Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 60 views

    Syntax

    Uploaded by

    Atahualpa Daza
    The document defines various grammatical categories used to analyze sentences, including subjects, predicates, verbs, and objects. It describes transitive and intransitive verbs that do or do not require direct objects or subjective complements. It also covers anticipatory subjects and objects, cleft sentences, adverbial adjuncts, and coordinating conjunctions. The goal is to break down sentences into their key elements for linguistic analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Syntax

    Uploaded by

    Atahualpa Daza
    60 views4 pages
    The document defines various grammatical categories used to analyze sentences, including subjects, predicates, verbs, and objects. It describes transitive and intransitive verbs that do or do not require direct objects or subjective complements. It also covers anticipatory subjects and objects, cleft sentences, adverbial adjuncts, and coordinating conjunctions. The goal is to break down sentences into their key elements for linguistic analysis.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document defines various grammatical categories used to analyze sentences, including subjects, predicates, verbs, and objects. It describes transitive and intransitive verbs that do or do not require direct objects or subjective complements. It also covers anticipatory subjects and objects, cleft sentences, adverbial adjuncts, and coordinating conjunctions. The goal is to break down sentences into their key elements for linguistic analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views4 pages

    Syntax

    Uploaded by

    Atahualpa Daza
    The document defines various grammatical categories used to analyze sentences, including subjects, predicates, verbs, and objects. It describes transitive and intransitive verbs that do or do not require direct objects or subjective complements. It also covers anticipatory subjects and objects, cleft sentences, adverbial adjuncts, and coordinating conjunctions. The goal is to break down sentences into their key elements for linguistic analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 4

    Subject

    ● Noun: mostly Proper Nouns and subjective pronouns (he, she)


    ● Noun phrase
    ○ Head, pre and post modifiers (mostly adjectives and articles)
    ○ Post modifications can be prepositional phrases and they should be
    analysed fully.

    Predicate
    Head or main verb

    T.V.C.P (transitive verb of complete predication) NEEDS a Direct Object (D.O).


    ● D.O Ask “WHAT? or WHO?” to the verb to get it. (usually a noun)
    E.g: She wrote books. What did she write? Books, so books is the D.O

    ● Indirect Object (I.O) Ask “WHO TO/ FOR?” to the verb to get it (usually a
    preposition)
    E.g: She wrote books for her daughter.

    T.V.I.P (transitive verb of incomplete predication) Needs a D.O and an Objective


    Complement (O.C)
    ● O.C modifies the D.O (usually an adjective or an adjectival phrase)
    E.g: He left her alone. “Her” is the D.O and “alone” is modifying it.

    I.V.C.P (intransitive verb of complete predication) The sentence can end after the
    verb and still have sense. So everything that came after the verb can be omitted.

    I.V.I.P (intransitive verb of incomplete predication) VERB TO BE and others only if


    the other verb can be REPLACED BY THE VERB ‘TO BE’ (become, appear, look,
    seem, taste, smell, grow, turn). NEEDS a subjective complement(S.C).
    ● S.C: modifies the Subject of the sentence.
    E.g: Anne was a teacher.

    Adverbial Adjuncts
    (usually prepositional phrases) these modifiers are part of the predicate but can be at
    the beginning or the end of the sentence.
    ● A.A of Place: where? AA of source: from where?
    ● A.A of Manner: how?
    ● A.A of time:when? AA of frequency: how often?
    ● A.A of Topic: about what?
    ● AA of purpose: what for?

    ⚠️ Prepositional phrases have as the Head a preposition and its followed by an


    1
    ⚠️
    Object to the preposition (O.P) that is usually a noun or a noun phrase. ⚠️
    ⚠️
    We can find adverbs right next to the verb modifying it that dont belong to any
    category so we just label them as Adv.

    Anticipatory subject
    Use of the word ‘it’ to anticipate the real object.
    Usually follows this structure: A.S (it) + Predicate (IVIP+ S.C) + Real Subject
    ● The Anticipatory Subject consists in the word ‘It’ catalogued as a ‘pro word’ (a
    word that has no meaning)
    ● The Predicate consists in a Intransitive verb of complete predication (I.V.I.P)
    and a subjective complement (usually an adjective)
    ● The Real Subject can be one of the following structures:
    ○ Infinitival phrase: In this case we analyse the verb and catalogued the
    word ‘to’ as a pro word. E.g. It is important to share.
    ○ Noun clause: it is when you have a full clase inside of the R.S. E.g. It is
    unlikely that we will cause lasting offence. In this case we analyse the
    clause as we usually do separating them in Subject and Predicate.

    Cleft sentences
    In these sentences if you cross out the words 'It ', the verb ‘to be 'and ‘that’ you still
    get a correct sentence.
    It follows the structure It + Verb to be+ part of a sentence + that + the rest of the
    sentence. E.g:
    It was orally that native people transmitted the language.
    Then, we proceed to analyse the rest of the sentence. In this case Orally is an
    adverb working as an A.A of Manner, native people is a noun phrase working as a
    subject and transmitted the knowledge is the predicate.

    Anticipatory Direct Object


    Use of the word ‘It’ to anticipate a Real Direct Object.
    Usually follows this structure: Subject + Predicate (T.V.I.P + A.D.O (it) + Objective
    Complement + Real D.O)
    E.g: We consider it amazing to tell a story so briefly.
    The predicate consists in:

    2
    ★ A transitive verb of incomplete predication (T.V.I.P) In this case consider
    ★ An Anticipatory Direct Object (A.D.O) compound by the word ‘it’ catalogued as
    a Pro-word.
    ★ An Objective complement (O.C) In this case amazing
    ★ And a Real Direct Object that can be: an infinitival phrase, a gerundial phrase
    or a noun clause. In this case is to tell a story so briefly so it is an infinitival
    phrase

    ⚠️ Infinitival phrases and noun clauses can have verbs modified by an auxiliary for
    a specific tense in this case we categorise them as auxiliaries for ‘x’ tense. E.g: “To
    have curated” In this case to is a pro word, have is an auxiliary for perfection and
    curated is a T.V.C.P. ⚠️
    Coordinating conjunctions
    And: additive
    But: opposing
    Or: disjunctive

    That: demonstrative adjective (that house) subordinating conjunction (i find it


    shocking that the year is finishing)

    Us: objective pronoun

    Adverbs as post mod of nouns:


    Place:
    The road ahead
    The example below
    The neighbour upstairs
    Time:
    The day before
    The meeting afterwards
    The trip overnight

    3
    4

    You might also like