Chapter 1

Background of the Study

Air conditioning (AC) and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are
essential for sustaining thermal comfort in a variety of contexts; nevertheless, their extensive usage
adds greatly to the greenhouse effect. These systems release greenhouse gases via refrigerant
leakage and power usage, with air conditioning alone accounting for more than 10% of world
emissions (Vyas et al., 2020). Furthermore, the creation of energy to operate these systems
increases their environmental impact, with estimates indicating that air conditioning generates
roughly 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions (Rosenfeld et al., 2019). Aside from direct
emissions, the popularity of AC and HVAC systems may increase the urban heat island effect,
which raises local temperatures and contributes to global warming (Oke, 1977). Additionally, the
production and disposal of these systems pose environmental concerns, highlighting the intricate
relationship between thermal comfort and environmental impact.

Efforts are being made to reduce the environmental effect of air conditioning and heating
systems, with an emphasis on long-term solutions to emissions and energy usage. One strategy is
to develop and utilize low-global-warming-potential refrigerants, which may dramatically cut
emissions from these systems (Vyas et al., 2020). Furthermore, advances in energy-efficient
technology, such as variable-speed drives and enhanced insulation, provide potential to reduce
energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (Rohdin et al., 2015). Furthermore, boosting
passive cooling measures such as natural ventilation and shade provides opportunities to minimize
dependency on air conditioning systems, hence minimizing their environmental impact.

Finally, the interaction between air conditioning, HVAC systems, and the greenhouse
effect emphasizes the need of long-term approaches to addressing the environmental implications
of thermal comfort solutions. While these systems are essential for contemporary living, their
emissions and energy consumption contribute considerably to global warming. By embracing
sustainable technologies, increasing energy efficiency, and promoting passive cooling strategies,
we can work toward a future in which thermal comfort and environmental responsibility coexist,
mitigating the negative effects of AC and HVAC systems on the environment (Vyas et al., 2020;
Rosenfeld et al., 2019; Oke, 1977; Rohdin et al., 2015).

Statement of the Problem

 The central problem addressed by this study revolves around the necessity for an effective
and tailored air conditioning system within a conference hall building. Conference halls are
dynamic spaces accommodating diverse events with unique thermal comfort requirements. The
challenge lies in designing a centralized air conditioning system capable of efficiently adapting to
these varying demands, ensuring occupant well-being while upholding energy efficiency and
sustainability. Existing HVAC systems may fall short in meeting these specific needs, potentially
leading to discomfort, reduced productivity, and environmental inefficiency. Moreover, factors
like climate change further impact thermal comfort, making it essential to consider environmental,
work-related, and personal aspects when determining an ideal working temperature. The overall
number of occupants and the building's surroundings, especially during peak periods, can influence
the air conditioning system's effectiveness. Discomfort with body temperature can result in unsafe
behavior and impaired decision-making and manual labor abilities. To enhance the overall
satisfaction and productivity of occupants and the preservation of machinery and products within
the building, addressing thermal comfort is imperative.

Objective of the Study

The objective of this project is to engineer a centralized air conditioning system that will
effectively control the room temperature within a conference hall building at Visayas State
University in accordance with the standards and guidelines set by ASHRAE and PSME. The
specific goals of this project include:

a. Evaluating the overall cooling load, taking into account factors such as occupancy,
lighting, air infiltration, and heat transfer through sunlit and non-sunlit surfaces.

b. Designing a ducting system based on the calculated parameters to ensure efficient and
precise distribution of conditioned air.

c. Designing a refrigeration system that aligns with the requirements of the Air Handling
Unit (AHU), considering the calculated parameters and efficiency criteria.

d. Developing a piping system that facilitates the flow of both water and refrigerant fluids
throughout the entire system, enabling effective heat exchange.

e. Selecting suitable equipment and machinery essential for the entire system, in
accordance with the specified design criteria.
Scope and Limitations

The study focuses on designing a centralized air conditioning system for a conference hall
building, considering thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and sustainability. It adheres to industry
standards like ASHRAE and PSME, conducts a comprehensive cooling load analysis, designs
efficient ducting and refrigeration systems, develops a piping system, and selects suitable
equipment. The study operates within budget constraints, may not account for site-specific climate
considerations, assumes no significant constraints related to existing infrastructure, and may have
limited adaptability to extreme variations in occupancy and environmental conditions. It adheres
to a specific timeframe and does not consider potential regulatory changes during the project.

