Introduction :-

An Introduction To RO Water Purifier. The Reverse osmosis water purification

system or RO water purifier is the most popular water purifier in the field of water
purification system. RO water purifier is mostly based on the reverse osmosis or
RO technique. This technique is the opposite of the simple osmosis process. The
difference . between Reverse Osmosis and carbon filtration is the presence of the
high-quality Membrane. Activated Carbon Filtration is most effective at removing
or reducing impurities and contaminants such as chlorine, sediment, volatile
organic compounds, poor taste and odour from water.

Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a water treatment process that removes contaminants from
water by using pressure to force water molecules through a semipermeable
membrane. During this process, the contaminants are filtered out and flushed away,
leaving clean, delicious drinking water. RO water is good for drinking because of
removal of arsenic , lead and other harmful element by different 2 process carrying
by R0 purifier According to WHO report RO water
is not safe water. It is unhealthy water. Ro purifier removes all impurities as well as
minerals from the water. RO is acronym for Reverse Osmosis, you must recollect your
High School Chemistry UV is acronym for UV rays is used to kill the microbes and germs.
TDS is the acronym for Total Dissolved Solids. TDS is adjustable in certain models of Kent Water
Purifier. The advisable limit for TDS is 60 to 75.

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 Aim of the microproject :-

A water filter removes impurities by lowering contamination of water using afine

physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process. Filters cleanse
purposes such as providing agricultural irrigation, accessible drinking wat er,
public and private aquariums, and the safe use of ponds and swimming pools.
Water filters are usually recommended if you have a private water supply on your
property with a high amount of sediment or is at risk of chemical
contamination.

Course outcomes :-

1. Apply techniques to reduce environmental pollution.

2. Developed public awareness about environment.

Actual Resources Required :-

Sr.no Resourcesare Specifications Quantity Remarks

used

1 Textbook Environmentalstudies 1

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 2 Textbook Filtration units 1

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 Household filteration plant :-

We studied how to water filter unit work and how it’s process done and working
principle of it using and related notebook and books and other things related to it like
RO is to be resorted to only in cases where the salt content of water to be used for
drinking is much higher than advisable.

Even here reduction of the salt content to the level of 10 or 20 ppm is

counterproductive. If the salt content of the water is very high even for non- potable
purposes, rainwater harvesting often works wonders.

In the cases where the water has coliform bacteria, the source for their presence
should be delineated and the contamination eliminated. While RO may be advised,
elimination of the cause is the safer and preferred route and ultimately the cheaper
route also.

Those who go in for RO for water with high salt content are well informed to assess
the volume likely to be subjected per day and ask thesupplier how long will the media
work effectively with that volume, what is the cost involved for the replacement of
the media and what arethe monthly running costs, apart from the capital cost.

They also should question any proposal to reduce salt content to lessthan 500 ppm.

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 What is requirement of filters in house ?

As per the Bureau of Indian Standards, the desirable quality of drinking water is that
which has TDS (Total Dissolved Salts) content of 500 ppm or less (ppm stands for
parts of the salt present in a million parts of water). Where water of this quality is
not efficiently available, the compromise level is water having upto 2000 ppm

It is to be borne in mind that in some places, iron salts may be present and if the
content of iron salts is more than the permissible 0.4ppm, even if the total salt
content is less than the desired level, the iron salts will have to be removed before
drinking that water. There are also some pockets West Bengal and U.P. where the
water contains Arsenic. This is poisonous and so here also the same rule applies. In
some pockets again, fluoride salts may be present which affect the bones if that
water is drunk. Using this water for non-potable purposes is however not harmful.

Another point to be recognized is that water with very low salt content
is not very palatable and therefore where the total salt content is less than 500,
reducing it to 10 or 20 by RO is not only meaningless from the point of view of
wastage of water but also from the cost and loss of palatability aspects. In cases
where the salt content is not much higher than 2000 ppm, a simpler route would be
to harvest rainwater which will dilute the salts and bring it within potable limits
progressively.

