JOINTS WORKSHEET

Key terms

Term Definition
joint A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be classified either
histologically on the dominant type of connective tissue functionally based on the
amount of movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body are
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
ligament Ligaments are bands of tough elastic tissue around your joints. They connect
bone to bone, give your joints support, and limit their movement. You have
ligaments around your knees, ankles, elbows, shoulders, and other joints.
Stretching or tearing them can make your joints unstable.
tendon A tendon is a cord of strong, flexible tissue, similar to a rope. Tendons connect
your muscles to your bones. Tendons let us move our limbs. They also help
prevent muscle injury by absorbing some of the impact your muscles take when
you run, jump or do other movements. Your body contains thousands of tendons.
to articulate A joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate. : a
movable joint between rigid parts of an animal. : the action or manner of jointing
or interrelating.

motility Here, "Motility" is defined as the ability of individual organisms or cells to

convert chemical energy to locomotion of the whole organism or cell by using a
dedicated motor system.

Types of Joints

Type Description Example

fibrous Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are Skull is the best example of a
joined by strong fibrous tissue rich in collagen. These fibrous joint. In this type of
joints allow for very little movement (if any) and are immovable joint, the bones are
often referred to as synarthroses. fused together in such a way
that they are fixed to that part
and frame a structure.
cartilaginous Cartilaginous joints are a type of joint where the bones The joint between the
are entirely joined by cartilage, either hyaline cartilage manubrium and the sternum is
or fibrocartilage. These joints generally allow more an example of a cartilaginous
movement than fibrous joints but less movement than joint. This type of joint also
synovial joints. forms the growth regions of
immature long bones and the
intervertebral discs of the
spinal column.
synovial A synovial joint is the type of joint found between bones Example: Shoulder, hip, elbow
that move against each other, such as the joints of the and knee.
limbs Synovial joints, such as the hip
and knee, have a sheath of
tissue known as a joint capsule
that contains a synovium. This
membrane produces a special
fluid to lubricate the joint and
prevent wear on cartilage while
the joint is in motion.
Structure of a Synovial Joint
The Bone Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0E5Nckxu5g

Verse 1
14 bones make up my face Verse 5

The CRANIAL bones surround an empty space. No 28 PHALANGES in my fingers and thumbs

that’s not right, they’re protecting my brain! And 44 bones already, still not done!

Where was I let’s start again. 1 coxal – a hip,

1 FEMUR - a thigh,

Verse 2 2 PATELLAS are kneecaps – my, oh my!

22 bones under my hair;

3 OSSICLES in each ear. Verse 6

The HYOID bone inside my throat. Who TIBIA and fibula in each shin, Tibia’s

knew that? Let’s make a note! fat, and FIBULA thin!

Each ankle has 7 TARSALS bones Twist

Verse 3 them, sprain them, hear them groan!

26 VERTEBRAE in my spine,
24 RIBS in this chest of mine, Verse 7

The STERNUM keeps them all apart, 10 METATARSALS in the balls of my feet.

They’re protecting my lungs and my heart. 28 PHALANGES in my toes..that’s so neat!

How many bones is that, you ask?

Verse 4 Well, add them them up…..

2 bones in each shoulder, front and back. And complete the task!

3 in each arm, it’s the muscles I lack! 206!!!!!!!

8 CARPALS that make up each of my wrists

5 METACARPALS per palm, how’s our list?

 Knee Injury Poster Circus
Ligaments of the knee

ACL Injuries

What is the primary purpose of the ACL? The anterior cruciate ligament resists the combined motions of anterior
tibial translation and internal tibial rotation, which defines the concept of rotational stability. This function prevents
anterior tibial subluxation of the lateral and medial tibiofemoral compartments that accounts for the pivot-shift
phenomena.
How can the ACL be torn or injured? An ACL injury can occur if you: Get hit very hard on the side of your knee,
such as during a football tackle. Overextending your knee joint. Quickly stop moving and change direction while
running, landing from a jump, or turning.
What are some activities where the ACL is commonly injured? ACL injuries most commonly occur during sports
that involve sudden stops or changes in direction, jumping and landing — such as soccer, basketball, football and
downhill skiing.
According to AAOS, which groups of athletes are at a higher risk of ACL injuries?
Athletes who participate in high demand sports like soccer, football, and basketball are more likely to injure their
ACL. If you have injured your ACL, you may require surgery to regain full function of your knee.
 PCL Injuries

What is the primary purpose of the PCL? The PCL functions as one of the main stabilizers of the knee joint and
serves primarily to resist excessive posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur. The PCL also acts as a
secondary stabilizer of the knee preventing excessive rotation specifically between 90° and 120° of knee flexion.