CHAPTER 2
 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework for designing a centralized air conditioning system for a
conference hall building using the CLTD (Cooling Load Temperature Difference) method offers
a structured approach to estimating the cooling load. It integrates climate data, building
characteristics, internal loads, and time-dependent factors, all aimed at optimizing system
performance and sustainability. This framework serves as a foundational structure to guide the
design process and ensure the development of an energy-efficient air conditioning system tailored
to the specific needs of the conference hall.

2.1. External Cooling Load

A cooling load calculation is essential for determining the sensible cooling load resulting
from factors like heat gain through windows, infiltration, occupants, and structural elements. The
latent cooling load is assessed individually, and while the entire building may be considered a
single zone, the system design and equipment selection should be based on a room-by-room
analysis to determine the volume of conditioned air required for each room. The total cooling load
comprises heat transfer through the building's exterior and internal heat sources, such as people,
equipment, and lighting. The term "external cooling load" encompasses the burden imposed on the
system due to heat conducted through its surrounding environment. Accurate assessment and
quantification of this external cooling load are vital for designing an efficient centralized air
conditioning system, optimizing energy efficiency, enhancing thermal comfort, and improving
overall system performance within the conference hall building.

Q = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ (𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷) (1.1)

where:
𝐾𝐽
Q= cooling load, 𝐻𝑅

U = coefficient of heat transfer

A = area of transfer

CLTD= cooling load temperature difference

To determine the cooling load that the roof will withstand, the corrected CLTD of the roof
must first be estimated using the equation
A. Walls
The cooling load of the walls is computed using equations.

𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 corrected (1.2)

where:
𝑘𝑗
• 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = cooling load of the wall, ℎ𝑟

• 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

• 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑚2
• 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙,
℃

To determine the cooling load that the walls will withstand, the corrected
CLTD of the walls must first be estimated using the equation

𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 wall 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷wall + (25.5 − 𝑇𝑟) + ( 𝑇𝑚 − 29.4 ) (1.3)

where:

• 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 wall 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = cooling load temperature difference of the wall, ℃

• 𝑇𝑟 = indoor room temperature, ℃
• 𝑇𝑚 = mean outdoor temperature. ℃ And; 𝑇𝑚 can be calculated using the
following equation

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ( ) ( 1.4)
2

where:

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, ℃

𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

B. Window
The cooling load of the walls is computed using equations 1.2 and 1.3.

𝑄𝑤indow = 𝑈𝑤indow 𝑥 𝐴𝑤indow 𝑥 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑤indow corected (1.5)

where:
𝑘𝑗
• 𝑄𝑤indow = cooling load of the window, ℎ𝑟

• 𝑈window = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 window

• 𝐴𝑤indow = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤indow, 𝑚2
• 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑤indow = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤indow, ℃

C. Doors
The cooling load of the doors is computed using equations 1.2 and 1.3.

𝑄doors = 𝑈doors 𝑥 𝐴doors 𝑥 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷doors corected (1.6)

where:
𝑘𝑗
• 𝑄doors = cooling load of the doors, ℎ𝑟

• 𝑈doors = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 doors

• 𝐴doors = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 doors, 𝑚2
• 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷doors = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 doors, ℃

D. Floors
The cooling load of the floors is computed using equations 1.2 and 1.3.

𝑄floor = 𝑈floor 𝑥 𝐴floor 𝑥 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷floor corrected (1.7)

where:
𝑘𝑗
• 𝑄floor = cooling load of the floor, ℎ𝑟

• 𝑈floor = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 floors

 • 𝐴floor = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 floors, 𝑚2
• 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷floor = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 floors, ℃

2.2. Internal Cooling Load

In the context of the "Design of Centralized Air Conditioning System for Conference Hall
Building," the internal cooling load pertains to the heat generated within the building due to various
internal factors, including occupants, lighting, and equipment. This calculation takes into account
both sensible and latent heat exchanges resulting from occupants, equipment, appliances, and
lighting within the building. The sensible load directly affects the dry bulb temperature, while the
latent load influences the moisture content of the conditioned air. Accurately assessing and
quantifying this internal cooling load is essential for designing an efficient centralized air
conditioning system, optimizing energy efficiency, enhancing thermal comfort, and improving
overall system performance within the conference hall building.

