IMPACT OF ANKLE INJURIES IN BASKETBALL AND ITS

REHABILITATION

BS
Physical Education

DEPARTMENT OF SPORTS SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA

Supervised By:

DR. Yasir Iqbal

Submitted by:
AQIB PERVAIZ
Roll No: PEDU51F20R006
SESSION: 2020-2024

DEPARTMENT OF SPORTS SCIENCES

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words are bound and knowledge is limited to praise ALMIGHTY ALLAH,

the creator and sustainer of this universe, the most Merciful, the most Beneficent, who
is the entire source of knowledge and wisdom endowed to mankind, who raised me in
the Muslims. I offer my humblest thanks to Him and bow my head in gratitude to
Him, whose blessings are cherishing fruits of my thoughts in the form of this
manuscript. In praise of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.W) countless
salutations are upon Him, the cause of creation of this universe, the greatest reformer
of mankind who is forever source of knowledge and guidance for mankind.

I would like to express my gratitude and benevolence to Mr.

YasirIqbalWarraich, Chairman, Department of Sports Sciences, University of
Sargodha, Sargodha, under whose dynamic supervision, illustrative advice, keen
interest and sympathetic behavior, the present study was accomplished. I appreciate
his vast knowledge and skills. Appreciation and a very special thanks also goes out to
all my teachers, Madam FaryalGul and Mr Rashid Naeem khan whose proper
guidance enabled me to complete my work successfully. It was through their
persistence, understanding and kindness. I doubt that will ever be able to convey my
appreciation fully, but I owe them my eternal gratitude. Words are lacking to express
my sincerest thanks to my affectionate parents, who always remembered me in their
prayers and my success up till now is a result of their efforts, prayers and inspiring
sentiments. This work was not possible without their moral and financial support.
 INTRODUCTION
Ankle injuries are common in most sports, but there is predominance in
basketball. The player often jumps with both feet off the ground, and at times, lands
off balance with a twisting action. Although the ankle is flexible enough to permit a
wide range of motion and strong enough to bear the weight of the entire body, it can
still be injured. In today’s society with more people involved in many sports and
aerobic activities, ankle injuries are becoming increasingly common.

Ankle sprains are the most common acute injury that develops from sudden
blows or twists. These sprains are most likely to affect the outside (lateral) ligaments.
This happens when the foot turns under the leg, causing a stretching effect in the
ligaments to a point where they may rupture or tear. Depending upon the amount of
ligament tearing, a sprain can either be mild, moderate of severe.

A mild sprain occurs when there is minimal force with only slight stretching
or tearing of the ligaments. Pain and swelling are minimal, walking is generally
possible. Treatment should include icing the ankle as soon as possible for 15 to 25
minutes and applying a compression wrap. The ankle should be elevated as often as
possible. Some mild sprains may allow one to return to their respective sport in two or
three days.

A moderate sprain occurs when ligaments are partially torn. Pain, swelling and
bruising are greater and walking may be difficult. The initial treatment is the same as
for a mild sprain. Moderate sprains require increased protection of the injured
ligaments, such as a soft cast, while x-rays should be taken to rule out any bone
damage.(Robert Weiss 2017).

Injuries
A wound or damage to the part of your body caused by an accident or attack .

For example wound cut tear scratch etc.

Types of Injuries

1. Soft Tissue Injuries

Soft tissue injuries are some of the most common types of injuries. The sudden
jolt of a motor vehiclThe most common soft tissues injured are muscles, tendons, and
ligaments. These injuries often occur during sports and exercise activities, but
sometimes simple everyday activities can cause an injurye accident can cause your
body to move and bend in ways it was not designed to do.

2. Broken Bones
Our bones support our bodies and help us move. They are strong and can
sustain quite a bit of force. But they are not indestructible. Bones can break when they
sustain too much force or when they move in an unnatural direction.

3. Traumatic Brain Injuries

There are two types of brain injuries—traumatic brain injuries and non-
traumatic brain injuries. Non-traumatic brain injuries are caused by an internal source,
such as bacteria or a blood clot. Traumatic brain injuries happen as a result trauma.

Traumatic brain injuries can range from a minor concussion to a serious, life-
threatening injury.

