JoJo Attachment Report

KENYA ELECTRICITY GENERATING COMPANY (KENGEN)
(SONDU MIRIU POWER STATION)
Industrial Report Page 1

THE KISUMU NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME: JOAN ACHIENG OMONDI
ADMISSION NO: TKNP/B/3555
TITLE: INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT
PERIOD: 4TH SEPTEMBER TO 30TH NOVEMBER 2023
KENGEN SUPERVISOR: DENNIS GITHINJI
COLLEGE SUPERVISOR: MADAM AGNES OBWARE
DECLARATION
I Joan Achieng Omondi do hereby declare to the best of my knowledge that all information in
this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical
conduct.
I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully written this report based
on truth and cited all activities and duties that I undertook while on attachment.
NAME : JOAN ACHIENG OMONDI
ADM: TKNP/B/3555
Date…26/11//2023………………………………………………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my supervisor
Dennis Githinji. Mr. Mwachofi the entire operations department for their exemplary guidance,
supervision and constant encouragement throughout the training period.
In addition, I would like to express appreciation to the Department of electrical of CTVC for the
arrangements they made including supervising me during my industrial attachment
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this report is to provide the details of the intuition of attachment, a description of
all activities undertaken during the same, the lessons learnt and challenges encountered during
the attachment period.
The essence of attachment is to provide wonderful opportunity for learners to relate the
theoretical knowledge learnt in class with their practical applications in the field. Industrial
attachment is important for engineering students as it gives the students a taste of the work
environment. The lessons learnt during this period build on the students’ experience as well
helping the student evaluate how relevant the course contents are.
This report is a summary of an 12 weeks period industrial attachment activities and lessons that I
have taken part in and /or learnt during my industrial attachment at the KenGen’s Sondu Miriu
Hydro Electric Power Station.
The report also reflects on the progress I have gained from my industrial exposure as well as any
challenge I have faced at my work place, possible solution of the challenges is offered and
general recommendation.

Contents
DECLARATION..................................................................................................................................................... 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................................................... 2
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.0 CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................................................ 6
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 BACKGROUND OF KENGEN...............................................................................................................................6
1.2 KENGEN ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE...............................................................................................................8
1.3 THEORY OF KENGEN SONDU MIRIU POWER PLANT..........................................................................................8
1.3.1 THEORY OF SONDU MIRIU POWER STATION.............................................................................................9
1.3.2 VISION......................................................................................................................................................10
1.3.3 MISSION...................................................................................................................................................10
1.3.4 COMPANY CORE VALUES.........................................................................................................................10
1.3.5 THE KENGEN QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT.............................................................................................11
1.4 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT TO THE COMMUNITY.....................................................................................11
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT.............................................................................................12
1.6 SCOPE OF MY ATTACHMENT TRAINING..........................................................................................................12
1.7 METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................................................12
2.0 CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................................. 13
OVERVIEW OF THE STATION WATER-WAY......................................................................................................... 13
2.1THE INTAKE......................................................................................................................................................13
2.1.1Main water Intake. ...................................................................................................................................14
2.1.2 Spillway Gates..........................................................................................................................................14
2.1.3 Sand Flush Gate ......................................................................................................................................15
2.1.4 Trash rack................................................................................................................................................ 15
2.1.5. The Intake Gates/Inlet Gates..................................................................................................................15
2.1.6Settling basin............................................................................................................................................ 16
2.1.7 Sand drain gates......................................................................................................................................17
2.1.8 Sand drain bulkhead gate .......................................................................................................................17
2.1.9Maintenance flow outlet gate..................................................................................................................17
2.1.10 Intake bulkhead gate.............................................................................................................................17
2.2 WATERWAY.....................................................................................................................................................18
2.2.1 Headrace tunnel......................................................................................................................................18
2.2.2Surge tank.................................................................................................................................................19
2.2.3 Penstock valve.........................................................................................................................................19
2.2.4 Penstock.................................................................................................................................................. 20
........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
3.0 CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................... 23
POWERSTATION................................................................................................................................................ 23
3.1 POWER HOUSE................................................................................................................................................23
3.1.1 Main inlet Valves (MIV)............................................................................................................................23
3.1.2 By pass valve............................................................................................................................................24
3.1.3 Spiral casing and Stay Ring.......................................................................................................................25
3.1.4 Guide vanes.............................................................................................................................................26
3.1.5 Runner..................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.6 Shaft.........................................................................................................................................................27
3.1.7 Turbine Drain pipes and Penstock...........................................................................................................28
3.1.8 Draft tube gate.........................................................................................................................................28
3.1.9 Tailrace.................................................................................................................................................... 29
3.1.10 The Governor and the Pressure Pumping Set........................................................................................29
3.1.11 Hydraulic accumulators.........................................................................................................................30
3.2 OUTDOOR SWITCHYARD.................................................................................................................................30
3.3 IRRIGATION OUTLET FACILITIES.......................................................................................................................30
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................................ 31
POWERHOUSE CABINETS................................................................................................................................... 31
4.1 THE GENERATOR AND 11KV BUSBAR..............................................................................................................31
4.1 The AC Generator.......................................................................................................................................32
4.1.1 Stator.......................................................................................................................................................32
4.1.2Rotor.........................................................................................................................................................34
Fig. 13 Rotor.........................................................................................................................................................35
4.2 Shaft and coupling...........................................................................................................................................35
4.3 The excitation system......................................................................................................................................36
4.4 Synchronization of the Alternating Current.....................................................................................................37
4.5 Battery Room..................................................................................................................................................38
Fig. 15 Battery section......................................................................................................................................40
4.6 Rectifiers......................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.7 The A.C. Field Breaker .....................................................................................................................................41
4.8Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).................................................................................................................42
4.9 Field Flashing...................................................................................................................................................42
4.10 The Circuit Breaker of Generator...................................................................................................................43
4.11 Neutral Grounding Resistor (NGR).................................................................................................................43
4.12Station And Local Service Transformers.........................................................................................................43
4.13 The Diesel Engine Generator.........................................................................................................................44
4.14 Direct Current Station Service Supply System................................................................................................44
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE.............................................................................................................................................. 44
BEARINGS AND COOLING SYSTEM..................................................................................................................... 44
5.1 BEARINGS........................................................................................................................................................44
5.1.1 Turbine Guide Bearings............................................................................................................................45
5.1.2 The Thrust Bearings.................................................................................................................................45
5.1.3 Lower Guide Bearings..............................................................................................................................45
5.1.4 Upper Guide Bearings..............................................................................................................................45
5.2 THE COOLING SYSTEM.....................................................................................................................................46
5.2.1 Air and Water Cooling System.................................................................................................................46
5.2.2 Strainers Cleaning for Cooling Water System..........................................................................................47
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE.............................................................................................................................................. 48
THE MAIN POWER TRANSFORMER.................................................................................................................... 48
5.1 The Main Power Transformer.....................................................................................................................48
5.1.2 Parts Of A Transformer............................................................................................................................49
5.2 Lightning Arrestors .........................................................................................................................................54
5.3 Instrument Transformers.................................................................................................................................54
5.4 Neutral Grounding Transformer......................................................................................................................55
5.5 Line Circuit Breakers........................................................................................................................................56

