Brake pad

 INTRODUCTION:
Brake pads are a component of disc brakes used in automotive and other applications. Brake pads are
composed of steel backing plates with friction material bound to the surface that faces the disc brake
rotors.

 FUNCTION:
Brake pads convert the kinetic energy of a vehicle to thermal energy through friction.
Two brake pads are contained in the brake with their friction surfaces facing the rotor.
[1] When the brakes are hydraulically applied, the caliper clamps or squeezes the two
pads together onto the spinning rotor to slow and stop the vehicle. When a brake pad
heats up due to contact with the rotor, it transfers small amounts of its friction
material onto the disc, leaving a dull grey coating on it. The brake pad and disc (now
both having the friction material), then "stick" to each other, providing the friction
that stops the vehicle.

In disc brakes, there are usually two brake pads per disc rotor, they both function
together. These are held in place and actuated by a caliper affixed to the wheel hub or
suspension upright. Racing calipers, however, can utilize up to six pads, with varying
frictional properties in a staggered pattern for optimum performance. Depending on
the properties of the material, the weight of the vehicle and the speeds it is driven at,
disc wear rates may vary. The brake pads must usually be replaced regularly
(depending on pad material). Most brake pads are equipped with a method of alerting
the driver when this needs to be done. A common technique is manufacturing a small
central groove whose eventual disappearance by wear indicates the end of a pad's
service life. Other methods include placing a thin strip of soft metal in a groove, such
that when exposed (due to wear) the brakes squeal audibly. A soft metal wear tab can
also be embedded in the pad material that closes an electric circuit when the brake pad
wears thin, lighting a dashboard warning light

HISTORY
The concept of brake pads or disc brakes as an alternative to drum brakes had been around at least as
early as a patent by F. W. Lanchester in 1902However, due to high cost and inefficiencies compared
to drum brakes they were not commonly implemented until after World War II. Once disc brake
technology improved, brake performance quickly surpassed that of drum brakes. The performance
difference was most noticeably exhibited in 1953 when a Jaguar outfitted with brake pads won the 24
Hours of Le Mans Grand Prix of Endurance race the success of the Jaguar is commonly attributed to
the car’s disc brakes, which allowed the drivers to approach turns faster and brake later than their
opponents, which ultimately led to its victory. As late as 1963 the majority of automobiles using disc
brakes were European made, with American cars adopting the technology in the late 1960s after the
invention of fixed calipers that made installation cheaper and more compact.

TYPES:
There are numerous types of brake pads, depending on the intended use of the vehicle, from very soft
and aggressive (such as racing applications) to harder, more durable and less aggressive compounds.
Most vehicle manufacturers recommend a specific kind of brake pad for their vehicle, but compounds
can be changed (by either buying a different make of pad or upgrading to a performance pad in a
manufacturer's range) according to personal tastes and driving styles. Care must always be taken
when buying non-standard brake pads as the operating temperature ranges may vary, such as
performance pads not braking efficiently when cold or standard pads fading under hard driving. In
cars that suffer from excessive brake fade, the problem can be minimized by installing better quality
and more aggressive brake pads.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The most important characteristics that are considered when selecting a brake pad material are as
follows:

 The material's ability to resist brake fade, caused by an increase in temperature the material
will experience from the conversion of kinetic energy into thermal energy.

 The effects of moisture on brake fade. All brakes are designed to withstand at least temporary
exposure to water.

 The ability to recover quickly from increased temperature or moisture, and exhibit
approximately the same friction levels at any point in the drying or cooling process.

 The friction coefficient of modern brake pads should be low enough prevent locking of the
wheels but high enough to provide sufficient stopping power. Friction coefficients are
typically between 0.3 and 0.5 for brake pad materials.

 The ability to resist wear due to friction, but not to the extent that rotor wear occurs more
quickly than brake material is sacrificed.

 The ability of the material to provide smooth and even contact with the rotor or drum, instead
of a material that breaks off in chunks or causes pits, dents, or other damage to the surface in
contact.