A. Occupants:
• Number of Occupants: The heat generated by the occupants in the conference
hall is influenced by their sheer numbers. More people in the space result in a
higher heat load. The human body continuously produces heat through metabolic
processes, and the number of occupants directly affects the overall heat
production. Therefore, a crowded conference hall with many attendees will
produce a more substantial internal cooling load than one with fewer people.
• Metabolic Activity: Metabolic activity, including actions like standing, walking,
or even more active movements, significantly impacts the heat generated by
individuals. When people are engaged in physical activities or are under stress
due to a conference's content or duration, their metabolic rate increases, leading
to higher heat production. Understanding these dynamics helps in designing a
cooling system that can effectively manage varying levels of heat output in
response to occupant behavior.
 𝑄𝑠,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝑁 𝑥 𝑄𝑠 𝑥 𝐶𝐿𝐹 (2.1)
where:

𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛/𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛

𝐶𝐿𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

In ASHRAE handbooks, the CLF values are presented as tables. The

equation: gives the latent heat transfer from the occupant to the conditioned space.

𝑄𝑙,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝑁 𝑥 𝑄𝑙 ( 2.2)
where:
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑄𝑙 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛/𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠on

B. Lighting:

Conduction, convection, and radiation are the three primary mechanisms of heat
transfer associated with artificial lighting systems. These systems generate heat that
contributes to the cooling load within a conditioned space. The cooling load attributed
to lighting fixtures depends on several factors:

• Lighting Fixtures: Lighting systems, whether traditional incandescent bulbs,

fluorescent lights, or more modern LED fixtures, produce heat as a byproduct of
generating light. The choice of lighting fixtures, their wattage, and their
operating hours can significantly contribute to the internal cooling load.
Inefficient or high-intensity lighting can result in more heat generation, which
needs to be managed by the air conditioning system.

• Operating Hours: The duration for which lighting is in use also impacts the heat
load. In a conference hall that hosts events for extended periods, lighting heat
 can accumulate, especially if the lights are on continuously. Effective HVAC
system design takes into account the lighting needs of the space to ensure both
energy efficiency and comfort.

𝑄𝑠,𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝑥 𝐶𝐿𝐹 (2.3)

where:
𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝐿𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
The CLF values are given ASHRAE handbooks.

C. Equipment/appliances:

This component of the equipment produces observable loads as well as latent

loads, the latter of which might be convective or radiative in nature.

• Audio-Visual Systems: The audio-visual equipment used during presentations

and conferences, such as projectors, sound systems, and displays, generates heat.
These systems have electronic components that operate at various levels of
efficiency, and their heat output can vary accordingly. The choice of equipment
and its usage patterns are essential considerations in calculating the cooling load.
• Computers and Devices: If conferences involve the use of computers, laptops,
and other electronic devices, their operation contributes to the internal heat load.
The heat generated by these devices depends on their power consumption, usage,
and the number of devices in operation simultaneously. Efficient management
of this heat is vital for maintaining a comfortable environment.

The following formula must be used to determine the internal sensible load
that different appliances and pieces of equipment cause:

𝑄𝑠,𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑇 𝐺𝐴𝐼𝑁 𝑥 𝐶𝐿𝐹 (2.4)

The latent load due to appliances is given by:

𝑄𝑙,𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑇 𝐺𝐴𝐼𝑁 (2.5)

 In understanding the internal cooling load factors, such as the number and
activity of occupants, lighting choices and operating hours, and the use of electronic
equipment, is essential for designing an effective centralized air conditioning
system for a conference hall building. Proper management of these factors ensures
not only thermal comfort but also energy efficiency and overall system
performance.

