ANSI/AHRI Standard 400 with Addenda 1 and 2

(Formerly ARI Standard 400)

2001 Standard for

Liquid To Liquid Heat
Exchangers

Approved by ANSI on 13 June 2011

0
 ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 400-2001
WITH ADDENDUM 2,
Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers
April 2005
AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addendum 2, Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers, is comprised of only
the shaded portions shown. The September 2005 Addendum 2 has been incorporated into the already
published 2001 version of AHRI Standard 400 to avoid confusion.

Particular additions (shown shaded in the standard), deletions (shown with a strikethrough and
shaded in the standard), and corrections (shown shaded in the standard) are as follows:

1 In 5.3, the requirement for pressure drop not to exceed more than 110% of the published
pressure drop was removed.
2 In 5.3, a requirement for tested pressure drop not to exceed the published pressure drop by
more than 10%, or 1.0 ft of fluid [0.3 m of fluid], whichever is greater, was added.

1
 ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 400-2001 WITH
ADDENDUM 1,

Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers

June 2003
AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addendum 1, Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers, is comprised of only
the shaded portions shown. The June 2003 Addendum 1 has been incorporated into the already
published 2001 version of AHRI Standard 400 to avoid confusion.

Particular additions (shown shaded in the standard), deletions (shown with a strikethrough and
shaded in the standard), and corrections (shown shaded in the standard) are as follows:

1. In Table 1, units of measurement for minimum and maximum pressure drop were corrected.
2 In Table 1, the SI equivalents for minimum and maximum pressure drop were corrected.
3 In Appendix A, the current edition of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1 is ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 41.1-1986 (RA 2001).
4 In Appendix A, references to ASME MFC-5M, ASME MFC-6M, ASME MFC-16M, and
ASME PTC 19.2 were deleted.
5 C4. Instruments and Test Apparatus (and associated subsections) was deleted.
6 C4. Test Measuring Instruments (and associated subsections) was added.

2
 IMPORTANT

SAFETY DISCLAIMER
AHRI does not set safety standards and does not certify or guarantee the safety of any products, components or
systems designed, tested, rated, installed or operated in accordance with this standard/guideline. It is strongly
recommended that products be designed, constructed, assembled, installed and operated in accordance with
nationally recognized safety standards and code requirements appropriate for products covered by this
standard/guideline.

AHRI uses its best efforts to develop standards/guidelines employing state-of-the-art and accepted industry
practices.
AHRI does not certify or guarantee that any tests conducted under its standards/guidelines will be non-hazardous or
free from risk.

Note: This standard supersedes ARI Standard 400 with Addendum 1.

Copyright 2007, by Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute

Registered United States Patent and Trademark Office

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

Section 1. Purpose ...............................................................................................................5

Section 2. Scope ..................................................................................................................5

Section 3. Definitions ..........................................................................................................5

Section 4. Test Requirements ..............................................................................................6

Section 5. Rating Requirements ..........................................................................................6

Section 6. Minimum Data Requirements for Published Ratings..........................................7

Section 7. Marking and Nameplate Data..............................................................................8

Section 8. Conformance Conditions.....................................................................................8

TABLES

Table 1. Limits of Mapped Rating Conditions ....................................................................6

APPENDICES

Appendix A. References -Normative ...................................................................................9

Appendix B. References -Informative ..................................................................................9

Appendix C. Method of Test of Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers -Normative .................10

Appendix D. Method of Simulating Field Fouling Allowance – Informative .....................15

FIGURES FOR APPENDICES

Figure D1. Counter Flow ......................................................................................................15

Figure D2. Parallel Flow........................................................................................................15

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________________________________________ ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2

Section 1. Purpose

1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to establish for Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers: definitions; test
requirements; rating requirements; minimum data requirements for Published Ratings; marking and nameplate data;
and conformance conditions.

1.1.1 Intent. This standard is intended for the guidance of the industry, including manufacturers, engineers,
installers, contractors and users.

