GOOD CITIZENSHIP would disregard them, our country would

collapse and will not have peace and order.

Who are the Citizens of the Philippines?
To cooperate with duly constituted authorities
Section 1 of the Philippine Constitution provides
o In every organization, there is always a leader
that the following are Citizens of The Philippines:
to manage the affairs of all constituents. If the
 Those who are citizens of the Philippines at members will not cooperate, we can never
the time of the adoption of the Constitution. expect to become successful in all
undertakings that our government would like to
 Those whose father or mothers are citizens of
do for the good of its citizens.
the Philippines.
 Those born before January 17, 1973, of To exercise rights responsibly and with due
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine regard for the rights of others
Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority;
and o No man is an island and we have to live with
others. In the exercise of our rights, we have to
 Those who are naturalized in accordance with
see to it that we also respect the rights of other
law.
people. If we do this, we can expect
harmonious relationship among members of
What are the duties and obligations of Citizens? the society.

To be loyal to the Republic To engage in gainful work

o This means that we have faith and confidence o It is stated in the Bible that if we want to eat,
in the Republic and love and devotion to the we have to work. It is our obligation as citizens
country. of our country to become productive, by
o We have to be proud being Filipinos, respect engaging in gainful work so that we can
provide the basic needs of our family and
our customs, traditions, language, and
ourselves as well.
institutions.

To defend the State To register and vote

o Considering the fact that our country is our o It is our prime duty as citizens of the
home. It is a prime duty to love and defend the Philippines to register and vote. Suffrage is
state at all costs regardless of our creed, both a privilege and a duty which every
religious beliefs, and wisdom. qualified citizen must perform.
o Loving one’s country can be shown not by o It is not sufficient to just register and vote, but it
words but by deeds. is coupled with intellectual judgment during
o It should be a continuous flame of love election. We have to consider the different
considering the fact that we receive the political issues by different candidates, so that,
benefits and protection from the State of which at least, we can choose the right person to
we are a part. In return, it is our primary and manage government affairs.
honorable duty to defend it against any peril
whether from within or without.
How can we become Good Citizens?
To contribute to the development and welfare of We can become good citizens by living in
the State accordance with good citizenship values which can
be derive from the preamble of the Philippine
o We can do this in the form of paying our taxes Constitutions such as:
willingly and promptly, by helping maintain
peace and order, conserving natural  Faith in God
resources, the promotion of social justice by  Patriotism
suggesting supportive measures beneficial to  Work
the people as a whole, by patronizing local  Respect for life
products and trade by engaging in productive  Respect for law and government
work.  Truth
 Justice
To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws
 Freedom
o It is our prime obligation to uphold the  Love
Constitution and obey laws. If the people  Equality

1
 Peace and that what governs all
 Promotion of the common good relationship, is morally
 Concern for the family and future generations and legally upright.
 Concern for the environment and order
8. Freedom We want that each one
of us be able to
Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution experience our freedom
of will.
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid
of Almighty God, in order to build a just and 9. Love We want that each one
humane society and establish a Government that of us desire to love and
be loved. Love begets
shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote
love. If love reigns in our
the common good, conserve and develop our
heats, the harmonious
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our relationship of all the
posterity, the blessings of independence and people will prevail.
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of
truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and 10. Equality We want that each one
peace, do ordain and promulgate this of us have the
Constitution. opportunity to be fully
human, and that no one
The Basic Values of the Filipino People be victim of prejudices or
biases of any kin, and
OUR BASIC VALUES WHAT IT MEANS that the interest of one
not be sacrificed against
1. Unity We want to be as one his will for the good of
people. We cherish another.
oneness—as co-citizens
of our country, as 11. Peace We want to live in a
members of our family, serene and secure
as co-workers in an community, with a
institution. harmonious relationship
with our neighbors. A
2. Patriotism We want the best of our place which tranquil
country. We want our could expect harmony
country be respected among others and
and honored. Its ourselves as well as with
citizenry and by the the environment.
whole world.
12. Promotion of the We want all Filipinos to
3. Faith in Almighty We want to have God Common Good meet their basic
God present in our lives. We minimum needs and to
want to have a have opportunities to
relationship of trust in develop and use our
Him. We want to ask for God-given potentials.
God’s help beyond what
we ourselves can do. 13. Concern for the We want what is best
Family and Future four our family and for
4. Respect for life We want all human life Generations very single member in
to be preserved, the present and future
nurtured, and generations.
safeguarded.
14. Concern for the We want the
5. Respect for Law We want that the rule of Environment and environment to be
and Government law be upheld by all and Order preserved and nurtured,
at all times, that and for ourselves and
Government be others to be good
accorded respect and all stewards of the
laws be complied with. environment.
6. Truth We want that we 15. Order We want organizations,
ourselves and others be system, and
true: that the truth reign predictability in all
in our land. aspects of our daily lives
and our life as a nation.
7. Justice We want that everyone
be given what is due 16. Work Everybody wants to
him/her as human being, have a job to support the
2
 basic needs of his Man’s “being-with-others” can be viewed from two
family. standpoints – the general and specific. Generally,
man’s “being-with-others” as a person is man’s
fundamental “being-with” to both things and man’s
fellow human person. Specifically, man’s “being-
with-others” as a person is man’s irrefutable “being
with” because in reality, man needs to co-exist with
fellow human beings.

VALUES EDUCATION Man’s co-existence with others does not require a

learning process or experience because it is
Values Formation through Community Service inherent in his being as a person. However, the
quality of his relationship with others needs a
Values are said to be worth the importance we process to make it worthy and lasting.
connect to different factors in our lives. The word
values come from the Latin word “valere” which Man establishes a relationship with his fellowman
means to measure the worth of something. These in three levels: I – it, I – he/she, and I – thou. It is in
are ideas and norms man considers relevant and this principle that a person is expected to manifest
good. his Love of God, of Oneself, of Neighbor, and of
Country to evidently show his being and living with
A value has been defined as any object, activity others.
or frame of mind that a person considers to be
very important to his life. Unconsciously, values Likewise, a persons’ sets of values is not merely
emerge as list of priorities in a person’s life. dictated by the need to harmoniously live with
However, in most cases, people have different others but should be governed by the biblical
priorities depending on how they look at life and perspective that sets the greatest commandment
how they interpret survival. That is why it is that stated in Matthew 22: 35-40 which says, “Love
important to check what the youth values the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your
nowadays, because values taken together are soul and with all your mind”, and, “Love your
called a Value System which exists not only on neighbor as you love yourself”.
individuals but to community as well. By this,
students will be of great help to the community
The Self
where they will be assigned in shaping a positive
corporate culture. Everybody has an obligation to himself, but there
are times that we are facing difficulties in
Values are especially important to understanding
understanding these obligations. One of the
human behavior. Conflicts between them are often
reasons is how we understand exactly what “self”
based on differences in values. When you seem to
is.
be at odds with another person, take a look at how
your basic values differ. And when you seem in One way of understanding oneself is to consider it
conflict with the members of the group, examine as a personal role that one plays in the general
the group’s value system against your own. drama of life. In the totality of human account, each
person has his own unique role to play because of
Values education is founded on a sound philosophy
the presence of individual differences. It is a role
of the human person with all its philosophical
that includes various responsibilities that are to be
ramifications and implications. The supreme and
faced, decisions that are to be made, relationships
overarching value that characterizes education is
and involvements that are to be lived and work that
HUMAN DIGNITY.
is to be performed.