2.3. Ducting Design

Ducting design is a critical component in the "Design of Centralized Air Conditioning
System for Conference Hall Building," facilitating the efficient distribution of conditioned air
within the conference hall. This well-designed duct system not only ensures effective HVAC
operation but also promotes ecological sustainability, improved air quality, and year-round interior
comfort. It meets essential requirements, such as delivering the right volume of conditioned air,
preventing air loss or contamination, and maintaining balanced airflow in supply and return ducts
to establish neutral air pressure. Essentially, ducting design serves as the linchpin for a sustainable,
comfortable, and efficient HVAC system in the conference hall, addressing both environmental
concerns and indoor air quality.
The sensible load per room is initially calculated using the formula as part of the design
process,

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑄𝑠−𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑄𝑠−𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 + ⋯ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + ⋯ + 𝑄𝑠−𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 (3.1)

then use the formula to solve for the mass flow rate per room,
𝑄𝑠
𝑚𝑠 = Cp−air(∆t) (3.2)

where:
∆𝑡 = is the differential in temperature between the interior and exterior of the room
Afterwards, the volume flow rate is calculated using the formula below considering air
density at STP of 200 C and 1 atm. to be 1.204 kg/m3.
𝑚𝑠
𝑉 = 1.204 (3.3)

2.4 Refrigeration Capacity

 The refrigeration capacity in the "Design of Centralized Air Conditioning System for
Conference Hall Building" is a pivotal factor that dictates the system's effectiveness in providing
cooling. It involves accurately calculating and supplying the required cooling power to maintain
the desired indoor temperature in the conference hall. The sizing of refrigeration capacity takes
into account factors like room size, occupancy, heat gain from lighting and equipment, and comfort
requirements. Additionally, essential components of the refrigeration system, such as evaporators,
condensers, compressors, cooling towers, pumps, and pipes, are carefully selected and designed.
A refrigeration cycle analysis, employing the conventional vapor compression cycle, determines
energy inputs and flow rates for the system. The refrigeration capacity's assessment involves
graphing the Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR) on the ASHRAE Psychometric Chart SI Unit 12, while
capacity per floor is calculated by multiplying outside, supply, and recirculated air mass flow rates
by the mixture's temperature. The outside air's mass flow rate also contributes to the determination
of total recirculated air. Properly addressing refrigeration capacity is essential for maintaining a
comfortable and controlled temperature in the conference hall, ensuring the success of various
events and the well-being of occupants.

The volume flow rate of the first, second, and third floors is dependent on the overall
volume flow rate expressed in 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 in each floor.
𝑉
𝑚𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜 (4.1)

Where:

𝑚𝑜 – outside mass flow rate

𝑉 – volume flow rate

𝑣𝑜 – outside specific volume

Use the total supply air equation to compute the mass of supply air.

𝑄𝑆 = 𝑚𝑎𝐶p(𝑇𝑟 – 𝑇s ) (4.2)

Where:

𝑄𝑆 – total supply of air, kg/s

𝑚𝑎 – mas of air, kg/s

 𝑚𝑟 – mass of recirculated air

The mass of recirculated air is computed by subtracting the outside air mass flow rate from
the supply air mass flow rate.

𝑚𝑟 = 𝑚a – 𝑚o (4.3)

The mass balance equation is presented below, which can then be solved with the mixture
temperature to find the specific enthalpy of the air mixture.

𝑚𝑜𝑡o + 𝑚r 𝑡r = 𝑚a – 𝑡m (4.4)

Where:

𝑡o – outside temperature

𝑡r – recirculated temperature

𝑡m – mixture temperature

Following the determination of the specific enthalpy, the change in enthalpy will be
multiplied by the mass of supplied air to calculate the Refrigeration Capacity.

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑚a(ℎm − ℎs) (4.5)

Where:

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 – capacity of refrigeration

ℎ𝑚 – enthalpy of mixtures

ℎs – enthalpy of supply

a. Refrigeration System Design

The refrigeration system design in the "Design of Centralized Air Conditioning
System for Conference Hall Building" is a critical component for achieving efficient
cooling and climate control within the conference hall. It involves the meticulous
selection and arrangement of vital components, including evaporators, condensers,
compressors, cooling towers, pumps, and pipes, to create an effective cooling system.
Through a comprehensive refrigeration cycle analysis utilizing the conventional vapor
compression cycle, the energy inputs and flow rates for each unit and piping system
are determined. The assessment of refrigeration capacity, conducted by graphing the
Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR) on the ASHRAE Psychometric Chart SI Unit 12, plays a
pivotal role in evaluating system performance. In essence, the refrigeration system
design is indispensable for consistently maintaining a comfortable and controlled
temperature in the conference hall, thereby contributing to the success of various
events and the well-being of occupants.