Memory loss

Headaches

Difficulty concentrating

Dizziness

4. Spinal Cord Injuries

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the tight bundle of cells and nerves
that sends and receives signals from the brain to and from the rest of the bodyfacts

Every year, around the world, between 250 000 and 500 000 people suffer a spinal
cord injury (SCI).
The majority of spinal cord injuries are due to preventable causes such as road traffic
crashes, falls or violence.

5. Psychological Injuries
Psychological injuries are often overlooked after an injury. Too often, people
dismiss signs of a psychological injury as a “normal” response to an accident. And
while some stress or anxiety is normal after an accident.

Anxiety and depression can happen after any type of accident but are more common
after severe or life-threatening accidents.

Sports injury
The term “sports injury” refers to the kinds of injuries that most commonly
occur during sports or exercise, but they are not limited to athletes. Sports injuries are
commonly caused by overuse, direct impact, or the application of force that is greater
than the body part can structurally withstand.(Al-Mohrej2016)

Types of sports injuries

1. Strains
Strains are by far the most common of all sports-related injuries simply
because we use so many muscles and tendons when we exercise or play. These
moving parts are all susceptible to stretching farther than they should, or moving in
ways they shouldn’t move, leaving them torn, damaged and in pain. Common muscle
strains include pulled hamstrings.

2. Sprains
Sprains are to ligaments what strains are to muscles. Ligaments are the tissues
that connect bone to bone. When these ligaments turn in a wrong way, they can pull
or tear. Ankle sprains are perhaps the most frequent type of sprain among athletes,
followed closely by knee sprains, wrist and elbow sprains, etc.

3. Knee injuries
Knee injuries involve trauma to one or more tissues that make up the knee
joint: ligaments, tendons, cartilage, bones and muscles. These types of injuries may
happen due to a fall, forceful twisting of the knee or high impact from a motor vehicle
accident or another.

4. Fractures
Impact and contact sports often lead to fractures of the bone (mostly arms, legs
and feet), all of which can be painful; take weeks of immobilization to heal and may
sometimes require surgery to correct. Fractures are an inherent risk with most
strenuous and/or contact sports, but you can reduce the risk by wearing the
appropriate padding, warming up, working out to keep muscles strong and flexible,
practicing good technique, etc.

5. Tennis elbow
You don’t have to play tennis to get tennis elbow (golf is also a common
culprit). Tennis elbow is one of several “injuries of repetition” — a straining of the
ligaments in the elbow due to overuse and repetitive activity. The best way to avoid it
is to pace yourself. Take breaks, do other activities, and always warm up and stretch
before playing.

6.Back injuries/back pain

Your back and spinal column undergoes some level of stress with almost
every sports activity. Over time, this stress may accumulate into inflammation around
the vertebrae and back muscles. Sometimes it can come on suddenly – from an
accident, a fall, or lifting something heavy, or it can develop slowly

7. Concussion
Most common in contact sports like football, a concussion occurs when a
sudden impact to the head causes the brain to lurch inside the skull.

A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that affects your brain function.

Effects are usually temporary but can include headaches and problems with
concentration, memory, balance etc.
8. Achilles tendon:
The Achilles tendon is a thick cord that connects the back of your lower leg
(calf) to your heel. It helps you walk. But the tendon can become swollen, inflamed
and stiff. It can even tear. This is called Achilles tendinitis or Achilles tendon rupture.

9. Ankle:
Your leg and foot join together at your ankle. It contains three joints, as well
as several bones, cartilage, ligaments, muscles and tendons. Ankle pain is often
caused by a sprained ankle.

10. Elbow:
Your elbow is the joint that acts as a hinge between your upper and lower arm.
People often experience pain in their elbow from repeat motions and overuse (for
example, tennis elbow and Little League elbow).

11. Dislocation:
Dislocation occurs when the end of a bone moves out of its normal position in
a joint. For example, if your shoulder pops out of its socket, it’s dislocated.

12. Tendinitis:
Tendinitis occurs when your tissues that connect muscles to bones (tendons)
become swollen and inflamed. It’s caused by repetitive movements over time.
Basketball

History:
Basketball was invented during the school year of 1891-92 at Springfield
College in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. James A. Naismith conceived the idea of
attaching peach baskets at opposite ends of the gym on the track that encircled the
playing floor. This is where the height of 10 feet for the basket was arrived at.
Basketball derives its name from the original ball and basket used in the first games.
The game was introduced in YMCA’s across America and also to foreign countries.
Basketball became part of the Olympic Games in 1936.
Nature of the Game:

Basketball is played by two teams of five players each. The object of the game
is to score more points than your opponent. The ball is passed, thrown, bounced,
batted, or rolled from one player to another. A player in possession of the ball must
maintain contact with the floor with one foot (pivot foot), unless the player is shooting,
passing, or dribbling. Physical contact with an opponent can result in a foul if the
contact impedes the desired movement of the player.

Common injuries in Basketball

1. Ankle sprains:
From high school to the professionals, ankle sprains are the most common
injury for basketball players. It is an injury of ligaments that stabilize the ankle joint,
most often the ones on the outside (lateral aspect). The injury can occur when a player
tries to move side-to-side quickly or when a player comes down from jumping and
lands on another player’s foot. Strengthening and stretching of the ankle are important
to both preventing the injury and treating it.

2. Jammed fingers
Jammed fingers are exceptionally common in basketball. They normally
occur when the tip of the finger hits the ball “head on” without bending. This motion
can lead to swelling in the finger and immediate pain. From dribbling and passing, to
blocking and even dunking, the fingers are almost always at risk during basketball.

3. Basketball knee injuries

From jumper’s knee, referred to as Patellar Tendonitis, to ACL (anterior
cruciate ligament) tears, the knee joint is extremely vulnerable for basketball players.

A basketball knee injury can lead to pain, inflammation, and weakness in the joint, all
of which can cause even greater damage if ignored.

4. Deep thigh bruising

Physical contact among a crowded court of players is inevitable in basketball.
Deep bruising generally occurs when a players’ thigh makes contact with the knee or
elbow of another player under great force. Deep thigh bruising can cause pain,
inflammation, and weakness that can take several weeks to heal.

5. Stress fractures in the foot

Stress fractures occur when the muscles in the foot are too tired or overused to
absorb the impact and stress of running, jumping, stopping, and sprinting, leaving the
bones vulnerable to tiny cracks or breaks known as fractures. Stress fractures are often
considered overuse injuries, but they can also be caused by poor-fitting or improper
footwear, the surface being played on, and playing too quickly after injury.

6. Concussions
A head injury can occur with a forceful contact to the head, whether it’s
caused by a player’s head hitting the floor, or from coming into contact with another
player.

7. Eye injuries
Protective glasses, goggles, or a face-shield have become a more common
sight in professional and collegiate basketball for the simple reason that they help
prevent eye injuries.

Getting a finger or thumb in the eye, or even a direct hit from the ball can
cause a scratched cornea, corneal flap dislocation, or bruising that leads to blood in
the front of the eye that blurs vision.

8. Head & Face Injuries

Head and face injuries are evident in a contact sport like basketball. Whether
the athlete gets smacked in the face with the ball or bumping heads into another
player, it's these injuries that can occur.

9. Shoulder Injuries
Through shooting and playing defense, it is also possible for basketball players
to get a shoulder injury. Rotator cuff injuries are common with athletes who perform
repetitive motions. Injuries develop over time due to stress on ligaments, tendons and
muscles.
Ankle Injury.
Ankle injuries are common in most sports, but there is a predominance in
basketball. The player often jumps with both feet off the ground, and at times, lands
off balance with a twisting action. Although the ankle is flexible enough to permit a
wide range of motion and strong enough to bear the weight of the entire body, it can
still be injured. In today’s society with more people involved in many sports and
aerobic activities, ankle injuries are becoming increasingly common.

Ankle sprain
Ankle sprains are the most common acute injury that develops from sudden
blows or twists. These sprains are most likely to affect the outside (lateral) ligaments.
This happens when the foot turns under the leg, causing a stretching effect in the
ligaments to a point where they may rupture or tear.

A sprained ankle is when the ligaments in your ankle are torn. A broken ankle
or ankle fracture is when one or more of the bones in your ankle break. Severe sprains
and fractures have similar symptoms (pain, swelling, bruising, and tenderness) and are
both caused by twisting or rotating your ankle, tripping or falling, or trauma to your
ankle. Sprains heal faster, but it can take up to six weeks for a broken ankle to heal.