1.1.2 Review and Amendment. This standard is subject to review and amendment as technology advances.

Section 2. Scope

2.1 Scope. This standard applies to Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers as defined in Section 3, which includes the
following types of heat exchangers:

a. Plate Heat Exchangers

b. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers, Shell-and-U-Tube Heat Exchangers, and Shell-and-Coil Heat
Exchangers
c. Counter flow Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

2.2 Exclusions. This standard does not apply to heat exchangers used for change of phase or non-liquid heat transfer
applications.

Section 3. Definitions

All terms in this document shall follow the standard industry definitions in the current edition of ASHRAE
Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, unless otherwise defined in this section.

3.1 Clean Capacity. The total heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger with clean heat exchanger surfaces.

3.2 Cold Stream. The liquid stream with the lower inlet temperature.

3.3 Counter Flow Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger. A baffled shell and tube heat exchanger, circuited such that the
shellside and tubeside liquids flow countercurrent to one another.

3.4 Field Fouling Allowance. Provision for anticipated fouling during use.

3.4.1 Fouling Factor. The thermal resistance due to fouling accumulated on the heat transfer surface.

3.5 Hot Stream. The liquid stream with the higher inlet temperature.

3.6 Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchanger. A heat transfer device used to exchange heat between two liquid streams that
are single phase fluids.

3.7 Number of Transfer Units (NTU). A dimensionless coefficient representing the magnitude of thermal demand.
The equation for NTU is given in Appendix C.

3.8 Plate Heat Exchanger. Heat transfer device that typically utilizes corrugated metal plates in a bolted frame. An
alternate technique is for the plates to have elastomer gaskets that seal the unit and direct the heat transfer stream in
countercurrent flow. The corrugated plates can also be brazed together using a sacrificial alloy thus avoiding the
need for a bolted frame.

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ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2________________________________

3.9 Published Rating. A statement of the assigned values of those performance characteristics, under stated rating
conditions, by which a unit may be chosen to fit its application. These values apply to all units of like nominal
capacity and type (identification) produced by the same manufacturer. As used herein, the term Published Rating
includes the rating of all performance characteristics shown on the unit or published in specifications, advertising or
other literature controlled by the manufacturer, at stated rating conditions.

3.9.1 Application Rating. A rating based on tests performed at Application Rating Conditions (other than
Mapped Rating Conditions).

3.9.2 Mapped Rating(s). Ratings falling within certain specified limits that are based upon tests performed
across a range of operating conditions as defined by the product manufacturer.

3.10 "Shall" or "Should". "Shall" or "should" shall be interpreted as follows:

3.10.1 Shall. Where "shall" or "shall not" is used for a provision specified, that provision is mandatory if
compliance with the standard is claimed.

3.10.2 Should. "Should" is used to indicate provisions which are not mandatory but which are desirable as
good practice.

3.11 Shell Type Heat Exchanger. A heat transfer device utilizing an arrangement of multiple hollow cylindrical flow
channels (tubes) contained within another larger hollow cylindrical flow channel (shell). The fluid flowing within
the tubes exchanges thermal energy through the tube wall with another fluid flowing within the shell. This includes
Shell-and-Tube, Shell-and-U-Tube, and Shell-and-Coil Heat Exchangers.

Section 4. Test Requirements

4.1 Test Requirements. All Published Ratings shall be verified by tests conducted in accordance with Appendix C.

Section 5. Rating Requirements

5.1 Ratings. Published Ratings of Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers shall consist of Mapped Ratings and may also
consist of Application Ratings.

5.1.1 Mapped Ratings. The Mapped Ratings for each type of Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchanger shall be
limited to the range of conditions set forth in Table 1.

5.1.2 Application Ratings. Application Ratings are ratings at conditions falling outside the boundaries of
Mapped Rating Conditions as may be elected by the manufacturer to facilitate the selection of equipment.
Application Ratings shall contain all information shown in 6.2.1. When Application Ratings include a Field Fouling
Allowance, they shall be calculated by the method specified in Appendix D.

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______________________________________ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2

5.1.3 Clean Surface Condition. Ratings shall be based on tests with initially clean heat transfer surface(s)
and conducted in accordance with 4.1.

The results of these tests are accepted as reflecting a Fouling Factor of zero. Fouling Factor or heat transfer
margin (if used) shall be agreed upon by the end user and manufacturer.

5.2 The manufacturer shall provide published information as to the maximum and minimum recommended flow
rates for clean liquid.

5.3 Tolerances. To comply with this standard, published or reported heat transfer rates shall be based on data
obtained in accordance with the provisions of this section, and shall be such that any production unit selected at
random and tested in accordance with this section at a specific operating condition shall have a total heat transfer
rate not less than 95% of the Published Rating and a pressure drop not more than 110% of the published pressure
drop. Measured values of pressure drop, shall not exceed published values by more than 10%, or 1.0 ft of fluid [0.3
m of fluid], whichever is greater.

Section 6. Minimum Data Requirements for Published Ratings

6.1 Minimum Data Requirements for Published Ratings. As a minimum, Published Ratings shall include all Mapped
Ratings. All claims to ratings within the scope of this standard shall be accompanied by the statement “Rated in
accordance with AHRI Standard 400”. All claims to ratings outside the scope of this standard shall be accompanied
by the statement “Outside the scope of ARI Standard 400”. Wherever Application Ratings are published or printed,
they shall include a statement of the conditions at which the ratings apply.

6.2 Published Ratings. Published Ratings data (in catalogs or as computer output) shall include, or be capable of
generating, unit designation(s), Mapped Ratings or Application Ratings.

6.2.1 Published Ratings shall state all the pertinent operating conditions and shall include the following:

a. Hot stream inlet and outlet temperatures, °F [°C]

b. Cold stream inlet and outlet temperatures, °F [°C]
c. Total heat transfer rate, Btu/h [W]
d. Identification of hot stream and cold stream liquids
e. Hot stream flow rate, gpm [L/s]
f. Cold stream flow rate, gpm [L/s]
g. Hot stream pressure drop, psig [kPa]
h. Cold stream pressure drop, psig [kPa]
2 2
i. Foulin
j. Hot stream NTU
k. Cold stream NTU

6.2.2 Published Ratings shall be accompanied by the following information:

a. Hot stream and cold stream design pressures, psig [kPa]

b. Overall dimensions, in [mm]
c. All standard connection types and sizes, in [mm]
d. Shipping weight, lb [kg]
e. Operating weight, lb [kg]

If only clean heat transfer surface ratings are published, a statement shall be included to contact the
manufacturer if fouled heat transfer surface ratings are required.

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ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2_________________________________

Section 7. Marking and Nameplate Data

7.1 Marking and Nameplate Data. As a minimum, each heat exchanger shall be marked with the following
information, along with any other information required by governing codes and regulations:

a. Name of manufacturer
b. Manufacturer’s model or serial number
c. Hot stream side design pressure, psig [kPa]
d. Cold stream side design pressure, psig [kPa]

Section 8. Conformance Conditions

8.1 Conformance. While conformance with this standard is voluntary, Conformance shall not be claimed or implied
for products or equipment within the standard’s Purpose (Section 1) and Scope (Section 2) unless such product
claims meets all of the requirements of the standard and all of the testing and rating requirements are measured and
reported in complete compliance with the standard. Any product that has not met all the requirements of the standard
cannot reference, state, or acknowledge the standard in any written, oral, or electronic communication.

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______________________________________ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2

APPENDIX A. REFERENCES - NORMATIVE

A1 Listed here are all standards, handbooks, and other publications essential to the formation and implementation of
the standard. All references in this appendix are considered as part of this standard.

A1.1 ANSI/ASHRAE 41.1, Standard Method for Temperature Measurement, 1986 (RA 2001), American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta,
GA 30329, U.S.A.

A1.2 ANSI/ASHRAE 41.3, Standard Method for Pressure Measurement, 1989, American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329,
U.S.A.

A1.3 ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals, Chapter 19, “Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants” and
Chapter 20 “Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines)”, 1997, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A.

A1.4 ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Second Edition,
1991, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie
Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A.

A1.5 ASME MFC-11M-1989 (R1994), Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Coriolis Flow Meters,
th
1994, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York, NY 10017, U.S.A.

A1.6 ASME MFC-16M-1995, Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits by Means of

Electromagnetic Flowmeters, 1995, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47 th Street, New
York, NY, 10017, USA.

A1.7 ASME PTC 19.5, Application, Part II of Fluid Meters, Interim Supplement 19.5 on Instruments and
th
Apparatus, 1972, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York, NY 10017,
U.S.A.

A1.8 Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Eighth Edition, 1999, Tubular
Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591, U.S.A.

APPENDIX B. REFERENCES -INFORMATIVE

B1 Listed here are standards, handbooks and other publications which may provide useful information and
background but are not considered essential. References in this appendix are not considered part of the standard.

B1.1 AHRI Guidelines E-1997 (Formerly ARI Guideline E), Fouling Factors: A Survey of Their
Application in Today’s Air-Conditioning Heating and Refrigeration Industry, 1997, Air-Conditioning and
Refrigeration Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd., Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22201, U.S.A.

B1.2 Cooper, A., Suitor, J.W., and Usher, J.D., Cooling Water Fouling in Plate Heat Exchangers, 1980,
Heat Transfer Engineering, 1 (3), pages 50-55.

B1.3 Haider, S.I., Webb, R.L., and Meitz, A.K., An Experimental Study of Tube Side Fouling Resistance in
Water-Chilled Flooded Evaporators, 1992, ASHRAE Transactions, 98(2), pages 86-103, American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA
30329, U.S.A.

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ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2________________________________

APPENDIX C. METHOD OF TEST OF LIQUID TO

LIQUID HEAT EXCHANGERS – NORMATIVE
C1 Purpose. This appendix prescribes methods of testing and calculating the thermal performance of Liquid to
Liquid Heat Exchangers.

C2 Scope. This appendix applies to Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers as defined in Section 3 of this standard. This
appendix applies to laboratory testing for purposes of rating heat exchangers within its scope. This appendix is not
intended for field testing of heat exchangers of any type.

C3 Definitions. Definitions for this appendix are identical with those in Section 3 of this standard, with additions as
noted below.

C3.1 Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD). For heat exchangers exhibiting counter flow or parallel
flow, LMTD is defined by Figures D1 and D2.

C3.2 Corrected Log Mean Temperature Difference (CLMTD). For Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers with
various combinations of shell and tube side passes, the correction factor, R, from Section 7 of the
Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association should be applied.

The correction factor, R, is a multiplier applied to the Log Mean Temperature Difference to account for
flow types other than counter flow or parallel flow.

C3.3 Test Apparatus. Ancillary equipment such as holding tanks, mixing sections, pumps, piping, and
preconditioning heat exchangers that function to deliver the proper Hot and Cold Streams to the heat
exchanger being tested.

C3.4 Test System. The combination of test apparatus, test article, and instrumentation.

C4 Instruments and Test Apparatus.

C4.1 General.

C4.1.1 Instruments, whose types and accuracies are listed below, shall be calibrated against
traceable standards at calibration intervals appropriate to the instrument.

C4.2 Temperature Measuring Instrument

C4.2.1 Temperature measurements shall be made in accordance with ANSI/ASHREA 41.1

and should employ a primary and confirming instrument as good practice to ensure validity
of results. The primary and confirming instruments may be the same types of instruments

C4.2.2 Temperatures of process liquids shall be measured by immersing the sensing element(s)
directly in the fluid or by using thermometer wells installed in the conduit. Thermal conducting
liquid or grease shall be used to assure good thermal contact when wells are used. It is
recommended that turbulation methods be employed upstream of the measuring station to assure
that there is no temperature stratification in the stream being measured.

C4.2.3 Temperature measurements shall be made with one or more of the following instruments:
a. Mercury in glass thermometers
b. Thermistors
c. Electric resistance thermometers (RTDs)

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_______________________________________ ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2
C4.2.4 Temperature measuring instruments and instrument systems shall have accuracies within
the limits specified for the following measurements:
a. For measuring individual temperatures of water and other heat transfer liquids, the
device(s) shall be accurate to ± 0.1º F [± 0.06º C].
b. For measuring/determining temperature differences in heat transfer liquids, the
device(s) shall be accurate to ± 0.1º F [± 0.06º C] or ± 2% of the numerical value of
the difference being measured, whichever is more rigorous.

C4.3 Pressure Measurements

a. Individual flow rates shall not vary by more than ± 2% from their average values.
b. The heat transfer rates calculated for the Cold Stream, Q cs, and the Hot Stream, Qhs, shall not
differ from their total average, Qtavg, by more than ± 5%.

C4.3.1 Pressure measurements shall be made in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE 41.3 and ASME
PTC 19.2.

C4.3.2 Pressure measurements shall be made with one or more of the following instruments:
a. Mercury column
b. Bourdon tube gage
c. Anoroid pressure gage
d. Calibrated pressure

C4.3.3 The of accuracy pressure measuring shall permit determination of the pressure or pressure
differential to within ± 2% of the numerical value of the quantity being measured.

C4.4 Flow Measuring Instruments

C4.4.1 Flow measuring instruments shall be applied and used in accordance with the following
standards (as applicable):
a. ASME PTC-19.5
b. ASME MFC-5M

C4.4.2 Flow measurements shall be made with one or more of the following instruments:
a. Liquid mass rate meter
b. Liquid volume rate meter

C4.4.3 Accuracy of flow meters shall be within ±1% of the flow rate measured.

C4.4.4 To convert mass flow rate to volumetric flow rate, the temperature of liquid shall also be
measured at the meter location.

C5 Test Instrumentation

C5.1 Temperature Measuring Instruments. Temperature measuring instrument calibration, measuring

instrument calibration, instrument selection, and temperature measurement techniques shall be in
accordance with ANSI/ASHREA Standard 41.1. Instruments shall be accurate to within ± 0.2ºF [± 0.1ºC].

C5.2 Pressure Measuring Instruments. Pressure measuring instrument calibration, instrument selection,
and pressure measurement techniques shall be in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE 41.3. The accuracy of
pressure measurements shall permit determination of the pressure or pressure differential to within ± 2 % of
the numerical value of the quantity being measured.

C5.3 Liquid Flow Measuring Instruments. Liquid flow measuring instrument selection and liquid flow
measurement techniques shall be made in accordance with ASME PTC 19.5 and ASME MFC-11M.
Accuracy of flow measurements shall be within ± 1 % of the flow rate measured. All instruments used in a
test must be calibrated prior to the test. Calibrations must be traceable to primary or secondary standards
calibrated by the U.S. National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) or derived from accepted values
of natural physical constants.

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ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda1 and 2__________________________________
C6 Test Procedure.

C6.1 Test Setup. The heat exchanger to be tested shall be connected to the test apparatus, filled with the
appropriate test liquids and checked for leaks and proper installation. Care shall be taken to bleed any
entrapped air out of the entire system. Care shall also be taken to avoid heat losses/gains to the ambient to
improve heat balance. Similarly, insulation shall be used where appropriate to prevent heat losses/gains
between the heat exchanger to be tested and the temperature measuring stations.

C6.2 Testing for Rating.