b. Evaporator
In the "Design of Centralized Air Conditioning System for Conference Hall
Building," the refrigeration capacity, calculated using equation 20, is a pivotal factor
in determining the evaporator classification, as per ACME Refrigeration Heat
Exchangers. This capacity, typically measured in tons, holds significant importance in
establishing the required evaporator units for the system. The evaporator itself plays a
critical role in the refrigeration system, responsible for extracting heat from indoor air
to lower temperatures and ensure occupant comfort in the conference hall. Its careful
selection and design, along with other system components, are essential for optimizing
cooling efficiency and maintaining a consistent and controlled indoor climate, a vital
consideration for the success of various events hosted in the conference hall and the
well-being of attendees.

c. Pump

In the "Design of Centralized Air Conditioning System for Conference Hall

Building," the pump plays a pivotal role within the HVAC system. It is classified based
on its performance, specifically its operational capacity, which is defined by the
evaporator's pump capacity. This capacity is expressed as the product of specific
volume and pump mass, where the pump mass represents the mass flow rate of water
in the evaporator. The pump's primary function is to facilitate the circulation of the
heat transfer fluid, such as chilled water or refrigerant, throughout the system. This
circulation ensures efficient heat exchange and cooling, ultimately contributing to the
maintenance of optimal system performance, energy efficiency, and the consistent
delivery of conditioned air to different areas of the conference hall. The reliable
operation of the pump is instrumental in achieving the desired climate control and
thermal comfort within the conference hall, which, in turn, supports the success of
various events and ensures the well-being of occupants, where pump mass is the mass
flow rate of water in the evaporator:

𝑄𝐴𝐻𝑈 = 𝑚w𝐶(𝑇i – 𝑇o) (4.6)

For the pump capacity for the evaporator:

𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇@𝑇 = 12.22℃

𝒗 = 1.00057 x 10−3 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔

𝑣𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑣𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑚p

d. Condenser
The condenser in the "Design of Centralized Air Conditioning System for
Conference Hall Building" holds a central role within the HVAC system, primarily
tasked with efficiently dissipating heat from the refrigerant, effectively transforming
it from a high-pressure, high-temperature gas to a liquid state. This vital heat exchange
process enables the removal of heat previously absorbed from the indoor air, ensuring
the conference hall's efficient cooling and precise climate control. Furthermore, the
condenser serves as the connection point between the system and a cooling tower
circuit, where the refrigerant undergoes a chilling procedure, reverting it to a liquid
state. Proper selection and design of the condenser are imperative for optimizing
system performance, enhancing energy efficiency, and maintaining a consistent,
controlled indoor environment. The condenser's dependable operation significantly
contributes to achieving the desired thermal comfort, thereby supporting the success
of events in the conference hall and ensuring the well-being of its occupants.

e. Compressor
In the design of a centralized air conditioning system for a conference hall
building, the compressor is a pivotal component responsible for pressurizing and
circulating the refrigerant throughout the system, crucial for effective cooling. Key
considerations include selecting an appropriate compressor type, sizing it correctly to
meet the cooling load, prioritizing energy efficiency with technologies like variable-
speed or inverter compressors, ensuring refrigerant compatibility, addressing noise
levels, focusing on maintenance and reliability, considering redundancy for critical
applications, seamless integration within the HVAC system, and adherence to

environmental regulations. A well-designed compressor is essential for achieving

efficient and reliable air conditioning, and collaboration with HVAC professionals is
vital for tailored system selection and implementation. As a result, this is determined
by the different energy states in each unit of the refrigeration system. The R-22
characteristics are plotted on the P-h diagram as follows.

Figure 2.1 R-22 PH-Diagram

Procedures 1-2 include the refrigerant going through processes where the
vapor refrigerant compresses and becomes superheated. Process 2-3 is a
combination of liquid vapor brought on by condensation; the refrigerant is liquid at
 point 3. Step 2-3 then expands the liquid refrigerant by an enthalpic reaction. The
expanded refrigerant may evaporate or transform into a gas after evaporation.

For the mass flow rate of the R – 22:

𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓(ℎ1 − ℎ4) (4.7)
Compressor power, the compressor power can be calculated using the
following equation. This will also categorize which compressor will be chosen from
the list of Base Mounted Compressors for Carrier.
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓(ℎ2 − ℎ1) (4.8)
For the number of the compressors it will be determined by using this
equation below.
𝑊
𝑛 = Wcomp (4.9)

The exact condenser model and its operating nominal capacity will be
estimated using ASME Refrigeration Heat Exchangers and the previously
computed mass flow rate of the refrigerant R-22. For calculating the actual
condenser heat, the equation below is being used.
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓(ℎ2 − ℎ3) (4.10)

f. Cooling Tower

Designing a cooling tower for a centralized air conditioning system in a

conference hall building is vital for efficient cooling. The cooling tower plays a crucial
role in dissipating the heat generated by the air conditioning system, which is absorbed
by the refrigerant and carried to the cooling tower to be rejected into the atmosphere.
This process efficiently manages and directs the energy away from the building via
flowing water and atmospheric air. Key considerations in designing the cooling tower
include calculating the cooling load, selecting a water source, optimizing its location,
sizing and type selection, implementing water treatment, designing efficient piping,
control, and monitoring systems, ensuring easy maintenance access, and focusing on
energy efficiency. Compliance with local regulations and standards is essential to
ensure the system's proper operation and environmental responsibility. Overall, a well-
designed cooling tower is essential for maintaining the desired indoor temperature and
effectively managing the heat produced by the air conditioning system.

For the mass flow rate of water:

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚𝑤𝐶(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜) (4.11)

The volume flow rate of water:

@𝑇𝑜 = 12.22℃

𝒗 = 1.00057 x 10−3𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝒗 = 1.00057 x 10−3𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝑉𝑤 = 𝑣𝑚𝑤

For the pump capacity for cooling tower:

𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑉𝑤 (4.12)

g. Make – up Water
Make-up water in the design of a centralized air conditioning system for a
conference hall building refers to the water needed to replace the loss from evaporation
during the cooling process. A secondary pump is used to regulate the required make-
up water, with its capacity and head calculated to meet the specific demands of the
cooling tower. This practice is essential to maintain the cooling tower's water level for
efficient operation. It involves considerations such as sourcing quality water,
calculating the required quantity based on evaporation rates, implementing water
treatment for preventing scaling and corrosion, utilizing monitoring and control
systems, selecting a reliable source, and adhering to sustainability practices to
minimize water waste and meet conservation regulations. Effective make-up water
management is vital for enhancing the cooling tower's efficiency, lifespan, and overall
system performance while reducing environmental impact.
When selecting a cooling tower model, the following equations will help with
determining the amount of make-up water needed for the cooling tower since
They are useful for determining the quality of water that evaporates.
 For the mass flow rate of the make – up water:
𝑚𝑚𝑢 = 𝑚𝑤𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 (4.13)
Where:
𝑚𝑚𝑢 – mass of the make – up water
𝑚𝑤 – mass of the flow rate of water
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 – quality of water lost due to evaporation

For the pump capacity of the makeup water:

Determining the pump capacity for make-up water in a centralized air

conditioning system for a conference hall building involves considering specific
factors related to the cooling tower's requirements. These factors encompass
elements like the cooling tower's evaporation rate, additional losses such as drift
and bleed-off, the desired water level in the cooling tower sump, and the system's
design parameters. The additional design requirements for the pump circuit are
calculated to achieve the desired flow rate, primarily focusing on the piping system
connecting the cooling tower and the pump. This careful consideration ensures that
the pump can efficiently meet the make-up water needs and maintain the cooling
tower's water level, contributing to the overall effectiveness of the HVAC system.
The capacity of the water pump for circulating make-up water can be determined
using the equation below.
mmu
𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = (4.14)
𝑝

For the losses:

There are many fittings or devices used throughout this pipeline that cause
modest losses. These are the typical K-values for various fitting types based on
the section 16 for Values of K for Various Fitting Types, and their accompanying

friction factors k are noted.

Figure 2.2 Fittings

 Figure 2.3 Equivalent Roughness

Furthermore, following the determination of the type of content to be used

for the pipes, the chart above is used to determine the material's absolute roughness.
Galvanized iron is the type of material that needs to be used, and it is based
on standards and are often used in the HVAC industry. Zinc is applied to the GI,
this can prevent mineral deposits from building up and rusting. An additional type
of water Black iron makes up supply pipes. Compared to black iron, galvanized
iron offers more advantages in terms of durability, application, application
procedure, aesthetics, and corrosion resistance, Supreme Steel Pipe Corp. claims
that. It possesses the following qualities: better resistance to corrosion, a zinc
coating that produces a smoother and improved polish and up to 50 years of life
expectancy for galvanized pipes because they are impervious to scratches caused
by abrasion and cracking.
What class of flow the particular range belongs to is determined by the
Reynolds number.
The Reynold’s Number:
pDV
𝑅𝑒 =
μ
𝑝𝐷 𝑚𝑚𝑢
𝑝𝐴
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
 𝑝𝐷𝑚𝑚𝑢
𝑅𝑒 = (4.15)
𝜇𝐴

Where:
𝑅𝑒 – Reynold’s Number
𝐴 – cross sectional area of the pipe
𝑚𝑚𝑢 – mass flow rate of the make – up water
μ – dynamic viscosity @ T = 29.44℃
μ = 0.0008086 Pa – s

Re 2000 denotes laminar flow; Re > 2000 denotes critical flow; and Re
4000, whereas Re > 4000 is the definition of turbulent flow. The formula for any
one of the The friction factor can be obtained with ease using two types of flows.
Poiseuille's rule means that the For laminar flows, the Darcy friction factor can be
calculated using the following formula. taken from the Fifth Edition of
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics (2006):

64
𝑓= − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (4.16)
Re

The friction factor of laminar flow depends only on the Reynolds number
and independent of the internal state of the pipe. Consequently, whether the pipe
is smooth or not. For laminar flow, the friction factor is a number that changes
inversely as the Reynolds number. Menon (2015) stated.

In turbulent flow, friction factor f is influenced by interior pipe roughness

in addition to R. The friction factor increases with pipe roughness. As a result,
smooth pipes experience less friction than their rough counterparts. The friction
𝑒
factor is determined by the relative pipe roughness (𝐷) rather than the absolute pipe

roughness (e). The Colebrook-White equation is a useful universal equation for

determining the Darcy friction factor in a turbulent zone because it is the most
commonly used one.
e
1 2.51
= 2 log ( 𝐷
+ ) − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (4.17)
√f 3.7 Re√f
 Where:
𝑅𝑒 – Reynold’s Number
𝑓 – Darcy friction factor
𝑒 – roughness of the pipe
𝐷 – inner diameter of the pipe
𝑒
– relative roughness
𝐷

The total head and height required for the pump to successfully supply
makeup water to the cooling tower, taking into consideration all significant and
minor losses imposed by the pipelines, is known as the pump head. This is
calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation and accounting for small losses. It
may be necessary to add on more fixtures, appliances, or devices, like a damper,
in order to comply with the specifications.

ℎ = ∆ℎ + ℎ𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 + ℎ𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 + ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 + ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 + ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 (4.18)

2.5 Piping System Design

The design of a centralized air conditioning system for a conference hall building involves
multiple elements. When considering the refrigeration system, including the evaporator, cooling
tower, and make-up water, pipe sizing is crucial. This process incorporates 2D layout design,
tabulated data for friction coefficients, equivalent lengths, and head loss calculations. Copper
tubing is commonly used for refrigerant transport due to its anti-corrosive properties and cooling
efficiency, though copper can be more expensive. The evaporator and condenser specifications
determine tubing diameter, with the evaporator often requiring a larger diameter. The pipe sizing
employs the Darcy-Weisbach equation, considering head losses, liquid velocity, pipe diameters,
and equivalent lengths.

Concurrently, the design of the piping system is integral to the air conditioning system's
overall efficiency in the conference hall building. This involves meticulous planning in terms of
layout, insulation, pipe sizing, material selection, valves and controls, zoning for temperature and
airflow regulation, accessibility for maintenance, pressure considerations, water quality
maintenance, and compliance with safety and environmental standards. Collaborating with
experienced HVAC professionals ensures that the piping system aligns with the building's specific
needs, maintaining indoor comfort while operating efficiently and safely.