5.6 Isolators/Disconnections.................................................................................................................................57
6.0 CHAPTER SIX................................................................................................................................................ 58
SENSORS AND DETECTORS ............................................................................................................................... 58
6.1 Types Of Sensors And Detectors......................................................................................................................59
j) Speed Signal Generator (SSG)............................................................................................................................63
k) Level Gauges.................................................................................................................................................63
7.0 CHAPTER SEVEN.......................................................................................................................................... 65
PROTECTION SYSTEM OVERVIEW...................................................................................................................... 65
The generator and the main transformer must be protected from any other external or abnormal parameters.
These two critical machines must operate only when all the real-time conditions are normal and any other
change in certain parameters should automatically trigger a disengagement from the system or an immediate
stop until they are rectified. There are two major forms of protection within Sondu-Miriu power plant and these
are generator and main transformer protection. This indicates that there are two major protection relays, each
for the two............................................................................................................................................................ 65
7.1 Generator Protection System..........................................................................................................................65
7.1.1 Generator Protection...............................................................................................................................65
7.1.2 Stator Earth Fault protection...................................................................................................................66
7.1.3 Neutral Overvoltage Protection...............................................................................................................66
7.1.4 Rotor Earth Fault Protection....................................................................................................................66
7.1.5 Phase Under Voltage Protection..............................................................................................................67
7.1.6 Over Current Protection..........................................................................................................................67
7.1.7 Over/Under Frequency Protection...........................................................................................................68
7.1.8 Loss of Field/Excitation Protection...........................................................................................................68
7.1.9 Generator differential protection............................................................................................................69
7.1.10 Phase Unbalance Protection..................................................................................................................69
7.2 11kv/132kv Line Protection.............................................................................................................................70
7.3 Main Transformer Protection..........................................................................................................................71
c) Restricted earth fault protection..................................................................................................................72
7.4 Substation Protection Against Lightning.........................................................................................................72
CHALENGES....................................................................................................................................................... 73
RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................................................ 74
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................................... 74
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................................... 75
1.0 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF KENGEN
The company was founded on February 1, 1954 as Kenya Power Company (KPC) and was
commissioned to construct the transmission line between Nairobi and Tororo in Uganda. This
was to transmit power generated at the Owen Falls Dam to Kenya. KPC was as well tasked to
develop electricity generating facilities in the country.
KPC was managed by the Kenya Power and Lightning Company under management contract. In
January 1997, the management of KPC was formally separated from Kenya Power as adirect
result of reforms being undertaken in the energy sector and the entire economy. Subsequently on
January 19, 1998 the company changed its name from Kenya Power Company to Kenya
Generating Electricity Company. The trading name KenGen was adopted at this point.
KenGen is the leading electric power generation company in Kenya, producing about 80% of
electricity consumed in the country. The company utilises various sources to generate electricity
ranging from hydro, geothermal, thermal and wind, hydro is the leading source, with an installed
capacity of 766.88MW, which is 64.9% of the company’s installed capacity.

1.2 KENGEN ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
1.3 THEORY OF KENGEN SONDU MIRIU POWER PLANT

1.3.1 THEORY OF SONDU MIRIU POWER STATION
Sondu Miriu Power Station is situated in Kisumu County, 60km from Kisumu town and
350km from Nairobi.
It draws water from Sondu Miriu River whose main catchment area is Mau Forest.
Sondu is a run of the river scheme with an intake weir and holding pond that discharges the
required water with net head of 190m via a 6.2km tunnel, and a 1.2km penstock, to the
vertical Francis turbine. Water from the turbines is discharged into an open outlet channel
4.7km to 21.2MW Sang’oro Plant.
Power generated is fed into the National Grid through a 50km-132kv transmission line to
Mamboleo Sub-station in Kisumu.
There is a provision for irrigation intake facility of about 2380Ha of land in the Kano plains.
The station is involved in Community Helping activities through construction of schools and
churches. Provision of domestic water, education sponsorship for students, support to local
through employment, offering community library services and local VCT services,
environment conservation through provision of tree seedlings to individuals and local
institutions. The following are the key details about KENGEN SONDU-MIRIU:
Installed capacity 60MW
Year of commissioning 2007
vertical Francis
Turbine type
Turbine manufacturer Toshiba
Generator manufacturer- Toshiba
Estimated cost of development Ksh. 18billions

Contractors KonoikeTaisei JV;Mitsui/Toshiba;Ishkawajima-
Harima; Kinden Corp.(Japan)
Sang’oro is a cascade power station 4.7km from Sondu Miriu Power Station. Water is conveyed
from Sondu Miriu tailrace back to Sondu Miriu River. Water from the station is released through
a tailrace back to Sondu Miriu River. Power from the station is fed to the national grid through a
5km, 132kv transmission line to the Sondu Miriu sub-station.
Power plant was handed over to Operations Division for commercial operations on 31st July
2012.
1.3.2 VISION
To be the market leader in the provision of Reliable, Safe, Quality and Competitively Priced
electric energy in the Eastern Africa Region.
1.3.3 MISSION
To efficiently generate competitively priced electric energy using the state of art technology,
skilled and motivated human resource to ensure financial success. We shall achieve market
leadership by undertaking least cost, environmental friendly capacity expansion consistent with
our corporate culture, our core values will be adhered to in all our operations.
1.3.4 COMPANY CORE VALUES

v Integrity
v Qualified trained staff
v Skills and motivation
v Team spirit
v Safety culture
v Professionalism
1.3.5 THE KENGEN QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT
KenGen is fully committed to offer quality reliable safe and competitively low priced electric
power and services that meet the customer needs and expectations.
To achieve this commitment;
1. KENGEN has Quality Management System (QMS) on the ISO 9001:2008 standard and
they are fully committed to complying with requirements and to continually improve the
effectiveness of our system through constant top management and oversight.
2. KENGEN has ensured that all their employees are trained in quality management
methods and are provided with the resources required to ensure that such methods are
effectively implemented
1.4 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT TO THE COMMUNITY
The project has provided employment opportunities to local people, free treated water,
rehabilitation of schools e.g. Thurdibuoro Secondary School, and development of infrastructure
in the interior parts, provision of public library and soil erosion control.
KENGEN SONDU MIRIU had also Provision for the environmental conservation means by
providing seedlings to the community at no cost at all.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT
The objectives of the Industrial Training programme are as follows:
· To provide an opportunity for students to discover, learn about, and familiarize with
industry of their discipline, and with organizations within the industry. Students will acquire
interpersonal skills through meeting with professionals in their field of study.
· To provide an opportunity for students to observe real-life practices and implementation
of theoretical lessons and principles. Students will acquire practical skills and experience
working on projects and alongside industry experts.
· To provide the opportunity for the industry to identify potential employees from among
the industrial trainees and to feedback comments on the programme. Students will benefit
from coursework tailored to meet training expectations of the industry.
· To ensure coursework and training programs satisfy the expectations of the industry, and
ensure the programs are relevant and up to date.

1.6 SCOPE OF MY ATTACHMENT TRAINING
During my attachment, I focused on the following:
· Learning about the whole concept of hydroelectric power production
· Carrying out routine, predictive and reactive maintenance on the power plant machineries
· Learning of the industrial environmental and noise control measures as well as the
application of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2007
1.7 METHODOLOGY
In order for maximum gain at the company, the following methods were fully engaged:
· Persistent asking of questions about the company and everything concerning the
processes involved in SONDU MIRIU HEP generation.
· Consulting documented manuals of the company regarding some key plant components.
Engagement in discussion with my fellow attaches about the whole concept studied.
2.0 CHAPTER TWO
OVERVIEW OF THE STATION WATER-WAY
2.1THE INTAKE
2.1.1Main water Intake.

60% of water from Sondu Miriu River is tapped and channelled through a 4.2km diameter
underground tunnel. At the intake, water is regulated such that 40% of the Sondu Miriu River is
allowed to flow downstream for their domestic use and for aquatic life. At the intake there are
intake gates, the spillway, and spillway gates. There is a control room in the intake where the
operators monitor and control the gates and constantly communicate with their fellows in the
power house control room to ensure proper flow of the water to the power house.
Intake weir then stores the river flow water from catchment area of 3345sq.kmand to control
water head. It also creates a regulating pond with effective storage volume which could generate
the maximum electric power for some 7.6 hours.
2.1.2 Spillway Gates

The spillway gates are three in number.
They are used for spilling 40% of water under normal operation to the downstream for the
domestic use. The spillway gates are coupled with the flap gates. The flap gates are lowed or
raised to control the amount of water flowing downstream. At no time shall are all the three flap
gates closed or opened. Two flap gates are opened when the volume of water in the river is very
high while only one is opened when the volume of water in the river is low. This is to ensure that
only the fixed volume of water is allowed to flow to the power house via the tunnel then through
the penstock. The flap gates are hoisted or lowered by the help of cranes that are operated by
motors.

Spillway gates were also used to regulate water level of regulating pond and flood control of the
intake weir by discharging excessive inflow from either top or bottom of gate. Each gate is
equipped with flap gates at the top of the gate leaf for flashing trashes and debris trapped in the
intake weir and for regulating the water level of intake weir in normal discharge condition of the
Sondu River.
Fig. 1 Spillway gates
2.1.3 Sand Flush Gate

There is one sand flush gate with a flap gate adjacent to the three spillway gates.
It was provided to flush out sediments and floating debris in front of the intake structure. It is
kept in a fully closed position but to be operated to flush out sediments when need to flush out
sediments arises. The flap gate is operated to flush out debris as required.
2.1.4 Trash rack

Trash rack is used to fish out any floating debris on the water. Once debris have been removed,
they are placed in a horizontal conveyor belt which transports them to the inclined conveyor belt.
The inclined conveyor belt transports them to the storage hopper.
A storage hopper is a large container for storing the debris. Once full, it is opened and the dirt
placed in a truck which disposes them.
There are two 5.0m wide and 9.0m height inclined type trash racks used for this purpose.
2.1.5. The Intake Gates/Inlet Gates
Intake gates are four in number. They let in 60% of water from the river and convey it to two
settling basins in two pairs. The water that goes through the four intake gates is the actual water
used for power generation.
Intake structure is provided at the right bank most downstream of the regulating pond to take the
river flow water to headrace tunnel smoothly
Intake gates
Fig. 2 intake gates
2.1.6Settling basin
The settling basin is used to settle and remove sand, trash and harmful foreign particles to
minimize their flowage into the headrace tunnel.
It is separated into two basins in order to carry out cleaning of the basin and sand drain operation
independently without interruption of the power generation.
To do sand draining the two intake gates supplying one settling basin and the outlet of that
settling basin bulkhead gate were closed and then the sand drain valve was opened and the water
in the settling basin plus the sand were forced to the river.

