Dandi

iBor
ucol
lege

HPDP gr
oupassi
gnment

3r
dyeargr
oup3subgr
oup3BScnur
singdep'
t

Name-
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ID.
no.
1,
MascotAbadi
r-
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-105
2,
Ahi
medMohammed-
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213
3,
Akmel
Mif
tahu-
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-97
4,
Ami
rMust
efa-
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158
5,
Sal
i
ha -
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-153

1
 Whatar
3, etheObst
acl
est
oGr
oupDeci
sionMaki
ngi
nheal
thpr
omot
ion?

Fi
rstofal
ll
et'
slookwhati
sdeci
sionmaki
ngandi
t'
srol
esi
nheal
theducat
ionanddi
sease
pr
eventi
on?

Decisi
on-maki
ngbasedonawar enessorknowl edgeaboutaheal t
hissueisaboutpeople’
s
abili
tytochoosehealthybehavi
oursandpr act
icesfrom arangeofalter
nati
ves.Todothis
peopleneedt ounderstandthei
rhealt
hneedsandt hedif
ferentopti
onsavai
labl
eformeet i
ng
them.Heal t
heducati
oni sav er
yimportantwayt hatpeopl
ei nyourcommunitycandevelop
decision-
makingskil
l
sf orthemselv
es.

Maki
ngadeci
sionr
equi
resmaki
ngachoi
cebet
weenal
ter
nat
ives,
act
ionsorsol
uti
ons
consi
der
ed.I
napr
act
ical
sensei
tinv
olv
est
heper
for
manceofanact
ionorsol
uti
onofa
pr
obl
em.Ther
esol
uti
onoft
hepr
obl
em r
equi
rest
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hedeci
sion-
maki
ng
pr
otocol
sinor
dert
oreachaf
inal
deci
sion.

Under
standi
ngheal
theducat
ionappr
oacheswi
l
lhel
pyout
oinf
luencey
ourcommuni
tyand
encour
aget
hedesi
redheal
thybehav
iourandpr
act
ices.

Per
suasi
oni
sof
tenusedbyHeal
thExt
ensi
onPr
act
it
ioner
stoi
nfl
uencet
hebehav
iouroft
hei
r
communi
ty.I
magi
ney
ouhav
eanal
ysedt
hel
atr
ineusagewi
thi
nyourar
eaandf
oundt
hatmany
peopl
ear
enotusi
ngt
hel
atr
inest
hathav
ebeenconst
ruct
ed.Youcoul
dtr
ytoper
suadet
he
communi
tyt
oincr
easel
atr
ineusagebyexpl
aini
ngt
heheal
thr
isksofnotusi
ngal
atr
ineand
st
ressi
ngt
hebenef
it
sofusi
ngone.Af
terusi
ngt
heper
suasi
onappr
oachy
oushoul
dfol
l
owup
bymaki
ngf
requentv
isi
tst
othehousehol
dsy
ousur
vey
edandchecki
ngt
hatt
heyar
est
il
lusi
ng
t
hel
atr
ines.

2
Sot
hebar
ri
erswhi
chi
nfl
uencegr
oupdeci
sionmaki
ngmaybedi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
ly,
what
ever
t
heyi
nfl
uencesShar
eDeci
sionMaki
ng(
SDM)
.Someoft
hemear
e

Lackofpat
ient
s’mot
ivat
iont
ochangeunheal
thybehav
iour

Unheal
thyl
i
fest
ylei
ssoci
all
yaccept
ed,
especi
all
ydr
inki
ngal
cohol

Pat
ient
sdenyorl
i
eaboutt
hei
ract
ual
li
fest
yles

Pat
ient
sar
eunawar
eoft
hei
runheal
thyl
i
fest
yles

Pat
ient
sexper
iencebar
ri
erst
oli
veaheal
thyl
i
fest
yle(
e.g.co-
mor
bidi
ty,
lackoft
ime)

Behav
iour
alchangei
sacompl
expr
ocessf
orpat
ient
s,especi
all
ywhent
heenv
ironmentdoes
notchange

Let
ti
ngpat
ient
spaycont
ri
but
ionf
orheal
thpr
omot
ionpr
ogr
amsdoesnotwor
k,especi
all
ynot
amongl
owSESpat
ient
s

Duet
ost
igmapat
ient
sar
enotgoi
ngt
oaddi
cti
oncar
e

Pat
ient
sdonotgot
oheal
thpr
omot
ionpr
ogr
amsduet
ogeogr
aphi
cal
bar
ri
ers(
E.g.di
stancet
o
pr
ogr
am)

Awi
der
angeofbar
ri
ersandf
aci
l
itat
orsacr
ossi
ndi
vi
dual
,or
gani
sat
ional
,andsy
stem l
evel
s
wer
erepor
tedwi
thmanyov
erl
appi
ngacr
osst
heTDF.Repor
tedbar
ri
ersandf
aci
l
itat
orst
oSDM
i
ninpat
ientset
ti
ngsr
angedacr
ossal
ldomai
nsoft
heTDF,wi
tht
hemaj
ori
tyr
elat
ingt
ocl
i
nici
an
-
rel
atedf
act
ors,
fol
l
owedbypat
ient
-r
elat
edf
act
ors,
organi
sat
ion-
rel
atedf
act
ors,
syst
em-
rel
ated
f
act
ors,
andf
inal
l
yot
herst
akehol
der
-r
elat
edf
act
ors.Ov
eral
l
,thedomi
nantt
hemes(
themes

3
ci
tedmostf
requent
ly)occur
ri
ngacr
osscl
i
nici
an-
,pat
ient
-,or
gani
sat
ion-
,andsy
stem-
rel
ated
f
act
orswer
e“Ski
l
ls”(
suchascl
i
nici
ans’
lackoff
ormal
trai
ningt
odoSDM)
;“Knowl
edge”(
such
aspat
ient
s’l
i
mit
edunder
standi
ngofr
isk)
;“Env
ironment
alCont
extandResour
ces”(
suchas
noi
syandbusywar
denv
ironment
s);
“Soci
al/
Prof
essi
onal
Rol
eandI
dent
it
y”(
suchascl
i
nici
ans’
per
cei
vedr
oleasdeci
sionmaker
);and“
Bel
i
efsaboutCapabi
l
iti
es”(
suchaspat
ient
s’bel
i
eft
hat
t
heyshoul
dbei
ncl
udedi
ndeci
sionsaboutt
hei
rcar
e).Themaj
ori
tyofi
ncl
udedst
udi
esex
plor
e
t
heper
spect
iveofcl
i
nici
ans;
asmal
l
ernumberexpl
oredpat
ientper
spect
ives.Oft
heHeal
th
Car
ePr
ovi
der(
cli
nici
ans)per
spect
ivesi
ncl
uded,
themaj
ori
tywer
emedi
cal
doct
orsf
oll
owedby
nur
sesandot
heral
l
iedheal
thpr
ofessi
onal
s

Ski
l
lsandknowl
edge

“
Ski
l
ls”and“
Knowl
edge”wer
ecommonl
yrepor
tedt
oget
herasf
act
orsi
nfl
uenci
ngt
heuse(
or
non-
use)ofSDM.Rev
iewf
indi
ngswer
eofei
thermoder
ateorhi
ghconf
idencewi
tht
hemaj
ori
ty
bei
nghi
ghconf
idence.

Cl
i
nici
ans

Cl
i
nici
anski
l
lsi
nfl
uencet
hepr
act
ice(
ornon-
pract
ice)ofSDM.Anumberofcl
i
nici
ansr
epor
ta
l
ackoff
ormal
trai
ningi
nSDM andcommuni
cat
ionmeani
ngt
heyar
eunsur
eift
heyar
edoi
ng
SDM cor
rect
ly,
orunderwhi
chsi
tuat
ionsi
twoul
dbebestsui
ted.Cl
i
nici
ansr
ecogni
set
he
i
mpor
tanceofcommuni
cat
ionski
l
ls,
incl
udi
nghowt
ocommuni
cat
eef
fect
ivel
ywi
thpat
ient
sin
or
dert
oexpl
ainr
isksandbenef
it
sandel
i
citpr
efer
ences.Somecl
i
nici
ansf
eel
theyorot
her
s
woul
dbenef
itf
rom speci
fi
ctr
aini
ngi
ncommuni
cat
ioni
nor
dert
obet
terf
aci
l
itat
eSDM
conv
ersat
ions.Fur
thert
othi
s,t
rusti
none’
sowncl
i
nical
abi
l
ityi
sseenasaf
aci
l
itat
orofSDM
wi
thcl
i
nici
ans’
pastexper
ienceal
l
owi
ngt
hem i
ncr
easedcl
i
nical
ski
l
lsandconf
idenceand
awar
enessoft
hei
rownl
i
mit
ati
ons

4
Pat
ient
s

Pat
ient
swhoar
ewel
li
nfor
medpr
iort
ohav
ingSDM conv
ersat
ions,
eit
herbygat
her
ing
i
nfor
mat
iont
hemsel
vesorbei
nggi
vensui
tabl
einf
ormat
ion,
repor
tfeel
i
ngbet
terabl
eto
par
ti
ci
pat
einSDM conv
ersat
ionsandf
orm opi
nionsi
sespeci
all
ytr
uef
orpat
ient
swho
under
standt
her
isksandbenef
it
soft
hedi
ff
erentt
reat
mentopt
ions.Howev
er,
thewayi
nwhi
ch
cl
i
nici
anspr
esenti
nfor
mat
ion(
forex
ampl
enotpr
ovi
dingadequat
einf
ormat
ionorpur
posel
y
pr
ovi
dingbi
asedi
nfor
mat
ionmaypr
eventpat
ient
sfr
om bei
ngwel
li
nfor
med.

Conv
ersel
y,l
ackofknowl
edgef
orpat
ient
sisabar
ri
ert
oengagi
ngi
nSDM.Pat
ient
srepor
tnot
bei
ngpr
ovi
dedadequat
einf
ormat
iont
ounder
standt
hei
ropt
ions.Thi
sisal
soabar
ri
erf
or
cl
i
nici
answhof
indi
tdi
ff
icul
ttohav
eSDM conv
ersat
ionswi
thpat
ient
swhohav
eli
tt
le
knowl
edgeoft
hei
rdi
sease

Andal
sosomet
imesdur
ingdeci
sionmaki
ngwemaybeconf
usedt
ocompar
eandcont
rastr
isk
t
obenef
itr
ati
o.I
fouradv
iceorl
essonwhi
chwegi
vet
othatsoci
eti
esar
enotmat
ched
appr
opr
iat
elyi
t'
stoheav
ytogett
heendr
esul
tordeci
sionmaki
ng.

Ot
her
wiset
hepeopl
esmaynotbeagr
eewi
thourdeci
sion.