cmt metals

 Metal is an element, compound or

FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS alloy that is a good conductor of both
METALS electricity and heat

 Metal crystal structure and specific

CE 333: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING metal properties are determined by
metallic bonding – force, holding
together the atoms of a metal

Engineering
Materials

Metals Non-Metals
Other specific metal features are: luster or
Ferrous Non- Rubber
shine of their surface (when polished),
Ferrous
their malleability (ability to be
Iron Copper & Plastics hammered) and ductility (ability to be
Alloys
Pig iron
drawn).
Aluminium Resin

Cast iron
These properties are also associated with
Zinc
Wrought
iron
the metallic bonding and presence of
Tin free electrons in the crystal lattice.
Steel

Lead

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FERROUS METALS • Iron (Fe) – atomic

 Those metal that contain iron as the base number 26
metal.
most widely used of all
metals as base metal in
NON FERROUS METALS steel and cast iron
 Metals that do not have iron as their base
• Pig iron - the
metal
intermediate product of
smelting iron ore with a
high-carbon fuel such
as coke, usually with
limestone as a flux

 Cast iron – is derived from pig

iron
FERROUS METALS ◦ White cast iron is named after
its white surface when
• Iron fractured, due to its carbide
impurities which allow cracks to
– Pig iron pass straight through.
– Cast iron
◦ Grey cast iron is named after its
• white cast iron grey fractured surface, which
• grey cast iron occurs because the graphitic
flakes deflect a passing crack
– Wrought iron and initiate countless new
cracks as the material breaks.

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Stainless steel (inox

steel) is a steel alloy
◦ Wrought iron - iron
alloy with a very low with a minimum of
carbon content, in 10.5 or 11% chromium
comparison to steel, content by mass.
and has fibrous
inclusions (slag)
It does not corrode,
◦ tough, malleable, rust, or stain with
ductile and easily water as ordinary
welded
steel does.

NON FERROUS METALS

Steel is an alloy that consists Aluminum
mostly of iron and has a Forms: castings,
carbon content between
0.2% and 2.1% by mass sheet, plate, bar, rod,
channel and
Carbon is the most forgings.
common alloying material
for iron, but various other Lighter than most
alloying elements are used, metals, do not rust or
such as manganese, corrode, can be
chromium, vanadium,
molybdenum, tungsten, etc. forged, machined
and welded easily

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 cmt metals

Copper TIN
Reddish metal, very ductile
and malleable. Used in coating steel,
High electrical and heat and alloying element,
conductivity. in the form of foil.
Can be forged, cast and
cold worked, can be Can be die cast, cold
welded. worked, machined
Very common in electrical and soldered
industry made into wire and
conductors. Typical copper (cannot be welded)
products are sheets,
bushings, wire , bearings.

Brass and Bronze LEAD

Brass, an alloy of copper and
zinc.
Used mainly in the
Has low melting point and manufacturing of
high heat conductivity. electrical equipment
Good machinability and can (lead-coated power
be welded. and telephone cables
Bronze, an alloy of copper and storage batteries)
and tin, has high strength,
rust or corrosion resistant,
Low strength with heavy
good machinability and can weight, can be casted,
be welded. cold worked, welded
and machined

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NICKEL 1. HEATING
Used in making alloys for Many alloys change structure
when they are heated to specific
both ferrous and non- temperature. The structure of an
ferrous metals. Can be alloy at room temperature can be
mechanical mixture or solid
readily welded by gas or solution, or a combination.
arc methods can be a. MECHANICAL MIXTURE- can be
machined, forged cast compared to concrete (sand and
gravel are visible and held in place
and formed easily. by the grout) elements and
compounds are held together by
a matrix of base metal.
b. SOLID SOLUTION-two or more
metals are absorbed, one into the
other and form a solution.

HEAT TREATMENT OF 2. SOAKING

METALS (QUENCHING)
The controlled heating Once a metal part has been
and cooling operations heated to the temperature
at which desired changes in
used to bring about the
its structure will take place, it
desired change in the must remain at that
properties of metal. temperature until the entire
Its purpose is to improve part has been evenly heated
the structural and throughout. SOAKING
physical properties of medium: OIL, WATER, OR
BRINE
metal.

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 cmt metals

3. COOLING STRUCTURAL
The structure may change CONNECTIONS
from one chemical 1. Riveting: holes are
composition to another, it punched or drilled through
may stay the same or may the members to be
revert to its original form. connected and a steel rivet
Cooling is significant in order will be inserted through the
to increase the metals holes
hardness, toughness,
ductility, tensile strength.

METHODS OF MARKING
2. Welding: a welded
1. STENCILING connection is neat, and the
2. STAMPING metal of a weld is stronger
than the metal being
connected.

3. BOLT: manufactured with

heads on one end and
thread on the other, washer
may be used.

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SHEAR STRENGTH
(ASTM D-1002-10)
The ability of a metal to resist
being fractured by opposing
forces not acting in a straight
line

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DUCTILITY

The ability of a metal to The ability of a metal to be
withstand pressures acting drawn or stretched
TENSILE STRENGTH on a given plane permanently without rupture
or fracture.
(ASTM E-8) ELASTICITY
The ability of a metal to resist The ability of metal to return MALLEABILITY
being pulled apart by to its original size and shape The ability of metal to return
opposing forces acting in a after being stretched or to be hammered, rolled or
straight line. pulled out of shape. pressed into various shapes
without rupture or fracture.

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 cmt metals

TOUGHNESS CORROSION RESISTANCE

The ability of a metal to The resistance to eating or Bathrooms are furnished with sanitary ware (toilets, sinks, bathtubs, and
shower trays) made from clay and kaolin with added quartz and
resist fracture plus the ability wearing away by air, feldspar, and subsequently glazed. The resulting product is very hard,
to resist failure after the moisture or other gas. resistant to wear and chemical attack, durable, and easy to clean.
damage has begun.
Clay bricks are used to build homes and commercial buildings and for
HEAT AND ELECTRICAL masonry projects because of their strength and visual appeal. Bricks can
HARDNESS CONDUCTIVITY be fabricated with eco-friendly processes, can be easily assembled to
The ability of metal to resist The ease with which a create structures of various shapes and sizes, and will not burn, melt,
dent, peel, warp, rot, rust, or be eaten by termites. Brick homes are better
penetration and wear by metal conducts or transfer protected from weather phenomena, such as thunderstorms, hurricanes,
another metal or material. heat or electricity. and high humidity, than homes built with wood and vinyl or fiber-cement
siding.
MACHINABILITY AND BRITTLENESS
WELDABILITY The tendency of material to
The ease or difficulty with fracture or break with little
which a material can be or no deformation, bending
machined or welded. or twisting.

Ceramic products for the construction sector include cements and Tiles Bricks
cement-based materials, interior and exterior tiles, sanitary ware, non-
refractory bricks, and other more complex shapes such as drainage,
sewer, and chimney pipes and linings.

Indoors, ceramic tiles are used to cover floors, walls, kitchen countertops
and sides (Tuscan style), and fireplaces. Tiles are very durable and hygienic
construction products that add unrivaled beauty to any application. In
interior design, tiles are also combined to form mosaics and wall paintings
as a form of art and decoration.

Outdoors, ceramic tiles are mostly used for paving terraces, patios, Sanitary ware Shingles
staircases, porches, driveways, and pool sides. Ceramic shingles are very
common in warm regions as an economic, long-lasting roofing material for
architectural elegance and to ensure a proper water barrier against heavy
precipitation and good insulation from the sun.

Ceramic tiles are becoming “smart products” by the incorporation of solar

cells or other devices, such as smartphone chargers.