a base.
2. The application of the tag on a tag play not involving a base.
3. The throw on force plays.
Ready (Starting) Stance on the Bases:

The ready position is the body position a base umpire takes immediately
prior to the pitcher bringing his hands together for the pause and up
until the pitch is released.
As the pitcher assumes the pause position, (hands together), the umpire
should take the ready position by placing the feet at a comfortable
distance apart, (normally shoulder width) staying relaxed but still. As the
pitcher releases the pitch, soften the knees (slightly bend), adjust body
weight to the balls of the feet and draw the hands in, close to the body
at belt level.
If the ball is hit, push off the ball of the outer foot and move to the
appropriate position for a possible play. If the ball is not hit, relax until
the start of the next pitch but always be aware of pick off plays, passed
balls, etc. that may cause the umpire to move to a position to call a play.
Rotations
Umpire infield rotations shall be clockwise.
Exception: If requires to backfill, trail a runner or return from a holding

zone.
Secondary Position
The subsequent location assumed by the umpire after the initial play,
or after a runner has obtained a base.
Sell call
A movement similar or identical to an umpire’s basic signal, but
delivered with added flair or emphasis in an effort to convince all
players, coaches, and fans in attendance of the importance and/or
correctness of the umpire’s decision.
Set Position on the Bases

This is the position a base umpire should take, prior to making a call
on a play. The set position mimics the ready position in that the feet
are spread apart, normally shoulder width, knees are soften and
slightly bent with the hands drawn towards the body at belt level.
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On a force play, the umpire moves to a position to see the play; 5-6
meters (18 feet) back, 90 degrees to the throw; on plays at 1st base,
do not go beyond 45 degrees to the base. Once at this position the
umpire should stop, set, see the play and then make the call.
On a tag play, the umpire moves to a position that allows the umpire
to see the four essential elements and their interaction, 3-4 meters
(12 feet) back and not in line with the throw, begin at 90 degrees to
the runner’s base path and just short of the leading edge of the base
or home plate and then adjust to see the four essential elements
interact. Remember you may have to move to see these four essential
elements and then adjust come together as the tag is being made. If
the defensive player is positioned so as to block the base/home plate
or base path without possession of the ball, the umpire should adjust
by moving back up to a 45-degree line through the base to watch and
determine if the runner has adjusted their running path due to the
defensive player blocking the base path or base/home plate. Once
in position the umpire should stop, open up, set, see the play develop
and then make the call.
On a pick off (throw back) at 1st base U1 moves forward from the
starting position keeping all Four Essential Elements in front.
Depending on the umpires reading of the play, the umpire should
move to a position 3-4 meters (12 feet) back from the play by stepping
inside to fair territory or by moving forward in foul territory provided
the umpire does not move beyond a 45-degree line though 1st base.
On a pick off play (throw back) at 3rd base, U3 moves to a position 3-

4 meters (12 feet) back, keeping all Four Essential Elements in front
by moving forward towards 3rd base or to a position closer to the foul
line. The umpire should not move down in foul territory beyond a 45-
degree line through 3rd base.
Set Position at the Plate

Bend at the knees, not the waist. The umpire’s eyes should be at the
top of the strike zone, allowing the umpire to look down through the
zone with an unobstructed view of the entire zone. The hands may be
in front of and in close to the body, but not supporting the body. The
plate umpire must be completely set when the pitch is released and
keep the body motionless as the pitch is delivered. See “Tracking the
ball at the Plate” below See “Stance” – the position the plate umpire
begins prior to dropping to the “set position.” The set position must
be mirrored for both right- and left-handed batters. The position must
be balanced and comfortable, but not relaxed.
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Slot
The area between the catcher and the batter when the batter is in their
natural stance and the catcher is in their normal crouched position.
For right-handed batters, the umpire’s right ear is on a line with the
left edge of the plate. For left-handed batters, the umpire’s left ear is
on a line with the right edge of the plate.
Square to the Base

When set for a play at any base, your head, shoulders and feet should
be in line and perpendicular to a line from your location to the base.
By taking a position square to the base, you will avoid a tendency to
turn away from the play before it is complete. When using the
“Overhand Out” sell call, your final position should be “Square to the
Base” as well.
Stance
The position the plate umpire establishes behind the catcher. A
heel/toe stance is recommended. The legs are at least shoulder width
apart or wider. The pelvic area (belt buckle) aligned with a spot
between the top middle and the outside corner of the plate. For the
heel/toe, the slot foot should be in the slot pointing directly at the
pitching plate and in line with or slightly in front of an imaginary line
extended from the catcher’s heels. The non-slot foot is behind the
catcher in line with or slightly in front of an imaginary line extending
from the heel of the slot foot. This foot may angle up to 45 degrees.
Starting Positions – Base Umpires – 4 Umpire System

With no runners on, U1 and U3’s preliminary starting position should
be 5-6 meters (18 feet) behind the base, 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) off
the line (measured from the outside of the foot closest to the foul line.)
U2’s preliminary starting position should be 5-6 meters (18 feet) back,
on the 1st base side of 2nd base, just short of the leading edge.
With any runner on base, the U1, U2 and U3 should be in their original
starting position but only 4-5 meters (15 feet) behind the base.
Exception: With a runner at 1st base, U1 should take a position 4-5

meters (15 feet) behind 1st base in foul territory so as to have an
obstructed view of the pitcher, runner and home plate.
With a runner at 3rd base, U3 should take a position 4-5 meters (15
feet) behind 3rd base in foul territory so the umpire’s view of the
pitcher, runner and home plate is not obstructed by the runner leaving
3rd base on the release of the pitch.
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On a pick off (throw back) at 1st base U1 moves forward from the
starting position keeping all Four Essential Elements in front.
Depending on the umpires reading of the play, the umpire should
move to a position 3-4 meters (12 feet) back from the play by stepping
inside to fair territory or by moving forward in foul territory provided
the umpire does not move beyond a 45-degree line though 1st base.
On a pick off play (throw back) at 3rd base, U3 moves to a position 3-

4 meters (12 feet) back, keeping all Four Essential Elements in front
by moving forward towards 3rd base or to a position closer to the foul
line. The umpire should not move down in foul territory beyond a 45-
degree line through 3rd base.
Subsequent Play
The action that follows the defensive team’s first attempt to retire a
runner, but is not reasonably predictable. For example, when there is
a squeeze bunt and collision at the plate, the tag play at home is the
initial play; if after the play at home B1 advances toward 2nd base, the
ensuing play at 2nd base is a subsequent play. (See “secondary
position”)
Tag Play
A legal tag is the action of a fielder in touching:
a) a batter-runner or runner who is not in contact with a base, with
the ball securely held in their hand(s) or glove. The ball is not
considered as having been securely held if it is juggled or dropped
by the fielder after tagging the batter-runner or runner, unless that
player deliberately knocks the ball from the hand(s) or glove of the
fielder. The runner must be tagged with the hand(s) or glove with
which the ball is held; or
a base with the ball securely held in their hand(s) or glove. The base
may be touched with any part of the body to be a legal tag, (e.g., the
fielder could touch the base with the ball securely held in their
hand(s) or glove. The base may be touched with any part of the body
to be a legal tag, (e.g., the fielder could touch the base with a foot,
with a hand, sit on the base, etc.) This would apply to any force out
or appeal situation.
Timing on Bases
Reading the play, choosing a primary position, allowing the play to be
completed (adjusting if needed), locating the ball, watching for control of
the ball, making a decision and only then signalling the decision. Reading
the play, the signal is held long enough to communicate complete
understanding and strength of the message.
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Timing at the Plate
Take the time to accurately assess the merits of each pitch by ensuring
the ball has completely passed over the plate and into the catcher’s
glove before making a decision. Making the decision first, and then
making the call. The verbal call is in the down position and signal is
in the “up” position. The signal should be given immediately after the
verbal call. The hammer is strong with an angle of 90-degrees to the
side and the signal is held long enough to convey the decision with
conviction. The feet do not move until the signal is complete.
Tracking
Following the ball with your nose. Letting the ball bring you to the
play. See “Tracking the ball on the Bases” and “Tracking the ball at
the Plate” below.
Tracking the ball on the Bases

Observe the fielder release the ball. Track the flight of the ball until
just before it reaches the targeted receiver, then switch focus to the
receiver’s glove and follow the ball into the glove.
Tracking the ball at the Plate

Observe the entire flight of a pitch with only slight head movement.
Head movement is so the umpire will see the ball. It is not a signal
of pitch location. See the release of the pitch, track it to just in front
of the plate, switch focus to the batter’s zone, then see the ball into
the catcher’s glove. This will allow you to make your decision when
it crosses the plate and assist on outside pitches by seeing where the
catcher’s glove is located when the ball is caught. Don’t lose the ball,
but follow it into the glove with your nose.
Umpires
PU is the plate umpire. BU is the base umpire. When more than two
umpires work together, U1 is the first base umpire; U2 is the second
base umpire; in the 4-umpire system and U3 is the third base umpire.
In the six (6) umpire system, ULF is the left field umpire and URF is
the right field umpire.
Wild Throw
A thrown in which the ball thrown from one fielder to another cannot
be caught or controlled and remains in play.
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3.2 UNIFORM AND APPEARANCE
You only get one chance to make a first impression. Your appearance
will make a lasting impression on those who see you. It will make a
statement about who you are and what you are about.
If you wear your umpire uniform properly, that is, your uniform is:
• Proper shirt – powder blue color with insignia or other
approved color
• Pants – navy blue - pressed and creased
• Shoes – cleaned and shined/polished
• All clothing should be clean and properly worn
• Cap should be neat and fit properly
If your first impression is that of a person who cares about yourself and
what you are doing you will also send the following messages:
• I am a professional
• I am here because I want to be
• I care about my umpiring
• I care about the game, the players and the coaches
These are strong messages to send to players, coaches and fans alike. If
you look the part, they will give you the benefit of the doubt and assume
that you are knowledgeable and able to umpire.
Wearing the uniform proudly and correctly makes you a member of the
large umpire family. We never add to our uniform so as to call attention
to ourselves. The umpire uniform is our business suit.
The WBSC uniform is:
• Powder blue or other approved color short-sleeved shirt.

• Navy blue slacks.
• Black shoes – clean and shined/polished, not patent leather.
Manufacturer’s logo is permitted.
• Navy blue socks.
• Navy blue cap with white WBSC letters on the front.
• Black belt.
• Navy blue jacket.
• White t-shirt worn under the powder blue shirt.
• Navy ball bag.
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The umpiring crew shall be dressed alike except the plate umpire does
not have to wear a jacket even if the base umpires do. If one base umpire
wears a jacket, all base umpires must wear a jacket.
Equipment
• Black mask and harness. Black or tan pads. Black throat

protector if not built into the mask. An extended wire
protector may be worn in lieu of a throat protector on the
mask.
• Plate umpires can wear a black mask/helmet combination,
which resembles a hockey mask.
• Ball/strike indicator – must be used on the plate and on the
bases.
• Brush – every umpire must carry one.
• Navy blue ball bag to match pants. Plate umpires only and
if preferred, two may be worn.
• Pen or pencil
• Bat ring
• Line-up holder
• Shin guards with knee protection – exposed parts must be
navy or black.
• Chest protector – exposed parts navy or black with as little
advertising as possible.
• Sunglasses – must have smoke lens or darker and all black
frames. No mirror lens allowed. If a strap is used, it must be
black and the kind that holds the glasses tight to the head,
not the kind that holds the glasses when they are not being
worn. Sunglasses are to be removed when discussions are
held with coaches or players. Sunglasses should never be
worn on top of the cap or hooked into the belt. If they are
not needed, remove the sunglasses from the field of play
completely.
Umpires must not wear exposed jewellery (with the exception of Medical
Alert Bracelets and/or necklaces). While the umpiring uniform for some
leagues or tournaments may differ from that described here, the pride with
which it is worn and the standard of its appearance should never change.
3.3 UMPIRE PHYSICAL CONDITIONING
All umpires should be physically fit at the start of each season and then make
certain that they keep themselves in good condition.
Umpires must be able to keep pace with the players and the game.
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Physical conditioning is a prime requisite of umpiring and requires a certain
amount of discipline. Pre-season conditioning should include exercises
designed to strengthen the legs, such as jogging, running in place, etc.
Conditioning during the season itself boils down to a matter of weight control
and water level balance. Fluids must be replaced during and between games
to prevent even the best umpires from dehydrating during the season.
Keep the game moving. Good players usually hustle. Good umpires always
hustle. After a rotation on a play, back to the next starting position; to the
pitching plate to sweep it off after the third out of an inning; back to the
starting positions after the team has completed warming up between
innings; when running to the outfield on a fly ball, run back into the infield
as well. These are just a few of the “hustle” situations, which are observed
by the players and coaches. Fans gain more respect of your work when this
hustle is demonstrated. YOU MUST LEAD BY EXAMPLE! And it all begins
with conditioning.
3.4 Mental Preparation – Before, During and After the Game

The mental preparation before, during and after game is an important
part of an umpire’s tool box. We need to be mentally prepared and
focused to be the best we can be.
- Umpiring at top level requires not only excellent knowledge and
experience but also mental preparation. Mental preparation before the
game makes you ready. When you have a pre-game preparation plan you
feel more focused, confident and in control.
- Let’s start by looking at what we can do to add Quality to our game
before the first pitch.
- Plan your season, your games and your career.
“No plan is a plan to failure” - Dr, Johnny Welton
3.4.1. Before the Game:

Game Strategy - Know in advance how you would like to umpire this
game.
• Use your past knowledge of and experience with the teams,
coaches’ players, and partners. Imagine what will probably
happen in the game. Acknowledge how you feel about what
you know. Decide how you will deal with them. - If you had a
problem with a particular coach or team, don’t ignore it. If you
acknowledge how you feel, you are better able to control
yourself.
• Imagine what could distract you in the game. - Catcher, coach,
gallery, announcer? Resolve what actions you will take to avoid
being distracted.
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• Check if you have biases. - The coaches you ejected, a player
embarrassed you, or the game where you had a bad call?
Admit these prejudice if you have. Decide right now that it is
more important for you to be just than to be vengeful. Feel self-
righteous about it.
• Check if the game is a rivalry or if there is ‘bad blood’ among
the teams. Remind yourself to look for signs. Plan your action
for issuing warnings or imposing sanctions. Define what you
will or will not tolerate.
• Make choices before you encounters a situation in the game. -
How you will think, how you will feel, and how you will act. Be
prepared.
• Visualize yourself being the umpire you want to be. See
yourself in the tough situation. See yourself taking charge,
managing and resolving. See yourself hustling, getting in
perfect position and making a good, crisp signal. - When
situations arise, you have “been there - done that” in your
mind, and you will know just how to act.
• Always control the things you can control. – Do not create your
own distractions. All your preparation will be naught if you are
hungry, thirsty, tired, or worried. Do not allow being physically
unprepared to destroy your mental preparation.
• For an umpire, it’s not about winning, it’s not about losing; it’s
about staying in control.
• Review and Be Sure of the WBSC Rules, Mechanics and
Umpire Manual.
• Review the WBSC Official Rules. - With a good working
knowledge of the rules, you have one less things to worry about
when you step out on the diamond. You need to continually
study the WBSC Rules and WBSC Case Book. Talk through
unusual plays with your colleagues.
• Review the WBSC Umpire Field Mechanics / 3 & 4 Umpire
System. – Mechanics are the backbone of umpiring. The WBSC
Umpire Committee spends a large amount of time to give
every umpire the best opportunity to judge each play at WBSC
events.
• Review the WBSC Umpire Manual. – In this, you can find
everything you need to know and practice when you work as
WBSC Certified Umpire. You will understand the Sprit and
Philosophy of Umpiring as WBSC Umpire. The WBSC Umpire
Committee spends a large amount of time to give every umpire
the best current information to judge each play at WBSC
events.
Leave your daily problem behind you.
• Leave any business or personal problems behind you. – There
is little you can do about them while you are umpiring a
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ballgame. Thinking about your daily problem will affect your
concentration and distract the pleasure you will get from
umpiring a good game.
• When we allow our brains to fill with thoughts anything other
than the present, we lose our ability to live in the moment.
• If you are experiencing personal problem or issues that will
distract you, consciously acknowledge this and promise
yourself that you will think about that issue at another time,
after the game. Then, make sure you keep your promise to
yourself.
• When you arrive on site, you need to dedicate 100 percent of
your mental faculties to umpiring. Give the game your quality
time, free from outside worries and concerns.
Establish A Pre-Game Routine.
• Establish a pre-game routine. – Before every game, wearing
the same socks, putting on your equipment in the same order,
having your equipment arranged in a particular manner,
dressing in a specific order …….. They are not simply
superstition. They help to bring the game into focus from the
beginning. Establishing and practicing a pre-game will help
you take the field in the right frame of the mind, free of mental
distractions.
• By establishing and practicing a pre-game routine, you are
sure that you will not forget anything, and your mind are free
to focus on games issues.
Your pre-game routine should include both physical and mental items. –
i.e. arriving at the site the same amount of time before each game,
dressing in the same order, making sure your pre-game with your
partners covers the same items each time. – Put your thoughts in
order before walking onto the field. Get into the right frame of
mind. Be confident before walking onto the field that you can now
give 100 percent of your attention to the game.
• Pre-game routines are different for each umpire and have to suit
your personality but here are some general guidelines for a good
game strategy.
3.4.2 During the Game:

Pre-Pitch Preparation (3 Ps): What should umpires think about
between pitches? - Pre-Pitch Preparation will help umpires to
anticipate a play prior to each pitch, to understand better where they
may or may not need to move and to react much quicker by having
mentally rehearsed the game situation in advance. The following are
the examples to be focused for Pre-Pitch Preparation. (Points to be
focused are not limited.)
●Points to be focused with every batter and before
every pitch. Out Count (Number of Outs)
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〇Ball Count
〇 Position of the Runners / Where the
Runners Are 〇The Score
〇 Position of the Defensive Players / Where the
Fielders Are 〇Every Possible Play / Any Situation
that May Occur:
・ Offensive; Object/Strategy, ・ Defensive Object/Strategy ・ Batter’s
Tendancy/History 〇Potential for Obstruction by a Fielders or Interference
by a Runner 〇Possible Umpire’s Movements depending on Where the Ball
Is Hit.
Maintain Focus during the Game:

Perfect Focus – The very best umpires are able to consistently maintain
their focus and concentration inning after inning, game after game.
They are not distracted by external events or internal thoughts.
They work each game pitch-by-pitch, entirely focused and in the
present. The best umpires are able to focus and concentrate at
will. – On the field, perfect focus is the feeling of “being in the zone”
or the experience of seeing a play develop in slow motion. You feel
as though you are in complete control, and nothing seems to be a
surprise.
• Attaining perfect focus - It requires that you become introspective
enough to recognize what your mind is doing. It takes thought,
preparation, and discipline. It begins by being confident in your
skills and mechanics, to the point that you can perform your duties
and make adjustments without thinking about them.
• Our brains are much faster than the game. When we allow our
brains to fill with thoughts of anything other than the present, we
lose our ability to live in the moment.
• Be mindful of what your mind is doing. - If you are experiencing
personal problem or issues that will distract you, consciously
acknowledge this and promise yourself that you will think about
that issue at another time, after the game. Then, make sure you
keep your promise to yourself.
Make Routine a Part of your Game:

●Once you take the field, make your routine a part of your game. Get
set the same way, at the same time for every single pitch. Establish
your timing every single pitch. Work between every single pitch.
●Establish routines leaves you mental space to focus and
concentrate on other aspects of the game. Work the game, whether
you are on the bases or the plate, one pitch at a time. Give yourself
tiny mental breaks after each pitch, and refocus for the next one.
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Use Positive Self-Talk and Triggers:
• Use Positive Self-Talk and Triggers to get you into your routine
and keep you focused
• Talk to yourself in positive ways. Positive Self-Talk is telling
yourself what to do, instead what not to do. Examples of positive
self-talk might be: “Be alert for obstruction,” “Ready, set,” “Focus
now,” “Get the big picture,” “See it all, be ready to help out.”
Negative talk usually begins with “Don’t.” “Don’t blow it,” “Don’t
screw this up,” “Don’t be late to second base,” “Don’t forget
about….”
• A Trigger is a word or action that automatically takes you to your
zone of mental focus. For example, as the pitcher first steps on the
pitching plate, say to yourself, “Focus” or “Be alert” or “Ready, set.”
You can use physical triggers. For example, tapping your thigh or
making and relaxing a fist. Once you said the trigger word or
completed the action, you are focused and ready for the pitch.
If you lose your concentration, How to Get it Back?
• One simple act for recovering after missing a call or simply getting
your focus back when you realize it’s gone – Bring yourself
immediately into the present. Right here, right now.
• 〇Immediately take note of the present. – Use all your
senses. 〇Use your triggers to bring you and keep you
in the present.
• 〇Make a mental promise to think about your error or distraction after
the game. – Thinking about the missed call now or kicking yourself
mentally for the error guarantees that you will soon make another one.
〇Consciously decide to work one pitch at a time.
• 〇Use positive self-talk. 〇Before the next pitch, run through your
mind all the possible scenarios that could occur on the next pitch. 〇
Break your umpiring mechanics down into the basic steps.
• 〇When working the plate, get set sooner. Be set and solid well before
the pitcher release the ball. Focus only on the strike zone.
3.4.3 After the Game:

How can umpires debrief themselves after a game?
• For Post-Game Debrief, please see “3.10 POST=GAME – PARTNER(S),
SELF, AND UIC”.
How can umpires recover mentally from a bad game?
• Take the time to unwind and relax both mentally and physically after
each game.
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• It is important to have the game analysis when you still recall many
situations that you want to reflect on and discuss.
• Self-evaluation helps you to learn from experience and improve for
your next games. Be honest in your evaluation.
• Have a post-game meeting with your partners. Be receptive to
constructive criticism.
The discussion should cover these topics in this order:
〇Things that well or we did well in the game. 〇Anything unusual, vague
or confusing that happened. 〇Look up any questions concerning rules
that arose during the game. 〇How well did we follow what we pre-
gamed? 〇Where could we improve or do things differently?
〇Where did we really screw up?
Every umpire has a bad game once in a while. If this happens,
acknowledge the feeling, do not try and digest all by yourself. Seek
the advice of partners or evaluators to discuss the game. Ask for
constructive feedback and advice. This will help you in getting ready
for the next game.
• Talk with someone knowledgeable whom you trust. - Get a second
opinion. Have a postgame conversation.
• Acknowledge where you could improve as an incentive. If you had
any specific goals, did you meet them? Take from each game the
things that will strengthen your personal umpiring.
• Reward yourself after a tough game that you’ve done well. - This
reinforces the idea that pressure is temporary and worth the feeling
of a job well done.
• ” What made you feel good? Look at it.” - Balance reduces stress.
3.4.4 Dealing with Pressure:

The higher level of softball, the more pressure on everyone: players,
coaches and officials. Do not avoid pressure. It’s an integral part of the
game. Pressure is not all bad. A little pressure, like a little fear, can be
a real motivation.
Here are a few suggestions to deal with the pressure.
• Think about how to handle pressure, not avoid it.: Do not avoid
pressure. It’s an integral part of the game.
• Identify the Pressure. - Pinpoint the specific cause.
• Minimize the Pressure. - Be mentally prepared for the game. Relax
and pace yourself. Don’t avoid situations for fear of confrontation.
Leave your personal problems at home. Focus on the obvious and
take action.
• Accept the Pressure. - There may be situations we have no control
over. Go with the flow. Don’t buy into situations by fighting it.
Remember nothing goes on forever.
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• Keep a clear perspective. - Don’t let individual games overwhelm
you. Remember the big picture. Focus on what you want out of the
game. If you cannot see the forest for the trees, find out what is
wrong. Re-evaluate your perspective as to its proper priority.
3.5 PRE-GAME – SELF, PARTNER(S), COACHES AND UIC
Self:
Prior to your game you should:
• Clear your mind of all distractions

• Make sure you have looked after any minor injuries. Leave your
daily problems behind.
• Focus on the game ahead
Partner(s):
• Review Rules (Ground Rules, New Rules, Pitching Regulation,

Obstruction/Interference, 20 Second Clock Rules, etc.)
• Review Fly Ball Coverage
• Review Rotations (If 4 Umpire System, include the following case:
Runner at 2B and 3B, U2 or U3 going out, PU back to Home for the
first play, the second play at 3B)
• Review Tag Up Responsibilities
• Review Communications (Verbal/Non-verbal)
• Review Umpire to Umpire Signals
• Discuss how to handle Illegal Pitches, Hit by Pitch, Hit by Batted Ball
• Discuss how to Request Help from Partners (Check Swing, Appeal to
Wrong Umpire, Request for Information)
• Discuss how to manage Umpire Discussion/Conference (including
Announce the Decision)
• Discuss how to manage Umpire to Coach Discussions (One-on-one,
Control and Help by Partners, Case of Ejection, etc.)
• Discuss how to handle unusual situations
• Discuss how to manage to Speed Up the Game
• Discuss how to manage Protests and Ejections
After the pre-game with your partners, you should enter the field 20 minutes
prior to the start of the game. Your duties here include:
• Always enter the field together with your partners.
• Check bats, helmets and other equipment for legality and safety
• Check field for holes in the fencing, etc.
• Give the field a good look to see if anything looks out of place, base
distances, pitching distance, etc.
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• Infields - 15 minutes before – home team; 10 minutes before visiting
team; 5 minutes before Plate meeting with coaches.
Plate meeting with Coaches:

• Plate umpire introduces himself/herself and crew
• Allow coaches to introduce themselves
• Go over ground rules
• Inspect line-ups, ask if any changes
• Make line-ups official
• After line-ups is official, any changes need to be made in accordance
to the rules.
3.6 EQUIPMENT CHECK
Coaches are responsible for ensuring that the equipment used in

competition meets the prescribed WBSC standards of safety and legality.
Coaches are also responsible for ensuring that their players are legally
equipped and properly attired. Umpires should check equipment to be
used in the game for noticeable defects and anything obviously illegal or
unsafe.
Bats should be checked for any dents (metal bats) or any obvious damage
as well as weight, length, grip, knob and required certification provided by
the WBSC. To determine whether a bat with dents (or a flat spot) is legal, a
bat ring must slide over the barrel without significant force. Only WBSC
approved attachments to a bat are allowed in the on-deck circle.
Helmets must have double earflaps, and should be checked for cracks and
missing padding.
3.7 FORFEITS, PROTESTS, AND EJECTIONS
3.7.1 Forfeits
A forfeited game shall be declared in favor of the team not at fault in the
following cases:
• A team fails to appear on the field. Suggestion: Rule 1.2.2.a)
• If a team is on the field refuses to begin a game for which a time set
for forfeitures by the organisation in which the team is playing.
Suggestion: Rule 1.2.2. b) ……
3.7.2 Protests
Protests mat involve:

A protest may be received and considered:
I. The misinterpretation of a Rule;
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II. The misapplication of a Rule;
III. The failure to impose the correct penalty for a given violation
IV. The eligibility of a team roster member (Participation of an ineligible
player or coach). A protest may involve both a matter of judgement
and the interpretation of a rule. i), ii), iii): Notice to protest must be
given clearly ot the Plate Umpire:
• Immediately before next pitch (legal or illegal).
• If at the end of an inning, before all fielders leave fair territory
on their way to the bench or dugout area.
• If the last play of the game, before the Umpires have left the
field of play. ⅳ):
At any time, a protest may be submitted to the appropriate authority
other than plate Umpire for the eligibility of a team roster member.
Suggestion: Use terms from Official Rules 1.2.8, 1.2.9 and 1.2.11
Protests may not involve:

No protest may be received or considered
• If it is based solely on a decision involving the accuracy of judgement
by an Umpire, or
• If the team lodging the protest won the game.
Examples of protests that will not be considered are:
〇 Whether a batted ball was fair or foul; 〇 Whether a runner was safe or
out;
〇 Whether a pitched ball was a strike or a ball; 〇 Whether a pitch was
legal or illegal; 〇 Whether a runner did or did not touch a base; 〇
Whether a runner left the base too soon on a caught fly ball; 〇 Whether
a fly ball was or was not caught; 〇 Whether there was or was not an
interference; 〇 Whether there was or as not an obstruction; 〇 Whether
a player or live ball did or did not enter a dead ball territory or touch an
object or person in a dead ball territory; 〇 Whether a batted ball did or
did not clear a fence in flight; 〇 Whether the field is fit to continue or
resume play; 〇 Whether there is sufficient light to continue play; 〇 Any
other matter involving only the accuracy of the Umpire’s judgment.
Suggestion: The protest system might be changed in the future (for

example, replay). However, the protest is crucial issue today and umpires
should have correct knowledge about valid protests and invalid protests
on the rules. Rule 1.2.10.
If the game is continued under protest:

§ The plate umpire must announce to the opposing coach/manager,
and the official scorer (and the public address announcer) that the
game will be resumed under protest.
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§ All interested parties must take notice of the conditions
surrounding the making of the decision that will aid in the correct
determination of the issue.
Suggestion: The protest system might be changed in the future (for
example, replay). However, the protest is crucial issue today and umpires
should have correct knowledge about valid protests and invalid protests
on the rules. Rule 1.2.11.
Deadline to file an official protest:

An official written protest must be filed within a reasonable time.
・In the absence of a league or tournament rule fixing the time for filing
a protest, a protest should be considered if filed within a reasonable time,
depending on the nature of the case and the difficulty in obtaining the
information on which to base the protest.
・ Generally, 48 hours after the scheduled time of the contest is
considered a reasonable time. Suggestion: The protest system might be
changed in the future (for example, replay). However, the protest is crucial
issue today and umpires should have correct knowledge about valid
protests and invalid protests on the rules. Rule 1.2.12.
Requirements for a formal written protest:

A formal written protest must contain the following information to
be valid:
1) The Teams, date, time and place of the game.
2) The name(s) of the umpires and scorer(s).
3) The Rule(s) or local rules under which the protest is made.
4) The decision and conditions surrounding the making of the
decision.
5) All essential facts involved in the matter protested.
Suggestion: The protest system might be changed in the future (for example,
replay). However, the protest is crucial issue today and umpires should have
correct knowledge about valid protests and invalid protests on the rules.
Rule 1.2.11, 1.2.13.
Result of protest:
The decision made on a protested game must result in one of the following.
a) The protest is found invalid, and the game score as played remains
unaltered.
b) When a protest is allowed for misinterpretation or misapplication of a
Rule or the failure to impose the correct penalty for a given violation,
the game is replayed from the point at which the incorrect decision
was made, with the decision corrected.
c) When a protest for ineligibility of a team roster member is allowed, the
game is forfeited by the offending team.
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Suggestion: The protest system might be changed in the future (for example,
replay). However, the protest is crucial issue today and umpires should have
correct knowledge about valid protests and invalid protests on the rules.
3.7.3 Ejections
The following general principles should be considered when deciding

whether to eject a player or coach from a game:
• Use of profanity specifically directed at an umpire or vulgar

personal insults, including accusations of bias or cheating.
• Deliberate physical contact with an umpire or towards
another player, throwing equipment in a reckless and
dangerous manner.
• Refusal to stop arguing and further delaying the game after
the umpire has provided a player or coach adequate
opportunity to make his/her point. The umpire should warn
the player or coach that he/she has been heard and instruct
the coach to return to their position or the dugout, or they
will be ejected.
• Arguing balls and strikes after being warned.
• Use of gestures (e.g. jumping up and down, putting hand
around neck resembling a choking motion, kicking dirt, or
violently waving arms) while arguing with an umpire.
• Throwing uniform items, a towel, a cap or other items from
the dugout or while arguing.
Exercise patience and common sense in the ejection of players. Do

not eject a player except for good cause. Ejection of players for trivial
offenses is indefensible and reflects badly upon the umpire. Never
lose your temper and eject out of anger. Only eject with the dignity of
knowing the ejection was deserved.
Once you decide to eject, do it as soon as all play has stopped or

immediately if the action for which the player is being ejected is also
an act of Interference. If you delay, you will look indecisive or unsure.
Do look to others to help you with the removal of the player or coach
from the game. If the ejection is for a rule violation, do not embarrass
the player of coach. If the ejection is for some serious action, then
ensure that you are being seen to have handled the situation.
Handling ejections properly will gain you respect.
Once an ejection occurs, it is time for your partners to enter the

situation to help defuse the reaction to the ejection. Your partners
should ensure that the ejected player or coach leaves the playing field
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and then the dugout as quickly as possible. Partners need to be alert
to the situation and be ready to help. Once you have ejected, walk
away and let your partners handle it.
Do not cause confusion between an ejection (leave the playing field)

and removal of a player due to a rule violation (illegal player, illegal re-
entry, etc.) for on a removal, the player can remain in the dugout and
even coach from the coach’s box.
Points to remember:
1. Umpires should not call time to eject a player until all play
has been completed. If an act of interference, obstruction or
fighting occurs after the action warranting ejection, the
umpire should deal with those situations as set out in the
rules.
2. If the umpire prematurely calls time immediately and the
player to be ejected is a BR, then:
a. if the BR has not yet touched 1B then the BR is out
and all runners return to the base last touched when
Time was called.
b. If the BR had touched 1B prior to Time being called,
then allow a substitute to take the place of the BR on
the base last touched by the BR. All other runners
return to the base last touched when time was called.
c. The BR is ejected in both situations.
player to be ejected is an offensive player, who is not a BR,
the player is ejected and all runners are returned to the base
last touched with the ejected player being replaced by a
substitute. The BR is awarded first base and all runners
would only advance if forced by the BR being awarded first
base.
player to be ejected is a defensive player, then the BR is
awarded first base and al runners are awarded the base, in
the umpire’s judgment they would have reached had the
umpire not called Time.
3.8 RAIN, DARKNESS, GROUNDS
The calling of a game for rain or darkness is a judgment call. There is

always pressure to allow the game to continue but the safety of the players,
fans and umpires is the governing factor. The plate umpire should check
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with his/her partners. In World Championships, the decision to suspend a
game will rest with the Championship UIC.
3.9 LIGHTNING
When lightning occurs, safety is the most important thing in determining the
suspension and resumption of play. If lightning is seen or thunder is heard,
the game should be suspended. Look for direction from the Tournament or
World Championship UIC. All players should be asked to leave the playing
area including metal dugouts.
A game suspended for lightning should not resume until a minimum of 30

minutes has elapsed from the last sighting of lightning. Administrators with
knowledge of local weather conditions and habits may give advice on the
time to wait before a game is resumed.
Check with the local host committee, just thunder itself may be an indication
that a storm is too near to continue play.
3.10 POST-GAME – PARTNER(S), SELF, AND UIC
3.10.1 At the conclusion of the game:

§ Be alert for any possible appeals or protests that could still be legally
made.
§ Return the game balls to the ball return.
§ Briskly walk off the field with your partners by the most convenient
route to the umpire’s dressing area. If a hotly contested game, take
the exit route of least resistance. If you see a problem arising, go in
another direction.
§ Always exit the field together with your partners.
§ Do not engage in crew congratulations or handshakes until you are off
the field and away from public observation.
§ Avoid mingling or moving through players.
§ Do not congratulate any coach or team members.
3.10.1 At the conclusion of the game:

Suggestion: Although what were added above are important actc, I saw many
umpires didn’t understand this at the World’s.
3.10.2 The post-game debriefs with crew and UIC:

