Hybridisation

LESSON OBJECTIVES
• describe how the σ and π bonds form in molecules

including H2, C2H6, C2H4, HCN and N2
• use the concept of hybridisation to describe sp, sp2 and
sp3 orbitals
• describe the arrangement of σ and π bonds in
molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms
• describe and explain the shape of, and bond angles in,
molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms
REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS
Shapes of organic molecules theory has several real-life applications in various fields.
In chemistry, it is used to predict and explain the

bonding and properties of molecules, as well as to
understand and predict the reactivity of chemical
compounds.
This theory is also important in the design of new

materials, such as in the development of
pharmaceuticals and catalysts.
REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS
In the field of nanotechnology, shapes of
organic molecules theory is used to
understand and manipulate the electronic
properties of nanoscale materials.
Additionally, it has applications in

spectroscopy, where it is used to interpret
and analyse the electronic structure of
molecules.
Lone Pair and Bond Bair
Electrons
Electron Pair
Domain
Electron Pair
Geometry
Lewis VSEPR Shape of

Structure theory Molecule
Hybrid
Orbitals
Atomic Molecular
Orbitals Orbitals
Contents
Shapes of s and p orbitals
σ and π bonds
σ and π bonds form in ethane (C2H6)
σ and π bonds form in ethene (C2H4)
σ and π bonds form in ethyne (C2H2)

Contents
σ and π bonds

describe covalent bonds in terms of orbital overlap giving σ and π bonds:
• σ bonds are formed by direct overlap of orbitals between the bonding
atoms
• π bonds are formed by the sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals above
and below the σ bond
σ and π bonds
Two orbitals which overlap end to end create a σ-bond
σ bonds (sigma bonds) are formed by
end-on overlap of atomic orbitals.
Two orbitals which overlap side by side create a π
π bonds (pi bonds) are formed by

sideways overlap of p-type atomic orbitals.
The key here is to keep in mind that
• every single bond is also a sigma bond
• every double bond contains a sigma bond and a pi bond
• every triple bond contains a sigma bond and two pi bonds
How many sigma and pi bonds are
present in a molecule of nicotine?
σsingle=24→ from single bonds exclusively
σdouble=3→ from double bonds

exclusively
πbonds=3
σtotal=σsingle+σdouble
σtotal=24+3=27
The nicotine molecule will thus

contain
27aσ-bonds
3aπ-bonds
• describe how the σ and π bonds form in molecules including H2,
C2H6, C2H4, HCN and N2
How many σ and π bonds form in molecules of HCN and N2?

How does the σ bonds form in H2 molecules?
• Sigma (σ) bond can form where two s orbitals overlap.

The sigma bond in a hydrogen molecule (H2) is formed
by overlap of a pair of 1s orbitals, one from each hydrogen atom.
Group 1: Group 2: Group 3: Group 4:
1. . 1. . 1. . 1. .
2. . 2. . 2. . 2. .
3. . 3. . 3. . 3. .
Group 5: Group 6: Group 7: Group 8:

1. . 1. . 1. . 1. .
2. . 2. . 2. . 2. .
3. . 3. . 3. . 3. .
https://wheelofnames.com
/w98-hq8
Contents
σ and π bonds

How does the σ and π bonds form in ethane (C2H6)
molecules?
• Draw the atomic orbital of Carbon and molecular orbital of Hydrogen

• What is the hybridization in ethane?
How does the σ and π bonds form in ethane (C2H6)
molecules?

• What is the hybridization in ethane?
The molecular orbital of Hydrogen
The atomic orbital of Carbon
There is only a small energy gap between the 2s and 2p

orbitals, and an electron is promoted from the 2s to the
empty 2p to give 4 unpaired electrons.
In the case of ethane, each carbon is joining to four other atoms.
When the carbon atoms hybridise their outer orbitals before forming
bonds, this time they hybridise four of the orbitals. They use the 2s
electron and three of the 2p electrons
Hybridisation in ethane (C2H6)
Hybridization is sp3-sp3 (two sp3) and C-H σ bond is s-sp3

The carbon-carbon sigma bond is formed by overlap of a pair

of carbon sp3 hybrid orbitals, one from each carbon atom.
In a similar manner, the carbon-hydrogen sigma bond is

formed by overlap of a carbon sp3 orbital with a hydrogen 1s
orbital.
C-C and C-H bonds are σ bonds, hybridization is sp3-sp3 (two sp3) and C-H σ bond is s-sp3
How many σ bond for C-C bond in ethane? 1 σ bond
What is the shape of sp3 hybridization? Tetrahedral
The bond angles in ethane (C2H6)
?????
?????
What is the bond angles in ethane? 109.5o

Contents
σ and π bonds

How does the σ and π bonds form in
ethene (C2H4) molecules?
• What is the hybridization in ethene?

In the case of ethane, each carbon is only joining to three other

atoms.
So, when the carbon atoms hybridise their outer orbitals before
forming bonds, this time they only hybridise three of the orbitals.
They use the 2s electron and two of the 2p electrons, but leave the other
2p electron unchanged.
Hybridisation in ethene (C2H4) molecules
Hybridization is sp2-sp2 (two sp2) and C-H σ bond is s-sp2

σ and π bonds form in ethene (C2H4) molecules
How many π bond between C=C bond in ethene? 1 π bond

What is the shape of sp2 hybridization? Trigonal planar
The bond angles in ethene
120o
??????
What is the bond angles of ethene?

Contents
σ and π bonds

How does the σ and π bonds form in
ethyne (C2H2) molecules?
• What is the hybridization in ethyne?

In the case of ethyne, each carbon is only joining to two other

atoms.
So, when the carbon atoms hybridise their outer orbitals before forming bonds, this
time they only hybridise two of the orbitals. They use the 2s electron and one of the
2p electrons, but leave the other 2p electrons unchanged.
σ and π bonds form in ethyne (C2H2) molecules
How many σ bond in ethyne? 1 σ bond

How many π bond in ethyne? 2 π bond
What is the shape of sp2 hybridization? Linear
Hybridisation in ethyne (C2H2) molecules
Hybridization is sp-sp (two sp) and C-H σ bond is s-sp

The bond angle in ethyne
180o
??????
What is the bond angle of ethyne?

SOLVE THIS!!
• RECLOUMALTLRABIO MOLECULAR ORBITAL
• SATIONDIHYBRID HYBRIDISATION
• CATIOMRTLOIBA ATOMIC ORBITAL
• SELGNADNOB BOND ANGLES
• ODNBAMGIS SIGMA BOND
• IPBDON PI BOND
• EHPSA SHAPE
TARSIA PUZZLES
• Basically a tarsia is a simple yet complex jigsaw puzzle that you have
to solve.
• You solve it by matching up sides of triangles so they correspond with
another one.
• This building of triangles leads to make some kind of shape, e.g
hexagon, etc.
FA: “Hybridisation”

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LESSON OBJECTIVES

• describe how the σ and π bonds form in molecules

In chemistry, it is used to predict and explain the

This theory is also important in the design of new

Additionally, it has applications in

Lewis VSEPR Shape of

σ and π bonds form in ethane (C2H6)

σ and π bonds form in ethene (C2H4)

σ and π bonds form in ethyne (C2H2)

σ and π bonds form in ethane (C2H6)

σ and π bonds form in ethene (C2H4)

σ and π bonds form in ethyne (C2H2)

Two orbitals which overlap side by side create a π

π bonds (pi bonds) are formed by

σdouble=3→ from double bonds

The nicotine molecule will thus

How many σ and π bonds form in molecules of HCN and N2?

• Sigma (σ) bond can form where two s orbitals overlap.

Group 5: Group 6: Group 7: Group 8:

σ and π bonds form in ethane (C2H6)

σ and π bonds form in ethene (C2H4)

σ and π bonds form in ethyne (C2H2)

• Draw the atomic orbital of Carbon and molecular orbital of Hydrogen

• Draw the atomic orbital of Carbon and molecular orbital of Hydrogen

There is only a small energy gap between the 2s and 2p

In the case of ethane, each carbon is joining to four other atoms.

Hybridization is sp3-sp3 (two sp3) and C-H σ bond is s-sp3

The carbon-carbon sigma bond is formed by overlap of a pair

In a similar manner, the carbon-hydrogen sigma bond is

What is the bond angles in ethane? 109.5o

σ and π bonds form in ethane (C2H6)

σ and π bonds form in ethene (C2H4)

σ and π bonds form in ethyne (C2H2)

• What is the hybridization in ethene?

In the case of ethane, each carbon is only joining to three other

Hybridization is sp2-sp2 (two sp2) and C-H σ bond is s-sp2

How many π bond between C=C bond in ethene? 1 π bond

What is the bond angles of ethene?

σ and π bonds form in ethane (C2H6)

σ and π bonds form in ethene (C2H4)

σ and π bonds form in ethyne (C2H2)

• What is the hybridization in ethyne?

In the case of ethyne, each carbon is only joining to two other

How many σ bond in ethyne? 1 σ bond

Hybridization is sp-sp (two sp) and C-H σ bond is s-sp

What is the bond angle of ethyne?

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