Latex

NON LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
18 October 2023
1 Introduction
1.1 Separable Equation
equation of the form M(x,y)dx +N(x,y)dy=0.we say that the variable will be
separable,and the solution can be obtained by integrating both sides with re-
spect to x,i.e
Z Z
dy
M (x)dx + N (y(x)) dx = c
dx
then for simplicity one can write

Z Z
M (x)dx + N (y)dy = c
Example:1.1 solve (y + 1)ex y ′ + xy = 0

Solution:the given equation can be written as
1
(1 + )dy = −xe−x
y
integrating we get
y + ln(y) = (x + 1)e−x
usingy(0) = 1. we obtain c=0. hence y + ln(y) = (x + 1)e−x
1.2 Homogneous Equations

We call f (x, y)homogeneous of degree k if f (tx, ty) = tk f (x, y)for some constant
k ̸=0. If M(x,y) and N(x,y) have same degree or if f(x,y) is of degree zero, then
the substitution z = xy will reduce the given equation into a separable form.
Let y=xz, then y ′ = z + xz ′ . substituting this into the equation gives z + xz ′ =
f (z).After separation the variables, we obtain
z′ 1
=
f (z) − z x
1
2 2
−xy+y
Example solve y ′ = y(2x
x2 (2x−y)
)
solution:since the degree of

y(2x2 − xy + y 2 )
f (x, y) =
x2 (2x − y)
is zero, the substitution y=xz and y’=z+xz’ leads to

2 1 dx
( 3
− 2 )dz =
z z x
thus taking integration on both side

Z Z
2 1 dx
( 3 − 2 )dz = $
z z x
1 1
− 2 = ln(|x|) + c
z z
example:1.2 solve xCos(y/x).dy/dx = yCos(y/x) + x

solution:
dy ycos( xy ) + x
=
dx xcos( xy )
let y=vx ans substitute y’=v+xv’ we get

ycosv + x
v + xv ′ =
xcosv
1
=v+ secv
x
xv ′ = secv
by separation of variables we can write

dv 1
= dx
secv x
Integrating both side with respect to x

sinv = ln(x) + c
Puting v=y/x
y
sin( ) = lnx + c
x
this is the required solution
2
1.3 Exact Equation:
The total differential of the form Z(x,y) is given by dz = Zx dx + Zy dy
We say that the equation is exact if M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy is the total differ-
entiatial of Z(x,y). Then the ODE can be written asdz = 0. Now we have the
following result
If M(x,y) and N(x,y) have continuous first partial derivatives over some domain
D .Then M (x, y)dx + n(x, y)dy = 0 is exact if and only if Mx = Ny
Example : Solve (cos(2x) − 2ysin(2x) − 2xy 3 )dx + (cos(2x) − 3x2 y 2 )dy = 0
solution:
M(x,y)=cos(2x)-2ysin(2x)-2xy2 ; N (x, y) = cos(2x) − 3x2 y 2
T henMx = Nx = −2sin(2x) − 6xy.
Hence the equation is exact.
we have Zx = M (x, y).Integrating we get
sin(2x)
Z(x, y) = + ycos(2x) − x2 y 3 + g(y)
2
Differentiation w.r.t leads to
zy = cos(2x) − 3x2 y 2 − g ′ (y)
Now, Since Zy = N (x, y) = cos(2x) − 3x2 y 2 , it is
g ′ (y) = 0
,
i.cg(y) = c
Therefore , the family of solutions will be

sin(2x)
− x2 y 3 = c
2 + ycos(2x)
1.4 Non exact equation

Example: 2tanysin(2x)dx + (siny − cox2x)dy = 0
solve:
M(x,y)=2 tany sin2x; N(x,y)=siny-cos(2x)
My = 2sec2 ysin2x ; Nx = 2sin(2x). Hence the equation is not exact. now we
have to reduce to exact form
M y − Nx 2sin(2x)tan2 (y)
= = tany
M 2tanysin2x
Integrating factor R
(−tany)dy
e = eln(cosy) = cosy
3
Multiplying differential equation by cosy
2sinysin2xdx + (sinycosy − cos2xcosy)dy = 0

This equation is exact
Z
2sinysin2xdx = −sinycos2x + c
; Z
1
(sinycosy − cos2xcosy)dy = − cos2y − sinycos2x + c
4
So the required solution is

1
sin(y)cos(2x) + cos2y = c
4
Where c is constant
Example
Solve: cos(x)(sin(x)-Sin(y))dx+sin(x)cos(y)dy=0; y()=0
Solution: we have
Mx = −cos(x)cos(y); Nx = cos(x)cos(Y )
Nx −My
N R = 2cot(x)
IF =e −2cot(x) dx = sin12 x
Multiplying both side by integrating factor. we obtain,
cos(x)sin(x) − cos(x)sin(y) cos(y)

2
dx + dy = 0
sin x sin(x)
This is an exact differential equation

Z
siny
cot(x) − cot(x)cosec(x)sin(y)dx = ln(sinx) + +c
sinx
;treating y as constant
Z
cosy siny
dy = +c
sinx sinx
;treating x as constant
siny
The requred family of solution is ln(sinx) + sinx =c
solve: =¿mv’=e−αt v 3 − βv
=¿mv’+βv = e−αt v 3
β
=> v13 v ′ + mv 1 −αt
2 = me
let v12 = z
1 ′ 1 ′
v3 v = − 2 z
By substitution we can obtain
4
β 1 −αt
− 21 dz
dt + m z = m e
dz 2β 2 −αt
dt − m z R = −m e
2β 2βt
I.F = e− m dt = e− m
Multiplying by I.F we get,
2βt
− 2βt 2β − 2βt
e− m dz dt − e
m
m z = −e
m
2 −αt
me
d 2βt 2βt
dt(e− m z)=−e− m m 2 −αt
e
R d − 2βt R − 2βt 2 −αt
dt (e m z) = −e m
me
2βt
ze− m = −2 R −( 2β +α)t
m −e m dt+c
2e−αt 2βt
z= 2β+αm +ce m

Latex

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Latex

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Latex

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NON LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

then for simplicity one can write

Example:1.1 solve (y + 1)ex y ′ + xy = 0

usingy(0) = 1. we obtain c=0. hence y + ln(y) = (x + 1)e−x

1.2 Homogneous Equations

solution:since the degree of

is zero, the substitution y=xz and y’=z+xz’ leads to

thus taking integration on both side

example:1.2 solve xCos(y/x).dy/dx = yCos(y/x) + x

let y=vx ans substitute y’=v+xv’ we get

by separation of variables we can write

Integrating both side with respect to x

Differentiation w.r.t leads to

zy = cos(2x) − 3x2 y 2 − g ′ (y)

Now, Since Zy = N (x, y) = cos(2x) − 3x2 y 2 , it is

Therefore , the family of solutions will be

1.4 Non exact equation

2sinysin2xdx + (sinycosy − cos2xcosy)dy = 0

So the required solution is

cos(x)sin(x) − cos(x)sin(y) cos(y)

This is an exact differential equation

You might also like