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 1.Reverse Osmosis filters :-

Reverse Osmosis (RO) system offers a multi-stage filtration of water by combining

active carbon and also particle filtration. Here, the tap water is made to pass
through a membrane (a polymer film) that has very small-sized pores and this
weed out minerals and micro-organisms in water. The impurities collected are then
flushed out through an outlet pipe. A RO water purifier improves the taste of water
but, it is difficult to say that the water will be 100 percent safe as at times due to
holes (because of a manufacturing defect or due to wear-and-tear) in the filter,
some bacteria can get through the filter. RO filters are recommended for places
where the problem with the water is its high content of dissolved minerals. The
darker side in a RO purifier is that there are chances that the membranes in these
filters drain out some of the necessary minerals too. Also, it requires a continuous
water supply to function and can be fixed to only one water tap.

Mechanism of reverse osmosis RO

RO is a process where water having more than the desirable salt content is put in one
part of a vessel with two compartments separated by special media and pressure is
applied on the water. This results in only the pure water going across the media to
the other compartment with the salts remaining in the same compartment. Thus the
process results in accumulation of salts in the first compartment. Beyond a certain
concentration of salt the process will not proceed further and the water which
contains all the salt is rejected.

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 Parts of RO system filtration unit :-

1. Cold water line valve :-

It is a valve that fits into the cold water supply line. It has a tube that is attached to the inlet side
of the reverse osmosis pre-filter. It is the water source for the reverse osmosis system.

2. Pre-filter(s) :-

The number of pre-filter used in a reverse osmosis system differs from one another.
Indeed, there may be more than one pre-filter used. The most commonly used pre-
filter is the sediment filter. This kind of pre-filter is used to remove dirt, sand silt,
and another sediment. Other pre-filter, such as carbon filter, can be used too.

3. Reverse osmosis membrane :-

It is the most important part of the reverse osmosis system. The most commonly
used membrane is a spiral wound. There are two kinds, the thin film composite or
material (TFC/TFM) and cellulose triacetate (CTA). CTA is chlorine tolerant, while
TFC/TFM is not.

4. Post-filter(s) :-

After leaving the storage tank but before going to the faucet, the water goes through
post filter. The post filter is generally carbon. It can be in carbon block or granular
form. It is used to remove remaining odors and tastes from the water.

5. Automatic shut-off volve(sov) :-

It is used to conserve water. When the storage tank is full, the SOV stops the
water from flowing to the membrane.

6. Check valve :-

The check valve is located at the outlet end of the reverse osmosis membrane
housing. It prevents the backward flow of the water from the storage tank. By

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 doing this, it prevents the membrane from rupturing.

7. Flow restrictor :-

The flow restrictor is used to maintain the flow rate required to get the highest
quality drinking water. It is also used to maintain pressure on the inlet side of the
membrane. The flow restrictor is located in the reverse osmosis drain line tubing.

Advantages of RO filter :-

1. Improves tester :-

RO filtration improves taste, odor and appearance of water by removing

contaminants that cause taste and odor problems.

2. Saves money :-

With an RO system, you can cancel your water delivery service and stop purchasing
cases of bottled water. Reverse Osmosis filtration provides “better- than-bottled
water” quality water for just pennies per gallon.

3. Simple maintainance :-

RO systems have very few moving or replaceable parts make RO systems easy to
clean and service.

4. Remove impurities :-

RO systems remove pollutants from water including nitrates, pesticides, sulfates,

fluoride, bacteria, pharmaceuticals, arsenic and much more. An RO systems’
carbon filter will also remove chlorine and chloramines.

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 Disadvantages of RO purifier :-

 Disadvantages of RO water purifier for removes essential minerals,

While RO water.

 Purifier removes dissolved impurities it removes natural mineral such as iron,

magnesium, calcium and sodium which are essential to the human body and
cause a mineral deficiency in the body Chlorine can damage RO membrane.

 Ro water purifier removes essential natural mineral like sodium, iron,

calcium, and magnesium that are essential for our body and causes a lack of
essential minerals within the body.

 There can be RO membrane breakage chlorine can also damage the Ro

membrane.

Output of the microproject :-

In this project, we successfully get information about HOUSEHOLD WATER

FILTRATION UNIT.

Conclusion :-

Water filters are selected by millions of people the world over because they supply
a better quality of tasty and great-smelling drinking water due to their natural
ability to remove chlorine and other bacterial impurities, thus preventing harmful
substances from entering the body.

Reference :-

www.google.com

www.chrome.com

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