Go directly to your change area before discussing the game with crew and
UIC. The post-game debrief can be very vital to the continued success of the
crew. Communicating in an open and honest manner with each other can
allow continued individual growth. Every game can be a learning experience
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if approached properly. During the post-game debrief, it is highly
recommended that you take notes concerning crew and individual feedback.
Discuss:
• Unusual plays
• Missed rotations
• Confusing rule interpretations
• Lessons learned and areas for improvement
• Be sure to address inconsistent feedback from UIC/AUIC to ensure
umpire understanding.
Beware that additional feedback may be offered outside the dressing

room/debrief area throughout the tournament. Do a self-evaluation after
each game. You are the best to know what you could have done better,
where you need to improve and what you are doing right. Are you still
working toward your goals?
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SECTION 4
SIGNALS
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Communication is essential to umpiring and the first line of communication
is the umpire’s signals. These signs enable one umpire to let a fellow umpire
know the game situation on a specific play. These decisions are also relayed
to the players, coaches, and spectators by their usage.
You must have good signals to be a good umpire. Every signal initiates from
a set or ready position. The feet are planted in a solid, wide base at least
shoulder width apart. In order for a signal to convey its message, it must be
seen. The first move before giving any signal is, without moving your feet, to
come to a full standing position. Nearly all signals are given up or away from
the body for the express purpose of being seen
Once a signal is seen, everyone who sees it must understand what it means.
Signals must always be informative, precise, structured and meaningful.
They are designed to convey strength, confidence and authority. The manner
in which a signal is given determines, at least to a degree, its acceptance by
players, coaches and spectators. Any movement while giving a signal is
always forward toward the play. The signal is held long enough to convey
conviction, then the arms and hands are brought back into the body, thus
completing the signal, before moving to the next position.
Signals should not be used unnecessarily. Poor signals are confusing. Do

not draw attention to yourself by overusing or needlessly using any signal. It
is of the utmost importance that we use the correct signal and that it is done
properly. Equally important is that we give the signal the correct amount of
emphasis in relation to the play being called.
Do not echo a partner’s call (except for illegal pitches or foul balls with
runners on). If there is no play, a call or signal is not needed. Some examples
of when a signal is not needed are (but not limited to):
• The ball clearly going over the fielder’s head, or bouncing in
front of him/her.
• A pitch is fouled directly back to the backstop or fouled over the
backstop, or over the sides of the backstop.
• The ball is overthrown or completely missed by the intended
receiver.
• A runner clearly obtains a base or home before the ball arrives
or the ball is clearly dropped.
4.1 STANDARD UMPIRE SIGNALS
OUT
From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, pull the left
hand/arm into the midsection of the body. Extend the right arm straight up
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with the palm of the hand facing the ear. Bring the right forearm slightly
forward while clenching it into a fist (this is the Hammer). The right upper
arm and forearm should be at a 90-degree angle. Verbally call “Out”. Bring
the right arm back into the body before moving the feet or moving to the
next position.
1.
OVERHAND OUT
With feet at least shoulder width apart, step toward the play with the left foot.
Bring the right foot over and behind the left foot while raising the right arm
high in the air. Plant the right foot and step forward again with the left foot
while bringing the right arm over the top of the head in a throwing motion
with a closed fist. Just as the throwing motion is completed, bring the right
foot forward, in line with the left foot and end in a set position. A verbal call
of “Out” (usually drawn out – “oouutt”) accompanies the signal usually
starting when the arm is directly overhead and finishing with the thrown fist.
1. 2. 3.
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4. 5.
PUNCH OUT
Use this signal as a sell out when you are too close to the play to do a full
overhand out. It can also be used if a play warrants more than a routine
out but less than a full overhand out.
From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, step back with the
right foot and punch forward with the right arm at about shoulder height.
The hand is in a fist. The technique brings you no closer to the play than
when you started. The initial stepping back is overshadowed and
compensated for by the strength and forward trust of the punch.
1 2 3.
. .
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SAFE – NO CATCH – NO TAG – NO INFRACTION – TRAPPED BALL
From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, bring both arms into
the chest at shoulder level with the palms of the hands facing down. Extend
both arms straight out horizontally with the palms down. Do not have your
hands in fists. Verbally call “Safe”, “No Catch”, or, “No Tag”. Bring both
arms back into the body (similar to a Ready Set position) before moving the
feet or moving to the next position.
2.
1.
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SELL SAFE
From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, bring both arms into
the chest at shoulder level, parallel to the ground, with the palms of the hands
facing down. Take a step toward the play with the left foot while extending both
arms straight out horizontally with the palms down. Loudly call “Safe”.
Complete the signal by bringing the right foot forward on a line with the left
foot. Bring both arms back in the body (similar to a Ready Set position) before
moving the feet or moving to the next position.
1. 2.
DEAD BALL – FOUL BALL – NO PITCH
From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, raise both arms
straight up with palms forward. Arms should be at about a 35- to 40-degree
angle from the body. Verbally call: “Dead Ball”, “Foul Ball”, or “No Pitch”. If
the ball is close to the line, the feet should be straddling the line. When the
plate umpire signals “No Pitch”, the signal may be accompanied by
movement to the open side of the plate for better visibility.
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1.
TIME
From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, raise both
arms straight up with palms forward. Arms should be at about a 35-
to 40-degree angle from the body. Verbally call: “Time”.
1.
FAIR BALL
From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, extend the arm
closest to the field horizontally at shoulder height and point, with either open
hand palm forward, to fair ground. Do not make a verbal call. If the ball is
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close to the line, the feet should be straddling the line and use a pumping
motion with the arm closes to the line.
1.
FAIR/FOUL INDICATOR
The Fair/Foul Indicator signal is permissible provided it is subtle.

On any fly ball close to the foul line the umpire should straddle the line, feet
shoulder width apart, and, depending on the resulting action rule the ball
fair, foul, or an out. Always give the ball status first, i.e., fair or foul then catch
or no catch.
Use 1, 2, or 3 to make the appropriate call:
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1.
2.
3.
DELAYED DEAD BALL
Extend the left arm straight out at shoulder height, parallel to the ground.
The hand is in a fist with the fingers of the fist facing forward.
Display the signal continuously while the runner is between the bases where
the obstruction occurred unless a rundown develops or you have to move,
resume signal once you rest. Hold during illegal pitch except the plate umpire
who should drop the arm after the initial signal.
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INFIELD FLY
Fully extend the right arm above the head with the hand in a clenched fist.
Verbalize: “Infield fly – the batter is out”. If the ball is close to a line say:
“Infield fly – the batter is out, if fair”.
Either the plate or base umpire may make this call. Once the plate umpire
makes the call, it should be echoed by the bases umpires using the same
signal but verbalizing only: “Infield fly”.
If the plate umpire does not make the call (forgets or is not certain of the
call) and a base umpire, after eye contact communication with the plate
umpire, is certain the ball is an infield fly; the base umpire may make the
call.
1.
POINT
The right or left arm extended straight out at the play or player. All fingers
should be extended on the hand. The other arm should be under control in
close to the body.
Use the Point to indicate an abnormality in a play (e.g. a tag, a missed tag, a
pulled foot) or to reference a player who committed some act. This signal is
followed by another signal, usually ‘out’ or ‘safe’. The Point signal must be
finished (bring the arm into the body) before another signal is started.
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1.
HOME RUN
Fully extend the right or left arm above the head with the index finger pointed
skyward and make a clockwise circle motion with the hand and arm.
GROUND RULE DOUBLE
Fully extend the right arm above the head with the index and middle finger
showing on the hand verbally say “Two Bases”. Do not circle the arm.
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EJECTION
It is imperative when making this signal that no aggressive move or gesture,

real or perceived, is made toward the person being ejected. The signal
should be moderately animated after increasing the physical distance
between the umpire and the ejected person as needed. This signal does not
have to be exact, but it must be clearly understood (that someone has been
ejected) and should not be overly demonstrative. Two options are offered:
1. 2.
While facing the person to be ejected, step back with the right foot (this opens
the body and will allow it to turn/open to your right as you make the arm
signal). Bring the right arm with the index finger extended, up, across the
body and point skyward to your left. Your arm should be at a 45-degree
angle to your body. You will be facing away from the ejected person now
and the right side of your body will be facing him/her.
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1. 2. 3.
PLAY BALL
Any of a variety of hand motions used by the plate umpire to indicate the
ball is in play. With arm extended toward the pitcher, the umpire may use a
beckoning motion with an open hand, a pointing motion with an open hand
or a pointing motion with one or two fingers extended. The signal may be
accompanied with the verbal call: “Play!” The verbal call may be used
without any signal.
If 20 Second Clock is used. “Play Ball” signal by the Plate Umpire becomes
the signal to start the clock. The Plate Umpire gives “Play Ball” signal with a
chopping motion, not a beckoning motion, so that the signal can be seen
clearly by the Clock Person.
DO NOT PITCH
Either arm of the plate umpire extended straight out directly at the pitcher
with the hand open and the palm of the hand facing the pitcher. Using the
hand opposite the batter gives this signal better visibility.
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1. 2.
STRIKE
The verbal call of “Strike” is made in the down/set position. The signal is made
in the “up” or “going to the up” position. The feet do not move during the signal.
The left hand/arm is pulled into the midsection of the body. The right arm is 1)
extended straight up with the palm of the hand facing the ear then followed by
bringing the right forearm slightly forward while clenching it into a fist (this is the
Hammer), 2) extended up and forward as the hand closes in a fist. In either style,
the right upper arm and forearm should be at a 90-degree angle. The signal is
held long enough to convey the decision with conviction. The signal is finished
by bringing the right arm back into the body before stepping back or moving the
feet.
1.
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FOUL TIP
This is an optional signal. It may be used every time the ball is a foul tip or
used only at times when the ball being a tip is not completely obvious. Bring
the left hand in front of your body, mid-chest or higher, with the palm or back
of the hand facing you. With an upward motion, brush the fingers of the left
hand with the fingers of the right hand. This signal is always followed by a
strike signal.
1. 2.
COUNT
Raise both arms up and in front of the body. Each arm/hand should be seen
peripherally when the umpire is looking at the pitcher. Balls are shown with
the fingers of the left hand. Strikes are shown with the fingers of the right hand.
Consecutive fingers should be used in displaying the count. A verbal call may
accompany the signal and, if used, should be as follows: “2 balls and 2 strikes”.
The count is given to the pitcher and held long enough for any other player to
see it. The hands should be turned to increase visibility.
1.
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4.2 UMPIRE – TO – UMPIRE SIGNALS
Umpire to umpire signals are exactly that. umpire to umpire. There is a need
for umpires to communicate amongst themselves and this can be done at
times verbally and at other times by the use of signals. While these signals
are only intended for umpires, there is no need to try and hide them or keep
them so subtle that umpires will miss them.
Because of this difference, unlike most signals that are given up and away
from the body, umpire-to-umpire signals are given lower and closer into the
body.
Like all signals, these signals are vital to good communication within the
crew. These signals should be precise, dignified and used consistently. To
enhance visibility and recognition the signals should always be given against
a contrasting background such as the shirt or pant leg.
INFIELD FLY SITUATION ON
The right hand, palm open, on the left chest indicates the infield fly situation
is in effect.
The infield fly signal should be initiated by the plate umpire just prior to the
batter stepping in the box. Each base umpire should acknowledge, to the
plate umpire, by returning the same signal. The signal should be given before
every batter when an infield fly situation is possible.
1.
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INFIELD FLY SITUATION OFF
The right hand used in wiping motion from the left elbow to the left wrist
indicates the infield fly situation is no longer in effect.
1. 2.
HOW MANY OUTS
To verify or determine how many outs there are, the umpire looks to a
partner and clenches the right fist against the right thigh.
There is nothing wrong with verbalizing the request: “Partner, how many
outs do you have?” This, however, draws attention to the umpire and, if it
is not necessary, umpires should avoid drawing attention to themselves. If
such a request needs to be made more than once during a game, it gives
the impression that the umpire is not concentrating.
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HOW MANY OUTS? – RESPONSE
The responding umpire should indicate the number of outs by putting the
appropriate number of fingers against the right thigh.
WHAT’S THE COUNT?
To request the count from a partner, place both opened hands against the
chest.
There is nothing wrong with verbalizing the request: “Partner, what count
do you have?” This, however, draws attention to the umpire and, if it is not
necessary, umpires should avoid drawing attention to themselves. Also, if
the count is being lost on a regular basis, it gives the impression that the
umpire is not concentrating.
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WHAT’S THE COUNT? – RESPONSE
The responding umpire should indicate the correct count by the fingers on the chest.
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SECTION 5
HANDLING EVERY GAME SITUATION
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5.1 Appeal Plays
Appeal plays are plays on which an umpire may not make a decision unless
requested to do so by a player or coach. Appeals may be made while the
ball is alive or dead.
Appeal plays are:

• Missing a base
• Leaving a base on a caught ball before the ball is first touched
• Batting out-of-order
• Attempting to advance to second base after reaching first base
• Illegal substitutions
• Use of an unannounced player under the replacement player
rule
• Illegal re-entry
• Use of an unannounced player under the Designated player rule
• Runners switching bases they had occupied.
Live ball appeals:

• Must be made on runners attempting second base after
passing first base.
• Can be made on a missed base or leaving too soon on a
caught fly ball.
• Are made by tagging the runner attempting to go to second
base. The runner or base may be tagged on a missed base or
leaving a base too soon on a caught fly ball.
Runners may attempt to advance during a live ball appeal and if the appeal
is abandoned to make a play on another runner, the appeal may still be
made after the play.
Dead ball appeals:

• Only allowed after all play has ceased and time is granted.
• Players may ask for time to make an appeal
• May be given verbally or with ball.
• If to the wrong umpire, refer player to the correct umpire by
indicating the umpire and saying their name – “Susan, they are
appealing number 8 missing second base”.
All appeals must be made before the next pitch and before all defensive
players have left fair territory on their way to their bench or dugout area or
in the case of the catcher, the catcher has left the catching position. Any
fielder may make an appeal, provided they are in the infield when doing
so. In case of the last play of the game, before the umpires have left the
playing field.
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Fourth out appeals are allowed in cases where the third out is obtained by
playing action or a previous appeal and a successful fourth out appeal would
nullify a run.
An appeal for illegal substitution, use of unreported player under the

replacement player rule, illegal re-entry and use of an reported player under
the Designated Player Rule may be made at any time while the player is in
the game.
An appeal for runners switching positions on the bases may be made any
time until all runners, who switched positions are in the dugout or the inning
is over.
5.2 CATCH
To be considered a legal catch, the defensive player must have control of

the ball in either hand and control of his/her body. There is no time limit,
however control of the ball and the body must be established to the
umpire’s satisfaction.
If the fielder drops the ball while transferring the ball from the glove to the
hand for a throw, it is still considered a legal catch provided all the elements
of a legal catch were established before the transfer began.
To be ruled a catch, a fielder must have secure possession of the ball before
stepping or falling into dead ball territory. A fielder may be stepping on
the dead ball line or in the air and make a legal catch, but no foot may be
touching the ground or an object completely in dead ball territory at the
time of the catch.
5.3 CHECK SWINGS
If on a ball called by the umpire, the catcher requests or the umpire

himself/herself is unsure, the umpire may check with his partner to
determine if the batter may have attempted to hit the ball.
The plate umpire should step out from behind the catcher, remove the
mask, point to his open umpire partner, (U1 on a right handed batter and
U3 on a left handed batter) say their name and ask – “Swing”. The
response should be Yes, with a strike signal or No with a safe signal.
The umpire being asked should be sure if the batter attempted at the pitch
or not. Things to consider are bat location, (Over the plate); wrist action
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(wrists bent); and location of the ball, (was the batter merely trying to get
out of the way of the pitch).
The Plate umpire should give the count after any check swing situation.
5.4 CONFERENCES
Conferences must be recorded on the line-up card.
Move up on the line nearest the team having the conference. Advise the
coach that the conference was charged.
If a coach is checking on an injury, accompany the coach to ensure that

the injury is the only issue that the coach is dealing with. If no other
messages are delivered, do not charge a conference.
If you the umpire is the cause of a delay in the game, do not charge a
conference if the coach is talking to a player. Get the game going as soon
as you are ready. It is not an offensive conference when a coach and batter
talk while you are sweeping the plate or retrieving game balls. Nor is it a
defensive conference if a coach stands with the pitcher in the pitching circle
during the time between innings.
It is not a defensive conference if the coach makes a pitching change.
5.5 DEAD BALL AND DEAD BALL SITUATIONS AT THE PLATE
The plate umpire has primary responsibilities for determining if the ball has
entered dead ball territory. If a base umpire is chasing the ball, it is then the
base umpire’s responsibility.
Once the ball enters dead ball territory the umpire should call “Dead Ball”
and signal with both arms up and palms extended forward. The umpire
should get as close as possible to the area where the ball is about to enter
deal ball territory
Umpires not involved in calling the dead ball should mentally note the
location of the runners at the time of the pitch, or throw or when the ball
became dead.
Base umpires should only mirror the dead ball call if necessary to stop the
runners.
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When awarding bases, the umpire should indicate the bases awarded, i.e.,
Number 18, awarded 2nd base and 3rd base. This should help prevent
runners skipping awarded bases.
Dead ball situations at the plate include:

• Hit by a pitch
• Hitting the pitch while out of the box or touching the plate
• Hit with a batted ball
• Hitting a pitched ball twice
• Batter’s box violation – Must cause a delay in the game. Call
and signal - “Dead Ball; Point at Batter’s Box, Say Violation,
Signal and award Strike’.
On Dead Ball situations at the plate:

• Use the term “Dead Ball”
• Sell it
• Plate umpire has primary responsibility
Hitting the pitch while out of the box or on the plate - Elements
• Plate umpires call
• Dead ball
• Out
• Entire foot out of box, on the ground at time of contact
• Ball can be fair or foul Part of foot touching the plate.
This call belongs solely to the plate umpire. It is a dead ball and an out.
The bat must have contacted the ball and it does not matter whether the
ball goes fair or foul because it is dead at the moment of contact. For the
dead ball and an out, the batter’s foot must be touching the ground
completely outside the lines of the batter’s box or some part of the foot
must be touching the plate even if part of that foot is still on the line of the
batter’s box.
Batter hit with batted ball

• Any umpire may call
• If still in box, foul ball
• If out of box, out
• If hits bat twice and bat still in batter’s hands and still in box –
foul ball.
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5.6 ILLEGAL PITCH
• May be called by any umpire – Pause and hand violations are

plate umpire’s responsibility. Feet violations are the base
umpire’s responsibility.
• Outside the 24 inches of the pitcher’s plate is the responsibility
of the plate umpire. (Only stepping foot has to be within the 24
inches, pivot foot may be outside).
• Illegal pitch call should be echoed by other umpires.
• Should indicate to the pitcher what the infraction was.
• Allow coach to come out to explain to pitcher what the infraction
was; ensure that strategy is not discussed. Not a conference
unless strategy is discussed.
• Call it when you see it.
• Give the pitcher a chance to correct.
• Do not over focus on enforcing the pitching rule.
5.7 INFIELD FLY
• Signal infield fly situation to other umpires when it exists. Plate

umpire should initiate
• Either Plate or Base umpire’s judgment on “ordinary effort”
• Signal end to infield fly situation
5.8 INTENTIONAL WALK
• Can be issued at anytime