PCL sprains usually occur because of: It can occur if you: Get hit very hard on the front of your knee, such as hitting
your knee on the dashboard during a car accident. Fall hard on a bent knee. Bend the knee too far backward
(hyperflexion).

How are PCL’s most often injured? The PCL is usually injured by overextending the knee (hyperextension). This can
happen if you land awkwardly after jumping. The PCL can also become injured from a direct blow to the flexed
knee, such as falling hard on a bent knee. Most PCL injuries occur with other ligament injuries and severe knee
trauma.

MCL Injuries

Where is the MCL located on the knee & what does it do? The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of four
ligaments that keep the knee joint stable. The MCL spans the distance from the end of the femur (thigh bone) to the
top of the tibia (shin bone) and is on the inner side of the knee joint. That's why it's so painful when the ligament is
stretched too much or torn.

How does the MCL primarily get injured? MCL injuries commonly occur when such a strong force hits the outside
of the knee that it causes the MCL – and possibly other knee ligaments, such as the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
– to stretch or tear.

Which contact sports report a high rate of MCL injuries? Skiing accounts for a large percentage of MCL and LCL
injuries, making up 60% of skiing-related injuries. MCL injuries are also commonly seen in contact sports such as
American football, soccer, hockey, and rugby.

Cartilage Injuries

What is the primary purpose of cartilage? Cartilage has many functions, including the ability to resist compressive
forces, enhance bone resilience, and provide support on bony areas where there is a need for flexibility. The
primary cell that makes cartilage is the chondrocyte, which resides within the lacunae.

What is a meniscus tear? The meniscus is a C-shaped piece of tough, rubbery cartilage that acts as a shock
absorber between the shinbone and the thighbone. It can be torn if you suddenly twist your knee while bearing
weight on it. A torn meniscus is one of the most common knee injuries

What are some signs & symptoms of a meniscal tear?

Symptoms
A popping sensation, Swelling or stiffness, Pain, especially when twisting or rotating your knee, Difficulty
straightening your knee fully, Feeling as though your knee is locked in place when you try to move it Feeling of
your knee giving way.
 What may occur if the meniscus goes untreated?
If not treated, part of the meniscus may come loose and slip into the joint. You may need surgery to restore full
knee function. Untreated meniscus tears can increase in size and lead to complications, such as arthritis.

Osgood Schlatter disease

What are the two ways in which Osgood-Schlatter Disease may affect boys 10 -15 years of age?

1) Growth spurt 2) Physical activity/ sports

What are some symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease?

OSD typically causes pain and swelling below the kneecap. The pain usually gets worse with running, jumping,
going up stairs, and walking up hills. Severe pain may lead to limping. OSD can happen in one or both knees.

Tendon Injuries

What is tendinitis?Tendonitis is when a tendon swells (becomes inflamed) after a tendon injury. It can cause joint
pain, stiffness, and affect how a tendon moves. You can treat mild tendon injuries yourself and should feel
better within 2 to 3 weeks.

What two groups of people are more prone to these tendinitis injuries? Tendinitis is a common overuse injury
that causes inflammation of a tendon. People who have jobs or play sports that involve repetitive motions have an
increased risk of these injuries.

Treatment of Knee Injuries

PHYSICAL THERAPY:
RICE:
 Evaluation- The  Rest- Take a break from your normal activities
initial evaluation is to reduce repetitive strain on your knee, give
necessary for your the injury time to heal and help prevent
PT specialist to further damage.
understand what  Ice- Ice reduces both pain and inflammation.
you are dealing A bag of frozen peas works well because it
with. covers your whole knee.
 Therapy- Exercises  Compression- This helps prevent fluid
to improve your buildup in damaged tissues and maintains
flexibility and knee alignment and stability.
balance also are  Elevation- To help reduce swelling, try
important. propping your injured leg on pillows or
 Education- It’s a sitting in a recliner.
must that we have
certain knowledge
about these
complications.
 Aftercare- Aftercare
is a continued
independent
exercise
progression.
 Extension task
Diagnose the patients. Explain your reasoning!

