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    Ecl Logic Family

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    alex.waker.pro
    ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) is a digital logic family developed in the 1950s-60s for high-speed applications. It uses current levels instead of voltage swings to represent logic levels, allowing for very fast gate delays of a few picoseconds. ECL circuits require a low negative supply voltage of -5.2V to -5.5V and represent logic levels as small current differences between -0.7V to -0.8V (logic high) and -1.7V to -1.8V (logic low). While ECL provides high speed, it also has relatively high power consumption compared to other families.

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    Ecl Logic Family

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    alex.waker.pro
    65 views27 pages
    ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) is a digital logic family developed in the 1950s-60s for high-speed applications. It uses current levels instead of voltage swings to represent logic levels, allowing for very fast gate delays of a few picoseconds. ECL circuits require a low negative supply voltage of -5.2V to -5.5V and represent logic levels as small current differences between -0.7V to -0.8V (logic high) and -1.7V to -1.8V (logic low). While ECL provides high speed, it also has relatively high power consumption compared to other families.

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    ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) is a digital logic family developed in the 1950s-60s for high-speed applications. It uses current levels instead of voltage swings to represent logic levels, allowing for very fast gate delays of a few picoseconds. ECL circuits require a low negative supply voltage of -5.2V to -5.5V and represent logic levels as small current differences between -0.7V to -0.8V (logic high) and -1.7V to -1.8V (logic low). While ECL provides high speed, it also has relatively high power consumption compared to other families.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    65 views27 pages

    Ecl Logic Family

    Uploaded by

    alex.waker.pro
    ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) is a digital logic family developed in the 1950s-60s for high-speed applications. It uses current levels instead of voltage swings to represent logic levels, allowing for very fast gate delays of a few picoseconds. ECL circuits require a low negative supply voltage of -5.2V to -5.5V and represent logic levels as small current differences between -0.7V to -0.8V (logic high) and -1.7V to -1.8V (logic low). While ECL provides high speed, it also has relatively high power consumption compared to other families.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Ecl logic family

    Introduction :
    ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) is a type of digital logic family that
    was developed in the 1950s and 1960s. It was originally designed
    for use in high-speed communications and computer systems.

    The ECL logic family uses transistors that are biased in a way that
    allows them to switch very quickly. Unlike other logic families,
    ECL does not use a voltage swing between two voltage levels to
    represent logic levels. Instead, it uses current levels to represent
    logic levels. This allows ECL to operate at very high speeds, with
    typical gate delays of only a few picoseconds.
    Low power supply voltage: ECL circuits require a low power
    supply voltage of around -5.2V to -5.5V.
    Logic high (-0.7v to -0.8v) , logic low (-1.7v to -1.8v).
    ECL is also known for its relatively high power consumption
    compared to other logic families. However, advances in
    technology have made it possible to reduce the power consumption
    of ECL circuits while maintaining their high speed performance.

    Some popular variations of the ECL logic family include:

    MECL (Motorola ECL)


    ECLinPS (ECL in Plastic Small Outline)
    PECL (Positive ECL)
    CML (Current Mode Logic)
    ECL logic is still used in some high-speed applications, although it
    has largely been replaced by other logic families such as TTL
    (Transistor-Transistor Logic) and CMOS (Complementary Metal-
    Oxide-Semiconductor) in most applications.
    working principle :
    The working principle of ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) is based
    on the differential amplifier and current steering techniques. The
    basic building block of an ECL circuit is a differential amplifier
    made up of two transistors, which are coupled together to form a
    current-steering circuit. Here's how the ECL logic family works:

    1- Input stage: The ECL circuit receives input signals at its


    input stage, which consists of a differential amplifier made
    up of two NPN transistors. The input signals are applied to
    the bases of the transistors, and the collector currents are used
    to steer the output current.

    2- Biasing: The input transistors are biased at a constant current


    level, which helps to minimize the delay time and reduce the
    effects of temperature variations. The biasing is done using a
    constant current source.

    3- Current steering: The input differential amplifier is coupled


    to a pair of emitter-coupled transistors, which form a current-
    steering circuit. The input signals control the current flowing
    through the emitter-coupled transistors, which in turn
    determines the output of the circuit.

    4- Output stage: The output of the current-steering circuit is


    coupled to a final output stage, which consists of a load
    resistor and an NPN transistor. The output transistor is biased
    by a constant current source, which helps to maintain a stable
    output voltage level.

    5- Voltage reference: ECL circuits require a negative voltage


    reference level to operate properly, which is typically
    provided by a voltage divider network.

    First : inverter /buffer


    in the ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) logic family, an inverter (or
    NOT gate) and a buffer can be implemented using a similar circuit.
    The main difference between the two is the input and output levels.
    An inverter produces an output that is the complement of its input,
    while a buffer produces an output that is identical to its input.
    A comparison is made using a negative voltage of 1.32V at Q2,
    where Q1 is in the active state if the input voltage level is above
    -1.32V, and in cut-off state if it is below -1.32V.
    To obtain an inverter function in an ECL circuit, the output can be
    taken from the emitter of Q4. On the other hand, to obtain a buffer
    function, the output can be taken from the emitter of Q3. By
    selecting the appropriate output, the ECL circuit can perform the
    desired logic function.
    In case there is no income .
    Vs=VB-VBE in Q2
    VS =-1.32-0.7=-2.02v Q1 will is active
    vi-vs ≥0.7
    vi-(-2.02)≥0.7
    vi≥-1.32v
    Qi will is cut off
    vi-vs <0.7
    vi<-1.32.
    In logic high input:

    Input -0.7 v in Q1.


    -0.7 > -1.32V.
    Q1 is active.
    Q2 is cut off .
    Ic = Ie = (-5.2 – (-0.7-0.7)) ÷ 1000Ω .
    Ic= Ie = -3.8m A .
    VR1= (-3.8×10^-3 ) × 350 Ω = -1.33v.
    Out in emitter Q3.
    VR2=0 V .
    Vo=0-0.7v=-0.7v. is logic high.
    In logic low input :

    -1.8<-1.32v
    Q1 is cut off
    Q2 is active.
    Ic = Ie = -5.2-(-1.32-0.7)
    Ie= -3.18 mA
    VR2=-3.18 × 350 = -1.11v
    output in emitter Q3 .
    vo=-1.11 – 0.7 = -1.81v is logic low
    output in emitter Q4
    VR1=0
    Vo=0-0.7=-0.7 v is logic high .
    Function table :
    Input Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
    Low Cut off Active Active Active
    High Active Cut off Active Active

    And gate :
    Its working principle is based on differential speaker and use two transistors,
    Q1 and Q3, as input devices.

    When gate AND inputs are high, both Q1 and Q3 are in operation, and
    current streams through both. Then the voltage at the output of the
    differential amplifier is low, indicating the output of 1 logical. When one or
    both inputs are low, either Q1 or Q3 (or both) are off, and the current only
    flows through the transistor. This results in a high voltage at the output of
    the differential amplifier, indicating a logical output 0.

    The gate AND in the ECL logic family is implemented using a certain type
    of differential speaker called a current steering differential amplifier. This
    amplifier is designed to provide high speed response and low power
    consumption.

    In this circuit, the two input signals are applied to the base of the Q1 and Q3
    input transistors. The differential amplifier output is taken from the Qo
    output transistor collector.

    In short, the gate AND is used in the family logic ECL differential amplifier
    with two input transistors and output transistors to carry out the logical
    process and. When both inputs are high, the output is low, and when one or
    both inputs are low, the output is high. The circuit is designed for high speed
    operation and low power consumption.
    In 00

    In 01:
    In 10:

    In 11:
    Function table:
    A B Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Qout
    Low Low Cut Active Cut Cut Active Active
    off off off
    Low High Cut Active Active Active Cut Active
    off off
    High Low Active Cut Cut Cut Active Active
    off off off
    High High active Cut active Active Cut Active
    off off

    Simulation :
    Will used proutas :
    Steps create circuit:
    1-
    2-

    3-
    4-

    5-
    6-

    7-
    8-

    9-
    10-

    11-
    12-

    13-
    Result:
    Inverter/buffer
    And result:
    Because ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) has a reflector for the
    same circuit, it is possible to get the NAND portal directly from
    the same circuit.

    Advantage :
    The ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) logic family has several
    advantages over other logic families, including:

    1- High-speed operation: ECL circuits can operate at very high


    clock speeds, making them well-suited for applications that
    require fast signal processing.

    2- Low noise: ECL circuits use differential signaling, which


    provides high noise immunity and common mode rejection,
    making them suitable for use in noisy environments.

    3- High fan-out: ECL circuits have a low output impedance and


    can drive several loads without significant signal
    degradation, making them suitable for driving multiple
    devices.

    4- High input and output voltage swings: ECL circuits have a


    high input and output voltage swing, which makes them
    suitable for interfacing with other high-speed digital circuits.