• Requested by pitcher, catcher or coach
• One walk at a time, runner to touch first before administering a
second intentional walk.
5.9 INTERFERENCE AND OBSTRUCTION
• Interference is an illegal act by the offense that impedes,

hinders or confuses a defensive player attempting to execute a
play.
• Obstruction is an illegal act by the defense that hinders or
prevents a batter from striking at a ball or impedes the progress
of a runner.
• Responsibility of the umpire to whom the play is coming.
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• If the responsible umpire is involved with another play then
another umpire can make the call. Be sure the responsible
umpire has not already made a judgment on the play.
• Interference is a dead ball (arms up and palms extended) and
an out.
• Obstruction is a delayed dead ball (left arm out) and an award
of bases to the base that would have been obtained had there
not been obstruction. Other runners only advance if forced.
Collisions that are neither interference nor obstruction will occur from time
to time. All three elements have to be at the same place at the same time,
ball, defensive player and offensive player. If nothing more than the three
elements coming together at the same time happens, you have a collision
without either interference or obstruction. A safe signal at this point will
show everyone that you saw the play and judged that no rule violation
occurred.
Crashing into a catcher or fielder who has the ball is an act of interference
and if flagrant, should result in an out and an ejection.
5.10 TIE-BREAKER RULE
At the end of seven innings, the Tie-Breaker rule is enforced in order to help
determine a winner. The player scheduled to bat ninth in the inning (top of
eighth and every half inning thereafter) begins at second base. (i.e. if the
number 8 batter is scheduled to bat, number 7 begins on second; if the
number 2 batter is scheduled to bat, number 1 begins on second base.)
5.11 THE PITCHING CIRCLE
The pitching circle was added to the game to speed up play. It was not
designed to create a play for either the offense or defense, but it has evolved
into a major play for both. The defense does things in the circle to try to get
an out. The offense runs the bases in a fashion to try to score a run.
It is imperative that umpires:

• Always know where the ball is and if it is in the circle or not.
• Consistently interpret and apply what can and cannot be done
regarding the circle.
• Know the division of responsibilities between umpires for
covering plays involving the circle.
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The simple intent of the rule is: once the pitcher has the ball in the circle,
the runners must immediately proceed or retreat. The pitcher is under no
obligation to do anything. Compliance is on the runners.
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SECTION 6
LINE UP CARD MANAGEMENT
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6.1 LINE-UP CARD MANAGEMENT
Good line-up management, beginning at the pregame and continued

through every substitution of the game, will ensure that an umpire rarely has
to deal with those obscure, troublesome rules associated with the line-up
card. Aside from the boost of self-assurance you get from knowing you are
on top of the paperwork, here are things you can do while tending to the
paperwork that can make you look poised and instil confidence in others.
You must record and/or report all:
• All defensive conferences

• All offensive conferences
• All defensive position changes
• All substitutions
• All re-entries
• All changes concerning the DP/ Flex Player (FP)/OPO or Temporary
Runner or Replacement Player
Fundamentals to have confidence in both yourself and others and to look

yourself professional:
1) Before the game:

• Know where the scorekeeper is and the procedure for reporting changes.
• Communicate between scorers and you about how to send signals
during the game.
• Carry the line-up cards in a line-up holder and use the holder as a mini
clipboard.
• Carry an extra pencil or pen. Having to ask for a pencil because the lead
in yours broke or your pen went dry makes you appear unprepared.
2) Pre-game Meeting at Home Plate:

• Ensure that the line-up is correct at the plate conference.
• Ensure the number of the starting players on Line-up Card. If a DP is
used, there are 10 players. If a DP is not sued, there are 9 players.
• If a DP is used, ensure there is a Flex Player (FP) listed in the 10th spot.
• Ensure if there is any Starting Player’s Change or not. Starting Player’s
Change is allowed for only emergent case like injury or sickness
happening right before the game after submitting Line-up Card.
Change as the following examples are not accepted.
- Change on Using DP or not
- Change on Batting order
- Change on DP in the different Batting Order
- Change on multiple starting players
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▪ Declare that the Line-up Card is official after ensuring if there is any
legal starting player’s change. Report that to the scorers.
▪ Ensure if there is any substitution (not starting player’s change due
to emergent injury or sickness). Report any substitution to the
scorers.
3) During the game
Take your mask off. A coach reporting a change deserves this common
courtesy.
▪ Do not put your mask between your legs. Put it under your arm.
▪ Do not bend over and write changes on your leg. A coach standing
above a bent-over umpire conveys a subtle but undesired message.
▪ Do not put your pencil in your mouth. This does not look professional.
▪ Record what is necessary when it happens even though this may slow
the momentum of the game. Do not burden yourself with having to
remember to do something at the next break.
▪ Make sure if the scorers can get all information on changes.
▪ Step away from the plate to record all changes. Do not step back in
behind the catcher until your line-up cards and pencil are put away
and your mask is on your face.
4) To prevent trouble:
§ Do not accept changes that you know are illegal.
§ Try to use numbers, not names.
§ Track all changes and re-entries clearly – Matching marks for the
player going OUT and the player going IN. Put a pencil line through
the names no longer eligible to play.
§ Take one change at time from the coach, go over the changes with the
coach before giving to the scorekeeper.
§ Accept changes from the coach only right before the
player/substitution (re-)enters the game (except Temporary Runner).
Do not accept change like the following “Number 8 OUT, Number 18
IN. Number 8 will re-entry.”
§ Adopt a system and use it consistently. Most umpires use a letter
system for substitutes.
6.2 CHECK LIST OF WHAT UMPIRES NEED TO RECORD

WHEN LINE-UP CHANGE OCCUR
Check List of what Umpires need to record when Line-up Change occur
Substitutions (including Re-entry):

▪ Write “the Uniform Number of the player who is IN” next to “the
Uniform Number of the player who is OUT.”
▪ Put a mark “the Uniform Number of the player who is IN” on the
substitution list to make it visible that the player enters the game.
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Defensive Position Changes:
▪ Write “the Number of New Defensive Position” next to “the Number
of Previous Defensive Position.”
DP/FP/OPO Changes:
1) If FP is OUT and DP plays defense for FP:
▪ Put a mark indicating the FP left the game next to “Uniform Number
of the FP who is OUT”.
▪ Write “the Number of New Defensive Position of the DP” next to “DP
as (Defensive) Position of the DP.”
2) If DP is OUT and FP bats for DP:
▪ Put a mark indicating the DP left the game next to “Uniform Number
of the DP who is OUT.”
▪ Put a mark indicating the FP bats for DP next to “the Number of
Defensive Position of the FP.”
3) If DP plays defense for a player other than FP, and that player becomes
OPO (FP stays in the game):
• Write “the Number of New Defensive Position of the DP” next to “DP
as (Defensive) Position of the DP.”
• Write “OPO” next to “the Number of Defensive Position of the player
who becomes OPO.”
Replacement Player Changes:

§ Put a mark indicating the Replacement Player enters player for the
withdrawn player.
6.3 EXAMPLES ON HOW TO PROPERLY GIVE THE CHANGE TO

THE SCORERS
Examples on how to properly give the change to the scorers
Recommended Principle for

WBSC events ▪ 1. TEAM
→ 2.OUT → 3.IN
▪ Speak clearly and slowly so that the scorers can catch and understand.
▪ Make sure if the scorers can get all information on changes. Please
communicate between scorers and you about how to send signals
during the game.
Substitutions (including Re-entry):

▪ “Team A. (Uniform) Number 1 OUT.
Number 11 IN. “ ▪ “Team A. Number 1
Re-entry.” ▪ “Team A. Two substitutions.
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Number 1 OUT, Number 11 IN, (position) Pitcher. Number 9 OUT,
Number 99 IN, (position) Third Base.”
Defensive Position Changes:

▪ “Team B. Position Change. Pitcher goes to First Base. First Base goes
to Pitcher.”
▪ “Team B. Position Change. (Uniform) Number 1 plays First Base.
Number 3 plays Pitcher.”
▪ “Team B. Position Change. Third Base goes to Pitcher. Pitcher goes
to Left fielder. Left Fielder goes to Third Base.”
DP/FP/OPO Changes:
1) If FP is OUT and DP plays defense for FP:
▪ “Team C. Number 4, FP, OUT. Number 5, DP, Pitcher.”
▪ “Team C. Number 4, FP, OUT. Number 5, DP, plays Pitcher.”
▪ “Now Team C, 9
players.” 2) If DP is OUT
and FP bats for DP:
▪ “Team D. Number 6, DP, OUT. Number 7, FP bats for DP.”
▪ “Now Team D, 9 players.”
3) If DP plays defense for a player other than FP, and that player becomes
OPO (FP stays in the game):
§ “Team E. Number 8, DP, defense for Number 9, Pitcher. Number
9 becomes OPO.
§ “Team E. Number 10, DP, defense for Number 13, (plays)
Shortstop/Position 6. Number 13 becomes OPO.”
§ “Team E., still 10 players.”
Temporary Runner:
No need to report the scorers. Need to check if the Uniform Number of the
Temporary Runner is correct by Line-up Card.
Replacement Player:
§ “Team F. Number 20, Withdrawn Player. Number 30, Replacement
Player.”
§ “Team F. Number 20 becomes Withdrawn Player. Number 30 becomes
Replacement Player.”
6.4 OFF-FIELD UMPIRE

Protocol – Use of Off-Field Umpire to manage line-up Cards and
substitutions Protocol.
Rationale: In order to speed up the game, an off-field umpire will be assigned

to each game with the sole responsibility to manage the line-up cards
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including substitutions. The following guidelines will apply to the off-field
umpire:
1) The off-field umpire will be dressed in umpire uniform and at the pre-
game plate meeting will stand beside the plate-umpire. During this
meeting the plate umpire will introduce the off-field umpire as the
umpire who will take substitutions. After the plate umpire verifies the
line-ups, the plate umpire will keep the original line-ups and the off-
field umpire will work with an exact copy of the line-up.
2) The off-field umpire will locate her/himself in a visible area behind the
backstop. Line-up changes should be taken from team
coaches/managers at the closest gateway. Once the changes have
been given to the off-field umpire, the off-field umpire shall signal the
plate umpire to resume the game.
3) The coaches/managers are obliged to report all substitutes to the off-

field umpire. This meets with the all requirement to inform the Plate
Umpire of any changes, offensively or defensively including
Replacement Players and Temporary Runners. All other rules applying
to substitutions, re-entry etc., remain in effect.
4) The off-field umpire will immediately inform the scorekeepers and the
opposing team of all changes reported. Between innings, if time allows,
the off-field umpire will advise the plate umpire of the substitution(s)
that have occurred. The plate umpire will keep a record of all
conferences.
5) All appeals of batting out of order, illegal substitutes, illegal re-entry

etc. must be made to the plate umpire. The plate umpire shall consult
with the off-field umpire and then make a determination as quickly as
possible.
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SECTION 7
BEING IN CONTROL
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7.1 COMMUNICATION
Communication skills are one of the greatest assets that an umpire can have.
The greatest communication skill is the ability to listen. Other
communication skills we use are:
1. Words – choose your words carefully
2. Tone – the pitch of your voice will add much to your message
3. Volume – the strength of voice, loud or low also carries a
message
4. Body positioning – is your message confrontational or calmness
5. Gestures – hand movements can express much about how we
feel
Any time you have someone making a decision based on the action of others
or two people or group competing for the same prize, there is potential for
conflict and confrontation. It is the nature of the game and one of the aspects
of the games we have to accept. We can never be afraid to enforce a rule for
fear that it may cause a conflict. The mere fact that we do not enforce a rule
may cause conflict and confrontation.
How an umpire handles confrontation will go a long way in establishing the

level of respect that the umpire will earn. We cannot always control the
confrontation but we can control how we react and handle it. In order to be
in control, we must be in control of ourselves.
Remember confrontation usually arise for the following reasons:

• It is legitimate - a coach is merely looking for an explanation of
a situation that he/she does not understand or agree with.
• The Coach is looking to intimidate – many coaches will test
umpires or try to bully them into giving them the next close call.
• There is a personality conflict between you and the coach –
obviously in this situation you and the coach have some history
and do not get along.
• The coach is reacting to a situation – if there is a close play at
the plate and the call going one way or another will make a
difference in the game, you can expect some reaction from the
coach who did not get the call.
If you can determine why the coach or player is coming to question a call,
you can quickly form a strategy on how to handle it. If legitimate or
situational, you can have more tolerance for the coach. If intimidation or a
personality conflict, you can use different skills to handle it. Be sure it is not
your personality that is causing the problem.
In a confrontation, an umpire should:
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• Remain calm
• Use an appropriate tone of voice for the situation. If you keep
your voice low, others will soon lower their voice to match yours
• If a coach or player starts to approach you, walk toward them
and meet them in the middle.
• Establish eye contact, (remove sunglasses) however avoid face
to face discussions, turn to the side a bit so that you have
created some space between you and the coach and player
• Use calming body language, hands at the sides, not on the hips;
body erect but relaxed, not tight and tense, wear an expression
of interest on your face, not a scowl or smirk.
• Let the coach or player have their say but do not let them
dispute, balls and strikes, safes and outs or fair and foul balls.
• Once the coach or player has finished, repeat the question to
ensure that you have understood what the coach or player is
asking, then give your explanation of what you saw and what
your call was.
• Once the coach or player begins to repeat themselves, you
should tell the coach that the conversation is over and start
walking the coach back to their coaching box or dugout area.
• Keep your hand gestures to a minimum. Swinging of the arms
hands or large gestures indicates that you may be losing control
or becoming emotional
• Let a coach save his player. If a coach comes to take a player’s
place in a discussion, let him as that is the role of a coach.
• Never threaten to eject.
Self-Control:
Control is set by the way you handle yourself on the field. Control not only
means of yourself, but also of others (players, coaches, spectators).
C CONFIDENCE – Know the situation; Don’t be meek in your response

O ONLY enlighten with your response (don’t debate or preach)
N NEAT – Proper uniform (pressed and shoes shined) shows your
confidence
T TOOLS to use – Mind – Face – Body - Voice
R RESPOND – don’t react - helps keep your opponent calmer
O OPPORTUNITY to be positive and not negative
L LISTEN to questions and give answers
7.2 GAME CONTROL
Some tips to keep the game under control:
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• Know the rules
• Make a good first impression – wear the uniform proudly
• Remain calm
• Develop a rapport with the players and coaches
• Keep conversations between an umpire and coach or player
one on one. Partners must move all other players and
coaches away from the discussion.
• Do not have “rabbit ears.” Do not always react to everything
you hear. Remember in the heat of competition things will
be said but it is not personal, it is said towards the uniform,
not you.
• Use the coach or other player with whom you have a rapport
with to deal with players who are causing a problem.
• Do not ask a player to repeat what they said. If you did not
hear it the first time, let it go.
• Make your call and move to your next position. Do not hang
around for a dispute.
• Never touch players, coaches, other team personnel;
do not permit them to touch you.
7.3 GOING FOR HELP
Umpire should only go for help when they believe that another umpire has
different information on a play than they themselves have. Umpires must be
aware that some coaches will ask umpires to check continually to cast doubt
in the umpires mind so that calls will start to go in favor of the coach’s team.
Only check if you feel another umpire has different or better information,
otherwise stick with your call.
On check swings, it is alright to check if asked as it will build a rapport but do

not let them ask every time the batter flinches.
7.4 PREVENTIVE UMPIRING
Preventive umpiring means being aware of what is going on around you and
taking whatever steps are necessary to ensure that a situation or the game does
not get beyond your control. Here are some preventive umpiring tips that can
assist you in keeping things under control:
• Be on time – shows you are focused, prepared and interested

• Act professionally at all time – gives the teams confidence
• Properly worn uniform – good first impression
• Check bats and helmets – eliminates having to deal with an
issue later on
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• Keep players in their dugouts
• Keep gates closed
• Keep unused equipment off the field
• Keep an ear attuned for player comments to one another – deal
with player who try to goad or intimidate other players
immediately
• Watch for hard tags and hard slides – deal with it
• Home run – watch for inflammatory actions or comments –
watch for retaliation pitches
• Hit batter – get out in front – take Batter-runner half way down
the line, 1st base umpire meets at halfway and takes BR the rest
of the way to 1st base. - watch for retaliation
• If something happens between players, closest umpire goes to
control confrontation; others control dugouts and other players.
Get coaches to assist.
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SECTION 8
MECHANICS
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8.1 GENERAL MECHANICS
In order to be effective umpires must communicate. Umpires need to use all

their communication tools, verbal and physical. Positioning on the field can
assist in the delivery of good communications.
Mechanics is the physical part of umpiring – the positioning umpires take on

various plays. It is where you go when something happens. It is what people
see. What people see affects what they believe, how they feel, and how they
will act. As umpires we want people to believe in our calls and feel confident
in our ability.
Always know what the body is saying. Learn to send the message you want
to send. Always move with briskness and purpose. Never stroll or walk. Make
all signals crisp and strong.
In the manual we are limited on how we can show mechanics by static

pictures. This gives the impression that there is only one position, only one
correct location. We all know that the game is not played that way. Things
are different on every play. In the manual we set out a starting premise or
position but if you follow the principle of positioning that dictates that you
keep the four elements in front of you: ball, base, defensive player and
offensive player, then you will have no problem in adjusting during each
individual play.
Because of this, umpires should not try to memorize the manual, but instead
use it as a guide and starting place for applying the guidelines that have
proven to be reliable in umpiring. Know the reason why one position is more
desirable than another. Understand what advantages you are seeking, or risks
you are taking, as you choose a position. Have purpose and direction as you
move about the diamond. If you do not know where you want to be, it is
guaranteed you will never get there.
Mechanics is being in the right place, or the best place, at the right time. If
we are at the right place at the right time, we vastly increase the odds of having
good judgment because we can see what happened from the best possible
view.
You cannot be in the right place at the right time if you do not hustle. We
have a huge area to cover. Hustle does not mean fast; hustle means moving
efficiently and with purpose.
Hustle is moving as efficiently as possible. To do this you:
• Must know where you need to be
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• Must know where the ball is so you can move without getting
in the way of a thrown ball
• Must find the optimum route to travel
• Must be thinking three steps and one play ahead.
Once you get to where you need to be, the job is only beginning. You have to
see the play, use your judgement, give the proper signal using the right amount
of emphasis and you have to do all of this in what appears to be a well-
rehearsed set of actions. Make sure your calls are correct and your signals
strong.
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8.1.1 The things you look for in choosing a position are:
• You want the ball in front of you.

• You want the base, the runner, and the fielder in front of you.
• You want to be 90-degrees from the throw on a force play.
• You want to be 90-degrees from the runner’s base path and
just short of the leading edge of the base runner’s on a tag
play.
• You want to be 5-6 meters (18 feet) from a force play – to obtain
the big picture.
• You want to be 3-4 meters (12 feet) from a tag play.
• You want to stop, set, see the play and then make the call for
every play.
• You want to be outside the diamond if the ball is in the infield
– puts the ball in front of you.
• You want to be inside the diamond if the ball is in the outfield
– puts the ball in front of you.
• You want to move parallel with the runners or the flight of the
ball.
Angle is always more desirable than distance:
• Angles are all over the field.

• Angles change all the time and you must be prepared to move
to keep them.
• Learn to recognize where angles exist and how they develop.
• On tag plays never have the runner between you and the tag.
• On tag plays never have the fielder between you and the tag.
• On tag plays never have the base between you and the tag.
• On tag plays, be prepared to move from your initial position to
the best final calling position, seeing the interaction between all
Four Essential Elements.
• On tag plays, always achieve the best angle where you have an
unobstructed view of all Four Essential Elements.
Distance serves three purposes:
• The ability to zoom in.

• The ability to zoom out.
• The ability to recognise obstruction and interference.
• Credibility – if you cannot get the angle, get closer.
With this knowledge you will be able to figure out the ideal spot you
would like to be in on any play that happens. Arrive at the play before
it happens. It is far better to be in position for a possible play and not
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have a play develop, than to have a play happen and not be there.
Commit to your position.
8.1.2 Random Guidelines for Umpires:
• Call in your own area. See in all areas.

• Support your partners.
• Strong verbal calls are one of the best and easiest forms of
game control.
• Do not retreat from a call. That is a negative movement and
does not show commitment to the call. A holding position is
oval.
• A holding position is never a calling position.
• Hold routine signals an appropriate amount of time – not to
short or too long – but long enough to show conviction of the
call.
• All umpires need to hold their positions at the conclusion of a
play until the pitcher has the ball in the circle and all runners
have stopped on a base.
• If you finish an inning with a controversial call and feel you will
be a target for remarks by standing in your normal position,
move somewhere else.
• Do not move your feet when making a call. Keep your feet in a
wide stance. This is stronger and you are prepared to move
efficiently to your next play.
• If there is no play no call is needed. Obvious uncaught fly balls
do not need a “No Catch” signal.
• On tag-up plays, line up to see the tag and then move to a
primary position.
• Do not call, “Time” unless needed. The pitcher must have the
ball in the circle and all runners must be stopped on a base
before, “Time” is called.
• No need to clean bases unless they cannot be seen. Do not
break the flow of the game.
• Do not touch a ball, a player, or a coach.
• Do not invite conversations.
• Do not carry messages from a coach or player to your partner.
Sometimes – RARELY – a play happens where an umpire must take

charge and take a call not in his/her area (e.g., a sinking line drive,
checked swing with two strikes and ball not caught). When it happens,
you will know! DO NOT look for an opportunity to do this.
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8.2 PLATE MECHANICS
The most crucial officiating position in any ball game is that of the Plate
Umpire. Coaches, players and spectators all focus their attention on the area
around home plate and the plate umpire. They are constantly observing
every action, sound, expression, movement and judgment the plate umpire
makes. Once you have developed solid plate mechanics you should
constantly work at improving and fine-tuning your skills. The use of video
cameras and your own self-evaluation of those films will greatly assist your
style, positioning, mannerisms, body language, demeanor and eventual
success.
When an umpire demonstrates a thorough knowledge of their “Plate

Mechanics”, all one needs to add, is hustle and consistency to their game,
thus earning them the reputation as an indemand, dependable top-notch
umpire.
8.2.1 At the Plate
• Work the slot – be sure you can see the outside corner at the
knee.
• Use a heel/toe stance. The box can be used if you can see that
you need to see. The scissors stance is not acceptable. It is not
a softball mechanic and restricts mobility.
• Use the same stance on both sides of the plate.
• Be set before the pitch is released.
• Be no deeper behind the catcher than a closed fist between your
non-slot knee and the catcher’s back.
• If the catcher blocks your view, obtain an unobstructed view of
the strike zone/pitchers release point, by setting your head
above the catcher’s helmet even if it is above the top of the
batter’s strike zone.
• It is important that the catcher does not block your view. Once
set do not move your body.
• Track the ball with your nose.
• Use the strike zone defined in the Rule Book. Don’t call, “My
zone.” or the pitch is in “my strike zone.”
• Use the strike zone defined in the Rule Book. Do not call.
• Use the strike zone defined in the Rule Book.
• Being consistent is not good enough. You must call an accurate
strike zone
For strikes
• The verbal call is in the down position. The signal is in the up
position. The signal should be immediately after the verbal call.
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• Use a strong hammer – it may be up and into a hammer or
slightly forward into a hammer. Angles must be 90-degrees.
Hold it long enough to show conviction.
Do not move the feet until the conclusion on the hammer.
• A called third strike must have a strong “sell” signal.
• A swinging third strike is a slightly delayed, routine – not causal
– signal. Be aggressive; call borderline pitches strikes.
For balls
• The word ball must be verbalized.

• Ball is said in the down position before moving or starting up
• The ball call is said in the same tone, with the same timing and
emphasis every time. No “ball,” is more important than another
ball. A ball is just, “Not a strike.” If you change your tone or
emphasis on a ball close to the plate, it will appear that you
might have missed the pitch.
• Step back and relax when the pitch is over and the call is made.
• Be alert to the batter for any reaction or conference request.
• Watch the catcher for any play.
• Prepare for the next pitch.
8.2.2 Being ready for the First Pitch
While waiting for the pre-game conference to begin, take time to watch
both pitchers during their warm-ups on the side-lines. This tip will
allow you to quickly evaluate each different pitcher’s rhythm, tempo,
technique, demeanour and delivery style.
You may also want to observe a few warm-up pitches from each
pitcher when they take the pitching plate for their warm-up pitches
before the inning begins. Now is the time to adjust your footwork,
balance and body position. This valuable time allows you to work on
your own timing and rhythm, movement of the ball, type of pitches,
speed of delivery, release point and time to make sure you can see the
entire strike zone. Inform the catcher that you are going to look at
some warm-up pitches. This mechanic demonstrates a commitment
to your strike zone and their game.
8.2.3 Stepping into the Stance
From with your inside foot (non-slot foot). Once set behind the catcher’s your
outside foot (closest to the batter/ slot foot), relaxed position, step in behind
the catcher foot, step into the staggered stance with.
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If it is more comfortable for you, then use a few small steps to position
yourself in the slot by using an offset square stance, where your outside foot
(closest to the batter / slot foot) is a bit more forward than your inside foot
(behind the catcher / non-slot foot) - referred to as heel/toe. Line up your
pelvis or belt buckle with a point between the top middle of the plate and
the top outside corner of the plate.
You must always feel balanced with most of your weight distributed equally
between the balls of your feet and your heels. Keeping your feet spread at
least as much as double the width of your shoulders will put you in perfect
position. Having your feet too close together can cause more movement of
the upper body. Dig in, get balanced and feel comfortable. Relax before the
pitcher steps on the pitcher’s plate. Step into your stance when the pitcher
steps onto the pitcher’s plate. Always remain upright until the pitcher begins
the pitching motion. Next drop into your slot set position while maintaining
your stance balance and upper body control.
8.2.4 Working the Slot Position
The “slot” is the area between the batter and the catcher. It is one in which
the umpire’s inside ear (next to catcher) and the inside edge of the plate are
in alignment. It is at best something that may vary and drift marginally to
accommodate the stance of the catcher and batter, but it remains on the
inside edge of the plate. Make sure you can have an unobstructed view of
the entire plate with both eyes when in your slot set-up stance.
The slot also affords the umpire the maximum visibility to complete strike
coverage and the ability to see the ball in the entire zone. Foul balls will tend
to deflect away from the slot or directly over the plate. You must always
strive to see the release of the ball from the pitcher’s hip to the arrival in the
glove. Remember to track the ball with the nose between these two areas.
If the catcher blocks your view obtain an unobstructed view of the strike
zone/ pitchers release point, by setting your head above the catcher’s helmet
even if it is above the top of the batter’s strike zone. It is important that the
catcher does not block your view. If the catchers do move, you can adjust as
necessary, but never let the catchers work you. Work with them to attain the
best look you can. If the catchers take away the inside corner, let them know.
If it is the catcher’s glove that is blocking the view, inform them to give the
target, then drop the glove, so you can see the ball coming. If they fail to
drop the glove, say something to the coach between innings and have him
pass the word to the catcher. If the batters take away the inside corner, make
a small adjustment to your stance. If you can’t see the corner, any pitch that
is inside must have crossed the plate. More strikes lead to more cooperation
from the batter.
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8.2.5 Moving to the Down (Set) Position
Try using a smooth and brisk motion to drop into your set position.
This technique will include doing a multitude of things all at once.
Keep your head square to the plate. Your back should feel a bit straight
and stiff, although it never really is completely. Use your legs to go up
and down. Bend at the knees and only slightly at the waist. Timing is
very important in dropping to the set position. You should never drop
too soon (you often anticipate the pitch while you are waiting) or too
late (you will be moving on the pitch and this changes the strike zone.
Remember the body must not move once you drop to the set position).
Always remember, your eyes should never be in the strike zone, but
they will be set at the top and inside corner of it – looking down
through the strike zone. A pitch delivered at your eyes and your nose
is a ‘strike’ on the inside and at the top. If you have to look up or
inside, you probably have a ‘ball.’ Lock and hold your position.
Remain absolutely still during the entire pitch. Your shoulders might
be a bit offset, due to your footwork, but could be square if you prefer.
This may give you the feeling that you are just about to sit in a chair,
but it is much more effective than bending your back and trying to
look up.
The hands should be placed where they are ‘most likely’ not to get
injured. Most officials place them in front, between the legs which
helps relax you and also protects. Some place them behind their back.
Keep your entire body still while preparing to judge the pitch, even if
the catcher moves in front of you after you are set. Your head should
not move until just before the pitch arrives in the glove. Track the ball
with your nose and then use a slight head tilt to see the ball into the
glove. This may be the most critical mechanic that you can use to
improve your consistency.
8.2.6 Footwork
Always set your foot behind the catcher first then your outside foot. It
is recommended that your feet be apart at least double your shoulder
width. The taller you are the more important it is to widen your stance.
A good wide stance by a taller plate umpire, requires less drop and
bending of the knees, when moving to the set position for batters –
particularly shorter batters.
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8.2.7 Tracking the Pitch
This is probably the most critical aspect in improving your strike zone.
Begin to pick up the ball from the pitcher’s hip. Next you should lock
in the batter’s normal zone when they are actually swinging the bat.
Follow the ball through the zone and watch the ball all the way into
the catcher’s glove, using the pop of the glove as a timing too. This
technique is a great way to double check the location of the ball, create
a natural delay in your timing and ensure that you have seen the ball
all the way to the catcher’s glove. Never blink your eyes during the
pitch as you could miss a number of important actions taking place
around the plate.
8.2.8 Timing and Rhythm
It is very important that an umpire develop proper timing and rhythm

in making decisions. That timing and rhythm should never vary. Only
the emphasis of various calls will differ.
It is said that the plate umpire sets the tempo and control the game,
but to do this the umpires must first be in control of themselves.
Umpires who make calls quickly on every pitch will appear to be
guessing. Slightly delay your call somewhat after the ‘pop.’ Timing
after the ‘pop’ should be deliberate, repetitive and consistent.
Concentrate!!! You verbally call the ‘strike’ while in the set position
and the signal starts as you immediately rise up. This rising up should
not be delayed after the call.
Everyone appreciates the umpire who has developed proper timing in

administering decisions as a plate umpire. This sets the tempo of the
game more than any other facet of umpiring. Never delay more than
a second after the ‘pop.’ Delaying too long may see the catcher and
batter turn to see what the call will be. And this should not happen.
8.2.9 The Count
How often the count is given depends on a number of different

situations. If the field is equipped with a scoreboard, it is only
necessary to give the count periodically (or to correct the scoreboard).
If there is no scoreboard, then the count should be given:
• When requested.
• After a delay in the normal flow of the game.
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• After all dead ball situations.
• Whenever the next pitch would create a change (i.e., three
balls and/or two strikes on the batter). It is a situation where
on the next pitch there will be a base on balls or a strike out.
This simply alerts the defensive and offensive teams of the
game situation as well as alerting all umpires to be ready.
The count should be given above your head with the number of balls
on the batter with the left hand and the number of strikes on the right.
In addition, give the count verbally. ALWAYS with the number of balls
first. It is recommended to give the count towards center field and
rotate the wrists. The plate umpire can help keep the crew in the game
by sending and/or acknowledging the number of outs whenever
another out is added.
8.2.10 Ball Rotation
According to WBSC-SD procedures, the current game ball is in play

until such time as it goes out of play. Give the catcher a new ball to
throw to the pitcher immediately. Do not wait for the ball that just
went into dead ball area (or the stands) to return. Balls do have
different seams and some do weigh more than others, so if the pitcher
does not like the new ball thrown to him/her, allow them to make a
change. Never place a removed ball back into your ball bag.
If both balls do not get into play in the first half of the first inning, the
pitcher in the bottom half of the first inning MUST throw the unused
ball. No choice is offered. Each half inning after the first, the pitcher
does have a choice of which ball he/she wants to use.
8.2.11 Decision Time
If you have a called strike, verbalize it while you are down, then start
the signal as you stand up and complete the sharp, crisp hammer as
you are standing. Always face the diamond when you are selling strike
three. You may use whatever signal, style and actions that you deem
appropriate, but be certain that you are facing the batter’s box area
so you can see if the ball has fallen out of the catcher’s glove.
Never sell a swinging strike three call. Simply give an easy hammer.
Other helpful hints:
• If it is a ball, stay down and verbalize it. Do not point towards

first base on ball four.
• If you have a swinging strike three, just use your hammer.
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• In all of the above verbalizations, let the closeness of the pitch
and its relevant importance dictate the required volume of your
verbal calls.
• Foul tips – give the fingertip-to-fingertip brush away signal,
followed by the hammer.
• Balls touched in foul territory – foul ball signal with the verbal
call “Foul.”
• Ground balls that are hit foul – if past a base or hitting anything
– foul ball signal with the verbal call “Foul.”
• Ground balls hit fair beyond a base – signal by pointing
repeatedly towards fair territory – NO VERBAL.
• Fly balls that are hit close to a foul line:
✓ On first base line, use left arm to indicate fair and right
arm to indicate foul
✓ On third base line, use right arm to indicate fair and left
arm to indicate foul
✓ Slightly move the arm away from the hip to indicate to
yourself the status of the ball while in flight, once status
is confirmed:
• If fair and caught – point fair, give the hammer, and verbally call
‘out.’ If fair and dropped – point fair, repeat pointing and sell if
required.
• If foul and caught – point foul, give the hammer and verbally
call ‘out.’
• If foul and dropped – point foul, give foul ball signal and verbal
call “Foul.”
• Pop-ups to the catcher near the line – get a proper look and do
as stated on fly balls.
• Pop-ups to the catcher when you must vacate – do not watch
the ball – watch the catcher’s shoulders. Once the catcher turns
use that foot to pivot and keep out of their way. Then remove
your mask.
• Foul balls that are hit close to the screen or towards a dugout –
HUSTLE – get in position and look at your partner to see who
got the best look. If you have the best look, delay and make a
call. Make sure you get to the screen to see about a trapped
ball or the ball touching the screen before the catch.
• On all fly balls hustle out to get a good look for possible traps if
a base umpire does not turn his/her back and go out. If you
make the call, come to a stop, delay, and then make your call
with a crisp hammer when out. If there are any runners on
base, or if the out is not obvious, add a verbal “out” with your
hammer. If you have a trap situation, give the ‘no catch or safe
signal’ and add a strong “safe” call.
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8.2.12 Check Swings
Umpires should use the mechanics of hitting to assist them in

judging check swings. Did the batter do any of the following?
• Pass their bat through the zone
• Roll their wrists and turn their hips
• Was the bat in front of their body
• Did the bat pass in front of the plate
• Did they convince you that they made an attempt to swing?
If you are going to call it, point with your left hand and say - “Yes.”
Then give the hammer with the right hand. If you are not sure, call a
‘ball.’ And when the catcher requests you to check with your partner,
take off your mask, step to the umpire away from the batter and ask
him/her - “Swing?”
Some umpires are reluctant to ask for help, however, the bottom line
is being correct, so do not hesitate to check with your partner if
requested to do so. And only go for help if you called the pitch a ‘ball.’
One point is that if you concentrate too hard on a check swing, you
may forget about the pitch itself and end up calling a no swing, a ‘ball’
and the pitch could have been in the strike zone. Checking with your
partner is always advised.
Once you have called the pitch a strike, you must never check with
your partner. You called it, so you have to live with it.
8.2.13 ‘Not To Pitch’ Signal
There are a few points of emphasis governing these signals. The first
signal of ‘not to pitch’ is conveyed to the pitcher only if he/she is on
the pitching plate and about to quick pitch the batter. The signal is
an open hand aimed at the pitcher’s face with the fingers spread wide.
You MUST always use the hand that is FURTHEST away from the
batter (towards the empty batter’s box). If a pitcher constantly rushes
you or the batter, advise the catcher to please slow down the sign to
the pitcher. If that doesn’t work, step forward and explain to the
pitcher that they are rushing the batter.
The second example for the ‘not to pitch’ signal is used if you are not
ready to work or if you have granted “TIME” to the batter before the
pitcher has broken the pause. Remember a batter can request time,
but the plate umpire does not have to grant it. This request should
never be granted if the pitcher has separated his/her hands in starting
the pitch. Call the pitch a strike or ball depending on whether it passed
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through the strike zone or not. If the ‘not to pitch’ signal is up and the
pitcher throws anyway (or throws while “TIME” has been called), leave
from behind the catcher towards the open batter’s box and call “TIME
– NO PITCH”. Two hands are up in the air for the dead ball signal.
Wait until it is safe to return, put on your mask and go behind the
catcher once again.
8.2.14 Leaving the Plate Area
Develop the habit of leaving the plate area from the left side of the
catcher. This fits into one of the umpire’s priorities that should include
avoiding a collision with the catcher and/or allowing catcher’s their
freedom to roam. With no runners on base or a runner on first base
only, leave the plate area on the left side and trail the batter-runner
toward first base in fair ground down approximately 9 meters (30 feet)
(where the 1 metre (3foot line) begins). Stop close to the line and
observe the play at first. You should look for:
• Obstruction and interference, with or without contact between