C6.2.1 The test system shall be run to determine proper functioning of all components and
instruments. Obtain and maintain the specified conditions in accordance with the following
tolerances. After establishment of steady state thermal conditions, all required readings shall be
within these specified conditions:

a. The individual temperature readings of liquid entering and leaving the heat
exchanger shall not vary by more than 0.5°F [0.3°C] from their average values.

C6.2.2 After establishment of steady state conditions as specified in C6.2.1, the test period shall
extend for a minimum of thirty (30) minutes and shall include no less than five (5) readings at
equally timed intervals.

C6.2.3 The test record shall include the date, names of observers, essential identifying physical
data of the heat exchanger tested, manufacturer’s model number, liquids used, all test readings,
reference to instrument calibrations and computations, and the determined results.

C6.3 Computation of Results.

C6.3.1 Average the consecutive test readings as specified in C6.2.2. From the averaged test data,
the heat transfer rate on the Cold Stream, Qcs, shall be calculated as:


Qcs  wcs c p, cs Tcs, out  Tcs, in  (C1)

C6.3.2 From the averaged test data, the heat transfer rate on the Hot Stream, Qhs, shall be
calculated as:


Qhs  whs c p,hs Ths,in  Ths,out  (C2)

C6.3.3 The total average heat transfer rate, Qtavg, shall be calculated as the average of the hot
stream heat transfer rate and the cold stream heat transfer rate:

 Q  Qcs 
Qtavg   hs  (C3)
 2 
C6.3.4 The Number of Transfer Units, NTU of the heat exchanger is calculated as follows:

max
* NTU  (C4)
LMTD

*Derivation of NTU:

UA
NTU  (C4.1)
C min

where: C = w c p = Capacity Rate

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_______________________________________ ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2

UA
NTU 
w  c p min (C4.2)

From: Q = U  A  LMTD

Q
U  A (C4.3)
LMTD

from:


Q = w  cp  T  = Q hs = Qcs


Q = w c p  T 
min max 
= w c p  T 
max min

 w c p  min = TQ (C4.4)

max

Substituting equations C4.3 and C4.4 in C4.2:

 Q   Tmax 
NTU    
 LMTD   Q 
Tmax
NTU  (C4)
LMTD

C6.3.5 The overall heat transfer coefficient in the clean condition, Uc, shall be calculated as:

U c  Qtavg / (CLMTD  A) (C5)

C6.3.6 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties. The physical and thermodynamic properties of
heat transfer fluids shall be determined from the following sources:

C6.3.6.1 The heat transfer and thermodynamic properties of water shall be taken from
the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook.

C6.3.6.2 The heat transfer and thermodynamic properties of fluid other than water shall
be taken from the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook. If the fluid is not listed in the
latest edition of the handbook, thermodynamic properties of secondary coolants shall be
obtained from the fluid manufacturer.

C6 Symbols and Subscripts. The symbols and subscripts used in Equations C1 through C5 are as follows:

Symbols:

A = Surface area, ft2 [m2]

C = Capacity rate, Btu/h ºF [kJ/s ºC]
cp = Specific heat of liquid, Btu/lbm °F
[kJ/kg ºC]
CLMTD = Corrected log mean temperature difference = R·LMTD, °F [°C]
LMTD = Log mean temperature difference from
Figures D1 or D2, °F [°C]
Q = Heat transfer rate, Btu/h [kW]
R = For counter flow or parallel flow, R = 1. For other situations, R is obtained from Section 7 of
the Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association.
T = Temperature, °F [°C]
T = Temperature change (T1 or T2 from Appendix D) associated with the liquid stream

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ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2_________________________________
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient,
Btu/h  ft2  F [W/m2  C]
w = Mass rate of flow of liquid, lb m/h [kg/s]

Subscripts:

c = Clean
cs = Cold stream
hs = Hot stream
in = Entering
max = Maximum
min = Minimum
out = Leaving
tavg = Total average

C7 Expression of Test Results

C7.1 Test results shall consist of the following overall data and calculation results:

a. Inlet and outlet temperatures of Hot Stream, º F [ºC]

b. Flowrate of Hot Stream, gpm [L/s]
c. Hot Stream pressure drop through the heat exchanger, psig [kPa]
d. Hot Stream fluid
e. Inlet and outlet temperatures of Cold Stream, ºF [ºC]
f. Flowrate of Cold Stream, gpm [L/s]
g. Cold Stream pressure drop through the heat exchanger, psig [kPa]
h. Cold Stream liquid
i. Average heat transferred (Equation C3), Btu/h [W]
j. Corrected log mean temperature difference, CLMTD
k. Overall heat transfer coefficient in the clean condition, Uc, Btu/h ft2 F
[W/m2 C]
l. Ambient dry bulb temperature, ºF [ºC]

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_______________________________________ ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2

APPENDIX D. METHOD OF SIMULATING FIELD

FOULING ALLOWANCE- INFORMATIVE
D1 Purpose. The purpose of this appendix is to establish a method for simulating Field Fouling Allowance
ratings for Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers.

D2 Scope. This appendix applies to all heat transfer devices used to exchange heat between two liquid streams
that are single phase fluids.

D3 Calculation Fouled Ratings.

D3.1 Determine Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for Clean Surfaces. From the results of the clean heat
transfer surface(s) tests, calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient, Uc for clean heat transfer surface(s)
using the following method:

Qc
Uc  (D1)
(A) (LMTDc )
where:

T1  T 2
LMTD  (D2)
ln T1 
 T 2 

with T1 and T2 defined in Figures D1 and D2 below:

Temperature Temperature
T1

T1
T4
T2

T2
T3

Note: If T1 = T2, LMTD = T

Figure D1. Counter Flow

Temperature Temperature
T1

T2 T2
T1

T3

T4

Figure D2. Parallel Flow

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ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2________________________________

D3.2 Determine Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for Fouled Surfaces. The reciprocal of the overall heat
transfer coefficient for fouled surface(s) is determined by mathematically adding the specified Field Fouling
Allowance to the reciprocal coefficient for clean heat transfer surfaces, Uc.

D3.2.1 The following equations are for tubular exchangers with fouling inside tubes:

a. Based on outside surface area:

1
U fo  (D3)
1 A 
  o  r fi
U co  Ai 

b. Based on inside surface area:

1
U fi  (D4)
1
 r fi
U ci

D3.2.2 The following equations are for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers with fouling outside
tubes:

a. Based on outside surface area:

1
U fo  (D5)
1
 r fo
U co

b. Based on inside surface area:

1
U fi  (D6)
1 A 
 r fo  i 
U ci  Ao 

D3.2.3 The following equation is for fouling for Plate Heat Exchangers:

1
Uf  (D7)
1
 rf
Uc

D3.3 Determination of Ratings with Fouling Allowances. Ratings with fouling allowances are calculated
using the following relationship:

Q f  U f  A  LMTD (D8)

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_______________________________________ ANSI/AHRI Standard 400-2001 with Addenda 1 and 2
D3.4 Symbols and Subscripts. The symbols and subscripts used in Equations D1 through D6 are as
follows:

Symbols:

A = Total heat transfer surface, ft2 [m2]

Ao/Ai = Ratio of outside to inside surface area
T1 = Temperature difference as defined in Figures D1 and D2, (T1 – T4), F [C]
T2 = Temperature difference as defined in Figures D1 and D2, (T2 – T3), F [C]
LMTD = Log mean temperature difference as defined in Equation D2
Q = Heat transfer rate, Btu/h [W]
r = Heat transfer resistance,
hft2F/Btu [m2C/W]
T = Temperature, F [C]
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient,
Btu/hft2F [W/m2C]

Subscripts:

c = Clean
e = Entering
ec = Entering, cold
eh = Entering, hot
f = Fouled or fouling
i = Inside
l = Leaving
lc = Leaving, cold
lh = Leaving, hot
o = Outside

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