In understanding our selfhood there are certain

The Meaning of Man as a Person
moral obligations that arise. If a person has a
The term person cannot be exclusively attached to particular life to live then he has a basic
human being since not all persons are considered responsibility toward that life. He has the obligation
human beings and vice versa. To speak of man as to see that life is “lived” to its fullest. He should play
being- with-others is to speak of man as a person his role as best as he can and not neglect it.
which also means that he is unique and has his
permanent trademark in the world. Since man is
person, his “being-with” existence means he is Where Values Come From
never alone in his survival in the world.
3
Our personal values are formed in early childhood
and are affected strongly by both the values of our  Concern for
parents, the environment, the school, the church Society Others/Common Good
and the government. The place and time of the first
few years of our lives have a great effect on the
 Freedom/Equality
formation of our values.  Social Justice/Respect for
Human Rights
 Peace/Active Non-
Violence
Core Related Values
 Popular Participation
Ideally, values should be consistently present in all
the dimensions of human existence. To attain such
values is relatively hard but still achievable. Hence,
each student is encouraged to make sure that they 6. Economic Economic Efficiency & Thrift
know the different human dimensions and the Conservation of Resources
values needed to live peacefully and productively.
 Work Ethics
DIMENSIONS VALUES  Self-Reliance
1. Physical Health  Productivity
 Physical Fitness  Scientific and
Technological Knowledge
 Cleanliness  Vocational Efficiency
 Harmony with Material  Entrepreneurship
Universe
 Art & Beauty
2. Intellectual Truth 7. Political Nationalism

 Knowledge  Common Identity

 Creative & Critical Thinking
 National Unity
3. Moral Love
 Esteem
 Integrity
 Honesty  Commitment


Self-worth
Self-esteem
 Civic Consciousness/Pride
 Personal Discipline  Bayanihan/Solidarity
4. Spiritual Spirituality  Loyalty to Country
† Faith in God

5. Social Social Responsibility

THE YOUTH

 Mutual Love Characteristics of a Filipino Youth

Family
 Respect 15 to 30 years old (as stated in Republic Act
No. 8044 on Youth in Nation Building Act)
 Fidelity Mentally and physically fit
 Responsible Parenthood A dreamer

4
 Has a strong drive to fulfill his dreams and - one who influences or controls the
uplift his status in all aspects as well as those opinions, thoughts or actions
around him
Questions to ponder:
The Filipino youth comprise more or less 40% of Do you consider yourself a leader? If yes, what
the total Philippine population. If there are 80 made you one? Why should you want to be a
million Filipinos (latest survey, 2003), then there leader? What does a leader do in an organization?
are at least 30 million Filipino youth in the country.
In 2007, the projected population is 88.7 M. So
40 % of 88.7M is equivalent to 35.48M Filipino Leadership Defined
Youth in the country. Leadership is the ability to persuade others to
The youth sector is composed of the youth worker, seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is a
youth farmer, youth student and the youth in the human factor that binds a group together and
community. motivates it towards the attainment of desired
objectives.

Leadership is the process of influencing the

activities of an organized group in its efforts toward
goal setting and goal achievement. (Rachmann,
Provision in the Constitution 1987).
According to the Constitution Article II Section 13, Leadership is the process of inducing a
“The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in subordinate to behave in a desired manner
nation building and shall promote and protect their (Donnelly, 1981).
physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well
being. I shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and Leadership is one form of dominance, in which
nationalism and encourage their involvement in the followers more or less willingly accept direction
public civic affairs.” If this is the case, they should and control by another person. (Kuhn, 1990).
be given a chance to make their importance felt; to
be given protection in their physical, spiritual, Leadership is the ability that brings to success the
intellectual and moral states. potentials in an organization, community and its
people.
After the discussion of part I, the students will be
grouped into 5-6 members, and then they will
choice a leader. Each member will contribute their Understanding The Basics of Leadership
ideas regarding their observations of the important
role of youth in the society and to identify the  Giving Vision
contributions of youth leaders in the country. Each The leader has a clear idea of what he wants to do
group will be asked to discuss their consensus to – professionally and personally – and the strength
the class (Leaders will discuss their output). to persist in the face of setbacks, even failures.
Unless you know where you are going, and why
The Art of Leadership you cannot possibly get there.

According to Elihu Root (1856 – 1937, U.S. lawyer

and Statesman): “there are two entirely different  Passion
theories according to which individual men seek to The underlying passion for the passion of life,
get on in the world. One theory leads a man to pull combined with a very particular passion for a
down everybody around in order to climb up on vocation, a profession, and a course of action.
them to higher place; the other leads a man to help
him in order that he may go up with them. The leader loves what he does and loves doing it.

The true essence of being a leader is the one Without hope, we cannot survive; much less
who helps everybody around him in order that he progress.
may go up with them. The leader who communicates passion gives hope
Simple (dictionary) definitions of a leader: and inspiration to other people.
- one who shows the way
- one who acts as guide  Integrity
- one who directs the affairs or actions
5
Know yourself is the key word. a) From “above” that is dictated by the
authorities’ super ordinate to the given
The leader never lies to himself, especially about group.
himself, knows his flaws as well as his assets, and b) From “below” that is dictated by the
deals with them directly. decision of the group membership as a
whole.
 Maturity c) From the leader himself when he has
autonomy to make policy decision.
It is important for a leader to be matured, for the
needs to have experienced, and grown through that 4. The Leader as Expert: The leader is often
experience. distinguished as a source of readily available
information and skills.
 Trust
5. The Leader as Controller of Internal
It is not as much an ingredient of leadership, as it is Relations: More than any other member, the
a product of leadership. leader governs that specific details of group
It is a quality that cannot be acquired, but it is structure and by so doing he may function as
earned. the controller of the in-group relations.

It is given by co-workers and followers, and without

it, the leader cannot function. 6. The Leader as Surveyor of Rewards and
Punishment: Particularly significant from a
 Curiosity and Daring member’s point of view is the leader’s power
The leader wonders about everything, wants to to apply reward and punishment, which
learn as much as he can, is willing to take risks, enables him to exercise control over the group
experiment, and try new things. members. Sometimes the rewards and
punishment are concerned with relatively
He does not worry about failure, but embraces external thins, e.g., when a gang divides
errors, knowing he will learn from them. stolen loot or when a worker is given an
unpleasant task his foreman.

 Leader Is Like a Preacher 7. The Leader as Arbitrator and Mediator: It is

He has the capacity to convince others, through his his task to act as both judge and conciliator. It
eloquence, through his communication skills. He is within the power of the leader to reduce or
ought to be one who is able to relate well with to encourage factionalism within the group,
sincerity. depending upon what personal aims he seeks
to achieve.

Functions of Leadership 8. The Leader as an Exemplar: In some kinds

1. The Leader as an Executive: The most of groups, the leader may serve as a model of
obvious role of the leader in any group is, he behavior for the group members thus
is the top coordinator of the activities of the providing them with a concrete indication of
group. In his executive capacity, the leader what they should be and do.
does not ordinary carry out the necessary
work; he assigns it to other group members. 9. The Leader as a Symbol of the Group:
Group unity is likely to be exchanged by any
2. The Leader as a Planner: The leader often factor that makes the groups distinct entity.
assumes the role of planner deciding the ways
and means by which the group shall achieve 10. The Leader as a Substitute for Individual
its ends. This may involve both the Responsibility: Not common in certain types
determination of immediate steps and the of groups, the leader plays an extremely
long-range planning of the future steps to important role for the individual member in
attain goals and objectives. relieving him of responsibility for personal
decisions and act that he wishes to avoid.
3. The Leader as Policy Maker: One of the
most important criticisms of leader’s functions 11. The Leader as Ideologist: It is the leader to
is the establishment of group goals and furnish the ideology; he serves as the source
policies.
6
 of beliefs, value and norms of the individual says “GO” says “LET’S GO”
members.

12. The Leader as the Father Figure: The leader 2. Understanding the group’s characteristics
serves as the perfect focus for the positive
i.e. skills, maturity, expectations, norms, size and
emotional feelings of the individual. He is the
cohesiveness
ideal object for identification for transference
and for feeling of sub-missioners.
3. Understanding individual characteristics
i.e. recognizing differences of opinions,
Principles of Leadership background, etc.
A Leader….
4. Flexible of approach
 Does not create fear among his followers, but i.e. the ability to use one style of leadership to other
create enthusiasm.
 Does not only have goals; but also has a 5. Understanding motivation
vision, a dream.
i.e. what drives one to move
 Does not only know how to discipline others
but also knows to discipline him/her.
6. A sense of mission
 Does not only hear, but delegates work among
his followers, but also empowers them and i.e. the belief to lead, the love to work, devotion to
makes them fruitful. people/organization, etc.
7. High character
 Does not only decide on what is right, but
discerns what is right. i.e. honest, courageous, sincere, dependable, etc.
 Does not only provide an open atmosphere,
but also creates open mind. 8. Job competence
 Is not only keen on winning, but also sees i.e. the leader should know what he /she is doing.
failures as opportunities for success.
9. Good Judgment
Guidepost for Effective Leadership i.e. the ability to recognize which is important and
 Be flexible which is not
 Be consistent in setting policies.
 Strive for a good match between leaders and 10. Energy
tasks of situations. i.e. to always have the zest to do a task expected
 Choose the most appropriate strategy for of him at all times
making decisions.
 Always remember: subordinates expect you to
help. Skills of a Leader

1. Working with people

Guidelines For Effective Leadership
i.e. listen, help, encourage, motivates, etc.
1. The leader’s awareness of self.
2. Defining issues/priorities
BOSS LEADER
i.e. recognizes the needs of the
drives subordinates coaches subordinates organization/members, the real objectives and
knows to do at all times.
depends upon
depends upon goodwill 3. Handling of meetings
authority
i.e. setting of agenda, dealing with problems,
says “I” says “WE” encouraging participants, etc.

fixes the blame on 4. Organizing

fixes the breakdown
breakdown i.e. remember that organizational structure
positions are created in every organization so that
knows how job is done shows how a job is done the flow of organizational communication becomes

7
systematic. But one should not be bossy. Decision any goal blocking barrier. For many this result
should come from down lines. orientated mission is the real purpose for team
building. A team building goal therefore could
5. Financial Skills be simply to identify and develop effective
i.e. remember that finance/money is the lifeblood of communications.
an organization. The leader has the responsibility  The term team building generally refers to the
of taking care of it and translating it to service- selection, development, and collective
better and efficient service. motivation of result-oriented teams. Team
building is pursued via a variety of practices,
6. Communication skills such as group self-assessment and group-
7. Training people dynamic games and generally sits within the
theory and practice of organizational
8. Political skills development.
i.e. knowing how to deal with people from all walks
of life Why is Team Building important?
We don't do team building simply because it
9. Public speaking creates harmonious work groups but primarily
because it formalizes the power of collaboration
10. Supervision skills
among what otherwise might be disenfranchised
i.e. being guided by the by-laws; knowing how to individuals. For many team building is a way to
get the best out of staff/members blend talents, skills and inherent creativity of
diverse people. With collaboration at its heart team
building leverages team skills, time and resources
***Additional Things to Remember for their benefit and that of the organization. The
consequence is that effective team building
 A good leader should have a BASE – group of produces better, faster results and provides a
people who sees the individual as their leader ( satisfying and motivating experience for team
how can you lead if you don’t have people members.
to lead upon )
 Power can be bad, it can be good. A good Reasons why team building is so important are:
leader should know how to define good 1. Most organizations are so complex and with
objectives. de-layering there has to be team building for
 There are myriads of things one can talk about them to succeed
on how to be a good leader, how to be an 2. Everyone needs to be working towards
effective leader, how to manage an common goals (that team building will
organization well, etc., but the best way to generate and nurture) which need to be
learn leadership skills is through experiencing attainable and clearly communicated.
it.
3. Team building environments will outperform
 The final test of a leader is that he leaves
none team-based environments
behind him in other men the conviction and the
will to carry on.
Let us consider further why team is building is so
important - team building will make favorable
impact in six key areas:
TEAM BUILDING
1. Task Achievement - teams are not designed
What is Team Building? for dealing with simple, repetitive tasks, as
 One could say that team building is like individuals will generally be quicker. However,
coaching but for a group. team building comes into its own when faced
with complex tasks, and associated problems,
 To be effective, people need to work together
where probably there is no single, correct
toward a common goal in a coordinated and
answer.
cooperative way. Therefore, one could also
say that team building is a systematic 2. Quality of Decisions - team building can
process designed to improve working generate more ideas than any one individual
relationships and team functioning such as therefore, it has the choice of many
problem solving, decision making and conflict possibilities before it and the ultimate quality of
resolution that enables the group to overcome

8
 the decision is likely to be better than an  Empowered to work out how its objectives fit in
individual's decision. with the company's mission
3. Accuracy of Decisions - judgments are far  Tasked with making decisions on issues
better through team building than through affecting the group
individual assessment of tasks that involve  Trained in problem solving techniques
random error because team deliberation tends
 Responsible for safety issues
to purge ill-conceived notions and weak
individual thinking.
 Part of the selection process
 Self-determining on manning assignments and
4. Risk taking - it has been shown that team
covering absent members
building creates confidence to take greater, but
measured, risks (and seize opportunities) than  Involved in layout of plant and equipment
individuals would.  Continually striving to improve the product,
5. Motivation - team building enhances morale service and delivery process
and spurs individuals on to perform effectively
at a higher level. What is the Team Building Process?
6. Speed of learning - team building creates a Everyone at work whether they are an operator or
progressive, but nurturing, environment the Managing Director have worked with others in a
enabling team members to learn faster than team. Therefore, all can express views on what
individuals working alone. constitutes an effective team building process.
However, making team building succeed is often
Team building is important because it helps the not as simple as it sounds. Problems with team
group to capitalize on their strengths and minimize building tend to be caused by team members who
their weaknesses. The synergy that comes from do not know very much about the team building
team building can be very powerful. process.

The task of team building is first to establish what

Team Building Goals
the team was established to achieve. The team
For many organizations team building has become building process therefore must consists of all the
an integral part of their organizational strategy. things which go to make up how the team goes
Their specific team building goals are to provide about achieving the task, and what influences it
team members with: whilst doing so.
There are many aspects to this team building
1. Clarification of mission and vision thinking and here are a few:
2. Establishment of team members roles and
 The team building structure - if there is a
responsibilities
large number of a team member, it is often
3. Faster start up for new teams or teams with
difficult to get a reasonably fair discussion
new leaders
going. If there are too few, there may be a
4. Mechanisms for resolving conflict and
series of silences. If some of the team
elimination of dysfunctional behavior
members are of a higher status in the
5. An appreciation of differences in work styles
organization than others, then this could be
and preferences
inhibiting discussion and therefore arrest the
team building process. If there is insufficient
Team Building Roles expert knowledge in the team then opinions
For the team building to work, the roles and duties rather than facts will be offered which can
contained within team working structures have to often lead to arguments and therefore destroy
be determined. Teams could, for example, be: the team building process.

 A small group (typically 5 to 15 employees)  The nature of the individuals - Differences in

which "owns" a distinct part of the process and personality and mood often show up during
whose members are flexible within the group team building - some people can't seem to
stop talking whilst others keep quiet, and
 Aware of its customer's needs (both internal
others try to act as umpires or referees. All
and external)
team building discussions need to be
 The instrument for maintaining quality levels controlled by the individuals and by a
 Responsible for its own housekeeping chairperson.
 Left alone to undertake routine maintenance of
plant and equipment
9
 The environment of the team meeting - The 2. Mutual support – it results from group
size of the meeting areas, its shape, heating, members having genuine concern for each
ventilation, lighting, seating, acoustics and other’s welfare, growth and personal success.
decorations can all affect the efficiency of team If mutual support is established in a team, a
meetings and therefore the team building member need not waste time and energy
process. protecting himself or his function from anyone
else. All we give and receive help to and from
 The way decisions are made - For team
each other in accomplishing whatever goal the
building behavior to take place, in a team
team is working on.
meeting trying to reach a decision, then the
communication process must cultivate listening 3. Genuine communication – it has 2
and foster fairness if commitment and dimensions: (1) the quality and openness and
consensus and with-it team building is to be authenticity of the member who is speaking;
realized. (2) the quality of non – evaluative listening by
other members. Open authenticity
A key to team building is that of creating a shared communication takes place when mutual trust
vision but that takes time and requires the full and support are so well established that no
participation of all. If team members do not have a member feels he has to be guarded or
personal vision or lack confidence to it then team cautions about what he says; Non–evaluative
building will become difficult if not untenable. listening simply means listening to what the
other person is trying to communicate, with
Selection For Effective Team Building bias – filters removed.
To make team building effective, team member 4. Accepting conflicts as normal and working
selection is clearly very important. All too often them through – individuals differ uniquely
team building is dismissed as the assembly of a from one another and will not agree on many
group of individuals, calling them a team and telling things. A good leader accepts conflicts as
them to get on with it. (This may explain why so normal, natural and as asset, since it is from
many have difficulty getting the team building conflict that most growth and innovation are
process to deliver the potential organizational derived.
benefits). 5. Mutual respect for individual differences –
The essence of effective team building is that - the there is decisions which, in goal – oriented
members of the team work well together either as a team, must be team decisions because they
group from the outset or initially simply require the commitment of most or all the
compliments each other as individuals. In which resources of the team and cannot be
case, the team building process will progress implemented without this commitment. A good
smoothly. The potential compatibility of any team delegate within itself.
particular individual with the rest of the team is ENVIRONMENT
therefore critically important for team building to It is perceived as the immediate surroundings of an
succeed. individual. In a boarder context, environment is a
complex system which deals with a network of
Individuals need to understand and learn the skills living and non-living entities.
that make effective team building possible. Most
people know how to work independently or to give Ecological Solid Waste Management
up uniqueness to aid team building, but to maintain
some individuality during the team building process It is a zero-waste management through total
and subsequently during team working is an recycling for the community. Its main objective is to
make the community permanently and regularly
evolutionary step to take. Team members need to
clean, sanitary and litter less. It also inspires and
understand that team building succeeds with
elicits maximum voluntary participation from almost
diversity and creativity.
all of the people and various sectors of the
community while persuasively challenging the
Characteristics of an Effective Team creativity skills and capabilities for cooperation and
1. Mutual trust – it takes a long time to build and unity.
can be destroyed quickly. It is established in a
team when every member feels free to express Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act Of 2000 – RA 9003
his opinion, says how he feels about issues
and asks questions, which may concern Republic Act 9003 considers “waste as a resource
retaliation ridicule, or negative consequences. that can be recovered,” emphasizing re-cycling, re-

10
use and composting as methods to minimize and
eventually manage the waste program. Specific Objectives of Ecological Waste
This act aims for the reduction of solid waste Management
through “source reduction and waste minimization 1. Utilizing appropriate technology in existing
measures including composting, recycling, re-use, dump site to prolong their life.
recovery, green charcoal process, and others 2. Initially reduce volume of waste stream that
before collection, treatment, and disposal in mix both compostable and non-compostable
appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste waste.
management facilities in accordance with 3. Reduce pollution by lessening unnecessary
ecologically sustainable development principles”. burning.
(Section2-C)
4. Reduce the incidence of diseases associated
It also sets to “ensure the proper segregation, with unsanitary or unhygienic waste disposal.
collection, transport, storage, treatment, and 5. Utilize waste material for income generating
disposal of solid waste through formulation and projects such as urban gardening and livestock
adoption of the best environmental practice in raising, cottage industry
ecological waste management excluding
incineration”. (Section 2-D) Methodology of the Five F’s Total Recycling
Further, this Act gives strong emphasis on the role
The two kinds of solid waste are:
of municipal and local government units (LGUs). It
empowers the LGUs to create solid waste 1. Non-biodegradable or non-compostable
management communities even in the barangay - Factory returnable (dry paper, cardboards,
level. This requires the participation of non- plastic rubber, glass, bottles, mirror,
government offices, people’s organizations, church metals, mineral, tin cans, dry fibers or
leaders, educators, and other business and pieces of clothing, and wood)
community associations. 2. Biodegradable or compostable
- Feed materials (food leftovers, kitchen or
Benefits of Ecological Solid Waste Management cooking waste, fruit peeling, vegetable
trimmings, egg shells, and fish entrails)
 Simplified, hygienic, dignified management of
household waste - Fertilizer materials (food leftovers, kitchen
 Maximum and optimum recovery or retrieval of refuse, animal wastes, garden wastes
much needed, costly materials such as dry leaves and other plant parts,
 Enhanced ecological balance of the sawdust and wood shavings)
environment, eliminating open dump sites, - Fuel materials (saw dust, shavings, wood
lessening pollution of our soil, air and water boxes, rice hull, coco shells, corn cobs,
resources coffee hull, newspapers, and cardboards)
 Served as a springboard or starting point for - Filling materials (porcelain chips and
useful, timely household or barangay level useable plastics)
projects to help our people endure or
overcome the present economic crisis such as: What are the most productive uses of each of
 Food production (backyard vegetable the five F’s?
gardens, mini-space, container gardens,
eco-pounds using household waste water 1. Factory recyclables can be used for
for raising kangkong, gabi, kuhol, tialapia, handicrafts or sold to junk shops
azola, etc.) 2. Feed materials can be used for house pets,
 Cottage industries (handicraft, house- livestock or for composting
décor, toys) utilizing discarded materials 3. Fertilizer materials can be used for making
and generating employment for compost to enrich the soil for growing
housewives, out of school youth and vegetables, medicinal plants and ornamental
school children. plants and fruit trees
 Herbal gardens, ornamental plant 4. Fuel materials can be used for cooking
nurseries, fruit bearing, fuel or firewood purposes
supplying trees (like ipil ipil), organic 5. Filling materials are unusable or unwanted
compost-making techniques, greening and materials which can be compactly packed in
reforestation projects. plastic bags buried low places putting stones
 Trash-to-cash projects to generate seed and soil over these filling materials
capital for health services and health
education projects, and vocational training Why are compostable deadly when not properly
programs managed?