    5- Temperature stability: ECL circuits have a low temperature


    coefficient, which makes them stable over a wide range of
    temperatures.
    6- High integration density: ECL circuits can be integrated to a
    high degree of complexity, which makes them suitable for
    high-performance applications.

    7- Low power supply voltage: ECL circuits require a low power


    supply voltage of around -5.2V to -5.5V, which reduces
    power consumption.

    8- Low propagation delay: ECL circuits have a very short


    propagation delay, which makes them suitable for high-speed
    data transmission and clock distribution.

    9- Simple circuitry: ECL circuits have a simple circuit topology,


    which makes them easy to design and implement.

    10- High frequency stability: ECL circuits have a high


    frequency stability, which makes them suitable for use in
    precision frequency generation and timing circuits.

    11- High output swing: ECL circuits can produce a large


    output voltage swing, which makes them suitable for driving
    high-impedance loads.
    12- High noise margin: ECL circuits have a high noise
    margin, which makes them less susceptible to external noise
    and interference.

    13- High reliability: ECL circuits have a proven track


    record of reliability, which makes them suitable for use in
    critical applications.

    14- Wide temperature range: ECL circuits can operate over


    a wide temperature range, from -55°C to +125°C, making
    them suitable for use in harsh environments.

    Overall the ECL logic family is well-suited for high-performance


    applications that require fast signal processing, high reliability, and
    low noise. While it does have some disadvantages, such as high
    power consumption, these can be mitigated through careful design
    and optimization.
    Disadvantages :
    Although the ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) logic family has
    several advantages, it also has some disadvantages, including:

    1- High power consumption: ECL circuits require a high bias


    current and dissipate more power than other logic families,
    which can make them less suitable for low-power
    applications.
    2- Limited fan-out: ECL circuits have limited fan-out due to the
    high current requirements of the emitter-coupled transistor
    pairs.

    3- Complex biasing requirements: ECL circuits require a


    complex biasing scheme to maintain proper operation and
    reduce power consumption.

    4- High heat dissipation: ECL circuits dissipate a lot of heat,


    which can lead to thermal management issues.

    5- Large chip size: ECL circuits require a large number of


    transistors, which can result in a larger chip size and higher
    manufacturing costs.

    6- High noise: ECL circuits can generate more noise than other
    logic families due to the high-speed switching and high
    power consumption.

    7- Low voltage swing: ECL circuits have a lower voltage swing


    compared to other logic families, which can limit their ability
    to interface with other circuits.
    8- Limited output current: ECL circuits have a limited output
    current, which can make them less suitable for driving heavy
    loads.

    9- Sensitivity to temperature: ECL circuits are sensitive to


    temperature changes, which can cause variations in
    performance and make them more difficult to design.

    10- Limited voltage supply options: ECL circuits require a


    negative voltage supply, which limits the range of available
    power supplies and increases the complexity of the power
    supply design.

    11- Limited voltage swing range: ECL circuits have a


    limited voltage swing range, which can make them less
    suitable for interfacing with circuits that require a larger
    voltage swing.

    12- Limited design flexibility: ECL circuits have a fixed


    voltage reference level, which limits the design flexibility
    and can make it difficult to optimize for specific applications.

    13- Limited availability: ECL circuits are not as widely


    used as other logic families, which can make it difficult to
    find parts and support for designing and manufacturing ECL-
    based circuits.
    Overall, the ECL logic family is not well-suited for low-power
    applications and has some design challenges due to its complex
    biasing requirements and thermal management issues. However,
    for high-speed and high-performance applications that require low
    noise and high reliability, ECL circuits can be an excellent choice.

    Reference:-
    Books:
    -Analysis and Design of Integrated Electronic Circuits

    - SECOND EDITION .

    - PAUL M. CHIRLIAN Stevens Institute of Technology

    - Digital Electronics

    - Principles, Devices and Applications

    - Anil K. Maini

    - Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), India

    - Foundation of Digital Electronics and Logic Design Subir Kumar Sarkar


    Asish Kumar De Souvik Sarkar .

    - DIGITAL PRINCIPLES & LOGIC DESIGN A. Saba &N. Manna


    Websites:
    https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/the-basics-of-
    emitter-coupled-logic-ECL-inverter-buffer/

    http://www.ece.mcgill.ca/~grober4/SPICE/SPICE_Decks/1st_Edition/
    chapter14/Chapter%2014%20BJT%20Digital%20Ccts%20web
    %20version.html

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