DISLOCATION- A dislocation is an injury in which the ends of your bones are forced from their
normal positions. The cause is usually trauma resulting from a fall, an auto accident, or a collision
during contact or high-speed sports. Dislocation usually involves the body's larger joints.

FRACTURE- A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures the
skin, it is called an open or compound fracture. Fractures commonly happen because
of car accidents, falls, or sports injuries.
Different Types of Synovial Joints

Joint Type Movement at joint Examples Structure

Hinge  One axis

 Flexion and
 Extension

Pivot  One axis

 Rotation

Ball and socket  3 axes

 Flexion and
 extension
 Abduction and
 adduction
 Rotation and
 circumduction

Saddle  2 axes
 flexion and
 extension
 abduction and
 adduction, giving
 circumduction

Condyloid  2 axes
 flexion and
 extension
 abduction and
 adduction, giving
 circumduction

Gliding  A little movement

 in all directions
A penalty Hip Ankle-plantar
kick in flexion Flexion Knee-
Movement at synovial joints

football extension

Elbow joint Hand

Throwing Elevation extends as Joints
a baseball Upward a Supination
rotation movement to
progresses pronation

Flexion, Flexion, Rotation

Serving a Abduction, Extension
tennis Extension,
ball Adduction,
and Rotation
Ankle/
Hips in take off leg Take off/
Skipping Flight - plantar Clavicle &
Extension flexion. Scapula
Explain the movements occurring at each synovial joint during four different types of physical activity.

Knee/ take Elevation

off leg -
 1. What are joints?
12marks),
Joints are where two bones meet. They make the skeleton flexible — without them, movement would be
impossible. Joints allow our bodies to move in many ways.

2. What are fixed joints? What is their other name? (2 marts)

Synarthroses (immovable joints), also known as fixed or fibrous joints, are defined as two or more bones in close
proximity that have no movement. An example of immovable joints are the plates of the skull.

3. What are slii1ghtly moveable joints? What is their other name? (2 marts)

Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joints), also known as cartilaginous joints, are defined as two or more bones held
together so tightly that movement is limited. An example of cartilaginous joints are the vertebrae.

4. Name the type of joints shown below.

Vertebrae

a. Coronal Suture (Skull- Fibrous joints) b. Vertebrae- Vertebral body and Cartilage- Intervertebral Disc
(Spine- Cartilaginous joints)

5. What are freely moveable joints? What is their other name?

Diarthroses (freely movable), also known as synovial joints, are defined as containing synovial fluid that allows for
all parts of the joint to move against each other. Synovial joints are the most common joint in the body and are the
type of joint that most people are familiar with.
6. What type of joint is shown in the followi1ng diagram?

The knee joint is a hinge joint, meaning it allows the leg to extend and bend back and forth with minimal side-to-
side motion. It is comprised of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and other tissues.
 KNEE JOINT-
(6marks)

CARTILAGE
I LIGAMENTS

MEDIAL COLATERAL
LIGAMENTS

JOINT CAPSULE
c ,.L-:•. Ii-.----

CONTAINING . .:
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
SYNOVIAL FLUID

7. How many types of freely moveable joints are there? (l 111ark)

There are 6 types of freely moveable joints.

8. Under each picture write the names of the synovial joints shown.
(8marks),

Meta carpal of thumb

A. Hinge Joint B. Saddle Joint C. Ball and Socket

D. Condyloid Joint E. Pivot Joint F. Gliding Joint

1. ldentify one area in the body where the following joints can be found.
 Ball Socket- Ball and socket joint are present between humerus and pectoral girdle.
 Hinge- The hinge joints of the body include the elbow, knee, interphalangeal (IP) joints of
the hand and foot and the tibiotalar joint of the ankle.
 Pivot- They are located in your neck, your wrist, and your elbow.
 Condyloid- The wrist joint also referred to as the radiocarpal joint is a condyloid synovial
joint of the distal upper limb that connects and serves as a transition point between the
forearm and hand.
 Cartilaginous- It serves a variety of structural and functional purposes and exists in different
types throughout our joints, bones, spine, lungs, ears and nose.
 Fixed- Also known as fixed or fibrous joints, are defined as two or more bones in close
proximity that have no movement. An example of immovable joints are the plates of the
skull.

(6 marks)

2. Complete the following sentences (4 marks)

• Ligaments link bones together and limits the range of movement of a joint.
• Cartilage protects bones and prevents them from wearing each other down.