 Easily accessible/affordable, result-visible Even if organic compostable are just 10 to 20% per
projects that can be easily understood by households and with lesser volume, the potential
almost everyone problems of increasing the density of flies,
11
cockroaches, rodents (rats) by providing food, The Three Types of Rs Of Sloid Waste
harborages and breeding grounds are really Management
dangerous.
1. R is for REDUCE. Avoid wasteful
Every minute, three Filipinos die, 80% are most consumption of goods. Begin by asking the
related to filth-borne associated diseases or poor question: “Do I really need it?” in doing so, we
management of solid or liquid waste. The sad thing minimize waste and conserve our natural
is that most of them are children below 6 years of resources. Conservation like charity begin
age. within thyself.
Compostable or organic biomass when allowed on 2. R is for REUSE. When practicable reuse
the surface, water body would mean reduction of items that is still useful instead of just throwing
dissolved oxygen due to organism planktons them away. It would greatly help if we
growth competing with the oxygen. This result to patronize goods that are reusable rather than
reduction of fish population due to fish kill bloom is throw away types.
inevitable. Siltation sedimentation caused by 3. R is for RECYCLE. Waste can be valuable
organic biomass will eventually kill the coral reef resource. Items that are useless or of little may
mean great value to someone.
(hence 70% of corals are damaged) due to
compostable being eroded by rain.
Sources of Solid Waste in a Community
Why dump sites increase ecological problems? 1. Household wastes – waste generated at the
household level
1. To maintain a dump site is very expensive and
it lowers the values of the land plus it attracts 2. Commercial-Industrial wastes – generated by
household pests and pollution problems restaurants, eateries, offices, markets,
talipapa, plant mills, factories (including such
2. Scavengers are difficult to control at dump as chemicals, paints and sand)
sites. The practice of dump site sorting will
bring more misery to the poor and will increase 3. Farm and Agricultural wastes – farm manure
the disease pattern with volume of waste and crop residues
uncontrolled, top soil covering will be very 4. Institutional wastes – generated by hospitals,
expensive in both equipment and energy use schools, churches and prisons
3. Pollution will always be the problem in all 5. Mining wastes – slag heaps and coal refuse
dump sites, especially during rainy days. Air piles
pollution will add gases that are highly toxic. 6. Miscellaneous and Specialized wastes –
4. The methane generated by methanuric residues of sewage treatment plants, ash from
bacteria if uncollected or not properly use can incinerators and residues from the combustion
contribute 20 times more warming than carbon of solid fuels, debris caused by disasters (fires,
dioxide in vehicles. typhoons, flood, etc.) large waste from
demolitions and construction rubble, and dead
animals.
7. Hazardous wastes – wastes that pose a
Composting potential hazard to living creatures because
they are toxic or lethal, non-degradable or
It is a biological process in which organic materials persistent in nature, and may cause
such as vegetable trimmings, fruit peelings, kitchen detrimental cumulative effects.
refuse, dry leaves cut grasses and plant parts are
broken down into a soil-like product. It is a form of Factors That Affect Waste Generation
recycling, a natural way of returning nutrients to the
1. The state of the national economy – as
soil.
standards arise, there is a corresponding
What are the benefits of composting? increase in the quantity and quality of wastes
1. By composting organic wastes at home, one 2. The lifestyle of the people – reflected in
can produce a soil enriches which can be used product marketing techniques, such as the
in gardening clearly perceptible shift in consumer
preferences for pre-packaged foodstuff, the
2. It reduces the incidence of household pests by
increase in use of paper lined with plastics for
minimizing their food supply
packaging, and the use of disposable diapers.
3. It reduces the valuable landfill spaces normally
3. The demographic profile of the population –
used to dispose these materials
the greater the number of persons per
household, the greater volume of waste
What are the types of small-scale composters? generated
a. Twin pits 4. The size and type of dwelling – those who
b. Paso-paso or clay flower pots compost garden dwell in larger and more expensive type
c. Backyard compost pile homes produce more waste per capita.

12
5. Age – young consumers patronize a set of Other definition given by Coloma & Herrera
products different from those consumed by (2004) state that:
their elders.
6. Religion – consumer preferences in Islamic  It is an activity that diverts, amuses or
countries differ greatly with predominantly stimulates a person
Christian nations.  A diversion that occupies one’s time and
7. The extent to which the 3R’s are carried out – thoughts, usually pleasantly
where the population is more concerned with  An activity that refreshes, renews health and
the environment in general, there is a spirit of enjoyment and relaxation
concerted effort to cut down waste at the point
of origin Values of Recreational Activities
8. Presence of pets and domestic animals
9. Seasonal variations 1. Engaging in favorable sports could develop
good health, muscular strength, power, agility,
10. Presence of laws and ordinances governing
waste management flexibility, etc.
11. Company buy-lack guarantees for used 2. Proper conduct and behavior among
containers and packaging participants could also be developed through
group activities.
RECREATION AND SPORTS 3. Joining on the leagues, clubs and other
smaller organizations could give the out of
Community centers and associations have played a school youth the opportunity to socialize
significant part in the life of many local communities through group work in the form of play and
and networks. The new social centers are not other extracurricular activities instead of
limited to recreational activities, and most important roaming in the streets to create trouble.
because ‘socialized schools’, could act as magnets
4. Organizing competitions in the different
attracting, citizens whose segregation into class
enjoyable activities such as sports and games,
and ethnic groups had obscured their common
dancing, and other activities can develop the
bonds, loyalties, and responsibilities. Like social
spirit of sportsmanship and fair play.
settlements before them, social centers would
harmonize and encourage cooperation among the 5. Leisure time activities could bring happiness to
working class and immigrant elements and at the a person.
same time ease some of the difficulty of depressed 6. Sportsmanship, teamwork, leadership and
life. honesty could be developed in joining sports.

It is believed that people occasionally need a break

Types of Recreational Activities
from their routine activities and therefore providing
community and recreational activities would allow 1. Physical
them to develop different skills. Basic enjoyment  aerobics
arising from simple barangay “palaro” would  dancing
encourage youth participation and may promote
 group games
actions against drugs. Recreational activities are
not limited to the youth – hence, elderly activities  minor sports
are also thought of and made possible over time.  outing like field trips, picnics, hiking and
These would include sport-related activities, camping
educational and even musical sessions. 2. Social
 parties, dancing
Definition of Recreational Activities
 evening dinner with friends
 is a leisure activity, which is done free time
 sometimes referred to as play for the young 3. Cultural
and diversion for the adults, because they are  arts and crafts
enjoying the activity  glee club and choral groups
Lopez et.al, (1993) defines it, as a worthwhile,  dramatics, concerts and lectures
socially accepted and socially constructive
leisure experience that provides immediate and 4. Intellectual
inherent satisfaction to the individual who  poetry writing
voluntarily participates in the activity.  song writing
 reading

13
  research and investigations 8. Promotes the use of modern technology in
 short story and novel writing small scale manufacturing to enhanced
productivity
 answering crossword puzzles 9. Develops possible market
 playing chess 10. Encourages more research/studies and
 scrabble inventions of machines and equipment for
domestic consumption
11. Develops entrepreneurial qualities and positive
ENTREPRENEURSHIP attitudes among potential entrepreneurs to
bring about significant changes in the rural
The Philippine Environment for areas
Entrepreneurship
Who are the entrepreneurs?
 Basic facts based on 2008 statistics
 Philippine population = 90.4 M as Entrepreneur is an innovator who…
projected by NSO (last 2007 88.7 M) … does new things and does things in a new way
 Unemployment rate = 7.8 % (July 2008) …supplies new product
 Underemployment rate = 18.9 % (January …makes new techniques in production
2008) …discovers new market
 Over 36.7 % are below the poverty level
…develop new sources of raw materials
 Investment climate is vacillating
Entrepreneurs are those who launched their own
 Philippine entrepreneurial rate = business from scratch, they develop scarce
Micro Ebusiness
resources into successful = 91.1%by their instinct,
sense of timing and hard work and ides producing
activity. Small E = 8.1%
The entrepreneurs or the-would-be entrepreneurs
are extraordinary Medium
people byE virtue
= 0.4%of their chosen
What is entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is both an art and a science of career. They possess qualities that distinguish
converting ideas into highly marketable goods and them from the ordinary business.
services that will improve man’s quality of life. It
involves the proper utilization of four essentials
such as materials, machine, money and man (4Ms) Characteristics of an Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurship has essential or extra ordinary There are 10 characteristics identified and defined
features such as the creation of something new or by Mc Bear and Co. (1986) of a successful
something different. In short, it is innovation which entrepreneur:
distinguishes entrepreneurship from other activities.
1. Opportunity Seeker
The key concept of entrepreneurship is innovation. a. explores and acts on new business
Any worthy activity which is new, different or better opportunities
implies innovation. It implies to product, services or b. takes usual opportunities to obtain
methods. capital, facilities, equipment,
machineries and government
Contributions of Entrepreneurship assistance

Entrepreneurship brings not only to the

entrepreneurs but also to the country as a whole. 2. Persistent
1. Provide self-employment a. formulates different alternatives to
2. Create employment for others overcome possible problems that may
3. Develops industries especially in the rural come along the way
areas b. makes personal sacrifices to see a
4. Encourages the processing of local materials job completed according to specified
into finished or semi-finished goods standards
5. Generate additional income for the family 3. Committed to a Work Contract
6. Encourages healthy competition which may a. assumes full responsibility for job
assure highest quality products orders of customers
7. Makes more goods and services available to b. helps workers or acts as a substitute
the consumers for absent workers (if there is need) to
get a job done

14
 c. conveys a concern for pleasing These competencies are clustered into the
customers following:
1. Achievement cluster
4. Risk takers
a. Opportunity seeking
a. makes an effort to evaluate b. Persistence
advantages of a business in which c. Commitment to work contact
he/she would opt for a modern risk d. Risk taking
b. Open to untoward experience and e. Demand for efficiency and quality
considers constraints as challenges
5. Competent and Hard worker 2. Planning cluster
a. aspires and works towards quality a. Goal setting
performance b. Information seeking
b. does things that assures work that c. Systematic planning and monitoring
meets or exceeds standards of
excellence 3. Power cluster
a. Persuasion and networking
6. Goal Setter b. Self-confidence
a. formulates specific, measurable,
attainable, reliable and time-bounded
objectives Social and Economic Impact of
b. formulates long term goals Entrepreneurship
7. Information Seeker People have many physical needs. Basically, they
a. solicits information about clients, need food, clothing, shelter, air and water. In
competitors, suppliers. addition, they also need other things like
b. confers with experts about business transportation, bags, shoes, soap, salt and sugar,
or technical advice medicine and many others.
c. established linkages to obtain
People living in the community are dependent on
important information
each other for the products and service each of
8. Systematic Planner and Overseers them needs every day. This is so because as the
a. evolves and implements step by step community grows, individual roles become more
plans to reach goals distinct and specialized. It is difficult for everyone to
b. assesses options provide for everything he needs.
c. observes performance and adapts A need for a product or service is an economic
alternative strategies opportunity. When people need something, they
9. Persuasive/Salesman are willing to pay someone who is able to provide it
a. implements planned strategies to to them. The ability of individuals to perceive the
persuade or convinced others kind of products or services that others need and to
b. sells ideas to other people deliver these at the right time, to the right place, to
c. uses business contacts to attain goals the right people and at the right price, is what is
generally referred to as entrepreneurship. When
10. Self-confident entrepreneurship is a practice of many members of
a. possesses strong belief in self and in a community or society, that society develops very
what he/she accomplishes rapidly.
b. has confidence in meeting problems
and challenges especially those that The following benefits that result from
are related to the business entrepreneurship explain why development takes
place when a society becomes entrepreneurial.

Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies

As a result of continuous study of entrepreneurial 1. Entrepreneurship creates employment
character traits, several qualities were evolved by
the Management System International, a consulting When entrepreneurs put up a business, they
firm based in Washington. These are collectively oftentimes need to hire or employ at least one
called personal entrepreneurial competencies or two to hundreds of other people in order to
get something done.
or PECS. They are referred to as competencies
because these qualities are translated into actions When entrepreneurial activities slow down, the
– demonstrated and exhibited – by an individual in country’s unemployment rate goes up. Every
order to make things happen rather than remain as society wants all qualified members of its work
passive traits or mere mental pre-occupation. force to be gainfully employed.

15
2. Entrepreneurship improves quality of life
COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Entrepreneurial undertakings contribute
significantly to the continuous improvement of Concept of Community Needs Assessment
living standards. The development of new
products and the delivery of needed services Needs assessment, social analysis or community
make life easier and comfortable for society in diagnosis as others refer to, is a concrete base for
general. the formulation of programs. It reflects the
sentiments, needs, aspirations and
3. Entrepreneurship contributes to more recommendations of the community people. When
equitable distribution of income and it is done properly, it will reflect also the trainees’
therefore eases social unrest. feeling of oneness with the community. They begin
to see that the people’s problems also reflect their
Entrepreneurs continuously search, identify own.
and/or develop raw materials needed for the
production of goods and services. To them, Needs assessment becomes significant when it is
nothing or almost nothing is useless. They are, conducted through integration with the people. Our
therefore, the ones who often see the analysis and assessment should be done with the
economic potentials of raw materials and other people. Hence, it does be genuinely pro-people.
resources in the rural areas. By putting up an Analysis of social situation becomes meaningful if it
enterprise in the locality, entrepreneurs are is used as an instrument for conscientization.
actually dispersing the benefits of development Those immersing in the community must not just
to other parts of the country. When many make the people realize their issues but also make
segments of the society are deprived, social them to act on it. Their realization of the problems
tensions may arise. should help make the community realize the
relation between their local condition and situation
Income that is evenly distributed means fewer of other communities around them. It is important
poor people. The eradication of poverty will that the people realize that they can do something
help solve social problems like crime, juvenile to change their situation for the better.
delinquency and malnutrition.
Assessing the needs of the community is a prelude
4. Entrepreneurship utilizes and mobilizes to effective program offered to clients. This will
resources to make the country productive ensure solutions to problems, issues and concerns
of the people in the locality.
Our country will develop faster economically if
none of its resources were idle or unused. For
Community Needs Assessment Defined
example, we have plenty of iron ore that can
be processes to supply the needs of industries It is the process wherein problems, issues and
that manufacture spare parts for cars and concerns of the community are identified through
machines. Putting up a metal factory to the use of several tools for assessment.
process iron ore does not only utilize the raw
It encourages the participation of the community,
materials and feed other local industries. It
as they are the stakeholders, to the findings in the
also saves much for the country in terms of
assessment.
dollars and time same local industries need no
longer be dependent on its iron-ore imports all
Importance of Needs Assessment
the time.
1. Gather information about citizens’ attitudes
Entrepreneurship also provides a way to make
and options in order of importance.
productive use of capital resources such as
family or personal savings. Otherwise, these 2. Determine how citizens rank issues, problems
and opportunities in order of importance or
may remain utilized or channeled to
urgency.
unproductive ventures (gambling) or luxury
3. Give citizens a voice in determining policies,
spending.
goals and priorities.
5. Entrepreneurship brings social benefits 4. Evaluate current programs and policies.
through the government. 5. Provide speculations about what people are
thinking.
With the revenues the government collects 6. Provide speculations about what people really
from taxes, duties and licenses by the want.
entrepreneurs (not to mention income tax the
entrepreneurs’ workers’ pay) the government Information to be included in Assessing
allocates the disbursement of these revenues Community Needs
to different services and projects for
communities. 1. Historical Development

16
 Refers to data on how the community became b. Performing telephone survey;
what it is today and provides insights into the c. Handing out surveys while people are in
kind of resources to collect and weed. an assembly; and
2. Geographical and Transportation Information d. Posting questionnaires on your public
access computer catalog
It includes information on the community’s
patterns and population contributions. “An example of this is the Minimum Basic
Needs (MBN) Form of the DSWD”.
3. Political and Legal Functions
It includes strategies for community-based Steps in Conducting Needs Assessment
selection [or this may include strategies that
1. Establish a working committee to solicit citizen
community uses for selecting players in the
and community involvement and develop a
political sphere].
plan of action.
4. Demographic Data 2. List important aspects that are needed to be
It includes data on age characteristics, size, looked upon.
race, and transience of population. This may also mean identifying the surveyors’
5. Economic Data own capability and strength.
It refers to the economic base, social, cultural, 3. Identify the population to be surveyed.
educational, recreational organizations. This
This also includes making communications
includes the values and social pattern.
with community leaders and authorities of the
identified population to facilitate other
Methods in Collecting Data for Community
procedures.
Needs Assessment
4. Determine the information that is needed.
1. Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with Key
It may be existing information which must be
informants
collected or it may be information gathered
The key informants of the community are
using a survey. Information like demographic
people who hold socially responsible positions
profile may be readily gathered from the
such as educators, public officials, clergy and
barangay, municipal or city records office.
business representatives or those who are
active in community events. 5. Select a random sample of person to survey.
These are people who can provide good A good number of representative populations
information that will guide and give you better to be surveyed will contribute to the validity of
understanding on historical issues needed by the information.
the community.
6. Develop and pretest a questionnaire.
2. Community Forum/Assembly Afterwards, if the questionnaire was found to
This involves holding of group events that may be a valid tool for measurement of data,
include the entire community. It gives visibility proceed to distributing the questionnaire for
to the leaders and raises the status of the community use.
community but it requires lots of planning and
7. Collate the information.
publicity.
This meeting can be a venue where people 8. Analyze the data.
can express their needs and be immediately This may be done together with the core group
validated by the rest of the attendees. members of the community. Community
Participatory action research effectively uses participation in analyzing gathered data is also
this method. important so that they can feel the ownership
of the issues and concerns in their community.
3. Public Records
Public records like national census will provide 9. Go back to the community for validation of
data for social and demographic indicators of information.
the community. Data include are age, gender, 10. Finalize the document.
educational level, locality, etc. that tend to Community Assistance in Assessing Needs
contribute to library use. 1. Help identify community groups and citizens to
4. Survey be involved in the working committee.
Survey and questionnaires involve asking 2. Facilitate a group discussion to identify
individuals in the community about their important issues and set priorities.
everyday needs. This can be implemented 3. Help select the sample to be surveyed and
through the following: design a system to identify respondents.
a. Mailing questionnaires to randomly
selected members of the community;
17
4. Provide tested questions from which the organize their own democratically self- governing
working committees choose questions that groups or community organizations which enable
address the issues and concerns. them to initiate and control their own personal and
5. Help design a process to distribute and collect communal development. It is a process of taking
survey questionnaires, code, enter and action to influence behavior to positively affect
analyze the resulting data. social change at all levels of society.
6. Provide summary reports of data.
Effective social mobilization goes beyond
7. Suggest programs to report the results and
community organizations, harnessing the potential
strategies to solicit community involvement.
and efforts of government, non- governmental
8. Work with citizens to identify courses of action sectors and citizens to work towards sustainable
based on the information.
social, economic and political development. The
benefits of social mobilization to community
organizations and its impact locally and nationally
SOCIAL AND RESOURCES MOBILIZATION
can be best sustained within an enabling political,
Concept of Social Mobilization policy and regulatory environment where
mechanisms for linking experiences and lessons at
The concept of social mobilization emerged from
the community level to policy are developed.
the recognition that a genuine participatory to
development is essential for success and Social mobilization as a whole aim to involve all the
sustainability. Civil society participation in people in the communities and empower them to
development efforts is, therefore, increasingly act at the grassroots level. The outcomes should
recognized by agencies and governments as be the people’s active involvement ranging from
essential for promoting good governance- identifying a need to implementation in achieving
improving responsiveness of national policies and the development objective and evaluation effort.
programs to citizen’s needs and ensuring Simply stated, social mobilization calls for a journey
transparency and accountability in policy- making among partners and results in the successful
and implementation processes of such programs transformation of development goals into societal
like the Civic Welfare Training Service. Genuine action.
participation of people involved and the citizen’s,
however, is very necessary and goes beyond
dialogue with or contracting a few non- The societal mobilization strategy calls for
governmental organizations. It must engage all partnership with all stakeholders which are
citizens (men and women, in their various the following:
capacities, socio- economic status, affiliations and
locations) beyond elections to active participation in 1. Political-policy makers
making decisions that affect their lives. Involving Advocacy in this group helps foster the
people requires efforts and mechanisms that can commitment that will clear the way for action.
empower all but, most especially, the The goal here is to build consensus with sound
disadvantaged members of society to participate data, to create a knowledgeable and
effectively in developmental processes. supportive environment for decision- making,
including the allocation of adequate resources.
The social mobilization concept requires working
hand- in- hand with individuals, organizations, 2. Bureaucratic/ Technocratic- government
policy makers and communities to forge a collective workers and technical experts
identity to achieve common goals. It is through this Policy makers depend on the technocrats,
process that people at various levels of society bureaucrats, and service professionals to
engage in dialogue and negotiation wherein provide the rationale for decisions as well as to
collective action emanates. It is also an approach plan and implement programs. This sector
that involves planned actions and processes to includes disparate groups, each with its own
reach, influence and involve all relevant segments agenda, conflicting interests and concerns.
of society across all sectors from the national to
community levels in order to effect positive 3. Non-governmental sector
behavior and social change. This covers a multitude of interests. Non-
governmental organizations for special
purposes, social institutions and associations
Social mobilization is also an approach and tool for that represent organized support, religious
the Civic Welfare Training Group to adopt groups with their ideological bends, commerce
whichever can help people organize for collective and industry that operate on for- profit basis
action by pooling resources and building the and professional groups that exist to advance
solidarity required to resolve common problems their interests are here.
and work towards community advancement. It is a 4. Community groups
process that empowers men and women to
18
 Community leaders, schools, churches, capacity, enhanced social status and voice
mosques, and grassroots groups are critical to (especially for disadvantaged people, including
get communities involved. They help transform women, the poor and youth). These results, in
development goals into action. Popular turn, motivate people to remain organized as
participation takes place here. they begin to enjoy the benefits of collective
action and recognize its potential to create or
5. Households and individuals
influence change in their communities.
Individual actions are the ultimate pay- off of
the health program. In the household, where Benefits of Social Mobilization
such behavioral actions take place, key
individuals in traditional society often hold 1. For Poverty Alleviation
sway. There is a need for a deliberate action to Social mobilization is an important tool in the
inform and educate individuals in the poverty alleviation process, as it enables
household, so that they can make informed communities and the poor to help themselves
choices. to engage actively in solving their own
problems and effectively tackling poverty in its
multi- dimensional form.
Key Elements of Social Mobilization
2. For promoting Democratic Governance
1. Organizational Development Social mobilization must be institutionalized
It is a process in which community members, within government for it to be effective. This
especially the poor, form their own groups or would encourage participation in decision-
organizations based on common development making, build capacity for participatory
interests and needs that are best served in planning, build a common vision on
organizing themselves as a group. development and ensure transparency.
Creating demand for good governance through
2. Capital formation for development through social mobilization must be complemented with
Community Savings increased capacity of the local government to
This enhances a community organization’s manage and effectively respond to this
power to realize its full potential. “Savings demand and improve its governance practices
generated by individual members are the Capacity- building efforts must therefore target
assets of the community organization and are civil society organizations (including CBOs,
the first step towards their self- reliance” elected representatives, etc.) and government.
(Pandey, 2002) Accumulated savings can be
used for internal credit with interest, to enable 3. For Environment
individual members to engage in income Social mobilization organizes people to better
generation activities. They can also be used manage their natural resources and fight
for enterprise development at the community against illegal practices of organizations that
level. degrade the environment, through promoting
appropriate legal, regulatory and institutional
3. Training for Human Resource Development frameworks and policy dialogue.
Community members can maximize their
potential not only by organizing themselves but 4. For Conflict Prevention
also by upgrading their existing skills to better As people organize to address common
manage new inputs- business and community problems, and to collectively improve their
initiatives- and establish effective links with socio- economic conditions in an equitable,
local governments and other sectors. Local democratic and transparent manner, the
human resource development can be best possibility of conflict can be significantly
promoted when trained individuals take up the reduced.
responsibility to train other community
members. Social mobilization is said to be best effective
when it reveals that:
4. Socio- economic development
Socio- economic development initiatives are a 1. The organized people representing different
ethnic group act as a vehicle to develop social
great incentive for community members to
harmony and peace and increase the general
organize themselves. It is important, therefore,
capacity of the people for self- empowerment.
that an initiative which includes social Full participation at the grass- roots is only
mobilization provide support in the form of possible if the rural people are organized.
matching grants or access to credit, marketing
and other services that will lead to tangible 2. A properly designed community mobilization
improvements in social economic conditions process leads community members, both male
within the community if well facilitated, this and female, to the emergence of self-
process can result in increased institutional governing institutions which act as the
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 sustainable organizations for co-operation,
peace and development, helping people to
enhance their receiving and utilizing capacities
and also to work together for household and
community initiatives.
3. The result of the social mobilization process is
that people get organized to work together if
they live in close proximity and share common
interests for community development. The
foremost requirement in this process is that
people organize themselves into a broad
based and multi- purpose and multi- ethnic
Community Organization (CO).
4. The Community Organization is a mass
coalition of all those residents of a village
whose continuing economic and social
interests are best served organizing
themselves as a group. Such an organization
can be created around an activity of
importance to most of the villagers. Before one
becomes a member of CO, the individual
struggles against a harsh environment. Once
he/ she is organized in a broad- based group,
the individual has the leverage with which to
address and tackle problems, which he/ she
could not have done alone. The group can
function in various fields depending on the
needs of the village or community.
5. Social mobilization is based on the active
participation of all households without any
discrimination. For preventive development to
be effective, mobilization should cover each
member of the community, irrespective of the
ethnic group, economic group or different
settlements at the lower level. Social harmony
will be best achieved by forming social capital
through multi- ethnic and multi- economic
group community organizations which will be
engaged in multi- sectoral development for
themselves and their villages.

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