Final english exam:

Maria Escandell
Final english exam:

Grammar:
Verb tenses:

Present tenses:
● Present simple: acción que la sueles hacer cada dia
+ S + verb present/s (I play/She plays)
- don’t/doesn’t + verb present (I don’t like surfing/She doesn’t like surfing)
? Do/does + s + verb present (Do you usually sing?/Does she usually sing?
● Present continuous: acción echa en el mismo momento
+ S + am/is/are + verb + ing (I am working in this project now)
- S + am/is/are + not + verb + ing (She is not working at the moment)
? Am/is/are + s + verb + ing (Is she going to the park now?)
● Present perfect simple: acciones completadas en el pasado, contar cuántas veces
hacemos algo.
+ S + have/has + verb in participle (I have studied a lot, she has seen that movie twice)
- S + have/has + not + verb in participle (She hasn’t finished the book yet)
? Have/has + s + verb in participle (Have you already studied?)

● Present perfect continuous: acciones que empezaron en el pasado y siguen

continuando, acciones pasadas con reacciones presentes.
+ S + have/has + been + verb + ing (I have been working here since 11:00 a.m., I’m
tired because I have been working for three hour)
- S + have/has + not + been + verb + ing (They haven’t been working)
? Have/has + s + been + verb + ing (Has he been working a long time?)

Past tenses:
● Past simple: acciones completadas en el pasado.
+ S + verb in the past (I studied for the exam yesterday)
- S + didn’t + verb in present (She didn’t study for the exam)
Edició
? Did + s +amb
verb l'aplicació Documents
in present (Did you study for the exam?)
Feu canvis, deixeu comentaris i compartiu els
● Past continuous:
fitxers acciónper
amb altres usuaris que sucede al
editar-los enmateix
un momento en específico en el pasado.
+ Stemps.
+ was/were + verb + ing (I was studying yesterday at 5 o’clock)
- S + was/were + not + verb + ing (She wasn’t texting at midnight)
? Was/were + s + verb + ing (Were they reading a book yesterday?)
NO BAIXA L'APLICACIÓ
● Past perfect simple: se utiliza cuando estamos hablando del pasado y queremos
referirnos a algo que sucedió todavía antes.
+ S + had + verb in participle (I had eaten a lot)
:
 + S + had + verb in participle (I had eaten a lot)
- S + had + not + verb in participle (I hadn’t cooked pasta)
? Had + s + verb in participle (Had you cooked pasta?)
● Past perfect continuous: una acción que empezó en un tiempo concreto del
pasado y continuó hasta otro punto concreto del pasado o hasta que tuvo lugar otra
acción.
+ S + had + been + verb + ing (She had been working for 2 hours)
- S + had + not + been + verb + ing (I hadn’t been cooking since 10 years)
? Had + s + been + verb + ing (Had you been cooking for all your life?)

Future tenses:
● Will (future simple):
Uses:
1. Instant decision: Ok! I’ll open the door.
2. Promises, offers and requests: I promise I will help you
3. Prediction based on your personal opinion: I think will study Art next year

● Be going to:
Uses:
1. Prediction based on evidence: Look at the cars! They’re going to crash
2. Plan or intention: I’m going to study Art next year.

● Present continuous:
Arrangements (day+time): I’m having a coffee with a friend tomorrow at 5p.m

● Present simple:
Timetable/horario: The film starts tomorrow at 5 p.m.

● Future continuous:
WILL + BE + V. ING
Action in progress at a point in the future: Tomorrow at 6p.m I will be taking a coffee
with Susan.

● Future perfect:
WILL + HAVE + V. P. PLE
An action that will be finished at a point in the future: Tomorrow by 5p.m. I will have
slept for 3 hours.
Always that appears BY.

Modal verbs:
Probability and certainty:
100% → must
50% → might/could/may
0% → can’t

Ability and request:

Ability → present: can/am/is/are able to
→ past: could/was/were able to
:
 → past: could/was/were able to
→ future: will be able to
Managed to → something specific
Request → can/could (more formal)
Obligation and recommendation:
Must (internal obligations) → general rules
Have to/need to (external obligations)
Obligation: should and ought to (negative: ought not to)

Prohibition:
Mustn’t/can’t
Don’t have to/don’t need to → no necessity

Perfect modals:
MODAL + HAVE + V. PAST PARTICIPLE

Conditionals:
Zero conditional:
form: IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE
use: facts
ex: if you mix red and blue, you get purple.

First conditional:
form: IF + PRESENT, WILL + BARE INFINITIVE
use: probable situations in the present or future
ex: you will go as long as finish, have finished your homework

Second conditional:
form: IF + PAST, WOULD + BARE INFINITIVE
use: 1. advice
2. improbable situations
ex: if i were you, i would take a taki. It's raining! I would travel more if I had more free time.

Third conditional:
form: IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
use: regret, past action which didn’t happened
ex: if i had answered the phone, I would have talked to the POPE.
Reported speech
Tenses:
present simple → past simple
present continuous → past continuous
present perfect → past perfect
past simple → past perfect
past continuous → past perfect continuous
past perfect → past perfect
am/is/are going to → was/were going to
will → would
can → could
may → might
must → had to

Time and place:

:
 Time and place:
here → there
this → that
these → those
now → then
today → that day
yesterday → the previous day/the day before
tomorrow → the following day/ the day after
tonight → that night
ago → before

Questions:
- Yes/No questions:
IF + SUBJECT + VERB
ex: do you read a lot? → Cristina asked me if I read a lot
- Wh- questions:
WH- + SUBJECT + VERB
ex: How often do you read? → Cristina asked me how often I read

Orders and commands:

- Order: imperative
ex: Pay attention! → Cristina ordered us to pay attention
- Command: question (with no answer)
ex: Can you pay attention? → Cristina asked us to pay attention

Reflexive pronouns
- myself
- yourself
- herself
- himself
- itself
- ourselves
- yourselves
- themselves

Active and passive voice

Active voice: to describe what someone or something does.

Passive voice: to describe what happens to something or someone. → use by to say the
agent, but it’s not necessary if it’s not important in the context.
- The dishwasher was invented in 1886. → agent is unimportant
- My car has been stolen → agent is unknown.

Tense Active sentence Passive sentence

Present simple My mum designs my clothes. My clothes are designed by my mum.
Present The company is developing a A new recipe is being developed.
:
 Present The company is developing a A new recipe is being developed.
continuous new recipe.
Present perfect They’ve discovered a cure A cure has been discovered
Past simple Karl Benz invented the car in The car was invented in 1886.
1886.
Past perfect The 14th-century writer Shakespeare has been inspired by
Chaucer had inspired Chauces.
Shakespeare.
Will This discovery will revolutionize Medical research will be
medical research. revolutionized by this discovery.
Going to The company are going to do Some research into new designs is
some research into new going to be done.
designs.
Modals The shop might replace my My broken laptop might be replaced.
broken laptop.

Impersonal passive:
Show general or expert opinion. Formal language with verbs that show “knowing” and
“thinking”.
Ex: It was thought that the Earth was flat.
Relative clauses
Relative pronouns:
which → thing
who (m) → person
when → time
where → place
whose → possession
that → things and persons

Relative clauses:
- Defining:
No commas
Specific (essential information)
We can use that
We can omit the pronoun when it’s not the subject
Ex: The man who I saw last night was wearing a blue jacket.
- Non-Defining:
Commas
Extra information
No that
We can’t omit the pronoun
Ex: The man, who I saw last night, was wearing a blue jacket.

Subject and object questions:

- Object questions:
Auxiliary or modal verb by inverting the word order.
Ex: He is a fireman → Is he a fireman?
No auxiliary or modal verb we use “do” to form the question.
:
 No auxiliary or modal verb we use “do” to form the question.
Ex: I know her from work → Do you know her from work?

- Subject questions:
Formed by using the question word as the subject of the sentence instead. We don’t
use the auxiliary verb and we don’t invert the word order.
Ex: Who loves Joe? Bella loves Joe.
Who does Joe love? Joe loves Bella.

Vocabulary:
Invention and discovery
- adapt → adaptation
- design → designer
- create → creator → creation
- develop → developer → development
- discover → discoverer → discovery
- inspire → inspiration
- innovate → innovator → innovation
- invent → inventor → invention
- observe → observer → observation
- replace → replacement
- research → researcher
- revolutionize → revolutionary → revolution

Prefixes:
- anti-social
- international
- micromanage
- microwave
- misplace
- multi-layered
- multi-talented
- overworked
- pro-technology
- reuse
- rewrite
- undergraduate

Adjective order
- opinion
- size
- physical quality
- shape
- age
- colour
- origin
- material
- type
:
 - type
- purpose

Entertainment nouns
- album
- audience
- bestseller
- blockbuster
- boxoffice
- charts
- director
- genre
- hit
- reader
- romantic comedy
- series
- stream
- talent show
- track
- tv show
- viewer
- viral video

Phrasal verbs with put

- put s’thing down
- put s’thing out
- put in s’thing
- put s’thing off
- put s’thing together
- put up with s’thing

Adjectives and prefixes

- (in)adequate
- (un)bearable
- (un)beliable
- (un)comfortable
- (un)helpful
- (in)credible
- (il)legar
- (il)legible
- (il)literate
- (il)logical
- (un)loved
- (im)mature
- (im)moral
- (dis)obedient
- (ir)responsable
- (un)safe
- (un)suitable
- (dis)tasteful
:
:
- (dis)tasteful