 The ability to apply appropriate frictional force while also operating quietly

BRAKE PAD LINING MATERIAL

 ASBESTOS : Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral composed of thin,
needle-like fibers. It is resistant to heat, electricity, and corrosion, making it
widely used in the military, construction, and other fields.
Asbestos has been used in commercial products such as insulation and
fireproofing materials, automotive brakes, and wallboard materials.0 Asbestos
fibers have industrial and commercial applications due to their strength,
flexibility, and electrical and heat-resistant properties.
However, asbestos is associated with adverse effects on human health and is a
cancer-causing substance.
To prevent dangerous exposure to asbestos, it is recommended to avoid
exposure to asbestos-containing materials, such as insulation and fireproofing
materials, automotive brakes, and wallboard materials.

 CORK : Cork is an impermeable buoyant material. It is the phellem

layer of bark tissue which is harvested for commercial use primarily
from Quercus suber (the cork oak), which is native to southwest
Europe and northwest Africa. Cork is composed of suberin, a
hydrophobic substance. Because of its impermeable, buoyant, elastic,
and fire retardant properties, it is used in a variety of products, the
most common of which is wine stoppers.

The montado landscape of Portugal produces approximately half of

the cork harvested annually worldwide, with Corticeira Amorim
being the leading company in the industry.[1] Cork was examined
microscopically by Robert Hooke, which led to his discovery and
naming of the cell.[2]
 Cork composition varies depending on geographic origin, climate
and soil conditions, genetic origin, tree dimensions, age (virgin or
reproduction), and growth conditions. However, in general, cork is
made up of suberin (average of about 40%), lignin (22%),
polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) (18%), extractables
(15%) and others

 FABRIC : Fiber is the smallest component of a fabric;

fibers are typically spun into yarn, and yarns are used to
manufacture fabrics.
Fiber has a hair-like appearance and a higher length-to-
width ratio. The sources of fibers may be natural, synthetic,
or both. The techniques of felting and bonding directly
transform fibers into fabric. In other cases, yarns are
manipulated with different fabric manufacturing systems to
produce various fabric constructions. The fibers are twisted
or laid out to make a long, continuous strand of yarn.
Yarns are then used to make different kinds of fabric by
weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, tatting, or braiding.
After manufacturing, textile materials are processed and
finished to add value, such as aesthetics, physical
characteristics, and increased usefulness.
The manufacturing of textiles is the oldest industrial art.
 Dyeing, printing, and embroidery are all different
decorative arts applied to textile materials

 LEATHER:
Grades
From other animals
Environmental impact
Toggle Environmental impact subsection
Carbon footprint
Water footprint
Disposal
Chemical waste disposal
Role of enzymes
Preservation and conditioning
In modern culture
Religious sensitivities
Alternatives
References
Further reading
Leather

Article
Talk
Read
View source
View history

Tools
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Leather (disambiguation).

A variety of leather products and leather-working tools

Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from
the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to
prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle,
sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hogs, and aquatic
animals such as seals and alligators.

Leather can be used to make a variety of items, including

clothing, footwear, handbags, furniture, tools and sports
equipment, and lasts for decades. Leather making has been
practiced for more than 7,000 years and the leading producers of
leather today are China and India.
Critics of tanneries claim that they engage in unsustainable
practices that pose health hazards to the people and the
environment near them

 FEREDO: It was founded in 1897 by Herbert Frood (1864-1931),

with manufacturing starting in Gorton in 1901 and moving to
Chapel-en-le-Frith in 1902. Ferodo was the first company to use
asbestos for brake linings and developed the first modern brake
friction materials.

 Ferodo UK became part of Turner & Newall in 1926. It had a factory

at Chapel-en-le-Frith and in 1964 opened another at Caernarfon.

 In 1998 Turner & Newall was acquired by the huge automotive

group Federal-Mogul. It is now part of Federal-Mogul Aftermarket
UK Limited. In 2012 £13m was invested in new floors, insulation, low
energy heating and new process machines
 CEREMIC : Earthenware is pottery that has not been
fired to vitrification and is thus permeable to water.
Many types of pottery have been made from it from the
earliest times, and until the 18th century it was the most
common type of pottery outside the far East. Earthenware is
often made from clay, quartz and feldspar. Terracotta, a
type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or glazed
ceramic, where the fired body is porous.
Its uses include vessels (notably flower pots), water and
waste water pipes, bricks, and surface embellishment in
building construction. Terracotta has been a common
medium for ceramic art (see below).

 Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made

primarily from stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay.
Stoneware is fired at high temperatures. Vitrified or not, it
is nonporous it may or may not be glazed. One widely
recognised definition is from the Combined Nomenclature of
 the European Communities, a European industry standard
states "Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and
hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs
from porcelain because it is more opaque, and normally only
partially vitrified. It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous. It is
usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in
the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed.

 Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials,

generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between
1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). The toughness,
strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other
types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the
formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these
high temperatures. Properties associated with porcelain
include low permeability and elasticity; considerable
strength, hardness, toughness, whiteness, translucency and
resonance; and a high resistance to chemical attack and
thermal shock. Porcelain has been described as being
"completely vitrified, hard, impermeable (even before
glazing), white or artificially coloured, translucent (except
when of considerable thickness), and resonant". However,
the term porcelain lacks a universal definition and has
"been applied in a very unsystematic fashion to substances
of diverse kinds which have only certain surface-qualities in
common".

 Bone china (fine china) is a type of soft-paste porcelain that

is composed of bone ash, feldspathic material, and kaolin. It
has been defined as ware with a translucent body containing
a minimum of 30% of phosphate derived from animal bone
and calculated calcium phosphate. [clarification needed]
Developed by English potter Josiah Spode, bone china is
known for its high levels of whiteness and translucency, and
 very high mechanical strength and chip resistance. Its high
strength allows it to be produced in thinner cross-sections
than other types of porcelain. Like stoneware it is vitrified,
but is translucent due to differing mineral properties. From
its initial development and up to the later part of the
twentieth century, bone china was almost exclusively an
English product, with production being effectively localised
in Stoke-on-Trent. Most major English firms made or still
make it, including Mintons, Coalport, Spode, Royal Crown
Derby, Royal Doulton, Wedgwood and Worcester. In the
UK, references to "china" or "porcelain" can refer to bone
china, and "English porcelain" has been used as a term for
it, both in the UK and around the world.[18] Fine china is
not necessarily bone china, and is a term used to refer to
ware which does not contain bone ash.
 METALLIC POWDER : Metal powder is a metal that
has been broken down into a powder form. Metals that can
be found in powder form include aluminium powder, nickel
powder, iron powder and many more.
There are four different ways metals can be broken down
into this powder form

 Direct Reduction
 Gas Atomization
 Liquid Atomization
 Centrifugal Atomization
Aluminum powder: Fireworks, metallic paints,
manufacturing in solar cells in the green energy sector
Bismuth powder: Production of batteries, welding rods,
creating alloys
Cadmium powder: Glazed used on ceramics, transparent
conductors, nickel-cadmium batteries
Iron powder: Magnetic products, printing, brake pads,
certain types of dyes and stains
 Nickel powder: used for corrosion resistance, such as in the
marine industry
Raney nickel: used as a catalyst
Platinum black: used as a catalys

 MANUFACTURES:
INDIAN FOREIGN
MASU BRAKES Akebono Brake Pads
USA
ANSA BRAKES EBC Brakes USA and
UK
SUNDARAM Wagner Brake USA,
Canada, Mexico.
Wagner ThermoQuiet,
Wagner Quickstop
MACAS BRAKES Bosch Auto Parts,
Bosch QuietCast
 ASB
[AUTOMOBILE SYSTEM &BODY ENGINEERING]

REPORT
TITLE: BRAKE PADS USED IN DIFFERENT
TYPES OF AUTOMOBILES

MEMBERS ROLL NO
ANSH PANDEY 22734
SARTHAK PANDARKAR 22733
JAYESH SAWANT 22746