the catcher, pitcher, first baseman and the batter-runner.
• Collisions
• Overthrows
• Blocked balls
• Pulled foot
• Infractions involving the bat
• Spiking committed by the batter-runner\Violations of the 1
meter (3-foot) lane
• Possible swipe tags or tags made by the catcher or infielders on
the batterrunner for the first 30 feet of the base path.
• 4 Umpire System:
o If U1 turns to go to the outfield, you are in perfect position
to watch the catch and assist with the call at 1st base,, if
required.
• 3 Umpire System:
o If U1 turns to go to the outfield, watch down the 1st base
line to assist at 1st base. Watch the catch and indicated
Fair/Foul on the touch of the ball if necessary.
o Only offer assistance to your partner if asked. Never tip
off your thoughts on any of the above actions with any type
of body language.
After moving toward first base with a runner on first base only, be
aware of a possible play at third base with the lead runner, since that
would be the responsibility of the plate umpire in the two or three
umpire systems.
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If there is a runner starting at second or third base, the plate umpire
must view the actions up the first base line from a position that will
not impede any base runners, a position in foul territory on the third
base side (called a holding zone) which allows the plate umpire to
move to third or home, if a throw is being made to either.
You must watch home plate for the touch, glance up the first base line
for action and then proceed to the next potential call. In a two or
three-umpire system, the plate umpire must observe a variety of
things that would include missed bases, obstruction, interference, tag-
ups, and pure no-fault unintentional collisions that occasionally occur.
8.2.15 Catch and Call Responsibilities
The plate umpire is responsible for all fly balls, except when a base
umpire TURNS HIS/HER BACK to the infield, and goes to the outfield
to make the call. If the base umpire does not turn to go to the outfield,
he/she should not make a call. It is imperative that you release left of
the catcher, and hustle out as far as you can to see the attempted play or
call. It might require a ruling on a potential trap, line drive, fair/foul,
spectator interference, home run, ground-rule double or a ball that
becomes dead before being caught. An example of this, is a ball
touching the fence before it was caught (or trapped against the fence).
Make sure you always come to a complete stop as the play is being
made. Then after a slight delay, make your call. If you have a ‘No
Catch or Trap’, be sure to verbalize it and be prepared to sell the call
where required. Always be aware of the position of all the other base
runners. You must always keep the four ‘Elements’ in front of you at
all times. Never allow a base runner to score behind you.
Make sure you have a catch before calling the play. Often times you
see the ball in the glove and turn to pick up other runners, only to turn
back at the fielder and he/she is picking up the ball from the ground.
Do not rush these calls. If you are not sure, often the actions by the
players involved can ‘tip you off’ to the correct decision.
8.2.16 Hitting the Ball a Second Time
The problem that most umpires have is that double hits can be
extremely tough to see. It occurs most often on bunts and slaps, but
it can also happen when the bat, after it is dropped by the batter and
still moving, contacts the ball a second time. Remember if the ball
hits a dropped bat that is stationary, we have no call. If the bat is out
of the batter’s hands and hits the ball, this is ruled intentional and the
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batter is out. If the bat is still in the batter’s hands and the batted ball
hits the bat, the position of the batter’s feet determines the call:
• If both feet are in the batter’s box and the batted ball hits the
bat or feet of the batter, it is a foul ball.
• If one foot is out of the batter’s box over fair territory and the
batted ball hits this leg, the batter is out.
• If one foot is in the batter’s box and the batted ball hits this leg,
the ball should be ruled foul, even if the other foot was over fair
territory.
• If one foot is over foul territory and the batted ball hits the foot,
it is a foul ball.
• If a ball rolls against a bat laying stationary over fairground it is
a fair ball, but if the ball then rolls onto foul territory and is
touched or comes to rest, it should be ruled foul.
• If a ball rolls against a bat laying stationary over foul ground, it
is a foul ball immediately and this will not change if the ball
then rolls onto fair ground.
Note, a base umpire will not call a batter-runner out from his position
23 meters (75 feet) from home plate. The base umpire only signals
dead ball. It is up to the plate umpire to make the decision, and
chances are if you did not see it, the call will be a foul ball. An umpire
should never guess an offensive player ‘out.’
8.2.17 Batter Hit by the Pitch
Batters are awarded first base anytime they are hit by a pitch (unless
of course, the batter made NO attempt to avoid the pitch), and the call
is valid even if the ball only contacts their uniform. Do not let batters
wear sweat shirts, jackets, or loose sweaters to the plate, although it is
up to you what they wear when on defense. NOTE: Preventive
umpiring dictates that you must ‘Sell’ this call when necessary. You
should immediately call “Time”.
A batter cannot be awarded a base when hit by a pitch if the ball was
in the strike zone. This occurs when the batter is crowding the plate,
leaning over to try and force the pitcher to pitch outside. If the batter
swings at a pitch and the pitch hits him/her, that too is a strike, and if
on the third strike it is a ‘dead ball’ and ‘strike three.’
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8.2.18 Strike Zone – Mind Set Theory
To survive in the game of fast pitch, the plate umpire must determine
the width of the strike zone. Everyone knows the width of home plate
is 43.20 cm (17-inches).
Remember some part of the ball crossing over some part of the plate
is a strike, therefore, widen the plate to 63,5 cm (25 inches) – the size
of the width of the plate 43.20 cm (17-inches), the width of each
softball is approximately 10,16 cm (4-inches) (20.32 cm - 8-inches).
The point here is to go into your game Looking for Strikes. When calling
more strikes, more often than not, the batters will begin to swing more,
rather than sit on pitches that are close. You will have more strikes,
fewer walks and the entire rhythm and tempo of your game will
improve.
By bringing the ball down (under the bottom of the sternum/chest

plate) or bringing it up (above the bottom of the knee cap), we mean
the plate umpire shows more consistency and can get away by calling
a pitch somewhat inside or outside a strike. But you should never call
a strike that is above the bottom of sternum/chest plate or below the
bottom of the knee cap. This is definitely out of the strike zone and
can be seen by both benches and spectators.
Strike Zone – Natural Stance
The WBSC teaches umpires to judge the natural stance of the batter,
as the stance taken by the batter at the time the pitcher releases the
ball and as the batter prepares to take or swing at the pitch.
Some batters may take an exaggerated low stance when they first
enter the batter’s box but umpires should anticipate the stance the
batter will assume when they are putting themselves in a position to
judge the location of the pitched ball and deciding whether to take or
swing at the pitch.
Another factor in determining your strike zone in order to gain more

consistency is to make sure a strike in the first inning is still a strike in
the fourth inning and again in the seventh inning. If you called the
high pitch a strike, don’t call a pitch in the same location a ball the
next time it is thrown. You may be known as a high pitch umpire and
batters; catchers and pitchers can adapt to that. They cannot adapt
to an umpire who changes the call back and forth. The same scenario
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is true on a low pitch umpire. To be consistent, call every pitch thrown
in the same location the same.
8.2.19 Consistency is our Ultimate Goal
There is no better compliment that will ever come our way than to
hear from our UIC’s and supervisors, “Great job, you were really
consistent today.” Then to hear comments from tournament
directors, coaches, players, spectators and others “Thanks Blue, great
job……. Very consistent work.”
Whenever you ask anyone involved in our game his or her opinion
about the following question, you will always hear the same answer.
“What is the most important quality that you look for in an umpire?”
The Answer: CONSISTENCY! This is not a word we should take lightly.

You must work extremely hard to have the reputation of being
consistent. You might be for a game, a day, a tournament or a season.
But your goal should be to achieve and maintain consistency
throughout your entire career.
8.2.20 Third Base Calls
In making calls at third base the plate umpire should stay in foul
territory halfway between home and third base, while watching the
play develop. If there is in fact a call to be made on a tag play at third
base, cut inside the diamond about two-thirds of the way down to
third, move in to 3-4 meters (12 feet) from the base and make the
call.
The reason the umpire should be inside at this point, is that it is the
best position to make the call. If the ball should get away from the
third baseman, it is normally going into foul territory and any
interference by the umpire will be avoided by being in this position.
Here again, we are using the inside-outside theory.
In addition, if the throw is wild and the runner continues to advance

toward home, the plate umpire has avoided a collision with the runner
rounding third. Another reason would be that from this inside position
the umpire will have a 3–5-meter (10 to 15 foot) advantage in covering
any play at the plate.
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8.2.21 Run-downs
When a runner is caught in a rundown, it is important that the covering

umpire move to get the best perspective both ends of the play.
Usually, the umpire will be a minimum of 3-4 meters (12 feet) from
the runner and move parallel to the base line, unless you are covering
the play alone, and it is not necessary to run back and forth with the
runner. The umpire must follow the ball and when the actual tag is
attempted, move quickly toward or around the play to get the best
angle. Be alert for obstruction. Most rundowns are covered by one
umpire because they happen quickly.
With a single runner in a RUNDOWN, two umpires should ‘bracket’

the play as follows:
• Between first and second – the plate umpire should take the
trail position closest to first base, inside the diamond and the
base umpire should take the lead position closest to second
base on the outfield side of the diamond.
• Between second and third – the plate umpire should take the
lead position closest to third base, inside the diamond, and the
base umpire should take the trail position, closest to second
base on the outfield side.
• Between third and home – the plate umpire will take the lead
position nearest home plate outside the diamond, while the
base umpire takes the trail position nearest third base, inside
the diamond.
In all cases, the umpire should communicate, “I’ve got the lead,” “I’ve
got this end,” etc. This communication is critical to being able to team
on the call, rather than making a possible double call. When two
umpires are covering a rundown, the direction in which this runner is
moving at the time of the tag will dictate which umpire will make the
call. Two umpires should not make the call, even if they are the same
call.
8.2.22 Run Count (Time Play)
It is important that umpires work together on situations where the

third out of the inning is a tag play with a runner about to cross home
plate. The base umpire must make his/her call LOUD and CLEAR to
assist the plate umpire in making his /her determination. This is one
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situation when the out call on the bases must be made without any
unnecessary delay.
The plate umpire should immediately and without hesitation indicate

the “Run Counts” or the “Run does not count” and inform the
scorekeeper. The umpire should know a run does not count if the
third out of the inning is a result of:
1) A batter-runner being put out prior to reaching first base.

2) A force out at any base.
3) A runner being put out by a tag or live ball appeal play prior to
the lead runner touching home plate.
4) A preceding runner is declared out on an appeal. NOTE: An
appeal can be made after the third out in order to nullify a run.
8.2.23 Tag Plays at the Plate
Basically, there are two positions for making calls on tag plays at the
plate:
1) When returning from third base to make a call from inside the
diamond and
2) when the play is coming from fair territory or a throw from the
outfield to make a call from the outside.
In returning from third base, the plate umpire should stay inside the
diamond, moving parallel to the base line and at a depth allowing
them an unobstructed view of the Four Essential Elements. Assume
A final calling position 3-4 meters (12 feet) from home plate and 90
degrees from the path of the runner. Keep your weight distributed
on the balls of your feet, move in on the play as it develops, find the
ball and make the call.
On plays at the plate where the ball is coming from fair territory or a
throw from the outfield, the plate umpire should assume a position
in foul territory, deep enough to see all Four Essential Elements
keeping in mind obstruction/interference. An umpire should not be
closer than 3-4 meters (12 feet) and initially may be further back
than 4 meters to have an unobstructed view of all Four Essential
Elements. As the play develops and the interaction of the Four
Essential Elements come closer, you should adjust your positioning
achieving the best angle based on the interaction of the Four
Elements, being no closer than 3-4 meters (12 feet) back. The final
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calling position is 3-4 meters (12 feet) back, 90 degrees from the
path of the runner and just short of the leading edge of home plate.
After making this call the umpire should move away while continuing
to watch the ball, remaining in foul territory.
Assume the basic position. Keep your weight distributed on the balls
of your feet, moving as the play continues to develop, find the ball
and make the call accordingly. Note, that your starting position may
not be your final position. It is the umpire’s responsibility to move
their position as the Four Essential Elements continue to move. Lastly,
stop, see the play, make the call.
Due to the critical nature of the play at home, move in to find the ball.
If you can’t find it, ask the player to “Show me the ball,” point at it
with your left hand and “SELL IT” accordingly. Never, never ask “show
me the ball” and then call the runner safe.
8.2.24 Appeal at the Plate
If a runner misses home plate and the catcher misses the tag, the
umpire should hesitate slightly to allow the players to finish the play,
either the runner reaches to touch the plate or the catcher reaches to
tag the runner. If no tag is made, the umpire should declare the
runner SAFE. If a proper appeal play is made, the umpire should then
declare the runner OUT.
There are three reasons why the WBSC-SD advocates this procedure:
1) The umpire does not want to alert either team that the play may
not be over, and
2) A runner is assumed SAFE until put out. If a proper appeal is
NOT made, the runner is SAFE.
3) If a proper appeal is made, this is another play and deserves
another decision, therefore if the base or the runner is touched,
the runner would be OUT.
Here are a few tips to help Speed up the Game:
• Have your pre-game early.

• Start your game on time.
• Hustle to your positions. This shows the players they should
hustle as well.
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• Don’t allow the pitcher to walk around the mound, point to
fielders, and generally just waste time after receiving the ball
from the catcher, the umpire or fielders.
• Make sure the pitcher delivers the pitch in 20 seconds.
• Get the batter in the box within ten seconds.
• Don’t let the batters delay the game; one foot must remain in
the box.
• Speak to a coach if he/she is too slow sending signals (pitches
to be called by the catcher).
• Hustle players when necessary, throughout the entire game.
• Encourage a team to have another person not in the game
receive warm-up pitches until the catcher (who is not wasting
time) is dressed and ready.
• Don’t allow lengthy conferences.
• Make sure a player is in the on-deck circle waiting to bat.
• Work with your partners to achieve success.
8.2.26 Helpful Hints for Plate Umpires:
• Obtain the batting order from both managers at the pre-game

meeting, review it making sure there are no errors in names,
numbers or positions. Discuss the ground rules so both
managers and the umpires are in agreement.
• Keep the plate clean and when dusting the plate, turn your back
toward the pitcher. Always brush the plate with a lot of pep and
enthusiasm.
• Take the time spent in brushing the plate to warn the catcher
or batter when necessary.
• Say ball only. If it is ball four, then emphasis should be placed
on the four.
• Never say “Ball four, take your base,” and don’t point to first
base.
• Say Strike only. If it is strike three, then emphasis should be
placed on the three. Never say, “Strike three, you’re out.” for
the catcher may drop the ball.
• A big third strike call is important, but don’t intimidate or
embarrass the batters with the call. Use a signal and voice that
reflects the importance, difficulty and/or closeness of the play.
• Do not verbally describe or use a hand signal. Use only a slight
for tracking the pitch to the glove with nose.
• Plate umpire has all Fair/Foul decisions unless a base umpire
chases. This includes ground balls and balls over first or third
base. This is not an option to be decided in a pre-game.
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• Always go for help on a check swing (to the open side umpire–
even if rotated) when asked by the catcher.
• Make sure you have a good angle to see the play and a runner
crossing home plate, if the next out is a third out. Report run
scores or does not score to the official scorer immediately.
• On an out-of-the-park home run when teammates converge at
or around home plate to congratulate the hitter, the umpire
should stay outside the diamond, keeping the hitter’s
teammates away from the plate, to see the runner touch home
and watch for any touching of the runner by her teammates.
When the runner has touched home plate, give a new ball to
the pitcher and prepare to resume play.
• Just give the signal when an out is obvious on a fly ball with
no runners on base.
• Do not needlessly ‘hold the pitcher.’ Most pitchers wait until
the batter is ready. Use the "Hold" signal to control a situation
that needs controlling.
• Watch for touched bases.
• Write down all conferences on the “Line-up” card.
• Report changes to the official scorer and to each dugout.
• Do not point at your partners to see if they are ready prior to
starting the game or an inning. Look at them. If they are in
position, then play ball.
• Communicate on a continual basis with your partner (s).
• Always know the count, the number of outs and where the
runners are.
• Plate umpire initiates or wipes off the infield fly signal each
time a new batter steps into the box.
• Anticipate, but do not assume.
Success is 1% Inspiration
And
99% Preparation
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8.3 BASE MECHANICS
8.3.1 Techniques on the Bases
Like the plate umpire, the base umpire(s) must focus on every pitch
and be ready for any play. Watch for illegal pitches. Should a foul fly
be hit in territory not adjacent to the plate, cover the fielder as closely
as the base situation permits. Be alert for check swings or hit
batsman. Be ready to cover the catcher’s attempts to pick runners off
bases. Between plays, in fact, between pitches, the base umpire must
remain alert for any of these possibilities. The umpire must always
keep in mind that umpiring – at the plate or on the bases – demands
complete concentration, undivided attention and full energies until the
final out.
Be alert at all times; work your angles on the bases. Do not leave
yourself open on a play and above all do not let the coach call them
for you. On a close play, sell the call; but on a wide-open play, a
routine signal is all that is necessary.
Be on your toes at all times. Think like a ball player thinks and you will
not be surprised on certain plays. Whenever possible make all your
decisions from the set or ready position. Do not give a vocal call or
arm signal until you know that the runner is out or safe and the fielder
has control of the ball. This will help your timing and eliminate double
calls or the dreaded “Out/Safe” call. Follow the ball at all times. Know
where the ball is, and who had it last.
If a ball is hit to the outfield and there appears to be trouble, go out

on it. A “catch” or “no catch” should be the first priority on every
batted ball, even if there are base runners on base(s). If a ball is hit
out of the park be sure you know where and when the ball leaves the
park.
8.3.2 Decisions on Bases
The base umpire indicates decisions by simultaneously giving vocal

and physical signals. Umpires signal SAFE when a runner has beaten
a play. They punctuate an emphatic SAFE signal with an enthusiastic
SAFE call. In calling a runner out, the motion of the arm in the form
of a hammer is combined with the word OUT. And if the play is close,
the umpire will sell the OUT with an overhand signal and a similar
enthusiastic OUT call.
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Attempted steals in fast pitch; attempted base stretching on hits, close
force plays, most rundowns, almost all tag plays are close plays and
the ruling should be rendered accordingly. Should an umpire, after
an appeal, rule a runner out, the overhand out call is in order.
For fairly close force-plays, wide open tag plays, and run-downs the
easy decision call, with medium emphasis as to voice and signal is
called for. Keep full power in reserve for the really close ones.
The ‘out-safe’ or ‘safe-out’ calls are a result of poor timing. If you give
it that slight hesitation and allow the mental image or ’instant replay’
to take place, you will never have another ‘out-safe’ call in your career.
HOLD IT-SELL IT! (You can’t have good judgment without good timing.
They go hand-in-hand.)
Should the batter of a ground ball be thrown out at first base by five
feet or the leading runner be forced out by a wide margin on potential
double-plays, only a routine out is necessary.
An obvious easy decision that could be routine must be handled as a

close sell call (e.g., a fielder failing to touch a base for a force out,
failing to tag a runner sliding into the base, or missing a swipe tag.)
On attempts to pick runners off base a routine signal may also be

given, unless the play is close, then use the ‘overhand’ out.
Any time the base umpire’s back is turned on the plate umpire on a
deep fly ball or a possible trapped ball, the base umpire has all
responsibility for ‘fair or foul’ and ‘out and safe’ decisions on that ball.
A base umpire that goes out, must stay in the outfield and never drift
back to the infield for a play on the bases. This could cause two
umpires to make a decision on the same play. Even if both decisions
are the same, it looks bad.
The proper angle angle will have the Four Essential Elements (the ball,
the defensive players, the offensive players, and the base or the area
of the play) in front. When watching the tag play, ensure you are not
too close, in order to see all Four Essential Elements in your peripheral
view. Move with the tag play as the play develops and the interaction
of the Four Essential Elements changes.
In watching force outs, keep your eye on the base and watch for the
ball to hit the glove or let the ball take you into the play.
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Note: Make sure you know from where the ball is being thrown.
Never take your eyes off the thrower until the ball is released and let
the ball take you into the play.
Hustle is an integral part of good base umpiring technique. In essence,

it is the alert application of the principles of good umpiring. Aimless
running about is not hustle – at least, not productive hustle. The
polished base umpire quickly finds the position for the best possible
angle of the play, yet the umpire’s whereabouts is overlooked by the
spectators until the decision is rendered.
8.3.3 Base Calls
There are two basic calls an umpire MUST master before being
considered as a good umpire: 1) The force play, and 2) the tag play.
For the purposes of this manual, the force play at 1st base is described,
however the principles involved apply to ALL force plays.
8.3.4 The Force Play
Again, the play at first base. As the fielder is getting into position to
field the ground ball, the base umpire should be moving into one of
the recommended positions described earlier. As the fielder releases
the throw then, and only then, does the umpire turn into the base. (Let
the ball take you into the play. A play cannot be made without the
ball.) At this time, the umpire should concentrate on the BASE, where
• The runner touches it,

• The first baseman is on it, when the ball is caught, and
• The ball is not juggled by the fielder.
An important consideration for the umpire at this point is if proper

positioning has been maintained (minimum of 6 meters (18 feet) from
the base), while concentrating on the base, watch the runner coming
down the line and at the same time actually see the ball being caught
by the first baseman. A position too close to the base restricts the
angle, closes the range of vision, and may cause the umpire to get
caught in the action. (i.e., see situation on next page about smothering
the play.)
Another element in making your decision is sound. While

concentrating on the ‘base’ and allowing peripheral vision to aid you
in seeing the play develop, the sound of the ball hitting the glove helps
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determine which arrived first, the ball or the player’s foot hitting the
base. Never take your eye off the ball or depend entirely on the sound
of the ball hitting the glove for crowd noise could distract you or drown
out the sound of the ball hitting the glove.
If proper mechanics are followed as described, the only consideration

left to ensure proper timing is a slight hesitation to allow a clear and
mental picture to develop, ensuring the proper call.
Remember, we are talking about a hesitation here, not a delay. Too

long a delay gives rise to the thought that the call was weak and the
umpire was indecisive.
Consideration must be given toward being consistent in the time it

takes to announce your calls. If you are quick on every call and then
have an exaggerated hesitation on one particular call it will appear to
the players and fans that you are undecided and guessing. Slow your
timing down and don’t make a call until the play is completed, but
remain consistent with your timing.
Once the umpire has observed the play come to its completion, has
made a slight hesitation and knows the outcome of the play, it is time
to make the decision that will be made known by the ‘out’ or ‘safe’
signal.
It is important that we understand the basic elements and how they

relate to each other. For example, we discussed the basic position,
proper distance and how it relates to peripheral vision in setting up
your timing. If you wind up in a position where you are smothering a
force play (in too close) and you are concentrating on the base, you
may have to physically look up to see if the ball is caught and then
look back down to see if the first baseman comes down on the base,
if there was an errant throw. While this is happening the runner may
have already passed the base while you were looking up at the catch.
If proper distance is maintained, peripheral vision will allow you to see
the entire play, making your job considerably easier.
There are two basic positions for calling force plays at first base:
1) On all grounds balls hit into the infield, the umpire should move to
a proper position in fair territory to see the play; 5-6 meters (18
feet) back, 90 degrees to the throw; on plays at 1st base, do not
go beyond 4- degrees to the base. Once at this position, the
umpire should stop, set, see the play and then make the call.
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2) The ‘foul ground theory’ should be used as an exception when you
can’t get to fair territory. Only the second baseman’s extreme left,
or to a short right field, where the throw is coming to the first
baseman from near the foul line, the umpire should stay outside
the diamond in foul territory. Move no further than a line 45-
degrees through first base and 5-6 meters (18 feet) back from the
base. As the outside position is very vulnerable it is preferred,
whenever possible, that the umpire moves inside the diamond
unless forced to stay outside by the throw to the first baseman or
another fielder coming from near the first base foul line.
8.3.5 Tag Plays
Many of the elements discussed on force plays also apply to tag

plays, such as position, angle and peripheral vision especially as
the play develops. However, the major difference is in the fact
that on tag plays we want you to complete the call with your nose
right on the tag.
As the play develops, stay back, further than 3-4 meters (12 feet)
initially, keeping ALL Four Essential Elements in front of you – the
ball, the defensive player, the offensive players, and the base, as
well as the area where they all come together.
Now as the runner and the ball near that tag area, move achieving
the best angle to have an unobstructed view of the Four Essential
Elements. Final calling position should be no closer than 3-4
meters (12 feet) away and let the play carry you into the tag.
Normally the best angle on tag plays is 90 degrees from the path
of the runner just short of the leading edge of the base or home
plate at the point of contact.
PRIMARY POSITIONS FOR TAG PLAYS AT A BASE:
On a tag play, the umpire moves to proper position to see the play, 3-
4 meters (12 feet) back and not in line with the throw, 90-degrees to
the runner’s base path and just short of the leading edge of the base
or home plate. Once at this position the umpire should stop, set, see
the play and then make the call.
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Various primary positions exist around each base. You should try to
obtain a primary position for every play and should always end a play
in your next primary position.
When we speak of unobstructed angles, we mean never position

yourself so that the defensive player or runner is between you and the
actual tag. The angle may move as the tag and slide are made. The
umpire must also move to keep an unobstructed view.
Once you have allowed the play to develop, move in on the play,
concentrate on whether the tag was made prior to the runner reaching
the base or the runner beat the tag to the base. If the runner is in
before the tag, the play is over, providing the runner doesn’t slide past
the base. Hesitate slightly then make your call, SAFE.
On the other hand, the out call is more critical. Nothing can be any
more embarrassing than to have the tag beat the runner on a close
play, have the umpire come up with a good strong OUT, only to have
the ball roll out from under the pile.
If the tag is made prior to the runner reaching the base, hesitate; make
certain the fielder has control of the ball, point at the ball with the left
hand, and call OUT with the “overhand” out call, making certain you
SELL IT.
On the same play where a good hard slide causes a collision and you
CANNOT find the ball after the tag, continue looking for the ball and
ask in a good crisp voice to, “Show me the Ball.” Be sure to be pointing
at the defensive player with your left hand while you are moving
around the play trying to find the ball. When you see the ball, make
the call with a good overhand signal, of course, be certain you don’t
turn your head away from the play when making the call. Remember,
you must FIND THE BALL.
DO NOT PLANT yourself like a batter digging in at the plate, move in

and around the play if necessary to see the tag and move to find the
ball.
8.3.6 Pulled Foot
Quite often the play itself will dictate your actions as to ‘selling the
call’. For example, the pulled foot at first base. It might be obvious
that the ball arrived in plenty of time to retire the runner, however, the
first baseman pulled the foot off the bag before the catch. In this case
you should think in terms of priorities. You do NOT want anyone to
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think that the runner was called safe because the runner beat the
throw. Thinking in terms of priorities, your first move should be toward
the play, POINTING WITH YOUR LEFT HAND at the base indicating that
the fielder did in fact pull the foot followed with a vigorous vocal and
demonstrative – OFFFFFFF!’ (OFF) and follow with the proper ‘safe’
signal – selling it. If you give the ‘safe’ signal and nonchalantly point
at the base, it will appear as though you ‘blew’ (missed) the call and
are looking for an excuse.
8.3.7 Swipe Tag
Similarly, with the play where a wild throw goes up the line toward
home plate and the first baseman makes an excellent catch and ‘swipe
tags’ the runner prior to reaching first base. Think in terms of
priorities, how was the out made.
Never guess an out. This is similar to never guessing a strike. If the

runner beat the ball, never go for help. If you do request help, make
the request before making the call and let the home plate umpire
make the call. If you do request help, the ball beat the runner and
now it must be determined if the foot was off the base or the tag made
and you were blocked out and could not see the tag.
Move up and toward the foul line in the direction of the play. You may
have to get low and lean one way or the other to see the tag. These
movements will not only give you a better view, they will help sell the
call. If you have no doubt that the tag was made, point with the left
hand, and with a one-word verbal description, strong verbal call
‘TAGGGGG,’ (TAG) followed with a good ‘sell out’ arm signal. If you
have doubt or think the tag was missed, the point should be
accompanied with a strong verbal call ‘NOOOOOO TAG’ (NO TAG)
followed with a good ‘sell safe’ signal.
8.3.8 One Word Descriptions
Whenever an umpire POINTS to help ‘sell’ the call and uses a vocal
description, it is recommended using one word only, such as:
• “YESSS” (YES) for calling a check swing on your own pointing
the batter by the batter’s-side hand, followed with a strong
hammer for a strike with verbal call “STRIKE.”
• “SWINGGG” (SWING) when asking partner for help on check
swing. Do not echo the signal. Only give the new count before
signalling the pitcher to pitch.
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• “NOOOO” (NO) when there is a missed tag, and a strong sell-
safe signal, or on a check swing request it was felt the batter did
not swing.
• “TAGGGG” (TAG) when the fielder tags a runner, with a strong
overhand out.
• “OFFFF” (OFF) when the fielder pulls a foot and the runner is
safe. Use sell-safe signal.
• “BALLLLL” (BALL) when you can’t find the ball and you want
the fielder to show it to you. As soon as you see the ball, give a
strong overhand out signal with verbal call ‘OUT.’
8.3.9 Inside-Outside Theory
The inside-outside theory is simple, if the ball is hit inside the

diamond, (meaning anything hit on the dirt infield), stay OUTSIDE the
diamond. In the majority of cases if ball is hit into the outfield area,
move INSIDE the bases unless you have responsibility for fly ball
coverage. Sometimes at the 2nd base position an umpire may have to
stay out to get the proper angle and keep all four elements in front.
The purpose is equally as simple. ALL FOUR ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

are in front of you: The BALL, the RUNNER, the DEFENSIVE
PLAYER(S), and the BASE where they all come together.
8.3.10 Button-Hook
The Key to the inside-outside theory is movement and the key to

movement regarding the inside-outside theory is the button-hook. The
button-hook is a term used for the method of moving from outside the
diamond to the inside. As you move toward the inside of the diamond
you should be concentrating on the runner(s) you are responsible for,
making sure you do NOT interfere with anyone, checking for the tag
of the base, obstruction or interference while glancing to pick up the
ball in the outfield.
As you are moving inside the diamond, you should be: Watching the
runner, glancing to pick up the ball, watching the runner, glancing to
pick up the ball. Once inside the diamond 3-4 meters (12 feet), pivot
(or button-hook) into the play, make sure the runner touches the base,
check for obstruction and proceed with the play.
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8.3.11 Three-Foot Line
A violation of the 1-meter (3-foot) line is an example of an interference

call and calls for the umpire to take charge. The umpire should step
into the play throwing arms high above the head calling loudly “DEAD
BALL”. Step toward the violation area, point at the spot of interference
by the left hand with verbal call ‘INTERFERENCE’ and give a strong
overhand out signal with verbal call ‘BATTER-RUNNER OUT’. At this
time, the runners MUST be instructed to return to the last base legally
touched at the time of the interference.
8.3.12 Running Out of the Base Path
Running out of the base path to avoid a tag is also a violation but does
NOT result in a dead ball. The umpire should point with the left hand
indicating that the runner did violate the rules, (by running out of the
base path) and follow with a strong overhand out signal if needed and
verbal call ‘OUT.’ Other runners may continue to advance at their own
risk and the umpire should react accordingly.
8.3.13 Interference
For interference calls, a vigorous dead ball signal should be given with
both arms extended high above your head, and with a strong vocal
call of “DEAD BALL”. It is important that you step in with authority
and take charge. Stop any further play as soon as possible, as
continued play simply leads to confusion. Step toward the violation
area, point at the spot of interference with the left hand and give a
strong out signal with verbal call ‘INTERFERENCE, RUNNER/BATTER-
RUNNER/BATTER OUT.’ Three things must always occur on an
interference call: 1) The ball is dead, 2) an out is called, and 3) all
runners must return to the base they occupied at the time of the
interference. Note: If the batter-runner causes interference, the ball is
dead from the time of the pitch.
8.3.14 Obstruction
Obstruction is the act of:
a) A defensive player or team member who hinders or prevents a

batter from striking at or hitting a pitched ball.
b) A fielder who impedes the progress of a runner or batter-runner
who is legally running bases while:
1. Not in possession of the ball, or
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2. Not in the act of fielding a batted ball, or
3. Making a fake tag without the ball, or
4. In possession of the ball and who pushes a runner off a
base, or
5. In possession of the ball, but not in the act of making a
play on the runner, impedes the progress of that runner,
while he is legally running the bases.
All obstruction calls require a delayed dead ball signal, allowing a

runner played on or not played on the same ability to advance. The
umpire will protect the runner only to the base the runner would have
made if there had not been obstruction (This is solely the judgment of
the umpire making the call). If the runner is played on prior to this
base and the ball is in control of the defender, a dead ball is called
and the award of base(s) made. If the runner advances beyond the
base protected, and is tagged out, the out stands and the ball remains
live.
It should also be clear that when saying “a runner cannot be called

out between the two bases obstructed,” does not pertain when another
violation is being played upon. (e.g., a runner leaving second base too
soon on a fly ball is returning to second base after the ball is caught
and is obstructed between second base and third base. If the runner
would not have made it back to second base prior to the throw arriving
if there had not been obstruction, the runner would remain out. The
same is true on a missed base).
Remember, the obstructed runner cannot be called out between the

two bases obstructed, therefore, if the umpire does not feel the runner
would have made the advance base, the runner is returned to the
previous base.
A fielder may not make a fake tag (a tag without a ball), on a runner
advancing or returning to a base. This is a form of obstruction. The
runner is awarded the base that he/she would have made if the fake
tag had not occurred. A fake tag could result in ejection.
8.3.15 Catcher’s Obstruction
If a catcher obstructs a batter by tipping the bat or holding his glove

over home plate and the bat hits the glove on the forward or backward
swing, the batter is awarded first base.
Exception: This is a delayed call and if the batter hits the ball, reaches
first base safely and all other runners advance at least one
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base, the obstruction is ignored. It is also ignored if the
above does not happen, but the offensive manager wants to
take the result of the play on the batted ball. Refer to the
section on plate mechanics for further discussion on
‘catcher obstruction’ options and proper mechanics.
8.3.16 Collisions
Simply because there is contact between the defensive and offensive

player does not mean that obstruction or interference has occurred.
8.3.17 Illegal Pitches
Concern here is that the base umpire is aware of illegal pitch

