𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 (𝒄, 𝒄 + 𝟐𝒍)

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1
𝑐+2𝑙
1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
𝑐
𝑐+2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
𝑐
𝑐+2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
𝑐

𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 (𝟎, 𝟐𝒍)

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1
2𝑙
1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0

1) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛 (0,3)

Solution
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0,3)𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ (0,2𝑙)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
EM III_SMITA N 1
 2𝑙 = 3
3
𝑙=
2
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 3/2 3/2
𝑛=1
2𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
3
2
𝑎0 = ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
3
0
3
2 𝑥2 𝑥3
= [2 − ]
3 2 3 0
2 27
= [9 − ]
3 3
2
= [9 − 9] = 0
3

2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
3
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
3 3/2
0

3
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
3 3
0

EM III_SMITA N 2
 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠
= [(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 3 ) − (2 − 2𝑥) ( 3 )
3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
3 ( 3 )
3
2𝑛𝜋𝑥
−𝑠𝑖𝑛
+ (−2) ( 3 )]
2𝑛𝜋 3
( 3 )
0

2 9 9
= [(−4) ( 2 2 ) − (2) ( 2 2 )]
3 4𝑛 𝜋 4𝑛 𝜋

2 9
= [(−6) ( 2 2 )]
3 4𝑛 𝜋

−9
=
𝑛2 𝜋 2

2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
3
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
3 3
0

2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
= [(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 3 ) − (2 − 2𝑥) ( 3 )
3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
3 ( 3 )
3
2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠
+ (−2) ( 3 )]
2𝑛𝜋 3
( 3 )
0

2 3 27 27
= [(3) ( ) + (−2) ( 3 3 ) + 2 ( 3 3 )]
3 2𝑛𝜋 8𝑛 𝜋 8𝑛 𝜋
EM III_SMITA N 3
 2 9
= [ ]
3 2𝑛𝜋

3
=
𝑛𝜋

∞
−9 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ ( cos + sin )
𝑛2 𝜋 2 3 𝑛𝜋 3
𝑛=1

𝑎
2) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝑎)
2

Solution
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0, 𝑎)𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ (0,2𝑙)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

2𝑙 = 𝑎
𝑎
𝑙=
2
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑎/2 𝑎/2
𝑛=1
2𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
𝑎
2 𝑎
𝑎0 = ∫ ( − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2
0
𝑎
2 𝑎 𝑥2
= [ 𝑥− ]
𝑎 2 2 0

EM III_SMITA N 4
 2 𝑎2 𝑎2
= [ − ]
𝑎 2 2
=0

2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑎
2 𝑎 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ ( − 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2 𝑎/2
0

𝑎
2 𝑎 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ ( − 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2 𝑎
0

𝑎
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠
= [( − 𝑥) ( 𝑎 ) − (−1) ( 𝑎 )]
𝑎 2 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
𝑎 ( 𝑎 ) 0

2 𝑎2 𝑎2
= [− ( 2 2 ) + ( 2 2 )] = 0
3 4𝑛 𝜋 4𝑛 𝜋

2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑎
2 𝑎 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ ( − 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2 𝑎
0

EM III_SMITA N 5
 𝑎
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑎 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
= [( − 𝑥) ( 𝑎 ) − (−1) ( 𝑎 )]
𝑎 2 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
𝑎 ( 𝑎 )
0

2 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= [(− ) ( )+ ( )( )]
𝑎 2 2𝑛𝜋 2 2𝑛𝜋

2 2𝑎2
= [ ]
𝑎 4𝑛𝜋

−𝑎
=
𝑛𝜋
∞
−𝑎 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ ( sin )
𝑛𝜋 𝑎
𝑛=1

3) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝜋𝑥, 0≤ 𝑥≤1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜋(2 − 𝑥), 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
π2 1 1 1
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
8 1 3 5

Solution
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0,2)𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ (0,2𝑙)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2𝑙 = 2
𝑙=1
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥)
2
𝑛=1

EM III_SMITA N 6
 2𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
2
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
0
1 2
= ∫0 𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝜋(2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
= 𝜋 {[ ] + [2𝑥 − ] }
2 0 2 1

1 4 1
= 𝜋{ +4− −2+ }
2 2 2

=𝜋

2𝑙
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0

2
1
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
0
1 2

= ∫ 𝜋𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝜋(2 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥

0 1
1 2

= 𝜋 {∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 }

0 1

EM III_SMITA N 7
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝜋 {[(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
+ [(2 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) ( )] }
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)2 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

= 𝜋[ 2 2 − 2 2 − 2 2 + 2 2 ]
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 2
= 𝜋 [ 2 2 − 2 2]
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋

2
= [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝑛2 𝜋

2𝑙
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0

2
1
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
0
1 2

= ∫ 𝜋𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝜋(2 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥

0 1
1 2

= 𝜋 {∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 }

0 1

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝜋 {[(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)2 0
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
+ [(2 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) ( )] }
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)2 1

EM III_SMITA N 8
 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= 𝜋[ + ]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
=0
∞
π 2
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑛 𝜋
𝑛=1

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0

π 2 −2 −2 −2
0= + [ + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
2 𝜋 12 3 5

π 2 −2 −2 −2
− = [ + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
2 𝜋 12 3 5

π2 1 1 1
= [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
8 1 3 5

4) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡

3𝑘𝑥 𝑙
,0 < 𝑥 <
𝑙 3
3𝑘(𝑙 − 2𝑥) 𝑙 2𝑙
𝑓(𝑥) = , <𝑥<
𝑙 3 3
3𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑙) 2𝑙
{ , <𝑥<𝑙
𝑙 3
Solution
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0, 𝑙)𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ (0,2𝑙)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝑙
𝑙=
2

EM III_SMITA N 9
 ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙/2 𝑙/2
𝑛=1
2𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
𝑙
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
2 𝑙/3 3𝑘𝑥 2𝑙/3 3𝑘(𝑙−2𝑥) 𝑙 3𝑘(𝑥−𝑙)
= [∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙/3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2𝑙/3 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

2 3𝑘 𝑙/3 3𝑘 2𝑙/3 3𝑘 𝑙
= [ ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙/3 (𝑙 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫2𝑙/3(𝑥 − 𝑙)𝑑𝑥]
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

𝑙/3 2𝑙/3 𝑙
6𝑘 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
= {[ 2 ] + [𝑙𝑥 − 2 ] +[ − 𝑙𝑥] }
𝑙2 0 2 𝑙/3 2 2𝑙/3

6𝑘 𝑙 2 2𝑙 2 4𝑙 2 𝑙 2 𝑙 2 𝑙 2 2
4𝑙 2 2𝑙 2
= 2[ + − − + + −𝑙 − + ]
𝑙 18 3 9 3 9 2 18 3
=0

2𝑙
1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0

2 𝑙/3 3𝑘𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑙/3 3𝑘(𝑙−2𝑥) 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 3𝑘(𝑥−𝑙) 2𝑛𝜋𝑥

= ∫0 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙/3 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2𝑙/3 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

6𝑘 𝑙/3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3𝑘 2𝑙/3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥

=
𝑙2
∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑙
𝑑𝑥 +
𝑙
∫𝑙/3 (𝑙 − 2𝑥) cos 𝑙
𝑑𝑥 +
3𝑘 𝑙 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙
∫2𝑙/3(𝑥 − 𝑙) cos 𝑙
𝑑𝑥

EM III_SMITA N 10
 𝑙
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
sin − cos
𝑙 𝑙
[(𝑥) ( 2𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) ( 2𝑛𝜋 2
)]
𝑙 ( )
𝑙 0
2𝑙
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
6𝑘 sin − cos
𝑙 𝑙
= + [(𝑙 − 2𝑥) ( 2𝑛𝜋 ) − (−2) ( 2𝑛𝜋 2
)]
𝑙2 ( )
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
3
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
sin − cos
𝑙 𝑙
+ [(𝑥 − 𝑙) ( 2𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) ( 2𝑛𝜋 2
)]
( )
{ 𝑙 𝑙 2𝑙/3 }

2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 1
( )( ) − (1) ( 2 )−( )
3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
𝑙 ( ) ( )
𝑙 𝑙
4𝑛𝜋 4𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
6𝑘 𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 3
= 2 + (− ) ( ) − (−2) ( ) − ( )( ) + (−2) ( )
𝑙 3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2 3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
𝑙 ( ) 𝑙 ( )
𝑙 𝑙
4𝑛𝜋 4𝑛𝜋
−1 𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3
+(−1) ( ) − (− ) ( ) − (1) ( )
2𝑛𝜋 2 3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
{ ( ) 𝑙 ( ) }
𝑙 𝑙

6𝑘 𝑙2 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 2 4𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 2 2𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 4𝑛𝜋

= 2 [ 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
𝑙 4𝑛 𝜋 3 4𝑛 𝜋 3 4𝑛 𝜋 3 4𝑛 𝜋 3

6𝑘 𝑙 2 2𝑛𝜋 4𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 4𝑛𝜋

= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
𝑙 2 4𝑛2 𝜋 2 3 3 3 3

6𝑘 2𝑛𝜋 4𝑛𝜋
= [3𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
4𝑛2 𝜋 2 3 3

18𝑘 2𝑛𝜋 4𝑛𝜋

= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
4𝑛2 𝜋 2 3 3
EM III_SMITA N 11
 18𝑘 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛𝜋 − ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛𝜋 + )]
4𝑛2 𝜋 2 3 3

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛𝜋 − ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3 3
𝑛𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠
3
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛𝜋 + ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3 3
𝑛𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠
3

18𝑘 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]=0
4𝑛2 𝜋 2 3 3

2𝑙
1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0

2 𝑙/3 3𝑘𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑙/3 3𝑘(𝑙−2𝑥) 2𝑛𝜋𝑥

= ∫0 sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙/3 sin 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 3𝑘(𝑥−𝑙) 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫2𝑙/3 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
6𝑘 𝑙/3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3𝑘 2𝑙/3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
=
𝑙2
∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑙
𝑑𝑥 +
𝑙
∫𝑙/3 (𝑙 − 2𝑥) sin 𝑙
𝑑𝑥 +
3𝑘 𝑙 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ (𝑥
𝑙 2𝑙/3
− 𝑙) sin
𝑙
𝑑𝑥

EM III_SMITA N 12
 𝑙
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
−cos − sin
𝑙 𝑙
[(𝑥) ( 2𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) ( 2𝑛𝜋 2
)]
𝑙 ( )
𝑙 0
2𝑙
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
6𝑘 −cos − sin
𝑙 𝑙
= + [(𝑙 − 2𝑥) ( 2𝑛𝜋 ) − (−2) ( 2𝑛𝜋 2
)]
𝑙2 ( )
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
3
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
−cos − sin
𝑙 𝑙
+ [(𝑥 − 𝑙) ( 2𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) ( 2𝑛𝜋 2
)]
( )
{ 𝑙 𝑙 2𝑙/3 }

2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
𝑙 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
( )( ) − (1) ( )
3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
𝑙 ( )
𝑙
4𝑛𝜋 4𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
6𝑘 𝑙 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑙 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
= 2 + (− ) ( ) − (−2) ( ) − ( )( ) + (−2) ( )
𝑙 3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2 3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
𝑙 ( ) 𝑙 ( )
𝑙 𝑙
4𝑛𝜋 4𝑛𝜋
𝑙 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
− (− ) ( ) + (1) ( )
3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
{ 𝑙 ( ) }
𝑙

4𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
6𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
= 2 [− (3 3 )+3 3 ]
2
𝑙 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
( 𝑙 ) ( 𝑙 )

𝑙 2 18𝑘 2𝑛𝜋 4𝑛𝜋

= − 2 2 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
4𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 3 3

18𝑘 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
=− [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑛𝜋 − ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑛𝜋 + )]
4𝑛2 𝜋 2 3 3

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑛𝜋 − ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3 3

EM III_SMITA N 13
 𝑛𝜋
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛
3
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑛𝜋 + ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3 3
𝑛𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛
3

18𝑘 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
=− [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
4𝑛2 𝜋 2 3 3

−18𝑘 𝑛𝜋
= [−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
4𝑛2 𝜋 2 3

9𝑘 𝑛𝜋
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
𝑛2 𝜋 2 3
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙/2 𝑙/2
𝑛=1
∞
9𝑘 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ ( [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] sin )
𝑛2 𝜋 2 3 𝑙/2
𝑛=1

𝜋𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 1
5) Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = { into a Fourier Series.
0 1<𝑥<2

Solution
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0,2) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ (0,2𝑙) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2𝑙 = 2
𝑙=1

EM III_SMITA N 14
 ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

2𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
2
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
0
1 2
= ∫0 𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (0)𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2
= 𝜋[ ]
2 0
𝜋
=
2

2𝑙
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
2
1
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
0
1 2

= ∫ 𝜋𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 1
1

= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝜋 [(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)2 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1
= 𝜋 [ 2 2 − 2 2]
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
EM III_SMITA N 15
 1
= [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝑛2 𝜋

2𝑙
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
2
1
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
0
1 2

= ∫ 𝜋𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 1
1

= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝜋 [(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)2 0

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= 𝜋[ ]
𝑛𝜋

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −(−1)𝑛
= =
𝑛 𝑛

∞
π 1 𝑛
(−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 2 [(−1) − 1]𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥
4 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛
𝑛=1

6) Obtain Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎

EM III_SMITA N 16
 𝜋2 1 1 1
Deduce that = + + + ⋯ ….
8 12 22 32

Solution
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (0, 𝑎)𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ (0,2𝑙)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2𝑙 = 𝑎
𝑎
𝑙=
2

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑎/2 𝑎/2
𝑛=1

2𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0

𝑎
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
0

𝑎
2 𝑥3
= [ ]
𝑎 3 0

2 3
= [𝑎 ]
3𝑎

2𝑎2
=
3

EM III_SMITA N 17
 2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0

𝑎
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎/2
0

𝑎
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
0
𝑎
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
= [(𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑎 ) − (2𝑥) ( 𝑎 ) + (−2) ( 𝑎 )]
𝑎 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
2𝑛𝜋 3
𝑎 ( 𝑎 ) ( 𝑎 ) 0

2 𝑎2
= [(2𝑎) ( 2 2 )]
𝑎 4𝑛 𝜋

2 2𝑎3
= [( 2 2 )]
𝑎 4𝑛 𝜋

𝑎2
= 2 2
𝑛 𝜋

2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑎
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
0

EM III_SMITA N 18
 𝑎
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
= [(𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑎 ) − (2𝑥) ( 𝑎 ) + (−2) ( 𝑎 )]
𝑎 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2
2𝑛𝜋 3
𝑎 ( 𝑎 ) ( 𝑎 )
0

2 2
−𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎3
= [(𝑎 ) ( ) + (−2) ( 3 3 ) + 2 ( 3 3 )]
𝑎 2𝑛𝜋 8𝑛 𝜋 8𝑛 𝜋

2 −𝑎3
= [ ]
𝑎 2𝑛𝜋

−𝑎2
=
𝑛𝜋
∞
2
𝑎 𝑎2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑎2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ ( 2 2 cos + sin )
3 𝑛 𝜋 𝑎 𝑛𝜋 𝑎
𝑛=1

𝜋2 1 1 1
To prove = + + + ⋯ ….
6 12 22 32

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0

𝑎2 𝑎2 1 1 1
0= + 2 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

𝑎2 𝑎2 1 1 1
− = 2 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

π2 1 1 1
− = + + + ⋯ … … . (1)
3 12 22 32

EM III_SMITA N 19
 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎

2
𝑎2 𝑎2 1 1 1
𝑎 = + 2[ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

2
𝑎2 𝑎2 1 1 1
𝑎 − = 2[ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

2𝑎2 𝑎2 1 1 1
= 2 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

2π2 1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … … . (2)
3 1 2 3

Adding (1) and (2)

π2 2π2 2 2 2
− + = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … ….
3 3 1 2 3

π2 2 2 2
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … ….
3 1 2 3

π2 1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … ….
6 1 2 3

EM III_SMITA N 20