Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar
Web: uep.edu.ph email: uepnsofficial@gmail.com

Graduate School
BioSci 804 HISTORY OF SCIENCE
Second Semester SY 2024
FIRST EXAMINATION

Name: Mikee B. Domalaon Score:___________

Course&Section: MSBioSci-1stYr Date: Feb 25, 2024

Instruction: Read and understand the test. In each number, there is more than one question.
Make sure to answer all the given questions comprehensively. You have 100 pts score of this
examination. Good luck!

1. What is the brief History of Science? Who invented Science and Technology? When
the Science and Technology start? What are Science and its origin? What is basic
Nature of Science and sights some examples.

Answer: The Concise History of Science: The history of science is an extensive and
intricate subject that spans thousands of years. It originated from early human observations
and curiosity about the natural world. Ancient civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt,
Greece, and China, made significant contributions to scientific knowledge across various
fields. The formalization and systematic study of science began in ancient Greece,
particularly during the Classical period, with notable philosophers and scientists like Aristotle
and Pythagoras. And in the invention of Science and Technology: Science and technology
did not emerge from the mind of a single individual or at a specific moment in history.
Instead, they have evolved over time through the cumulative efforts of countless scientists,
inventors, and innovators. The development of science and technology can be attributed to
the collective contributions of individuals from different cultures and time periods. To add up
in the origins of Science and Technology: The origins of science and technology can be
traced back to ancient civilizations. For instance, in Mesopotamia, the development of
writing systems enabled the recording of scientific knowledge. In ancient Egypt,
advancements in mathematics and engineering were made to support architectural and
agricultural practices. In ancient Greece, philosophers like Thales and Democritus laid the
groundwork for scientific thinking and inquiry. Also, the Birth of Science: Science, as we
comprehend it today, finds its roots in the natural philosophy of ancient Greece. The term
"science" is derived from the Latin word "scientia," which means knowledge. The ancient
Greeks sought to understand the natural world through observation, reasoning, and logical
analysis. They established the foundation for the scientific method, which involves making
observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions
based on empirical evidence. And here are the Fundamental Nature of Science and
Examples: The fundamental nature of science is characterized by its reliance on empirical
evidence, objectivity, and the pursuit of knowledge through systematic observation and
experimentation. It is a self-correcting and iterative process that aims to uncover the
underlying principles and laws governing the natural world.

Examples of the fundamental nature of science include:

1. Theory of Evolution: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is supported by extensive

empirical evidence from various scientific disciplines such as paleontology, genetics, and
comparative anatomy. It explains the diversity of life on Earth through natural selection and
adaptation.

2. Laws of Motion: Isaac Newton's laws of motion, based on empirical observations and
mathematical calculations, describe the fundamental principles governing the motion of
objects. These laws have been extensively tested and validated through experimentation.

3. Germ Theory of Disease: The germ theory of disease, developed by Louis Pasteur and
Robert Koch, provides a scientific explanation for the causes of infectious diseases. It is
based on the observation that microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, can cause illness.

4. DNA Structure: The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA by James Watson and
Francis Crick is a prime example of scientific inquiry and experimentation. This
breakthrough paved the way for advancements in genetics and our understanding of heredity.

These examples illustrate how science operates by gathering evidence, formulating theories
and laws, and continuously refining our understanding of the natural world.

2. What is origin nature of origin of science to modern science?

Answer: The Origin and Nature of Science: Science finds its roots in ancient civilizations,
where humans began observing and seeking explanations for natural phenomena. The ancient
Greeks, particularly influential figures like Aristotle and Pythagoras, played a pivotal role in
shaping the foundations of modern science. These ancient Greek thinkers emphasized the
significance of observation, logical reasoning, and systematic thinking in comprehending the
natural world. Through their philosophical inquiries and scientific investigations, they aimed
to uncover the underlying principles and laws governing the universe. The Nature of Science:
While the nature of science has evolved over time, it continues to be characterized by several
key aspects which are the following:

1. Empirical Observation: Science relies on empirical evidence obtained through systematic

observation and experimentation. Scientists carefully observe natural phenomena, gather data,
and analyze it to formulate hypotheses and draw conclusions.
2. Objectivity: Science strives to be objective and free from bias. Scientists aim to minimize
personal biases and subjective interpretations by employing rigorous methodologies and peer
review processes. This ensures the development of reliable and valid scientific knowledge.

3. Systematic Approach: Science follows a systematic approach to investigate and understand

the natural world. It involves formulating testable hypotheses, designing experiments or
studies, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on evidence.

4. Provisional Nature: Scientific knowledge is considered provisional and subject to change

as new evidence emerges. Scientific theories and explanations are continually refined and
revised based on new observations and experimental findings.

5. Collaboration and Communication: Science is a collaborative endeavor that involves

sharing knowledge and findings with the scientific community. Scientists communicate their
research through publications, conferences, and peer-reviewed journals, allowing for critical
evaluation and further advancement of scientific knowledge.

While in Modern Science and the Continuity of the Scientific Method: Modern science builds
upon the foundations laid by ancient civilizations and the development of scientific
methodologies and principles. The scientific method, which involves making observations,
formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions based on evidence,
remains a fundamental approach in modern scientific inquiry. Modern science has witnessed
significant advancements in various fields, including physics, chemistry, biology, and
technology. These advancements have led to breakthroughs in areas such as genetics,
medicine, space exploration, and information technology. The continuity of the scientific
method and the nature of science enable the ongoing exploration and understanding of the
natural world. Through the application of rigorous methodologies, critical thinking, and
collaboration, modern science continues to expand our knowledge and shape our
understanding of the universe.

3. In Science Ancient World, who is father of Ancient World? Why is history considered
a scientific discipline, how does the history relate to science

Answer: In the Ancient World, numerous influential figures made significant contributions
to science. While it is challenging to attribute the title of "father of the Ancient World" to a
single individual, there are a few prominent figures that played pivotal roles in shaping
scientific knowledge during that time. One such figure is Aristotle, an ancient Greek
philosopher and polymath. Aristotle is widely regarded as one of the most influential thinkers
in the Ancient World. He made substantial contributions to various scientific disciplines,
including physics, biology, astronomy, and logic. Aristotle's work laid the foundation for
many scientific principles and methodologies that have influenced scientific thinking for
centuries. Aristotle's scientific approach was based on empirical observation and logical
reasoning. He emphasized the importance of collecting data through careful observation of
natural phenomena and using deductive reasoning to draw conclusions. Aristotle's work in
biology, particularly his observations and classification of living organisms, laid the
groundwork for the field of biology as we know it today. And now, let's explore the
relationship between history and science. History is considered a scientific discipline
because it follows a systematic approach to studying and understanding the past. Like science,
history relies on evidence, analysis, and interpretation to uncover the truth about past events
and human experiences. Historians utilize a range of sources, including written records,
archaeological artifacts, and oral traditions, to reconstruct and analyze the past. History and
science are interconnected in several ways:

1. Historical Context: Science is influenced by the historical context in which it develops.

The social, cultural, and intellectual milieu of a particular time period shapes scientific ideas
and discoveries. Understanding the historical context of scientific developments helps us
appreciate the factors that influenced scientific progress.

2. Scientific Progress: History allows us to trace the progression and evolution of scientific
ideas and theories over time. By studying the history of science, we can understand the
development of scientific knowledge, the challenges faced by scientists, and the impact of
scientific discoveries on society.

3. Scientific Methodology: History provides insights into the evolution of scientific

methodologies and approaches. It allows us to examine how scientists in the past conducted
their research, formulated hypotheses, and tested their ideas. Understanding the historical
development of scientific methodology helps scientists refine their own approaches and learn
from past successes and failures.

4. Ethical Considerations: History sheds light on the ethical implications of scientific research
and technological advancements. By examining historical case studies, we can learn from
past ethical dilemmas and make informed decisions about the responsible use of scientific
knowledge and technology in the present and future.

In summary, history is considered a scientific discipline because it follows a systematic

approach to studying the past. It provides valuable insights into the historical context of
scientific developments, the progression of scientific ideas, the evolution of scientific
methodologies, and the ethical considerations associated with scientific research.

4. What is study of Ancient Science called? What are some examples of science from the
ancient world? The comparison of first science from oldest science?

Answer: The field of ancient science is known as the history of ancient science or the
history of science in antiquity. Its primary focus is to comprehend the scientific knowledge,
theories, and practices of ancient civilizations. Ancient civilizations made significant
advancements in various scientific disciplines. Here are some examples:

1. Astronomy: The Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Mayans achieved notable

progress in astronomy. They developed methods to observe celestial bodies, track celestial
events like eclipses, and create calendars based on astronomical observations.
2. Medicine: Ancient civilizations had their own medical systems and practices. For instance,
the ancient Egyptians developed medical knowledge and techniques, including herbal
remedies, surgical procedures, and mummification. The Greeks, particularly Hippocrates, laid
the foundations of Western medicine with their emphasis on observation, diagnosis, and
treatment.

3. Mathematics: Ancient civilizations made important contributions to mathematics. The

Babylonians, for example, developed advanced mathematical techniques and a base-60
number system. The Greeks, including mathematicians like Pythagoras and Euclid, made
significant advancements in geometry and number theory.

4. Engineering and Architecture: Ancient civilizations demonstrated remarkable engineering

and architectural skills. The construction of structures like the pyramids in Egypt, the
Parthenon in Greece, and the aqueducts in Rome required scientific knowledge of
mathematics, physics, and materials.

5. Natural Philosophy: In the absence of distinct scientific disciplines, ancient civilizations

pursued a broad understanding of the natural world through natural philosophy. Philosophers
like Aristotle in Greece and Confucius in China explored questions about the nature of matter,
the elements, and the principles governing the natural world.

When comparing the oldest science to the first science, it's important to note that the
concept of science as a distinct discipline developed over time. The oldest science refers to
the scientific knowledge and practices of ancient civilizations, which were often intertwined
with other aspects of their culture, such as religion and philosophy. On the other hand, the
first science refers to the emergence of science as a distinct and systematic approach to
understanding the natural world. This occurred during the Scientific Revolution in Europe
from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Thinkers like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton laid the
foundations of modern science by emphasizing empirical observation, experimentation, and
the use of mathematical principles. In summary, the study of ancient science is known as the
history of ancient science. Examples of scientific disciplines from the ancient world include
astronomy, medicine, mathematics, engineering, architecture, and natural philosophy. The
oldest science refers to the scientific knowledge and practices of ancient civilizations, while
the first science refers to the emergence of science as a distinct discipline during the
Scientific Revolution.

5. What is the development of science and technology from pre-colonial Philippines and
among Filipinos during pre-Spanish period? What are the major achievements of
science and technology in the Philippines?

Answer: During the pre-Spanish period, the development of science and technology in the
Philippines and among Filipinos was characterized by indigenous knowledge, practices, and
innovations deeply rooted in the local culture and environment. Although written records
from this era are limited, archaeological evidence and oral traditions provide insights into the
scientific and technological achievements of ancient Filipinos.
1. Agriculture and Farming: Pre-colonial Filipinos possessed advanced agricultural skills.
They developed sophisticated irrigation systems, terraced rice fields, and crop rotation
techniques. Additionally, they had knowledge of plant propagation, herbal medicine, and the
utilization of natural fertilizers.

2. Navigation and Seafaring: Filipinos demonstrated impressive navigation and seafaring

abilities. They employed advanced boat-building techniques, such as constructing balangays
(large wooden boats) used for trade, fishing, and exploration. Celestial navigation, wind
patterns, and natural landmarks were utilized for maritime journeys.

3. Metalworking and Metallurgy: Pre-colonial Filipinos possessed knowledge of metallurgy

and metalworking. They were skilled in extracting and smelting metals, particularly gold,
copper, and iron. These metals were used to create intricate jewelry, tools, weapons, and
ornaments.

4. Textile and Weaving: Filipinos excelled in textile production and weaving. They utilized
various materials, such as abaca, pineapple fibers, and cotton, to create intricate textiles,
clothing, and accessories. Different weaving techniques and patterns were developed across
different regions.

5. Herbal Medicine and Healing Practices: Traditional healing practices and herbal medicine
were prevalent in pre-colonial Philippines. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants, herbal
remedies, and healing rituals were passed down through generations. Filipinos had remedies
for various ailments and injuries.

6. Indigenous Knowledge Systems: Pre-colonial Filipinos possessed extensive knowledge of

their natural environment, including the flora, fauna, and ecosystems. They developed
indigenous knowledge systems that encompassed astronomy, weather prediction, agriculture,
and ecological management.

7. Arts and Crafts: Pre-colonial Filipinos were highly skilled in various artistic and craft
traditions. They excelled in pottery, woodcarving, basketry, metal craft, and other forms of
artistic expression. These crafts served both decorative and practical purposes.

While the pre-colonial period in the Philippines lacked formal scientific institutions and
recorded scientific theories found in Western science, the aforementioned achievements
highlight the rich scientific and technological heritage of ancient Filipinos. Their knowledge
and practices were deeply intertwined with their environment, culture, and daily lives. It is
important to acknowledge that Spanish colonization in the Philippines brought significant
changes to the scientific and technological landscape by introducing Western knowledge and
practices. However, the indigenous knowledge and practices of pre-colonial Filipinos
continue to be valued and studied today.