Fig. 3 settling basin
2.1.7 Sand drain gates

Sand drain gates are provided at the left side of the settling basin to drain water together with
accumulated foreign particles from each of the settling basin. They are two in number. These
gates are kept in fully closed position in normal but to be fully opened for sand drain operation.
2.1.8 Sand drain bulkhead gate

Sand drain bulkhead gate is provided at the centre wall of the settling basin to prevent blockage
of the connecting culvert between the centre wall and left side wall by deposits. This gate is kept
in fully closed position in normal, but to be fully opened for sand drain operation of the right side
basin.
2.1.9Maintenance flow outlet gate

Two of these gates were provided at the left side of the settling basin to release maintenance flow
to the downstream of the intake from each settling basin during the dry season. They are kept in
fully closed position in normal and to be fully opened as required.
2.1.10 Intake bulkhead gate

Intake bulkhead gate is provided for draining one out of the two settling basins to clean sand and
sediment. This gate is equipped at the downstream end of each settling basin with secondary
trash racks.
The gate is operable under balance condition of the upstream and downstream water pressures.
2.2 WATERWAY
It is the water path from intake to the power house it consist of the following;
Head Race
Surge Tank
Penstock Valve
Penstock
2.2.1 Headrace tunnel

Headrace tunnel is provided to lead water from the intake to the surge tank. It is provided as a
pressurized concrete lined circular type tunnel with an inner diameter of 4.2m and length of some
6,190m.Headrace tunnel drain pipe and valve has the following functions;
a). Draining sediments deposited at trap basin in headrace tunnel.
b). Draining water in the headrace tunnel in case of emergency.
c). Releasing the irrigation water.
2.2.2Surge tank
Surge tank is built between the headrace tunnel and the steel penstock to protect the headrace
tunnel and the steel penstock against water pressure fluctuation due to an operation of the sudden
lead rejection or rapid load increase at the powerhouse.

2.2.3 Penstock valve
Penstock valve is
equipped at the end
point of the steel
penstock, which is the
beginning point of an
inclined open portion
of the steel penstock
for a water draining
or filling operation of
the waterway as well
as for water shut-
down operation in an
emergency case with
over velocity of water
flow in the penstock.
The penstock valve is
kept at fully opened
position in normal
and closed as required
or automatically in an emergency case.
A set of air vent valve and a bypass pipe with a valve are equipped in the penstock valve for a
water draining or filling operation of the waterway
2.2.4 Penstock
It is basically provided to direct water right from the surge tank to the powerhouse.
The diameter of the penstock decreases from 3600cm to 3400cm then to 2200cm and to 1650cm
as it approaches the power house to obtain maximum pressure of the water. Before the water
enters the power house it is divided into three; two to the two turbines in the power house and the
other is allowed to flow for irrigation (future project).
It consists of a tunnel portion, inclined open portion, and encased branch portion, ten numbers of
concrete anchor blocks, which provide the mechanical anchorage for the penstock. The diameter
of the steel penstock reduces as it approaches the powerhouse. This increases the velocity.
Fig. 4 penstock
The below picture represents the penstock as obtained from the documented KENGEN SONDU-
MIRIU manual

Fig. 5 penstock overview
3.0 CHAPTER THREE
POWERSTATION
3.1 POWER HOUSE
This is where the hydro power generation takes place.
It has a generating equipment of an installed capacity of 60MW, and transmits the generated
electric power with a single transmission line to Kisumu substation which is connected to Lessos
substation which is a core sub-station of the national power system in the Western region via
Muhoroni substation.
The powerhouse is a semi-underground type reinforced concrete building. The water through a
penstock is divided into two branch pipes at the bifurcation just upstream of the powerhouse and
led to the powerhouse. The water rotates two turbines for the power generation and then is
released to the tailrace through the draft tube.
The following are the key components of the power house:
3.1.1 Main inlet Valves (MIV)

The water from the penstock is conveyed to the spiral casing via the Main Inlet Valve (MIV).
The main inlet valve is opened and closed using a servo motor (hydraulic motor) and it allows
water from the penstock to flow through the spiral casing to the turbine.
There are two pressure sensors at the MIV region; one from the penstock side and the other one
from the spiral casing side. These sensors monitor the pressure from the penstock side and that
from the spiral casing side and then the pressure transmitters transmit the pressure signal to the

governor. The pressure is transmitted to the governor via transmitters, that is, penstock and spiral
case pressure transmitters. The MIV is set to open only when the pressure from the penstock side
is equal to the pressure from the spiral casing side. When the main inlet valve is closed, pressure
at the penstock side is higher than that of the spiral casing side, so there is a by-pass valve to
allow the balancing of the pressure during the starting of the turbine. Before opening the MIV,
the by-pass valve is opened to allow water first to flow to spiral case and when the two pressures
are balanced, the MIV opens allowing water to the turbine.
Fig. 6 Main Inlet Valve
3.1.2 By pass valve

It is the opening/closing device in a pipe connecting the upstream and downstream side of the
valve in the main conduit. This bypass is used to equalize the pressure on the two sides of the
main valve to relieve the valve from large loads during normal opening and closing. The bypass
is also used to fill the spiral casing of Francis turbines.
3.1.3 Spiral casing and Stay Ring

The spiral case has one manhole of 600mm in diameter and whose cover is designed to open
outward. The hinges are outside the manhole cover and hinge bolts are of stainless steel. The
manhole cover is equipped with a round rubber packing of 6mm in diameter and is fixed with
stainless steel bolts for sealing purpose.
It is connected to the penstock and it supplies water to the runner. The spiral casing has inner
openings called stay vanes which release water to the runner. The stay vanes are closed or
opened by guide vanes. The spiral casing has a diameter which decreases gradually. This is to
maintain the pressure since some pressure is lost to the runner.
Fig. 7 The spiral casing
3.1.4 Guide vanes

It guides water tangentially to the runner. The radial flow acts on the runner and causes it to spin.
They are adjustable making it possible for efficient turbine operation depending on the load.
Guide vanes open and close at the same angle and time. They are controlled by a servomotor.
Moreover guide vanes are pivoted and can be turned by a suitable governing mechanism to
regulate the flow of water while the load changes.

Fig. 8 guide vanes
3.1.5 Runner
The runner is usually made of carbon steel casting. The water hits all round it and then falls
through causing the runner to spin. The runner is coupled with the turbine shaft. A shaft seal is
mounted on top of the runner to prevent uplifting of the rotor shaft by up thrust force of water.
The runner is coupled with the turbine shaft. Here is an example of a runner for Sang’oro power
station
Fig 9 Runner
3.1.6 Shaft
The mechanical energy produced by the tremendous force that rushes water on the turbine is
transmitted to the shaft which then conveys it to the generator.
The shaft must have a constant rotation speed to ensure quality of production. The length of the
shaft varies if the length to the rotor is very hollow then an intermediate shaft should be used in
the case of Sang’oro. The main advantage is to make work easy during decoupling. The shaft
have a coupling where the torque is applied which produces a high stress concentration. The
turbine exerts a torque on the shaft transmits the torque to the generator, the generator creates an
equal and opposite torque, net torque of the internal shearing stresses is an internal torque equal
and opposite to the applied torque.
The shaft connects the turbine to the generator.
Fig. 10 The Shaft
3.1.7 Turbine Drain pipes and Penstock

The penstock and turbine drain pipes is installed below each main inlet valve. The pipes are
installed to the steel penstock upstream and downstream of each main inlet valve to drain the
stored water in penstock and turbine respectively.

3.1.8 Draft tube gate
It links the runner to the tailrace. A draft tube gate is provided to close a draft tube outlet during
maintenance of the turbine or generating equipment. This gate operates under a balanced
condition of upstream and downstream water pressures.
Fig.11Draft tube
3.1.9 Tailrace.
It is provided to stabilize the discharged water from the draft tube and then lead it smoothly to
the tailrace channel.
3.1.10 The Governor and the Pressure Pumping Set

The governor is used to bring a unit to a synchronous speed, load the unit automatically once
synchronized and protect it from over speed under load loss conditions and shut down once it is
no longer required to be in operation.
The auxiliary power is derived from oil which is pressurized by electric motor driven pump
which takes its suction from a sump tank. Pressurized oil is stored in the accumulator tank.
Oil pump 1 operates continuously and the stand-by oil pump is operated intermittently. The main
pump (pump 1) pumps oil under the control of idler valve to maintain a pressure at receiver
between 14.8-16Mpa.
Pressure switch operates to start stand-by pump motor when pressure falls below 14.2Mpa due to
failure of main pump or excessive demand being made from pressure receiver. When pressure
builds up again to 16Mpa, pressure switch stops the stand-by pump.
Roles of main and stand-by pumps can be interchanged by means of a selector switch or push
button fitted in the unit control and indication panel.
3.1.11 Hydraulic accumulators

An accumulator contains a nitrogen gas bladder which is compressed upwards by oil being
pumped from bottom of the accumulator from the oil sump. Oil pressure build-up is used by the
servomotor for opening MIV, the by-pass valve and the guide vanes.
3.2 OUTDOOR SWITCHYARD
A conventional outdoor type switchyard is provided in the east side of the powerhouse .The
switchgear is equipped on the yard to connect with a 132kv transmission line to Kisumu
substation.
3.3 IRRIGATION OUTLET FACILITIES
They are provided on the west side of the powerhouse to release required water for planned Kano
plain irrigation project. They are composed of:
· A line of steel conduit pipe diverted from steel penstock
· A set of hollow jet valve unit with a guard gate.

4.0 CHAPTER FOUR
POWERHOUSE CABINETS
4.1 THE GENERATOR AND 11KV BUSBAR.
The following are specification of the generator;
Phase : 3
Phase’s sequence :UVW
Rated frequency : 50 Hz
Number of poles : 12
Rated speed : 500 rpm
Rated output : 33,700 kVA
Rated voltage : 11 kV
Rated current : 1769 A
Rated power factor : 0.9 lagging
Exciting current : 930 A
Exciting voltage : 77 V
Insulation : F Class (IEC)

4.1 The AC Generator
The generator used in Sondu Miriu power station is an alternating current (a.c) type of generator.
It is a three-phase generator with a rated output of 33,700kVA, rated voltage of 11KV, rated
current of 1769A, rated frequency of 50Hz, rated speed of 500rpm, rated power factor of 0.9
lagging. It has a cooling method of rim duct radial ventilation air cooling system with the
excitation current of 930A and excitation voltage of 77V.
The major components of the generator are the rotor, and the stator with additional
requirements such as the air gap, the cooling system, the braking system, bearings among other
components. The generator also has a housing that prevents the leakage of magnetic field as the
rotor rotates. The rotating part of the generator is coupled with slip rings on the upper part to
enable the provision of the field current and voltage for excitation to the rotor.
4.1.1 Stator
The generator stator, also called the armature, supports the iron core and windings, the rotor, and
the compartment coolers. The stator consists of a steel plate casing called the "wrapper" that
covers a frame that in turn holds the iron core. An iron core is used in order to produce a stronger
magnetic field for the generation of voltage. There are tubes within the wrapper to help distribute
cooling gas.
The core is made up of thousands of laminated steel sheet metal punching, each of which is
insulated from the others to avoid creating large currents in the core that would cause it to heat
up to an unacceptably high temperature. The punching is "stacked" with spaces between groups
of punching to allow for cooling ventilation.

The stator winding is a conventional lap wound design. The materials are all designed and tested
to provide reliable performance at Class F temperatures for the life of the machine.
Windings
Fig. 12The stator
4.1.2Rotor
The rotor is a rotating electromagnet part of the generator. This rotor requires a d.c electric
power to excite the magnetic field. The rotor of the generators of Sondu Miriu Power Station is
rated at 77V dc.
The rotor is provided with 12 field poles to suit the synchronous speed 500rpm under the rated
frequency 50Hz. The poles are spaced around the rotor rim and are magnetized by d.c power
flowing in the turns of the field coil around each pole. The magnetic flux crosses the air gap
between rotor and stator, flows radially through the stator teeth and hence to the area on pole
pitch away and back to the adjacent pole on the rotor. The field windings are insulated for Class
F insulation.
Physical dimensions and weight of the rotor and shaft are as follows:
Outer diameter of rotor : 3478mm
Gap between stator and rotor : 16mm
Height of rotor : 1234mm

Slip rings provide a connection and path for DC power into the rotating field windings.
The rotor is coupled to the turbine shaft, which is coupled to the runner. pole
Fig. 13 Rotor
4.2 Shaft and coupling
The coupling joins the driving shaft (turbine shaft) to the driven shaft (rotor shaft).The rigid
coupling should be sufficiently stiff so that no change in co linearity between top and bottom
shafts occurs during rotation.
Shaft run-out refers to the deviation of the shaft from its true centreline. Shaft run-out should be
zero or with tolerable limits beyond which shaft run-out sensor sends a machine trip signal.
Severe shaft run-out causes excessive vibration, seal wear and bearing damage.
Fig. 14 Shaft coupling device

4.3 The excitation system
Excitation refers to the continuous supply of voltage to the rotor in order to provide field current
which produces magnetic flux of the generator. Generators require direct current to energize its
magnetic field (rotor).The field when excited and rotated past the stationary conductors of the
stator, causes voltage to be generated at the generator terminals.
The amount of voltage generated at the generator terminals is a function of speed and the amount
of excitation supplied to the rotor through slip rings. A generator produces output voltage
proportional to the magnetic field which is proportional to the excitation current.
Part of the 11kV generated is tapped and stepped down to 134V by the excitation transformer.
These 134V is passed through the rectifier which converts the 134V A.C to 134V D.C. Through
the field breaker, the field current is fed to the rotor by carbon brushes through the slip rings.
When the machine has been shut, it does not have residual magnetism to build up to the rated
voltage. The D.C 110V from the battery room is used to supply current to the rotor until the
generator generates 3.3kV.The generator then self excites itself. This process occurs within a
span of seconds and the entire process is called field flushing.
The AVR or automatic voltage regulator is a regulator which is used to regulate the output
voltage at the nominal constant voltage level.
The AVR does the following roles
1. To regulate the generator terminal voltage. Mainly the generator under no load condition,
AVR regulates generator voltage to the voltage setter. AVR control part of the excitation,
excitation controls field current due to AVR command. AVR detects terminal voltage and
compares it with voltage setter or with the grid voltage. AVR regulates the field current
via the exciter. The generator terminal voltage is regulated by the field current. When the
grid voltage is greater than the terminal voltage then the field current will increase and
when the grid voltage is lower than the terminal voltage then the field current will
decrease.
2. To adjust the MVar or reactive power. When the generator is connected to the power
grid, the AVR adjust reactive power by regulator generator voltage.
4.4 Synchronization of the Alternating Current.
In an alternating current electric power system, synchronization is the process of matching

the frequency, voltage and phase sequence of the generator to the one that is already in the
grid. An AC generator cannot deliver power to an electrical grid unless it is running at the
same frequency as the network. If two segments of a grid are disconnected they exchange AC
power again until they are brought to synchronization.
Synchronization of generator is carried automatically. There are five conditions that must be
met for the synchronization process to be complete. The source generator or sub network
must have equal:
1. Line voltage
2. Frequency.
3. Phase sequence.
4. Phase angle.
5. Wave form to that of the system to which it is being synchronized
Wave form and phase sequence are fixed by the construction of the generator and its connections
to the system.
The machine circuit breaker closes only at the point the generator terminal voltage and the grid
voltage has been brought to synchronization. Therefore synchronization prevents the arc caused
in the breaker which results due to forced closure of the breaker when there is a mismatch
between the two voltages.

4.5 Battery Room
The battery banks in the battery room are regularly maintained by removing dust on them using
moist rags. The lead acid accumulators supply 110V DC which is used in various ways as listed
below in DC machines.
1. Initial excitation of the rotor coil for both unit 1 and unit 2.
2. No1 control source for 41 CB.
3. No2 control source for 41 CB.
4. Control source for 11kV
5. CB for unit 1.
6. Control source for 11kV CB for unit 2.
7. Control source for 11kV CB for station service.
8. Control source for 11kV for local feeder.
9. Control source for CB for 400V switchgear.
10. Control equipment for fire protection and etc.
The batteries have alkaline whose levels are maintained above the minimum level. The
batteries are connected in series with each having a voltage of 2V and 414Ah.The series
connection of the batteries gives a total of 110V DC since each bank has a total of 55
batteries. The batteries have sensors which monitor the alkaline level. The circuit below
shows the changeover systems for the power used in the power house.
Fig. 15 Battery section

4.6 Rectifiers
The rectifiers convert alternating current to unidirectional direct current for excitation.
Sondu Miriu Power station has two generators, and every generator has two rectifiers.
Although there are two rectifiers to each generator for rectification of voltage required for
excitation, only one rectifier is in use.
The other rectifier is redundant in that it checks the system and gets real-time information but
does not execute unless the other one fails, hence acting as an active back up rectifier.
The rectifier in use at any moment rectifies the 134V A.C from the excitation transformer to a
between 50-77V D.C depending on the amount of current generated. The redundant rectifier can
pick up automatically when the other one fails. The rated excitation voltage is 77V D.C but in
normal operations, the voltage varies between 50-77V D.C.
The rectifier has one bridge made up of thyristors.
4.7 The A.C. Field Breaker
The A.C. Field Breaker is used to close contact when the current for excitation is within the rated
field current (930A).
When this current goes beyond this rated current the field breaker will open and an indication of
fault in the excitation system will be registered since there will be no current going to the rotor.
4.8Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
The AVR utilizes a fast response microprocessor to control its AC to DC converter power stage
output that provides excitation to the generator to regulate the difference between the generator
stator voltage reference set point and feedback signal to zero. Reactive power sharing during
parallel operation of generator with other generators or a power system is achieved by the use of
droop compensation where the voltage feedback signal is increased by typically 0% to 5% as
lagging reactive load current increases from 0% to 100%.
4.9 Field Flashing
When the machine has been shut, it does not have residual magnetism to build up to the rated
voltage. The D.C 110V from the battery room is used to supply current to the rotor until the
generator generates 3.3KV.The generator then self excites itself.
The 11kV Bus Bars
This is the paths followed by the 11kV right from the generator, to the station transformers and
the main transformer. The 11kV bus bars begin from the output of the generators. The first
parallel branch of the 11kV bus bars goes to the excitation transformer as discussed above.
4.10 The Circuit Breaker of Generator
The other main 11kV bus bars go to the generator circuit breaker. The circuit breaker is uses
vacuum for absorbing the arc whenever it opens. In normal operation, the circuit breaker must
remain closed and only opens as a protection mechanism.
4.11 Neutral Grounding Resistor (NGR)
The NGR acts to limit generator fault current to a low level when a phase-to-ground fault occurs.
It also serves to protect the generator from excessively high magnetic stresses and temperatures
caused by high fault currents. The NGR is time-rated.

4.12Station And Local Service Transformers
Two sets of 1600kVA station service transformers and one set of 1000kVA local service
transformers were provided for supplying the station service and intake.
Station service transformer is a step down transformer which steps down the 11KV generated to
415V to be used at the powerhouse auxiliaries.
Local service transformers steps down 33KV from grid to 415 volts to be used at the powerhouse
in case the power station is not generating.
4.13 The Diesel Engine Generator
The diesel engine generator is provided for emergency power supply not only for back-starting a
generating unit but also for essential station-service load.
The emergency diesel engine generator is arranged to start automatically when an under voltage
relay on the 415V bus bar is operated. This usually happens when the station is not generating
and not receiving any supply from the grid.
It is interlocked with a 415V air circuit breaker for non-essential load so that the generator
cannot start unless the non-essential load is switched off.
4.14 Direct Current Station Service Supply System
Direct–current supply systems of 110V are provided for control source of equipment in power
station, switchyard control building and intake control house independently. Each system consist
of two sets of 110V dc supply system for control system.48 V DC system are also provided for
communication system at 132kv KPLC control building .Each 110V power system consist of
55batteries in the battery room each producing 2volts. A battery charger is provided for each of
them.
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE
BEARINGS AND COOLING SYSTEM
5.1 BEARINGS
5.1.1 Turbine Guide Bearings

They are installed just above the runner.
They ensure that the turbine rotates at a vertical position i.e. (90 degrees).
They are submerged in an oil tank in order to lubricate them. Small pipes consisting of water are
passed through the oil tank to cool them. There are eight turbine guide bearings each consisting
of a resistance temperature detector in order to monitor its temperature. This is done to make
sure that the oil is being cooled.
5.1.2 The Thrust Bearings

They are installed below the rotor beside the lower guide bearings to support the weight of
turbine rotor generator and water thrust load. It’s a spring supported type which consist of pieces
of thrust pads and pieces of coil springs.
Thrust bearing is assembled into a housing, which is bolted at the upper end shield, and the upper
end shield is bolted against the stator frame

5.1.3 Lower Guide Bearings
They are placed below the rotor to suppress the radial swing of the rotor .They ensure that the
rotor rotates in a vertical position. It consist of pieces of segment metal sustained by pivot and is
placed in an oil tank.
5.1.4 Upper Guide Bearings

They are installed on the upper part of the generator to suppress the radial swing of the rotor at
the upper part. It consist of pieces of segment metal sustained by pivot and is placed in an oil
tank.
5.2 THE COOLING SYSTEM
In the synchronous machine, heats are generated in several parts such as copper loss of the
armature and the field winding, iron loss of the armature core, and mechanical loss. To lower the
temperature of the insulation materials below the thermal limits, these heats should be removed
from the machine. Therefore, air and water is used for cooling the system.
5.2.1 Air and Water Cooling System

Water is supplied to the cooling system from draft tube then it is pumped through the strainers.
When the strainers are being cleaned there is a bypass system that ensure continues flow of
water. The strainers are four but two are standby. From the strainers water branches into two
ways, one way heads normal use and the other heads to the generator turbine.
The cooling water system is used for the following:
· Cooling water to heat exchangers for lubricating oil in turbine bearing.
· Cooling water for generator coolers generator guide bearing coolers.
· Cooling water to heat exchanger for lubricating oil in thrust bearing.
The cooling water is contained in a green pipe while oil is contained in a brown pipe. The
cooling water is pumped from the draft tube and it is passed through a strainer for filtration and
makes it free from particles. Oil is pumped by an oil pump. The cooling water is used to cool the
oil by the use of heat exchanger. Small pipes containing water is passed through oil hence
cooling the oil.
5.2.2 Strainers Cleaning for Cooling Water System

When the pressure differential across the filter element increases due to debris clogging beyond a
pre-set value, a debris stirring motor automatically starts to clean the strainer and the debris
outlet valve opens to empty the debris. The pressure reducing valve is fitted in the line to reduce
the water pressure to suit the generator and turbine coolers.

5.0 CHAPTER FIVE
THE MAIN POWER TRANSFORMER
5.1 The Main Power Transformer

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. Commonly transformers are used to step up
or step down the voltages of alternating current in electric power applications. A varying
current in the transformer primary windings creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a
varying electromotive force or voltage in the secondary winding.
The transformer connection for our case is delta star connection.
There two main transformers one for each unit.
They are used to step up the voltage from 11kV to 132kV to reduce power loss during
transmission to Mamboleo in Kisumu. The transformer for unit one is called on load tap
changer transformer while that of unit two is called off load tap changer transformer. The
main transformer has different parts as illustrated below.
Fig. 16 Unit1 Main power Transformer
5.1.2 Parts Of A Transformer

a) The Core
It is used to support the windings in the transformer. It also provides a low reluctance path to the
flow of magnetic flux. It is made up of laminated soft iron core in order to reduce eddy current
loss and Hysteresis loss. The composition of a transformer core depends on such factors as
voltage, current, and frequency. Diameter of the transformer core is directly proportional to
copper loss and is inversely proportion to the iron loss. If diameter of the core is decreased, the
weight of the steel in the core is reduced which leads to less core loss of transformer and the
copper loss increase. The vice versa happen when the diameter is increased.
b) The Transformer Windings
There are two windings wound over the transformer core which are insulated from each other.
There are two types of windings based on voltage. These are:
High voltage winding

The high voltage windings are made up of copper coil. The number of turns in it is the multiple
of the number of turns in the low voltage windings. It has copper coils thinner than that of the
low voltage windings.
Low voltage windings
The low voltage winding has less number of turns than that of the high voltage windings. It is
made up of the thick copper conductors. This is because the current in the low voltage windings
is higher than that of high voltage windings.
c) Conservator
Conservator conserves the transformer oil. It is an airtight metallic cylindrical drum which is
fitted above the transformer. The conservator tank is vented to the atmosphere at the top and the
normal oil level is approximately in the middle of the conservator to allow expansion and
contraction of oil during the temperature variations. It is connected to the main tank inside the
transformer which is completely filled with transformer oil through a pipeline.

Fig.17 oil conservator position
d) Breather
Breather consists of silica gel contained in a chamber. When the atmospheric air passes through
the silica gel breather the moisture contents are absorbed by the silica crystals. Silica gel breather
is acts like an air filter for the transformer and controls the moisture level inside a transformer. It
is connected to the end of breather pipe. They are dark blue in color and turn light blue when it
has absorbed moisture. Whey they all turn pink, it means that they should be replaced or
regenerated. They are regenerated by drying them in the sun. Above the silica gels is some oil
used to trap dust.
e) Tap Changers
One of the most suitable methods of controlling voltage variation for long line transmission is by
using tap changing transformers. In this method, a number of tapings are provided on the
secondary of the transformer. The voltage drop in the line is supplied by changing the secondary
e.m.f. of the transformer through the adjustment of its number of turns. There are two types of
tap changing transformers.
On load tap changing transformers. In supply system, tap-changing has normally to be
performed on load so that there is no interruption to supply.
Off load tap changing transformers. It cannot be for tap changing on load.
f) Buchholz Relay

Is a protective relay unit installed in connecting pipe between the main tank and conservator with
rising angle of 5 degrees and arrow indicator on relay pointing to the conservator It is used to
sense the faults occurring inside the transformer. It is a simple relay which is operated by the
gases emitted due to the decomposition of transformer oil during internal faults. It helps in
sensing and protecting the transformer from internal faults. In normal operation the relay is
completely filled with insulating liquid, if oil drops, upper float operates the alarm signal, in case
the oil drops still further the lower float oil will then operate the trip contact.
g) Cooling The Transformer
The cooling of transformer is the process of dissipation of heat developed in the transformer to
the surroundings. The losses occurring in the transformer are converted into heat which increases
the temperature of the windings and the core. In order to dissipate the heat generated cooling
should be done.
The main transformers are oil cooled but air forced. In this method the tank is made hollow and
air is blown to cool the transformer. This increases the cooling of transformer tank to five to six
time its natural means. An external radiator is connected to the transformer and is cooled by air
blast produced by the fans. These fans are provided with automatic switching. When the
temperature goes beyond the predetermined value the fans will be automatically switched on.
h) Bushing
Is an important part of power transformer which is used to insulate the incoming or outgoing
conductor into or out of a grounded transformer part, in power transformer it is the transformer
main tank. The bushings connect the windings of the transformer to the supply line and insulate
the feed through conductor from the transformer main tank.
i) Arc horns
The transformers are fitted with arc horns which absorb any external inducement that is voltage
and current caused during lightning. There is need to absorb any external inducement because
the transformers are rated and any external voltage or power may cause it to exceed the rated
voltage and current that may result to explosion or blast.
5.2 Lightning Arrestors
They are used to protect vital equipment and installation (especially transformer) against
atmospheric over voltage and switching overvoltage. Lightning arrestors are filled in parallel
with the object generally between phase and earth .Because of the limited spatial range
protection, the arrestor must be connected as close as possible to the object being protected.
5.3 Instrument Transformers
The lines in sub-stations operate at high voltages and carry current of thousands of amperes. The
measuring instruments and protective devices are designed for low voltages (generally 110 V)
and currents (about 5 A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactorily if mounted directly on the
power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing instrument transformers on the power
lines. The function of these instrument transformers is to transfer voltages or currents in the

power lines to values which are convenient for the operation of measuring instruments and
relays. There are two types of instrument transformers:
(a)Current transformers
A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer which steps down the current to a
known ratio. The primary winding of this transformer consists of one or more turns of thick wire
connected in series with the line. The secondary winding consists of a large number of turns of
fine wire and provides for the measuring instruments and relays a current which is a constant
fraction of the current in the line.
(b)Voltage transformer
It is essentially a step down transformer and steps down the voltage to a known ratio. The
primary of this transformer consists of a large number of turns of fine wire connected across the
line. The secondary winding consists of a few turns and provides for measuring instruments and
relays a voltage which is a known fraction of the line voltage.
5.4 Neutral Grounding Transformer
The generator stator windings are arranged for star connection. The neutral ends are bussed in
the generator pit and the neutral point is connected with a single phase grounding transformer
through a single pole disconnected. The connection between the neutral point and the disconnect
or is made by a 240/11KV single core. It steps down any voltage to 240V before grounding it.
The transformer provide a high impedance to normal currents but allow ground fault
currents(zero sequence) to flow thereby allowing protective devices to operate if a ground fault
occurs.
5.5 Line Circuit Breakers
It is used to perform switching operations in an electrical circuit under normal conditions as well
as abnormal conditions. It can open and close a circuit under all conditions i.e. no load, full load,
and fault conditions. When a circuit breaker is employed in the protection of an electrical circuit,
they are equipped with a trip coil connected to a relay arrangement, which is designed to sense
the abnormal conditions and close the trip circuit. Therefore an additional relay arrangement is
always required for the automated operation of a circuit breaker.
Fig. 18 Line Circuit Breakers
Principle of operation
A circuit breaker consists of a fixed contact and a moving contact. Under normal conditions
these contacts touching each other and will carry current. When an abnormal condition is sensed
by the relay arrangement provided, it energizes the trip coils and pulls back the moving contact
apart and opens the circuit breaker, thereby interrupting the flow of current. The circuit breaker

is reset manually or automatically after the clearance of fault. Circuit breakers can also be
operated manually.
Most circuit breakers used in KENGEN SONDU-MIRIU are of SF 6. SF6 meaning that sulfur-
hexafluoride gas is used to quench the electric arc produced during operation. SF 6 gas is used
because of its good dielectric strength, efficient quenching agent and high cooling effect. It also
has a unique property of fast recombination with the arc
5.6 Isolators/Disconnections
It’s designed to open a circuit under no load. Its main function is to isolate one portion of the
circuit from the other and is not intended to be opened while current is still flowing in the line.
Such switches are generally used in both sets of the breakers in order that the repairs and
replacement of breakers can be made without any danger. They should never be opened until the
circuit in the same circuit has been opened and should be closed before the circuit breaker is
closed.
Fig.1911kv isolator
6.0 CHAPTER SIX
SENSORS AND DETECTORS
A sensor is a device that responds to a stimulus such as heat, light or pressure. It then generates a
signal that can be measured or interpreted . Several sensors and detectors determine the

parameters at which normal operations of all the machine parts are determined.
Fig. 20 Sensor Block Diagram
6.1 Types Of Sensors And Detectors
a) Heat Sensors
Heat sensor is a transducer that generates an electrical signal proportional to the total heat
applied to the surface of the sensor. Heat sensors include the Resistance Temperature Detectors,
Thermal Relays, and Liquid -in-metal thermometers, Heat Detectors, Smoke Detectors.
b) Smoke Detectors incorporated with heat sensors
The power station has ionization smoke detectors respond to very small smoke particles a wide
range of responses. They are most sensitive to hot fast burning fires, and less sensitive to slow
smouldering fires. There are various smoke and heat detectors installed within the powerhouse as
an indication and protection mechanism. Whenever, the detectors trigger the alarm system,
evacuation of the powerhouse and assembling at the fire assembly point is mandatory. These
alarms are the most dangerous alarms to be experienced or heard in the powerhouse hence the
heat and smoke detectors must be accurate.
c) Pressure Sensors
It is a device fitted on the penstock side and spiral casing side of the MIV. Its diaphragm is
deflected by the applied pressure. This deflection is converted into an electrical signal. Its
electronic unit converts the electrical signal generated to a current in the range 4-20mA for to a
remote instrument.
Before opening the MIV, it is critical that the penstock pressure balances the spiral casing
pressure, and the two pressure transmitters located on the opposite sides of the MIV achieves
this. The By-pass valve will open and fill the spiral casing side until these two pressures are
balanced then closes to open the MIV. They are directly connected to brown pipes, which
receive water at the same pressure as the penstock or the spiral casing.
d) Resistance Temperature Detectors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are temperature sensors that contain a resistor that
changes resistance value as its temperature changes. The 3-wire RTDs are used with the all the
bearings to determine their temperatures.3-wire RTD’s are more accurate than 2-wire RTD’s.
They are also used to determine the temperature of oil in the transformer hence the temperature
of the windings. Every bearing has its RTD.
e) Vibration Sensors
On the turbine shaft-bearing casing, there are vibration sensors installed to check on the runner
vibration. It checks the vibration of the turbine and the turbine shaft as it rotates. The turbine and
turbine shaft has a level at which it should vibrate and when this level is passed, the sensor will
indicate an alarm.
f) Flow Sensors

The amount of water hitting the runner per second must be determined because it is the changing
parameter determining the generated voltage. There are flow sensors, which determine the
volume of water passing to the runner per second. Therefore, the flow sensor must be able to
record this amount adequately and appropriately. Flow sensors are also used in determining the
amount of cooling water getting into the cooling system per minute. There are thresholds to be
maintained.
When the flow rate of water to the cooling system goes below 21litres per minute, an alarm is
initiated and this alarm will continue until this problem is resolved.
Cooling water Flow sensor limits for Sondu Power Station.
Flow meter for; Normal operating limit Alarm limit
Turbine guide bearing ≥65l/min ≤25l/min

Gen. lower guide bearing ≥45l/min ≤30l/min
Gen. thrust bearing ≥300l/min ≤200l/min
Gen .air cooler ≥1900l/min ≤1250l/min
The normal operating limits and alarm limits of the flow meters.
g) Moisture Sensors
Water contamination of the oils used to lubricate large turbine shaft guide and thrust bearings at
hydroelectric projects can result in expensive downtime for the turbine-generator unit.
This sensor detects moisture particles in the turbine bearing oil sump. Moisture in oil will alter
its lubrication properties and thus need for an alarm when detected.
h) Shaft-Run-Out Sensors
The rotating shaft must always rotate at a vertical position and it should not at any time rotate
outside its axis. The shaft run out sensor is an inductive proximity sensor, which determines how
close the shaft is to the sensor as it rotates. The difference between the rotating shaft and the
sensor pin should be 2mm and this distance must be maintained at all times. Whenever this
distance changes, the proximity of the shaft changes and the sensor will trigger an alarm to
indicate that the rotating shaft is not rotating about its axis.
i)Shear -Pin Sensors
Shear pins sensors monitor guide vanes moving angle.
All the guide vanes must open and close at the same angle and at the same time.
The servomechanism guiding the regulating ring must ensure uniformity of these actions. Every
guide vane is, therefore, has a shear pin that determines the angle at, which they open. When the
guide vane arms stretch to rotate the guide vane in opening or closing position, the shear pins
rotate based on the angle of opening or closing, thereby determining the angle at which all the
guide vanes rotate. The process will not continue unless the shear pins determine that all the
guide vanes opened or closed at the same angle of rotation.
j) Speed Signal Generator (SSG)
It is positioned at the top of the generator. The toothed wheel of SSG has 120 teeth. The turbine
rated speed is 500rpm, 60000pulses (120teeth*500rpm) are registered in the unit PLC and the
Governor. If 30000pulses (250rpm) are registered in the governor, the governor initiates more
opening of the guide vanes to allow more water into the runner until 60000pulses (500rpm
turbine speed) are registered.
k) Level Gauges
One important parameter is the determination of the level of oil or water at a certain point within
the power plant. One important level gauge is the intake weir water level indicator (numerical
meter). The numerical meter/water level indicator is a gauge operating just like the normal

analogue watches. The two hands are geared together with the longer hand being of a small gear
and the short hand of a large gear. The operational level of the intake weir water should be EL.
1402.5m. Once the water level indicator determines that this point is reached, other actions are
actuated based on the signal from the gauge.
The principle operation of the water level indicator utilizes a spring loaded floating object. When
the level rises, the spring tightens hence rotating the longhand gear. When the longhand gear
makes one revolution, it rotates the shorthand gear for a certain distance of 1m. There are also
level gauges that determine the level of cooling and lubricating oil in the bearings
7.0 CHAPTER SEVEN
PROTECTION SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The generator and the main transformer must be protected from any other external or
abnormal parameters. These two critical machines must operate only when all the
real-time conditions are normal and any other change in certain parameters should
automatically trigger a disengagement from the system or an immediate stop until
they are rectified. There are two major forms of protection within Sondu-Miriu
power plant and these are generator and main transformer protection. This indicates
that there are two major protection relays, each for the two.
7.1 Generator Protection System
7.1.1 Generator Protection

Generator protection schemes determine when the generator needs to be protected and the
consequences of their failure to operate. One common aspect with generator protection is the
tripping aspect. There are different classes of generator protective trips defined as Class A, Class
B, Class C and Class D trips. The Class A generator trip will completely separate the generator
from the grid, and shut down the turbine generator by tripping both the turbine and the field
breaker. Class B generator trip will disconnect the generator from the gird, but will leave the
turbine generator supplying the unit load. This can be due to the problem within the grid, which
causes loss of load. Class C generator trip is generator over-excitation trip. This occurs only if
the generator is not connected to the grid. Finally, Class D generator trips occur when the
generator begins the motoring process due to mechanical problems with the turbine generator set.
7.1.2 Stator Earth Fault protection

This is the fault which occurs when there is a leakage in the stator windings to the ground.

A fault to earth is liable to be caused by arcing to the core and may not only damage the
conductor but also cause burning and welding of the laminations.
To limit this damage it is almost universal practice to connect impedance or an earth resistance
between the generator winding neutral and the earth. Practice varies on the method adopted for
grounding and the impedance used. Phase to phase or three-phase short circuit are not limited by
the earth impedance. Here the use of neutral grounding transformer is applied.
7.1.3 Neutral Overvoltage Protection

Any generator phase leakage causes a voltage to appear at the star point. Here the primary of the
grounding transformer is connected across earth and neutral point of the stator winding.
Secondary of the transformer is loaded by a suitable resistor and one overvoltage relay is also
connected across.
7.1.4 Rotor Earth Fault Protection

Rotor earth fault correction was done in Sang’oro Station. Carbon brushes particles connect rotor
to the grounded generator casing thus lowering insulation resistance of the rotor.
Firstly, the Insulation Resistance (IR) of the rotor against the ground was measured using a
mugger. The IR value almost approaches 0 MΩ. Secondly, cleaning of oil and carbon brushes
that caused rotor earth fault was done. Thirdly, the Insulation Resistance (IR) of the rotor against
the ground was measured again. The IR value was about 48MΩ. In ideal case, IR should
approach ∞.The short-circuited portion of winding causes unbalanced magnetic field and the
mechanical damage of bearing occurs due to unbalanced rotation.
A protection relay is employed to detect current leakage to earth and protect the rotor from such.
The current will flow through the limiting resistor then through the rotor ground fault protection
relay which is connected to alarm and trip contacts then to the ground then back to the fault
location. Current flowing through the relay will bring an alarm.
7.1.5 Phase Under Voltage Protection
This is protected by incorporating the use voltage regulator in the excitation system to ensure
that the excitation voltage is supplied according to the required voltage by the system.
7.1.6 Over Current Protection

Back-up over current protection may be provided to generator either as a standby protection
against faults in the network or as a safeguard against failure of the generator unit protection.
This involves the use of over-current relays. The over current relay serves as a very useful
standby system of protection for such periods as for example, when the differential protection is
being tested at which time the over current settings can be varied at discretion to suit the
temporary condition. With the advent of modern static quick response type automatic voltage
regulators controlling large reserves of excitation power, the generator circuit decrement in fault
condition is delayed and so that over-current/times settings can be chosen as to give back up
cover against through fault conditions as well. In such cases, however, possible regulator is out
of circus it for maintenance.
7.1.7 Over/Under Frequency Protection

Large hydro generator connected to EHV power system sometimes leads to severe system
frequency swings because of the complexity of modern EHV power system. This may cause
generator to go out of step.
The deviation of the frequency from the rated system frequency indicates unbalance between the
generated power and the load demand. If the generator is large as compared to over frequency
operation .This results from excess generation and it can be easily controlled by the reduction of
outputs with the help of governor or manual operation.

Under frequency operation occurs due to the excess voltage. During an overvoltage generation
capability of the generation increases and reduction in frequency occurs.
7.1.8 Loss of Field/Excitation Protection

Failure of DC excitation causes the machine to run as an induction generator, the stator drawing
magnetizing currents from the Ac system. Due to saliency, normal hydro generators may carry
20-25% of normal load without field and not lose synchronism.
Loss of field when a hydro generator is carrying full load may cause over loading of the stator by
operating at low power factor, and of overheating the rotor owing to induced currents in the rotor
body and damper windings. The unit will impose VAR drain on the system
7.1.9 Generator differential protection

The difference between the incoming and the outgoing current in each generator phase is
arranged to flow through relay operating coil. If this difference is equal to or greater than pick up
value, the relay will operate and then open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.
Fig. 21 Circuit
diagram of Generator
Differential protection
scheme.
7.1.10 Phase Unbalance

Protection
If the generator continuous to operate with the phase imbalance, currents in the windings will
increase due to additional induced circulating currents(these currents will also cause heating of
other internal components of the generator).This will result in rapid and uneven heating within
the generator. Possible damage to insulation and windings (hence, reduced machine life) and
thermal distortion could occur.
A specialized relay to detect these circulating currents, called Negative Sequence Current Relay
(Since the Induced currents are negative sequence currents) is used to detect the phase imbalance
within the generator during unbalanced fault conditions. A differential scheme could be used
between the three phases to detect excessive variations in currents caused by uneven loading.
The unbalanced magnetic forces within the generator due to these currents will also cause
excessive vibration. This may result in bearing wear/damage and reduced machine life, and may
result in a high vibration trip.
Causes of phase imbalance include unequal load distribution, grid faults and winding faults.
7.2 11kv/132kv Line Protection
The line can also be protected against the surges by the use of surge diverters and the lightning
arrestors as well as differential line protection scheme.

7.3 Main Transformer Protection
The main transformer must be protected. The protection used for the main transformer includes
the Buchholz protection, winding/core temperature protection among other forms of protection.
a)Buchholz Protection
Buchholz protection uses a relay system that works on a simple mechanical phenomenon. The
relay is mechanically actuated. Whenever there is a minor internal fault in the transformer such
as insulation faults, the transformer insulating oil will be decomposed in different hydrocarbon
gases. The gases accumulate in the upper part of the buchholz container, which causes fall of oil
level in it. Lowering the oil level lowers the position of the float and thereby tilting the mercury
switch. The contact of the mercury switch are closed hence an alarm circuit is energized. More
severe fault types such as short circuit between phases or to earth and fault in the tap changing
equipment, are accompanied by a surge of oil, which strikes the baffle plate causing the mercury
switch of the lower element to close. This switch would energize the trip circuit of the breaker
thereby isolating the faulty transformer from the rest of the power system.
b)Windings/Core Temperature Protection
Due to high current, the transformer windings get heated thereby increasing the temperature of
the transformer core which in turn may lead to the burning of the windings and in order to
prevent this transformer cooling system must be maintained. The cooling is done by the use of
the oil and the air through the fans.
Overheating of the transformer winding and core due to over loading, failure of transformer
cooling system or core lamination short circuit is detected by temperature sensors embedded at
various points in transformer winding. Temperature sensors for protection of transformer
winding continuously monitor temperature of the winding. The sensors are normally connected
to data acquisition system for scanning, recording and alarm and tripping for abnormal
temperature rise if necessary.
c) Restricted earth fault protection.

It is similar to generator differential protection in working. It protects the high voltage winding
of 11/220KV power transformer against internal faults. One set current transformers of the
power transformer on neutral and phase side, is exclusively used for this protection. The
protection cannot detect turn-to-turn fault within one winding. Upon the detection of a phase-to-
phase or phase-to-ground fault in the winding, the unit will be tripped without time delay.
7.4 Substation Protection Against Lightning
A substation has to be shielded against direct lightning strikes by provision of overhead earth
wires, spikes and earthing pylons. This equipment is essential irrespective of the ceramic level of
the area due to serious consequences and damage to costly equipment in case substation is hit by
a direct stroke. The choice between these two methods depends upon several factors economy
being the most important consideration. Both the methods have been used sometimes even in the
same station. Generally, the spikes method involves taller structures than the alternative of using
earth wires. Another method' comprises the use of separate lightning masts which are provided at
location determined on the basis of substation area and height of bus-bars. - Besides providing
lightning protection, these masts serve as supports for luminaries required for switchyard
illumination. Spikes and the earth-wire have to be suitably placed so as to provide coverage to
the entire substation equipment. Generally an angle of shield of about 45° for the area between
ground wires and, 30° for other areas is considered adequate for the design of lightning
protection system.
Transformer differential protection:
On a system with grounded neutrals, any current which leaves a line conductor and returns to the
neutrals via ground as in a fault to ground, is a residual current and can be measured in the
neutral (common) load of the star connected secondary’s of a set of current transformers in the
three phases of that line by the use of the differential protection. This current generally spearing

represents a fault current quite independent of load. It can therefore, be used in a current relay of
sensitive setting.
CHALENGES
Sondu Miriu Power Stations is in a remote place which has not developed therefore comes the
challenge of getting accommodation within the vicinity of the area of the station. There was no
accommodation offered it’s upon an individual to plan for a place to stay.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Despite having a smooth operations at SONDU-MIRIU with limited setback during my 12
weeks attachment duration at the power station but I would surely like to recommend the
followings;
· The interior road to the intake should be repaired to enable smooth flow of
vehicles.
· The company should provide earmuffs to the employees because the sound
produced at the shaft and turbine floor is too high and can cause eardrum damage.
CONCLUSION
Sondu Miriu is a hydropower station. This is the cheapest way to generate electricity today; no
other energy source renewable or non-renewable can match it. It is cheap because once a dam
has been built and equipment installed then electricity can be generated. It is also environment
friendly.
KENGEN Sondu-Miriu plant has benefited the community in terms of provision of treated water,
construction of schools and provision of trees.

It is also a beneficiary to students to get an opportunity to be trained in their Engineering fields
of specialization.
The experiences gained in this attachment have proven to be invaluable for me. Amongst the
technical skills gained that strengthened my knowledge in the field of electricity generation, I
have also learned to be independent and self-sustaining through this attachment which will be
useful in both my career and character development. Through this attachment, I have also gained
a greater awareness of the cultural diversity and the importance of communication skills.
REFERENCES
1. Electrical Technology by BL and BK The raja
2. Instrument Transformer manual from India Instrument Transformer manufacturers.
3. Operation and Maintenance Manual for Sondu Miriu Hydropower Project.
4. IET, OMICRON and KENGEN training manual on Hydro’s.
5. Google search (internet).

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KENYA ELECTRICITY GENERATING COMPANY (KENGEN)

(SONDU MIRIU POWER STATION)

Industrial Report Page 1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NAME: JOAN ACHIENG OMONDI

ADMISSION NO: TKNP/B/3555

TITLE: INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT

PERIOD: 4TH SEPTEMBER TO 30TH NOVEMBER 2023

KENGEN SUPERVISOR: DENNIS GITHINJI

COLLEGE SUPERVISOR: MADAM AGNES OBWARE

NAME : JOAN ACHIENG OMONDI

Industrial Report Page 3

Industrial Report Page 5

1.1 BACKGROUND OF KENGEN

develop electricity generating facilities in the country.

capacity of 766.88MW, which is 64.9% of the company’s installed capacity.

Industrial Report Page 7

1.3 THEORY OF KENGEN SONDU MIRIU POWER PLANT

Installed capacity 60MW

Year of commissioning 2007

Turbine manufacturer Toshiba

Generator manufacturer- Toshiba

Estimated cost of development Ksh. 18billions

Industrial Report Page 9

electric energy in the Eastern Africa Region.

1.3.4 COMPANY CORE VALUES

v Qualified trained staff

v Skills and motivation

To achieve this commitment;

1.4 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT TO THE COMMUNITY

rehabilitation of schools e.g. Thurdibuoro Secondary School, and development of infrastructure

providing seedlings to the community at no cost at all.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT

The objectives of the Industrial Training programme are as follows:

Industrial Report Page 11

During my attachment, I focused on the following:

· Learning about the whole concept of hydroelectric power production

OVERVIEW OF THE STATION WATER-WAY

2.1.1Main water Intake.

2.1.2 Spillway Gates

Industrial Report Page 13

Fig. 1 Spillway gates

2.1.3 Sand Flush Gate

2.1.4 Trash rack

Fig. 2 intake gates

Industrial Report Page 15

2.1.7 Sand drain gates

2.1.8 Sand drain bulkhead gate

2.1.9Maintenance flow outlet gate

2.1.10 Intake bulkhead gate

2.2.1 Headrace tunnel

a). Draining sediments deposited at trap basin in headrace tunnel.

b). Draining water in the headrace tunnel in case of emergency.

c). Releasing the irrigation water.

Industrial Report Page 17

Industrial Report Page 19

3.1 POWER HOUSE

This is where the hydro power generation takes place.

released to the tailrace through the draft tube.

The following are the key components of the power house: