ELECTRICAL

PROPERTIES
OF MATERIAL
Presentation by GROUP 5
 What is electrical property?
The term "electrical property" refers to the
behavior of a material in a specific electrical
condition. Whenever electrical current flows in
a material, the behavior of the material
indicates the electrical properties. The electrical
properties vary with respect to different types
of materials. Some engineering materials have
a better electrical property in comparison to
others.
 What are the importance of
electrical properties of materials?
Whenever there is a requirement to transmit electric
current from one place to another, there would be a
need for a material with good electrical conductivity
to transmit with minimum loss. Suppose there is a
need for quick heating of material under the flow of
electricity. In that case, there should select a material
that has more electrical resistance and the ability to
convert electrical energy to thermal energy.
List of Electrical
Properties of Materials
ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL
RESISTIVITY RESISTANCE

ELECTRICAL DIELECTRIC
CONDUCTIVITY STRENGTH
TEMPERATURE
SEMI COEFFICIENT OF
CONDUCTIVITY RESISTANCE

SUPER THERMO
CONDUCTIVITY ELECTRICITY
 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

It is a very important property with a wide range

of applicability in the context of the selection of
engineering materials. This property of material
offers resistance against the flow of current. If the
value of resistivity of a material is more, it means
the current flow would be less. To increase the
current flow in the material, it should have low
resistivity.
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

It is another property of a material that decides

the rate of flow of current. If the rate of current
flow in a material is more, it means the value of
conductivity of material would be more. The
value of electrical conductivity helps obtain the
value of water purity etc. The relation between
electrical conductivity and electrical resistance is
an inverse one.
 FORMULAS
Electrical Resistivity
THE MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSION OF
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
AND ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
o represents electrical conductivity
Electrical Conductivity
R represents electrical resistance,
ρ represents electrical resistivity,
l represents the length of wire/conductor and
A represents the cross sectional area of wire.
Electrical Conductivity
Affecting Factors

Three primary factors

influence the electrical
resistivity and conductivity
of a substance
Electrical Conductivity
Affecting Factors

Three primary factors

influence the electrical
resistivity and conductivity
of a substance
 Electrical
Conductivity Unit
The reciprocal of resistivity is conductivity.

The unit of measurement of resistivity

is ohm-meter .

The unit of measurement of conductivity is

siemens per metre (S/m) or (mho/meter).
 SEMI CONDUCTIVITY
It is the term generally used for
semiconductors that have conductivity
between the conductivity of the conductor
and the conductivity of the insulator. This
property is very useful and has a wide range
of applications in the semiconductor
industry.
 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
It is also a property of some engineering
materials that offer no electrical resistance
when it lies below the critical temperature.
The temperature zone in which some
materials show the property of
superconductivity, the electrical conductivity
value would be infinite.
 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

Whenever an electric conductor wire

employs to conduct a specific electric current
between two ends points with the help of
wire then the value of resistance of a wire
can obtain with the help of the wire's
resistivity, length and cross-sectional area of
the wire.
 FORMULA
Electrical Resistance
THE MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSION OF
ELECTRICAL
RESISTANCE CAN BE R represents electrical resistance,
REPRESENTED AS, ρ represents electrical resistivity,
L represents the length of wire/conductor and
A represents the cross sectional area of wire.
 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
It is also a property of the material that
represents the capacity to work under a high
electric voltage. Normally this property is
used for insulating material to represent the
operating voltage. If the value of the
dielectric strength of a material is more, it
means the material can work under large
electric voltage
 TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF
RESISTANCE

The property of a material indicates the

variation of electric resistance with respect to
changes in the temperature of the material.
The value of resistivity and conductivity of a
material varies with temperature. If the value
of the temperature of a conducting material
increases, then the value of the material's
conductivity will decrease.
 FORMULA
THE EXPRESSION
OF ELECTRICAL
RESISTANCE OF
MATERIAL IN R represents the electrical resistance with
TERMS OF respect to temperature,
R0 represents the initial electrical resistance
TEMPERATURE at room temperature,
CAN BE α represents the thermal coefficient and
ΔT represents the change in temperature of
REPRESENTED AS, material.
 THERMOELECTRICITY
A small voltage generation would occur
whenever two different types of
conducting wires connect ends to ends
and are placed at a different
temperature. This principle of voltage
generation helps in the working of
thermocouples and refers to the See-
back effect.
 REPRESENTATION
OF SEE-BACK EFFECT

THE PICTORIAL
REPRESENTATION
OF THE SEEBACK
EFFECT IS GIVEN
HERE
 PILTIER EFFECT
One more property of a material
opposite to the Seeback effect refers to
the Peltier effect. According to this
effect, when two different metals
connect end to end, and a specific
voltage applies at the ends, then there
would be an electric voltage generated
Electric conductivity of
different type of materials
BASED ON THE PROPERTY OF CONDUCTOR
ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY,
MATERIALS CAN BE CLASSIFIED
INTO THREE PARTS:
CONDUCTOR, SEMICONDUCTOR, INSULATOR
AND INSULATOR THE BASIC
CONCEPT OF THESE TYPES OF
MATERIALS ARE GIVEN BELOW IN
THE FOLLOWING STEPS. SEMICONDUCTOR
CONDUCTORS
The value of conductivity of the conducting
material is large compared to other types
of material like semiconductors and
insulators. The value of resistivity of the
conductor would be less, and the
conductivity would be high. Conductors
are very useful for making the electric
transformer and other electric equipment
 CONDUCTORS
Page06

Solids with high electrical They can bring this energy

01 conductivity 04 all over themselves while
the current is just applied
They allow heat and electric to one portion of their
02 currents to pass through body.
them easily and quickly.
Are solids with
Through free-electron passage 05 conductivities in the range
03 from atom to atom, conductors
enable this energy transfer
of 104 to 108 ohm-1 m-1

Material such as silver is the best conductor of electricity. But, it is costly and so, we don't
Computer Science | 2023
use silver in industries and transmission of electricity. Copper, Brass, Steel, Gold, and
Aluminium are good conductors of electricity.
CONDUCTORS
 INSULATORS
It is a class of material that is very useful
to use between two conductors that do not
allow the current flow through this
material. The conductivity of the insulator
is approximately equal to zero, whereas
the value of resistivity is very large.
 INSULATORS
Page06

In contrast to conductors, They have a large

01 insulators are substances
that do not transmit any
03 bandgap, which inhibits
electricity from flowing
electrical energy or through them.
currents.
Insulators are solids with
They do not permit any
02 (or very little) electric 04 conductivities ranging
from 10-20 to 10-10 ohm-1
charge to pass across
m-1.
them.
Diamond, which is entirely made up of carbon is also a good insulator since
it doesn't have any free electrons to conduct electricity. Some other
Computer
compounds which are insulators areScience
glass,| rubber,
2023 oil, pure water etc.
Hence the best insulators are found in group 18 of the periodic table.
INSULATORS
SEMI CONDUCTORS
A semiconductor is also a material consisting of
electrical conductivity lower than a conductor but
higher than an insulator. There are also two
types of conducting materials that are intrinsic
and extrinsic. The intrinsic conductor is also
referred to by the name pure conductor, and the
extrinsic semiconductor refers to an impure
conductor. For example, silicon and germanium
 SEMICONDUCTORS Page06

Two such situations limit

materials that exist
01 between conductors and 03 semiconductors’ capacity
insulators to conduct energy, heat,
and impurities.

These are solids that can Semiconductors are solids

02 conduct electricity but 04 with an intermediate
conductivity range,
only under certain
conditions. ranging from 10-6 to 104
ohm-1 m-1.

Some examples of semiconductors are

Computer silicon,
Science germanium, gallium arsenide,
| 2023
and elements near the so-called "metalloid staircase" on the periodic table.
SEMI CONDUCTOR DEVICES
SOME OTHER ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

SOME ENGINEERING
MATERIALS HAVE SOME FERROELECTRICITY
OTHER ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES LIKE
FERROELECTRICITY, PIEZOELECTRICITY
PIEZOELECTRICITY, ETC.
 FERROELECTRICITY
The property of a material that exhibits
spontaneous polarization in the absence of an
electric field and reverses back on the
application of an electric field is called
ferroelectricity. The value of the dielectric
constant of a ferroelectric material is very
high. An example of the material is barium
titanate, etc.
 FERROELECTRICITY

REPRESENTATION
OF SPONTANEOUS
POLARIZATION
 PIEZOELECTRICITY
The property of materials that can convert
the electric form of energy into mechanical
form refers to piezoelectricity. The
mechanical output is in the form of strain.
The materials that have this property
refers as piezoelectric material. The basic
use of these materials is in microphones,
speakers, etc.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
OHM's LAW
One of the most important electrical
characteristics of a solid material is the
Overview
ease with which it transmits an electric
current.

Proponents
Ohm’s law relates the potential
difference, V (in volts (J/C)), with the
electrical resistance, R (in ohms i.e. Ω
(V/A)), and the electrical current, I (in amp
or A (C/s)). as follows:
PRINCIPLE OF
OHM's LAW
Ohm's law states that the voltage
Overview
across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current flowing
Proponents
through it, provided all physical
conditions and temperature, remain
constant.
 CONDUCTION –
FLOW OF CHARGE
Power loss due to conduction is given by:

Overview
When this is combined with conductivity equation,

Proponents
It (J – current density) is also expressed as:

It results in:
CHARGE CARRIERS -
CONDUCTIVITY

Proponents
 Electrical Conductivity
Mobility is important for metals or electrical conductors, whereas number of
carriers is important for semiconductors and insulators.
 Electrical conduction in metals and alloys
occurs by the motion of electrons. It
can be shown that the conductivity is
proportional to the number of electrons
per unit volume (ne), the charge of electron
(qe), and the electron mobility (μe),
PRACTICE PROBLEM
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
 Q 1. What is the property which
resists/obstructs the flow of electricity?

B. DIELECTRIC
A. CONDUCTIVITY
STRENGTH

C. THERMOELECTRICITY D. RESISTIVITY
 Q 1. What is the property which
resists/obstructs the flow of electricity?

B. DIELECTRIC
A. CONDUCTIVITY
STRENGTH

D. RESISTIVD.
C. THERMOELECTRICITY
RESISTIVITYITY
Q 2. Which of the following option shows
the formula of electrical resistance?

B. DIELECTRIC
A. CONDUCTIVITY
STRENGTH

Y ITY
Q 2. Which of the following option shows
the formula of electrical resistance?

B. DIELECTRIC
A. CONDUCTIVITY
STRENGTH

Y ITY
Q 3. Which of the following shows the
working principle of thermocouple?

A. SEEBACK EFFECT B. PELTIER EFFECT

C. FERROELECTRICITY D. NONE OF THESE

Q 3. Which of the following shows the
working principle of thermocouple?

A. SEEBACK EFFECT B. PELTIER EFFECT

C. FERROELECTRICITY D. NONE OF THESE

Q 4. Which one represents the capacity of
a material against high voltage?

B. DIELECTRIC
A. THERMOELECTRICITY
STRENGTH

C. ELECTROCHEMICAL D. ELECTROMECHANICAL
EFFECT EFFECT
Q 4. Which one represents the capacity of
a material against high voltage?

B. DIELECTRIC
A. THERMOELECTRICITY
STRENGTH

C. ELECTROCHEMICAL D. ELECTROMECHANICAL
EFFECT EFFECT
Q 5. The property of materials that can
convert the electric form of energy into
mechanical form.

B. DIELECTRIC
A. THERMOELECTRICITY
STRENGTH

C. ELECTROCHEMICAL
D. PIEZOELECTRICITY
EFFECT
Q 5. The property of materials that can
convert the electric form of energy into
mechanical form.

B. DIELECTRIC
A. THERMOELECTRICITY
STRENGTH

C. ELECTROCHEMICAL
D. PIEZOELECTRICITY
EFFECT
Thank You!!!
Members:
1. ATENDIDO, KING ACE
2. DE LEON, KIEHL ASHLY
3. JALBUENA, GLENNA
4. LAMOCA, ALEXIS
5. NAYNES, JOHN LOYD
6. SUSTRINA, ANGELA
 References:
https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering/mechanical-
engineering/concepts/electrical-properties-of-materials