responsibilities. Because the base umpire has the side view on the
points (first and third base), means the base umpire is responsible for
any action behind and in front of the pitching plate. Feet on and off
the pitching plate, front and back, as well as the crow hop. It requires
a delayed dead ball signal. Allow the play to continue and rule
accordingly. Again, look under plate mechanics, for the violation and
penalty enforcement.
8.3.18 Helpful Hints for Base Umpires
• Hustle.
• When stationed at first or third base, the umpire should stand
at the correct distance depending on whether there are runners
on or not.
• Move on all pitched, batted and thrown balls.
• Call all your plays in fair territory except when the play dictates
for you to be in foul territory.
• Don’t make a call until the catch or play is completed.
• Don’t let players or coaches call plays for you.
• Check to make certain all bases are secure and clean and the
pitcher’s plate is clean.
• Do not make a sell call on obvious out, safe, fair or foul calls.
• Line-up runners on all fly balls to the outfield, as outlined in tag
up procedures in this manual.
• Watch runners touch all bases.
• Slow up runners when the ball becomes dead because of foul
balls, etc.
• Take positions that will keep you out of the player’s way. Check
with the fielders every time you move to see that you are not
obstructing their view.
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• Hustle out on fly balls and stay out until play is concluded.
• Never walk from one position to another; hustle and the ball
players will follow your example.
• Whether there are runners or not, base umpires should always
start in the ‘ready’ position.
• Make your close calls with a strong enthusiastic voice.
• On run-downs, the responsibility of the call is determined by
the direction the runner is running towards.
• Don’t touch balls thrown to you by the defensive team, as there
may not be three outs.
• Recognize your next play and prepare for it.
• When calling, “TIME” for an injured player, stay nearby until the
coach or trainer comes out. Then leave the area.
• Do not signal/echo foul balls from the bases, (Unless the batter
is hit by a batted ball and the plate umpire does not see it or if
runners are on base and are running towards you.) This would
be a foul ball signal – never an out.
• Be ready to call illegal pitches.
• Watch for the position of all runners at the time of throw on
overthrows.
• Watch for a pitched ball swung at (assist if requested by the
plate umpire).
• Watch for batter hit by pitch in the batter’s box (immediately
signal dead ball)
• Watch for batter hit by ball out of the batter’s box (signal dead
ball)
• Watch for runners leaving base before the pitched ball leaves
the pitcher’s hand.
• Watch for interference.
• Watch for obstruction.
• Back up the plate umpire.
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SECTION 9
PITCHING RULE AND STRIKE ZONE
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9.1 FP PITCHING RULE – Points of emphasis
• Upon the ball being returned to the pitcher (ball in the air on the way
back to the pitcher or the catcher in a position to return the ball), the
pitcher has 20 seconds to start the pitch.
• Upon the ball being returned.
• Prior to starting the pitcher, the pitcher, must place one or both feet
on the pitching plate, and with the hands apart, take a signal or
appear to take a signal from the catcher.
• Upon the ball being returned.
• The pitcher must then maintain contact with the pitching plate with
the pivot foot and must place the stepping in contact with the pitching
plate or behind the pitching plate within the 60 cm (24 in) of the
pitching plate before starting the pause.
• Once the pause has begun, the pivot foot and stepping foot must
remain stationary until the start of the pitch. The heel or toe of the
pivot foot or the stepping foot may be lifted and then lowered provided
the foot does not move forward or backwards.
• The pause must be held for a minimum of 2 seconds and a maximum
of 5 seconds. The pitcher may ask for time during the pause provided
the hand remain together or the pitcher steps back off the pitching
plate with the hands together.
• The pitch starts when the pitcher separates the hands or begins any
movement that is part of the pitching motion. The pitcher’s feet may
only move forward once the pitch starts.
• The pitcher may step forward with the stepping foot while pushing off
from the pitcher’s plate with the pivot feet resulting in a drag or a
leap. The pitcher’s hands must be separated and the pitching arm in
motion prior to the pivot foot stopping or if a leap, landing. The pitcher
may only puh off from the pitcher’s plate.
• Upon the pivot foot stopping or if a leap, landing, the pitcher must
continue the pitching motion and release the ball towards home plate.
The pivot foot may follow through when it lands however the pivot
foot may not push off a second time.
STRIKE ZONE
The space over over any part of home plate between the bottom of the batter’s
sternum (chest plate) and the bottom of the batter’s knee cap, when they assume
their natural batting stance. (MP Only – The space over home plate between the
batter’s armpits and the top of the knees when they assume their natural batting
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stance.) The natural batting stance is the stance the batter takes after the release
of the pitch when deciding to swing or not swing at the pitch.
A strike is called the ball is live and runners may advance with liability to be
put out:
when any part of a pitched ball enters the strike zone before touching the
ground and the batter does not swing, (FP Only - Provided the top of the ball
is at or below the sternum or the bottom of the ball is at or above the bottom
of the knee cap);
1 BALL; 2 STRIKE; 3
BALL; 4 BALL; 5 STRIKE;
6 STRIKE 7 BALL; 8
BALL.
AND MOST IMPORTANTLY, “KEEP YOUR EYE ON THE BALL” AND KNOW
WHERE IT IS AT ALL TIMES!
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SECTION 10
GUIDELINES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION
OF THE TWENTY (20) SECOND CLOCK
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10.1 CLOCK
The twenty (20) second clock will begin:
a) When the Plate Umpire gives “Play Ball” signal to start the clock.
The Plate Umpire gives “Play Ball” signal with a chopping motion to
start the clock:
When a new batter is near the batter’s box and the pitcher has
possession of the ball in the pitching circle and the catcher is near
the catcher’s box.
1) After a foul ball is called, when the batter is near the batter’s box,
the pitcher has possession of the ball in the pitching circle and
the catcher is near the catcher’s box.
2) The catcher is near the catcher’s box.
3) After a dead ball is called, when the batter is near the batter’s
box, the pitcher has possession of the ball in the pitching circle
and the catcher is near the catcher’s box.
4) After “Time” is called, when the batter is near the batter’s box,
the pitcher has possession of the ball in the pitching circle and
the catcher is near the catcher’s box.
5) On a checked swing, once all play has ceased, and when the
batter is near the batter’s box, the pitcher has possession of the
ball in the pitching circle or the catcher is in a position to return
the ball to the pitcher.
6) On a passed ball, once all play has ceased, and when the batter
is near the batter’s box, the pitcher has possession of the ball in
the pitching circle or the catcher is in a position to return the
ball to the pitcher.
7) When there is no longer an opportunity for a play or attempted
play by the catcher, and all runners returned to their base, and
when the batter is near the batter’s box, the pitcher has
possession of the ball in the pitching circle or the catcher is in a
position to return the ball to the pitcher.
8) After the batter leaves the batter’s box as a result of one of the
Exceptions listed below, and once all play has ceased, and when
the batter is near the batter’s box, the pitcher has possession of
the ball in the pitching circle or the catcher is in a position to
return the ball to the pitcher.
b) When after a pitch, the catcher is in a position to return the ball to the
pitcher.
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10.2 PITCHER
a) The pitcher has twenty (20) seconds to begin his wind up after the
twenty (20) second clock begins. The pitch starts when the pitcher
begins any motion that is part of the wind-up.
b) If the twenty (20) second clock expires prior to the pitcher starting the
pitch/their wind-up, dead ball shall be declared and a ball award to the
batter.
c) Normally the 2nd base umpire is responsible for pitcher clock violation
administration, and call and signal “dead ball”, point to the pitcher with
an open hand and say “clock violation”.
d) The plate umpire shall award the batter a ball and give the new count.
10.3 BATTER
a) Once the twenty (20) second clock has started, the batter has ten (10)
seconds to enter the batter’s box and must keep one foot in the batter’s
box between pitches.
b) If the batter fails to enter the batter’s box within ten (10) seconds, dead
ball shall be declared and a strike being called on the batter.
c) If the batter fails to keep one foot in the batter’s box, dead ball shall be
declared and a strike being called on the batter
d) The Plate umpire is responsible for batter’s box violation administration,
and call and signal “dead ball”, point to the batter’s box with an open
hand and say “batter’s box violation” and award a strike on the batter
and give the new count.
e) The batter may only step out of the batter’s box with both feet in the
following circumstance:
1) When the ball is hit;
2) On a swing, provided it is the momentum of the swing that takes them
out of the batter’s box;
3) If forced out of the batter’s box to avoid a pitch;
4) On a wild pitch;
5) On an attempted play at the plate or by the catcher on an advancing
runner or by any player;
6) If time has been called, or the plate umpire leaves his position to
perform other duties not directly connected with the calling of plays;
7) If the pitcher leaves the pitching circle;
8) On a 3-ball count that the batter thinks the pitch was a ball.
f) If there is, in the Umpire’s judgement, no delay in the game by the batter’s
failing to keep one foot in the batter’s box between pitches, no penalty
will be given.
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g) If there is, in the Umpire’s judgement, no delay in the game by the
batter’s failing:
1) It is not a delay of the game if:
a. the batter steps out of the batter’s box, and steps back in
immediately.
b. the batter steps out of the batter’s box, takes a swing and steps
back in immediately.
2) It is a delay of the game if:
a. the batter steps out of the batter’s box, and turns to take a
signal from the coach.
b. the batter steps out of the batter’s box, and walks away from
the home plate (4 or 5 steps)
c. the batter steps out of the batter’s box and does not
immediately return to the batter’s box when requested by the
umpire.
10.4 Calling “Time”
a) If “Time” is called by the umpire during the twenty (20) second time
period, the clock will pause (not reset).
b) After making sure the batter and pitcher are ready, the plate umpire
gives “play ball” signal with a chopping motion to start the clock, and
the clock will continue where it was paused.
c) No “Time” shall be granted in the last five (5) seconds of the twenty
(20) second clock run down. If “Time” is mistakenly granted by the
umpire in the last five (5) seconds, the clock shall be reset to twenty (20)
seconds.
10.5 Not subject to review, appeal or protest
The calling of or the failure to call a clock violation or a batter’s box

violation by the umpire is NOT subject to review, appeal or protest.
130/135
SECTION 11
CRITERIA OF UMPIRE ELIGIBILITY AND SELECTION FOR WBSC
SOFTBALL WORLD CUPS
131/135
To be considered for a WBSC World Cup Appointment you must be:
1. LICENSED UMPIRE – CURRENT
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR LICENSING:

• Candidates wishing to become WBSC Softball Licensed Umpires
shall meet the following criteria:
1. Pass the Pre-Seminar Qualification Exam with a mark of 85%
2. Shall be currently, and for the immediate preceding five (5)
years, a registered and active umpire.
3. Shall be in good standing with their National Federation.
4. Submit an application supported by their Federation.
5. Be at the highest level of umpiring recognised by their
Federation.
6. Must complete all WBSC Softball Umpire License Course work
successfully.
7. Pay the appropriate fee.
• Candidates must achieve a measurement equal to or better than the

benchmarks set out in the physical fitness protocol.
• WBSC Seminar consists of scoring on the following elements:
leadership, case plays and mechanic plays
• Upon successfully completing the coursework, candidates will need
to go through a live game on-field evaluation.
• The competition used for the purposes of the on-field evaluation
portion of the WBSC Softball Umpire Certification protocol shall be
categorised as either an intermediate-level competition or a high-
level competition by the WBSC Umpire Director in consultation with
the appropriate WBSC Regional Umpire Coordinator and the Host
Federation.
• Initial Levels will be based on a candidate’s on-field performance at
the competition as determined by the Seminar Evaluators. At least a
Level I rating must be obtained for the purposes of Licensing.
• A candidate must receive a score between 85 and 94 on their on-
field evaluation to be considered an acceptable performance.
• A candidate must receive a score of 95 or better on their on-field
evaluation to be considered a strong performance.
• To obtain a Level 1 or 2 License, a candidate must complete Level 1
of the WBSC Softball Academy Umpires Learning Course.
Candidates for a Level 3 License must complete both Level 1 and
Level 2 of the WBSC Softball Academy Umpires Learning Course.
132/135
2. LICENSED UMPIRE – REQUIRES RENEWAL, umpires must renew
their eligibility to be selected to a world cup every 4-year rule period
by following the above protocol
a. Licensed umpires seeking to renew their eligibility to be

selected to a World Cup are required to:
b. Complete and pass the Renewal of Eligibility for Selection to a
World Cup online test with a mark of 85%.
c. Submit to the WBSC either a positive on-field evaluation from
a World Cup held in the four years prior or a letter from their
Federation’s President or UIC advising that they are active and
still able to umpire at a World Cup.
d. Submit to the WBSC the results of the Physical Fitness Testing
components, verified by their Federation UIC.
e. Must complete Level 1 and Level 2 of the WBSC Softball
Academy Softball Umpire Learning Course.
f. Upon successful renewal of eligibility, current WBSC Rankings
will be converted to the new WBSC Umpire Levels so that the
following conversion will happen.
g. Ranking of 1 – Level I
h. Ranking of 2 – Level II
i. Ranking of 3 or 4 - Level III
3. LICENSING LEVELS:
Level I Umpire
Criteria to reach Level I Umpire:
• Must have completed the official WBSC Softball Umpire Licensing
Course successfully.
• Must score a strong performance rating at an intermediate-level
competition or an acceptable performance at a high-level
competition
• WBSC Umpire Director will make licensing decisions in consultation
with the Umpiring Commission. The WBSC Executive Director shall
ratify the final decision.
Criteria of eligibility for WBSC Softball World Cups:
• Level I umpires shall be eligible to be appointed to any Level I WBSC
softball tournaments: U15 Women’s and U12 Mixed.
• If, after any WBSC tournament, an umpire in Level I obtains a poor
evaluation (84 or below) from the Umpire Director at the
tournament, said umpire shall be removed from eligibility for the
World Cups list until such time as they are able to prove through
their federation that they have improved their umpire ability and
skill.
• Level I umpires appointments shall be nominated by the National
Federation, reviewed by the Regional Umpire Directors based on
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previous evaluations for a recommendation, appointed by WBSC
Umpire Director and confirmed by the WBSC Softball Chairman.
Level II Umpire
Criteria to reach Level II Umpire:
• Must score a strong performance rating at a high-level licensing
competition, at a U12 Mixed World Cup or a U15 Women’s World
Cup
• WBSC Umpire Director will make certification decisions in
consultation with the Umpiring Commission. The WBSC Executive
Director shall ratify the final decision.
• Level II umpires shall be eligible to be appointed to any Level II
WBSC softball tournaments: U23 Men’s, U18 Men’s, U18 Women’s,
U15 Women’s and U12 Mixed
• If, after any WBSC tournament, an umpire in Level II obtains a poor
tournament, it may be recommended that the umpire return to Level
I.
• Level II umpire appointments shall be nominated by the National
previous evaluations for a recommendation, and appointed by WBSC
Umpire Director.
Level III Umpire

Criteria to reach Level III Umpire:
• Must score a strong performance rating at a Women´s, U18 Men’s,
U18 Women’s, U23 Men’s
• WBSC Umpire Director will make licensing decisions in consultation
with the Umpiring Commission. The WBSC Executive Director shall
ratify the final decision.
• Level III umpires shall be eligible to be appointed to any WBSC
Softball tournaments: Open Women´s, Open Men’s, Open Women’s,
U23 Men’s, U18 Men’s, U18 Women’s, U15 Women’s and U12
Mixed.
• Level III umpires may also assist the Umpiring Commission,
depending on their individual merit, in any camps or clinics
organised by the WBSC.
• If, after any WBSC tournament, an umpire in Level III obtains a poor
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tournament, it may be recommended that the umpire return to Level
II.
• Level III umpire appointments shall be nominated by the National
previous evaluations for a recommendation, appointed by WBSC
Umpire Director and confirmed by the WBSC Executive Director.
4. SELECTION FOR WORLD CUP:

Umpire appointments shall be nominated by the Regional Umpire
Directors based on, the active status, the licensing level, previous
evaluations, and the input of the Regional Umpire Directors. The
Regional Umpire Committee forwards their recommendations and is
then appointed by the WBSC Umpire Director and confirmed by the
WBSC Executive Director.
World Cups and Qualifiers, the performance of umpires is reviewed by

the Regional Umpire Committee. The advice of the Regional Umpire
Coordinator is also sought and considered in the selections.
For World Cups, we always place the ability to perform at the level of
the World Cup however we also give some consideration to regional and
federation representation
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Umpire Manual Fastpitch

5th December 2021

SECTION 1 BEING AN UMPIRE 8

SECTION 2 WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN WBSC UMPIRE 14

SECTION 3 UMPIRE TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS 23

SECTION 5 HANDLING EVERY GAME SITUATION 69

SECTION 6 LINE-UP CARD MANAGEMENT 77

SECTION 7 BEING IN CONTROL 83

SECTION 9 PITCHING RULE AND STRIKE ZONE 123

SECTION 10 20 SECOND CLOCK PROTOCOL 126

SECTION 11 CRITERIA OF UMPIRE ELIGIBILITY AND SELECTION FOR

APPENDIX 1 ONE UMPIRE SYSTEM

APPENDIX 2 TWO UMPIRE SYSTEM

APPENDIX 3 THREE/FOUR UMPIRE SYSTEMS

What kind of umpire do you want to be?

One of the above reasons may be the main motivation or it may be

1.2 THIS MANUAL

THE EMPHASIS is for uniform signals and calls,

SO YOU WANT TO BE AN UMPIRE

U UNIFORMITY – maintain consistency

1.3 MISSION STATEMENT

• Identifying, observing, evaluating and training umpires for

1.4 PREREQUISITES TO GOOD UMPIRING

1.5 HELPFUL HINTS FOR UMPIRES – DO’S AND DON’TS

• Study rules regularly

• Go out on the field with a chip on your shoulder. Be overly

“It’s not the mistakes we make that count, it’s how

“Knowledge is of two kinds…we know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can

The WBSC Umpire is to act as an impartial arbitrator of softball competitions

The Umpire Program of the WBSC recognizes that to preserve and

In conjunction with the Umpires “Code of Ethics,” UMPIRES HAVE THE

The following Behavioral Ethics apply to WBSC Umpires:

3) Refrain from any form of harassment.

4) Avoid any situation which may lead to a conflict of interest.

5) Operate within the rules and spirit of softball.

6) Refrain from any form of personal abuse towards athletes.

8) Make a commitment to providing quality service to umpiring and the

11) Encourage inclusively and access to all areas of umpiring.

13) World Championships:

2.3 RESPONSIBILITIES AND EXPECTATIONS

WBSC umpires must continuously seek self-improvement by studying the

Using accepted mechanics allow umpires to be in the best position possible

Everything an umpire does will reflect on themselves, their partners, the

2.4 MENTAL PREPARATION AND GAME STRATEGY

2.5 INTERACTION WITH THE WORLD AROUND YOU

2.5.1 Fellow umpires

Being a member of an umpiring crew is like being the member of a

• Keep the big picture in mind

• Treat them with respect

Even if you are merely watching a game as a fan, it is important to realize

90-Degree Angle – Tag

90-Degree Angle – Throw

Backfilling This is when the play requires an umpire to counter-

Calling - Making the Call

First-base Line Extended

Fly Ball Coverage

The umpire positions and rotations shown in the following diagrams

If runners are moving and there is a possibility of a play at an

Ready (Starting) Stance on the Bases: