Order this document by MC3418/D



CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE
    SLOPE DELTA
   
MODULATOR/DEMODULATOR
LASER–TRIMMED IC
Providing a simplified approach to digital speech encoding/decoding, the
MC3418 CVSD is designed for military secure communication and
commercial telephone applications. A single IC provides both encoding and SEMICONDUCTOR
decoding functions. TECHNICAL DATA
• Encode and Decode Functions on the Same Chip with a Digital Input
for Selection
• Utilization of Compatible I2L – Linear Bipolar Technology
• CMOS Compatible Digital Output
• Digital Input Threshold Selectable (VCC/2 Reference Provided On–Chip)
• MC3418 has a 4–Bit Algorithm (Commercial Telephone)

P SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 648

Representative Block Diagram

DW SUFFIX
Encode/Decode Clock PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 751G
15 14 (SO–16L)
Analog 1
Input –
Analog 2
+
Feedback
Digital 13 PIN CONNECTIONS
–
Data Input
3– or 4–Bit
+ Shift Register Analog Input 1 16 VCC
Digital 12 Analog Feedback 2 15 Encode/Decode
Threshold Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
VTH Syllabic Filter 3 14 Clock
Gain Control 4 13 Digital Data Input (–)
Logic 11 Coincidence
Ref Input (+) 5 12 Digital Threshold
Output
Digital 9 Filter Input (–) 6 11 Coincidence Output
Output V/I
Analog Output 7 10 VCC/2 Output
Converter
VCC/2 10 VCC/2 Integrator Slope 3 8
Syllabic Filter VEE 9 Digital Output
Output Ref Amplifier Polarity 4
– Gain Control
Switch IGC (Top View)

IO + IInt

7 5 6 ORDERING INFORMATION
Analog Ref Filter
Output Input Input Operating
(+) (–) Device Temperature Range Package
MC3418DW SO–16L
This device contains 144 active transistors. TA = 0° to +70°C
MC3418P Plastic DIP

 Motorola, Inc. 1996

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 1

 MC3418

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
MAXIMUM RATINGS (All voltages referenced to VEE, TA = 25°C,

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
unless otherwise noted.)

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Rating Symbol Value Unit

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Power Supply Voltage VCC –0.4 to +18 Vdc

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Differential Analog Input Voltage VID ±5.0 Vdc

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Digital Threshold Voltage VTH –0.4 to VCC Vdc

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Logic Input Voltage VLogic Vdc

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Clock, Digital Data, Encode/Decode –0.4 to +18

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Coincidence Output Voltage VO(Con) –0.4 to +18 Vdc

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Syllabic Filter Input Voltage VI(Syl) –0.4 to VCC Vdc

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Gain Control Input Voltage VI(GC) –0.4 to VCC Vdc

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Reference Input Voltage VI(ref) VCC/2 – 1.0 to VCC Vdc
VCC/2 Output Current Iref –25 mA
NOTE: ESD data available upon request.

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 12 V, VEE = Gnd, TA = 0 to 70°C, unless otherwise noted.)

Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Unit
Power Supply Voltage Range (Figure 1) VCCR 4.75 12 16.5 Vdc
Power Supply Current (Figure 1) ICC mA
@ Idle Channel
VCC = 5.0 V – 3.7 5.5
VCC = 15 V – 6.0 11
Gain Control Current Range (Figure 2) IGCR 0.002 – 3.0 mA
Analog Comparator Input Range (Pins 1 and 2) VI 1.3 – VCC – 1.3 Vdc
4.75 V ≤ VCC ≤ 16.5 V
Analog Output Range (Pin 7) VO 1.3 – VCC – 1.3 Vdc
4.75 V ≤ VCC ≤ 16.5 V, IO = ±5.0 mA
Input Bias Currents (Figure 3) IIB µA
Comparator in Active Region
Analog Input (I1) – 0.25 1.0
Analog Feedback (I2) – 0.25 1.0
Syllabic Filter Input (I3) – 0.06 0.3
Reference Input (I5) – –0.06 –0.3
Input Offset Current IIO µA
Comparator in Active Region
Analog Input/Analog Feedback
I1 – I2 (Figure 3) – 0.05 0.4
Analog Input/Analog Feedback
I5 – I6 (Figure 4) – 0.01 0.1
Input Offset Voltage VIO – 2.0 6.0 mV
V/I Converter (Pins 3 and 4) (Figure 5)
Transconductance gm mA/mV
V/I Converter, 0 to 3.0 mA 0.1 0.3 –
Integrator Amplifier, 0 to ±5.0 mA Load 1.0 10 –
Propagation Delay Times (Note 1) µs
Clock Trigger to Digital Output tPLH – 1.0 2.5
CL = 25 pF to Gnd tPHL – 0.8 2.5
Clock Trigger to Coincidence Output tPLH – 1.0 3.0
CL = 25 pF to Gnd, RL = 4.0 kΩ to VCC tPHL – 0.8 2.0
Coincidence Output Voltage – Low Logic Stage VOL(Con) – 0.12 0.25 Vdc
IOL(Con) = 3.0 mA
NOTES: 1. All propagation delay times measured 50% to 50% from the negative going (from VCC to +0.4 V) edge of the clock.
2. Dynamic total loop offset (ΣVoffset) equals VIO (comparator) (Figure 3) minus VIOX (Figure 5). The input offset voltages of the
analog comparator and of the integrator amplifier include the effects of input offset current through the input resistors. The slope
polarity switch current mismatch appears as an average voltage across the 10 k integrator resistor. The clock frequency is
32 kHz. Idle channel performance is guaranteed if this dynamic total loop offset is less than one–half of the change in integrator
output voltage during one clock cycle (ramp step size). Laser trimming is used to ensure good idle channel performance.

2 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 MC3418

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (VCC = 12 V, VEE = Gnd, TA = 0 to 70°C, unless otherwise noted.)
Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Unit
Coincidence Output Leakage Current – High Logic State IOH(Con) – 0.01 0.5 µA
VOH = 15 V, 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C
Applied Digital Threshold Voltage Range (Pin 12) VTH 1.2 – VCC – 2.0 Vdc
Digital Threshold Input Current II(th) µA
1.2 V ≤ Vth ≤ VCC – 2.0 V
VIL Applied to Pins 13, 14 and 15 – – 5.0
VIH Applied to Pins 13, 14 and 15 – –10 –50
Maximum Integrator Amplifier Output Current IO ±5.0 – – mA
VCC/2 Generator Maximum Output Current (Source Only) Iref 10 – – mA
VCC/2 Generator Output Impedance (0 to –10 mA) zref – 3.0 6.0 Ω
VCC/2 Generator Tolerance (4.75 V ≤ VCC ≤ 16.5 V) εr – – ±3.5 %
Logic Input Voltage (Pins 13, 14 and 15) Vdc
Low Logic State VIL VEE – Vth – 0.4
High Logic State VIH Vth + 0.4 – 18
Dynamic Total Loop Offset Voltage (Note 2) (Figures 3, 4 and 5) ΣVoffset mV
IGC = 12 µA, VCC = 12 V
TA = 25°C – ±0.5 ±3.0
0°C ≤ TA ≤ + 70°C – ±0.75 ±3.8
IGC = 12 µA, VCC = 5.0 V
TA = 25°C – ±1.0 ±3.5
0°C ≤ TA ≤ + 70°C – ±1.3 ±4.3
Digital Output Voltage Vdc
IOL = 3.6 mA VOL – 0.1 0.4
IOH = –0.35 mA VOH VCC – 1.0 VCC – 0.2 –
Syllabic Filter Applied Voltage (Pin 3) (Figure 2) VI(Syl) 3.2 – VCC Vdc
Integrating Current (Figure 2) IInt
IGC = 12 µA 8.0 10 12 µA
IGC = 1.5 mA 1.42 1.5 1.58 mA
IGC = 3.0 mA 2.75 3.0 3.25 mA
Dynamic Integrating Current Match (Figure 6) VO(Ave) – ±100 ±280 mV
IGC = 1.5 mA
Input Current – High Logic State (VIH = 18 V) IIH µA
Digital Data Input – – 5.0
Clock Input – – 5.0
Encode/Decode Input – – 5.0
Input Current – Low Logic State (VIL = 0 V) IIL µA
Digital Data Input –10 – –
Clock Input –360 – –
Encode/Decode Input –36 – –
Clock Input, VIL = 0.4 V –72 – –
NOTES: 1. All propagation delay times measured 50% to 50% from the negative going (from VCC to +0.4 V) edge of the clock.
2. Dynamic total loop offset (ΣVoffset) equals VIO (comparator) (Figure 3) minus VIOX (Figure 5). The input offset voltages of the
analog comparator and of the integrator amplifier include the effects of input offset current through the input resistors. The slope
polarity switch current mismatch appears as an average voltage across the 10 k integrator resistor. The clock frequency is
32 kHz. Idle channel performance is guaranteed if this dynamic total loop offset is less than one–half of the change in integrator
output voltage during one clock cycle (ramp step size). Laser trimming is used to ensure good idle channel performance.

DEFINITION AND FUNCTION OF PINS

Pin 1 — Analog Input Pin 2 — Analog Feedback

This is the analog comparator inverting input where the This is the noninverting input to the analog signal
voice signal is applied. It may be ac or dc coupled depending comparator. In an encoder application it should be connected
on the application. If the voice signal is to be level shifted to to the analog output of the encoder circuit. This may be Pin 7
the internal reference voltage, then a bias resistor between or a low pass filter output connected to Pin 7. In a decode
Pins 1 and 10 is used. The resistor is used to establish the circuit Pin 2 is not used and may be tied to VCC/2 at Pin 10 or
reference as the new dc average of the ac coupled signal. ground.
The analog comparator was designed for low hysteresis The analog input comparator has bias currents of 1.0 µA
(typically less than 0.1 mV) and high gain (typically 70 dB). max, thus the driving impedances at Pins 1 and 2 should be

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 3

 MC3418
equal to avoid disturbing the idle channel characteristics of regulator is a current source and must be loaded with a
the encoder. resistor to ensure its sinking capability. If a +6.0 dBmo signal
Pin 3 — Syllabic Filter is expected across a 600 Ω input bias resistor, then Pin 10
must sink 2.2 V/600 Ω = 3.66 mA. This is possible only if
This is the point at which the syllabic filter voltage is
Pin 10 sources 3.66 mA into a resistor normally and will
returned to the IC in order to control the integrator step size.
source the difference under peak load. The reference load
It is an NPN input to an op amp. The syllabic filter consists of
resistor is chosen accordingly. A 0.1 µF bypass capacitor
an RC network between Pins 11 and 3. Typical time constant
from Pin 10 to VEE is also recommended. The VCC/2
values of 6.0 to 50 ms are used in voice codecs.
reference is capable of sourcing 10 mA and can be used as
Pin 4 — Gain Control Input a reference elsewhere in the system circuitry.
The syllabic filter voltage appears across CS of the syllabic
filter and is the voltage between VCC and Pin 3. The active Pin 11 — Coincidence Output
voltage to current (V – I) converter drives Pin 4 to the same The duty cycle of this pin is proportional to the voltage
voltage at a slew rate of typically 0.5 V/µs. Thus the current across CS. The coincidence output will be low whenever the
injected into Pin 4 (IGC) is the syllabic filter voltage divided by content of the internal shift register is all 1s or all 0s. The
the Rx resistance. Figure 7 shows the relationship between MC3418 contains a 4–bit register. Pin 11 is an open collector
IGC (x–axis) and the integrating current, IInt (y–axis). The NPN device and requires a pull–up resistor. If the syllabic
discrepancy, which is most significant at very low currents, is filter is to have equal charge and discharge time constants,
due to circuitry within the slope polarity switch which enables the value of RP should be much less than RS. In systems
trimming to a low total loop offset. The Rx resistor is then requiring different charge and discharge constants, the
varied to adjust the loop gain of the codec, but should be no charging constant is RSCS while the decay constant is (RS +
larger than 5.0 kΩ to maintain stability. RP)CS. Thus longer decays are easily achievable. The NPN
device should not be required to sink more than 3.0 mA in
Pin 5 — Reference Input any configuration. The typical 10% to 90% rise and fall times
This pin is the noninverting input of the integrator amplifier. are 200 ns and 100 ns respectively for RL = 4.0 kΩ to 12 V
It is used to reference the dc level of the output signal. In an and CL = 25 pF to ground.
encoder circuit it must reference the same voltage as Pin 1
and is tied to Pin 10. Pin 12 — Digital Threshold
This input sets the switching threshold for Pins 13, 14 and
Pin 6 — Filter Input
15. It is intended to aid in interfacing different logic families
This inverting op amp input is used to connect the integrator
without external parts. Often it is connected to the VCC/2
external components. The integrating current (IInt) flows into
reference for CMOS interface or can be biased two diode
Pin 6 when the analog input (Pin 1) is high with respect to the
drops above VEE for TTL interface.
analog feedback (Pin 2) in the encode mode or when the digital
data input (Pin 13) is high in the decode mode. For the opposite Pin 13 — Digital Data Input
states, IInt flows out of Pin 6. Single integration systems require In a decode application, the digital data stream is applied
a capacitor and resistor between Pins 6 and 7. Multipole to Pin 13. In an encoder it may be unused or may be used to
configurations will have different circuitry. The resistance transmit signaling message under the control of Pin 15. It is
between Pins 6 and 7 should always be between 8.0 kΩ and an inverting input with respect to Pin 9. When Pins 9 and 13
13 kΩ to maintain good idle channel characteristics. are connected, a toggle flip–flop is formed and a forced idle
Pin 7 — Analog Output channel pattern can be transmitted. The digital data input
This is the integrator op amp output. It is capable of driving level should be maintained for 0.5 µs before and after the
a 600 Ω load referenced to VCC/2 to +6.0 dBm and can clock trigger for proper clocking.
otherwise be treated as an op amp output. Pins 5, 6 and 7 Pin 14 — Clock Input
provide full access to the integrator op amp for designing The clock input determines the data rate of the codec
integration filter networks. The slew rate of the internally circuit. A 32 k bit rate requires a 32 kHz clock. The switching
compensated integrator op amp is typically 0.5 V/µs. Pin 7 threshold of the clock input is set by Pin 12. The shift register
output is current limited for both polarities of current flow at circuit toggles on the falling edge of the clock input. The
typically 30 mA. minimum high time for the clock input is 300 ns and minimum
Pin 8 — VEE low time is 900 ns.
The circuit is designed to work in either single or dual Pin 15 — Encode/Decode
power supply applications. Pin 8 is always connected to the
This pin controls the connection of the analog input
most negative supply.
comparator and the digital input comparator to the internal
Pin 9 — Digital Output shift register. If high, the result of the analog comparison will
The digital output provides the results of the delta be clocked into the register on the falling edge at Pin 14. If low,
modulator’s conversion. It swings between VCC and VEE and the digital input state will be entered. This allows use of the IC
is CMOS or TTL compatible. Pin 9 is inverting with respect to as an encoder/decoder or simplex codec without external
Pin 1 and noninverting with respect to Pin 2. It is clocked on parts. Furthermore, it allows non–voice patterns to be forced
the falling edge of Pin 14. The typical 10% to 90% rise and fall onto the transmission line through Pin 13 in an encoder.
times are 250 ns and 50 ns respectively for VCC = 12 V and
Pin 16 — VCC
CL = 25 pF to ground.
The power supply range is from 4.75 to 16.5 V between
Pin 10 — VCC/2 Output Pin VCC and VEE.
An internal low impedance mid–supply reference is
provided for use in single supply applications. The internal

4 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 MC3418

Figure 2. IGCR – Gain Control Range and IInt –

Figure 1. Power Supply Current Integrating Current
VCC VCC

ICC
10 µF 0.1 µF 10 µF 0.1 µF
1.0 k
1 16 1 16

1.0 k
2 15 2 15

60 mV VB
+ – + – Clock
3 14 Clock 3 14
(Note 2)

5.0 k IGC Rx
Digital Data
4 13 4 13
CVSD CVSD Input
0.1 µF 0.1 µF
MC3418 MC3418
5 12 5 12
10 k 10 k
I + VRBx
GC

R x v 5.0 k
6 11 6 11
10 k A

7 10 I Int 7 10
0.05 µF 0.05 µF 0.1 µF
0.1 µF
Digital
8 9 8 9 Output
(Note 1)

NOTES: 1. Digital Output = Digital Data Input

2. For static testing, the clock is only necessary for
preconditioning to obtain proper state for a given input.

Figure 3. Input Bias Currents, Analog Figure 4. Integrator Amplifier Offset

Comparator Offset Voltage and Current Voltage and Current
VCC VCC
VIO(Comparator)

I1 10 µF 0.1 µF 10 µF 0.1 µF
1.0 k
+ 1 16 1 16
I2
1.0 k
– 2 15 2 15
I3
100 mV
3 14 Clock 3 14
0.1 µF

4 13 4 13
100 k CVSD
0.1 µF MC3418 0.1 µF CVSD
I5 MC3418
I5
5 12 5 12
10 k 10 k I6
6 11 6 11
0.05 µF 10 k
7 10 + 7 10
(Integrator 0.05 µF 0.1 µF
0.1 µF
Amplifier
8 9 Offset 8 9
Voltage)
–
NOTE: The analog comparator offset voltage is tested under
dynamic conditions and therefore must be measured with
appropriate filtering.

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 5

 MC3418

Figure 5. V/I Converter Offset Voltage,

VIO and VIOX Figure 6. Dynamic Integrating Current Match
VCC VCC

10 µF 0.1 µF 10 µF 0.1 µF
1 16 1 16

2 15 2 15

60 mV 4.5 V
+ – Clock + – Clock
3 14 (32 kHz) 3 14
(32 kHz)

5.0 k IGC 3.0 k

4 13 4 13
0.1 µF CVSD 0.1 µF CVSD
MC3418 MC3418
5 12 5 12
10 k 10 k

6 11 6 11
10 k 10 k
+ 7 10 + 7 10
0.05 µF 0.05 µF
0.1 µF 0.1 µF
VIOX
(Notes 8 9 VO(AV) 8 9
1 and 2) (Note 1)

– –
NOTES: 1. Integrator amplifier offset voltage plus slope polarity NOTES: 1. VO(AV), Dynamic Integrating Current Match, is the
switch mismatch. average voltage of the triangular waveform
2. VIOX is the average voltage of the triangular wave observed at t the measurement points, across
form observed at the measurement points. 10 kΩ resistor with IGC = 1.5 mA.
2. See Note 2 in the Electrical Characteristics table.
3. See Figures 8 and 9.

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
Figure 8. Normalized Dynamic
Figure 7. Typical IInt versus IGC (Mean ±2 σ) Integrating Current Match versus VCC
100
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ 80

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
 IInt , INTEGRATING CURRENT (µ A) – PIN 6

70 TA = 25°C
INTEGRATING CURRENT MATCH (mV)

60 VCC = 12 V

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
VO(AV), NORMALIZED DYNAMIC

50
(See Figure 6,
40

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
30 Normalized to 10 kΩ
@ IGC = 1.5 mA)

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
20
20

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
10 0
7.0

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
5.0 –20

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
3.0 VCC = 12 V –40

ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
2.0 TA = 25°C
–60
1.0 –80
1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10 20 30 50 70 100 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12 13 14 15
IGC, GAIN CONTROL CURRENT (µA) – PIN 4 VCC, SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

6 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 MC3418

Figure 9. Normalized Dynamic Integrating Figure 10. Dynamic Total Loop Offset versus
Current Match versus Clock Frequency Clock Frequency

∑ Voffset, DYNAMIC TOTAL LOOP OFFSET (mV)

50 1.0
INTEGRATING CURRENT MATCH (mV)
VO(AV) , NORMALIZED DYNAMIC

25

0 0
IGC = 12 µA
–25
TA = 25°C IGC = 33 µA
–50 VCC = 12 V –1.0
(See Figure 6,
–75 Normalized to 10 kΩ
@ IGC = 1.5 mA) VCC = 12 V
–100 TA = 25°C
–2.0
(See Note 2 in Electrical
Characteristics Table)
10 20 30 40 50 70 100 200 10 20 30 40 50 70 100 200
fCLK, CLOCK FREQUENCY (kHz) fCLK, CLOCK FREQUENCY (kHz)

Figure 11. Block Diagram of the CVSD Encoder

Clock

ε(t)
Audio In Comparator Sampler Digital Out

Level Detect
Algorithm

Slope Slope
Integrator Polarity Magnitude
Switch Control

Figure 12. CVSD Waveforms

Integrator Output
(Reconstructed Audio)

Input Audio

Digital
Output

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 7

 MC3418

Figure 13. Block Diagram of the CVSD Decoder

Clock

Level Detect Slope

Digital In Sampler Algorithm Magnitude
Control

Slope
Audio Out Integrator Polarity
Switch

Figure 14. 16 kHz Simplex Voice Codec (Single–Pole Companding and Single Integration)

Digital Input
5.0 Digital Output
Push Clock 16 kHz
To Talk
Key (Norm
Open)
5.0

1.0 k Digital
Encode/Decode 15 Out 9 Clock 14 VCC 16
Analog Comp
Input + 1
–
4.0 µF 2
+

13
–
600 600 Shift
12 Register
+
VTH

10 VCC/2
Coin
Ref 3.3 k RP
0.1 µF 1.0 k Out
10 k Logic
5 11
Ref RS 18 k C
Syl S
Input + In 0.33 µF
7
Slope Polarity 3 2.4 M Rmin
Analog – GC
Out Switch
4 1.3 k Rx

0.1 µF Filter 6 VEE 8

C1 Ref

R1 10 k
VS

8 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 MC3418
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The continuously variable slope delta modulator (CVSD) bit rate. The analog input must be band limited and amplitude
is a simple alternative to more complex conventional limited. The frequency limitations are governed by the
conversion techniques in systems requiring digital nyquist rate while the amplitude capabilities are set by the
communication of analog signals. The human voice is gain of the integrator.
analog, but digital transmission of any signal over great The frequency limits are bounded on the upper end; that
distance is attractive. Signal/noise ratios do not vary with is, for any input bandwidth there exists a clock frequency
distance in digital transmission and multiplexing, switching larger than that bandwidth which will transmit the signal with
and repeating hardware is more economical and easier to a specific noise level. However, the amplitude limits are
design. However, instrumentation A to D converters do not bounded on both upper and lower ends. For a signal level,
meet the communications requirements. The CVSD A to D is one specific gain will achieve an optimum noise level.
well suited to the requirements of digital communications and Unfortunately, the basic delta modulator has a small dynamic
is an economically efficient means of digitizing analog inputs range over which the noise level is constant.
for transmission. The continuously variable slope circuitry provides
increased dynamic range by adjusting the gain of the
The Delta Modulator
integrator. For a given clock frequency and input bandwidth
The innermost control loop of a CVSD converter is a the additional circuitry increases the delta modulator’s
simple delta modulator. A block diagram CVSD Encoder is dynamic range. External to the basic delta modulator is an
shown in Figure 11. A delta modulator consists of a algorithm which monitors the past few outputs of the delta
comparator in the forward path and an integrator in the modulator in a simple shift register. The register is 4–bits
feedback path of a simple control loop. The inputs to the long. The accepted CVSD algorithm simply monitors the
comparator are the input analog signal and the integrator contents of the shift register and indicates if it contains all 1s
output. The comparator output reflects the sign of the or 0s. This condition is called coincidence. When it occurs, it
difference between the input voltage and the integrator indicates that the gain of the integrator is too small. The
output. That sign bit is the digital output and also controls the coincidence output charges a single–pole low pass filter. The
direction of ramp in the integrator. The comparator is voltage output of this syllabic filter controls the integrator gain
normally clocked so as to produce a synchronous and through a pulse amplitude modulator whose other input is the
band–limited digital bit stream. sign bit or up/down control.
If the clocked serial bit stream is transmitted, received, The simplicity of the all 1s, all 0s algorithm should not be
and delivered to a similar integrator at a remote point, the taken lightly. Many other control algorithms using the shift
remote integrator output is a copy of the transmitting control register have been tried. The key to the accepted algorithm is
loop integrator output. To the extent that the integrator at the that it provides a measure of the average power or level of
transmitting locations tracks the input signal, the remote the input signal. Other techniques provide more
receiver reproduces the input signal. Low pass filtering at instantaneous information about the shape of the input curve.
the receiver output will eliminate most of the quantizing The purpose of the algorithm is to control the gain of the
noise, if the clock rate of the bit stream is an octave or more integrator and to increase the dynamic range. Thus a
above the bandwidth of the input signal. Voice bandwidth is measure of the average input level is what is needed.
4.0 kHz and clock rates from 8.0 k and up are possible. The algorithm is repeated in the receiver and thus the level
Thus the delta modulator digitizes and transmits the analog data is recovered in the receiver. Because the algorithm
input to a remote receiver. The serial, unframed nature of operates only on the past serial data, it changes the nature of
the data is ideal for communications networks. With no the bit stream without changing the channel bit rate.
input at the transmitter, a continuous one zero alternation is The effect of the algorithm is to compand the input signal.
transmitted. If the two integrators are made leaky, then If a CVSD encoder is played into a basic delta modulator, the
during any loss of contact the receiver output decays to output of the delta modulator will reflect the shape of the input
zero and receive restart begins without framing when the signal but all of the output will be at an equal level. Thus the
receiver reacquires. Similarly, a delta modulator is tolerant algorithm at the output is needed to restore the level
of sporadic bit errors. Figure 12 shows the delta modulator variations. The bit stream in the channel is as if it were from
waveforms while Figure 13 shows the corresponding CVSD a standard delta modulator with a constant level input.
decoder block diagram. The delta modulator encoder with the CVSD algorithm
The Companding Algorithm provides an efficient method for digitizing a voice input in a
The fundamental advantages of the delta modulator are its manner which is especially convenient for digital
simplicity and the serial format of its output. Its limitations are communications requirements.
its ability to accurately convert the input within a limited digital

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 9

 MC3418
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
CVSD DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Layout Considerations
A simple CVSD encoder using the MC3418 is shown in Care should be exercised to isolate all digital signal paths
Figure 14. This IC is a general purpose CVSD building block (Pins 9, 11, 13 and 14) from analog signal paths (Pins 1 to 7
which allows the system designer to tailor the encoder’s and 10) in order to achieve proper idle channel performance.
transmission characteristics to the application. Thus, the
Clock Rate
achievable transmission capabilities are constrained by the
fundamental limitations of delta modulation and the design of With minor modifications, the circuit in Figure 14 may be
encoder parameters. The performance is not dictated by the operated anywhere from 9.6 to 64 kHz clock rates. Obviously
internal configuration of the MC3418. There are seven the higher the clock rate the higher the S/N performance. The
design considerations involved in designing these basic circuit in Figure 14 typically produces the S/N performance
CVSD building blocks into a specific codec application, and shown in Figure 16. The selection of clock rate is usually
they are as follows: dictated by the bandwidth of the transmission medium. Voice
bandwidth systems will require no higher than 9600 Hz.
1. Selection of clock rate Some radio systems will allow 12 kHz. Private 4–wire
2. Required number of shift register bits telephone systems are often operated at 16 kHz and
3. Selection of loop gain commercial telephone performance can be achieved at
4. Selection of minimum step size 32 k bits and above. Other codecs may use bit rates up to
5. Design of integration filter transfer function 200 k bits/sec.
6. Design of syllabic filter transfer function
7. Design of low pass filter at the receiver Shift Register Length (Algorithm)
The MC3418 has a 4–bit algorithm well suited for 32 kHz
The circuit in Figure 14 is the most basic CVSD circuit and higher clock rates. Since the algorithm records a fixed
possible. For many applications in secure radio or other past history of the input signal, a longer shift register is
intelligible voice channel requirements, it is entirely sufficient. required to obtain the same internal history. At 16 kHz and
In this circuit, items 5 and 6 are reduced to their simplest below, the 4–bit algorithm will produce a slightly wider
form. The syllabic and integration filters are both single–pole dynamic range at the expense of level change response.
networks. The selection of items 1 through 4 govern the Basically the MC3418 is intended for high performance, high
codec performance. bit rate systems.

10 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 Figure 15. CVSD Circuit Schematic
VCC
16

50 50 µA 50 µA 12 k
20 k 20 k
µA
9 Digital
Output

Analog 1
Input
Analog 2
Feedback

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

Digital13 D Q D Q D Q D Q
11 Coincidence
Data Input
Output
— — — —
Q Q Q Q
C C C C

Digital 12
Threshold
25 k
MC3418

+
4 Gain
25 k Control

–
200 µA 3 Syllabic
14 Filter
Clock 100 µ A

50 µA 50 µA 7.0
5.0 µA µA
Encode/ 15
Decode

Analog 7
Output 10 5 6 8
VCC /2 Ref Filter VEE
Output Input Input

11
 MC3418
* The maximum voltage across R1 when maximum slew is
Figure 16. Signal–to–Noise Performance with required is:
Single Integration, Single–Pole and 1.1 V
Companding at 16 k Bits (Typical) 2
Now the voltage range of the syllabic filter is the power

15
supply voltage, thus:
Rx +
0.25 V ǒ Ǔ
CC 0.935 mA
1

A similar procedure can be followed to establish the proper

gain for any input level and integration filter type.
S/N (dB)

Minimum Step Size

Clock Rate = 16 kHz The final parameter to be selected for the simple codec in
10 Test Tone = 1.0 kHz Sine Wave
Noise Weighting C Message
Figure 14 is idle channel step size. With no input signal, the
digital output becomes a one–zero alternating pattern and
the analog output becomes a small triangle wave.
Mismatches of internal currents and offsets limit the minimum
5.0
–40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 step size which will produce a perfect idle channel pattern.
INPUT LEVEL (dB) RELATIVE TO SLOPE OVERLOAD The MC3418 is tested to ensure that a 20 mVpp minimum
step size at 16 kHz will attain a proper idle channel. The idle
Selection of Loop Gain channel step size must be twice the specified total loop offset
The gain of the circuit in Figure 14 is set by resistor Rx. Rx if a one–zero idle pattern is desired. In some applications a
must be selected to provide the proper integrator step size for much smaller minimum step size (e.g., 0.1 mV) can produce
high level signals such that the companding ratio does not quiet performance without providing a 1 – 0 pattern.
exceed about 25%. The companding ratio is the active low To set the idle channel step size, the value of Rmin must be
duty cycle of the coincidence output on Pin 11 of the codec selected. With no input signal, the slope control algorithm is
circuit. Thus the system gain is dependent on: inactive. A long series of ones or zeros never occurs. Thus,
1. The maximum level and frequency of the input signal. the voltage across the syllabic filter capacitor (CS) would
2. The transfer function of the integration filter. decay to zero. However, the voltage divider of RS and Rmin
For voice codecs the typical input signal is taken to be a (see Figure 14) sets the minimum allowed voltage across the
sine wave at 1.0 kHz of 0 dBmo level. In practice, the useful syllabic filter capacitor. That voltage must produce the
dynamic range extends about 6.0 dB above the design level. desired ramps at the analog output. Again we write the filter
In any system the companding ratio should not exceed 30%. input current equation:
To calculate the required step size current, we must
describe the transfer characteristics of the integration filter. In
I
i
+ V
O
R1
)dV
C O
dt
the basic circuit of Figure 14, a single–pole of 160 Hz is used. For values of VO near VCC/2 the VO/R term is negligible;
R1 +
10 kΩ, C1 0.1 µF + thus:
DVO
O+
ǒ) Ǔ + S )K wo +
V
1 I C
i S DT
I 1
i C S
RC where ∆T is the clock period and ∆VO is the desired
wo + 2 πf
peak–to–peak value of the idle output. For a 16 k bit system
using the circuit in Figure 14:
10 3 + wo + 2 πf
f 159.2 Hz + I
i
+ 0.1 µF 20 mV
62.5 µs
+
33 µA
Note that the integration filter produces a single–pole The voltage on CS which produces a 33 µA current is

ǒ Ǔ
response from 300 to 3.0 kHz. The current required to move determined by the value of Rx.
the integrator output a specific voltage from zero is simply: +
I R x V min; for 33 µA, V min 41.6 mV
i S S
+
I
i
+ V
O
R1
) C1 x
dV
O
dt
In Figure 14 RS is 18 kΩ. That selection is discussed with
the syllabic filter considerations. The voltage divider of RS
and Rmin must produce an output of 41.6 mV.
Now a 0 dBmo sine wave has a peak value of 1.0954 V. In
1/8 of a cycle of a sine wave centered around the zero
crossing, the sine wave changes by approximately its peak
V
CC R
R
)
S
R
+
V min R
S min
]2.4 MΩ
S min
value. The CVSD step should trace that change. The Having established these four parameters – clock rate,
required current for a 0 dBm 1.0 kHz sine wave is: number of shift register bits, loop gain, and minimum step
I
i
+
1.1 V
* 2 (10 kΩ)
0.1 µF (1.1)
0.125 ms
)0.935 mA + size – the encoder circuit in Figure 14 will function at near
optimum performance for input levels around 0 dBm.

12 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 MC3418
INCREASING CVSD PERFORMANCE
Integration Filter Design The calculation of desired gain resistor Rx then proceeds
The circuit in Figure 14 uses a single–pole integration exactly as previously described.
network formed with a 0.1 µF capacitor and a 10 kΩ resistor.
Syllabic Filter Design
It is possible to improve the performance of the circuit in
The syllabic filter in Figure 14 is a simple single–pole
Figure 14 by 1.0 or 2.0 dB by using a two–pole integration
network of 18 kΩ and 0.33 µF. This produces a 6.0 ms time
network. The improved circuit is shown in Figure 17.
constant for the averaging of the coincidence output signal.
The first pole is still placed below 300 Hz to provide the 1/S
The voltage across the capacitor determines the integrator
voice content curve and a second pole is placed somewhere
current which in turn establishes the step size. The integrator
above the 1.0 kHz frequency. For telephony circuits, the
current and the resulting step size determine the companding
second pole can be placed above 1.8 kHz to exceed the
ratio and the S/N performance. The companding ratio is
1633 touchtone frequency. In other communication systems,
defined as the voltage across CS/VCC.
values as low as 1.0 kHz may be selected. In general, the
The S/N performance may be improved by modifying the
lower in frequency the second pole is placed, the greater the
voltage to current transformation produced by Rx. If different
noise improvement. Then, to ensure the encoder loop
portions of the total Rx are shunted by diodes, the integrator
stability, a zero is added to keep the phase shift less than
current can be other than (V CC – VS)/Rx. These breakpoint
180°. This zero should be placed slightly above the low–pass
curves must be designed experimentally for the particular
output filter break frequency so as not to reduce the
system application. In general, one would wish that the
effectiveness of the second pole. A network of 235 Hz,
current would double with input level. To design the desired
2.0 kHz, and 5.2 kHz is typical for telephone applications
curve, supply current to Pin 4 of the codec from an external
while 160 Hz, 1.2 kHz, and 2.8 kHz might be used in voice
source. Input a signal level and adjust the current until the
only channels. (Voice only channels can use an output
S/N performance is optimum. Then record the syllabic filter
low–pass filter which breaks at about 2.5 kHz.) The two–pole

ǒ) Ǔ
voltage and the current. Repeat this for all desired signal
network in Figure 17 has a transfer function of:

ǒ Ǔ
levels. Then derive the resistor diode network which
R0R1 S 1 produces that curve on a curve tracer.
+
ǒ Ǔ
V R1C1
O Once the network is designed with the curve tracer, it is
I
i
R2C2(R0 ) R1) S ) ǒR0)1R1ǓC1 S ) 1
R2C2
then inserted in place of Rx in the circuit and the forced
optimum noise performance will be achieved from the active
syllabic algorithm.
Diode breakpoint networks may be very simple or
Figure 17. Improved Filter Configuration moderately complex and can improve the usable dynamic
range of any codec. In the past they have been used in high
performance telephone codecs.
5 Typical resistor–diode networks are shown in Figure 18.

Analog R2 7 Figure 18. Resistor–Diode Networks

Output
600
R1 R2 R3
C2 MC3418
0.15 µF
R1 600 C1 6

R0 0.1 µF D1 D2 D3
R1 R2
13 k
NOTE: These component values are for the telephone channel
circuit poles described in the text. The R2, C2 product can
be provided with different values of R and C. R2 should be
chosen to be equal to the termination resistor on Pin 1. D1
Thus the two poles and the zero can be selected arbitrarily If the performance of more complex diode networks is
as long as the zero is at a higher frequency than the first pole. desired, the circuit in Figure 19 should be used. It simulates
The values in Figure 17 represent one implementation of the the companding characteristics of nonlinear Rx elements in a
telephony filter requirement. different manner.
The selection of the two–pole filter network affects the
Output Low Pass Filter
selection of the loop gain value and the minimum step size
A low pass filter is required at the receiving circuit output to
resistor. The required integrator current for a given change in

ǒ Ǔ
eliminate quantizing noise. In general, the lower the bit rate,
voltage now becomes:
the better the filter must be. The filter in Figure 21 provides
DVO
I
i
+V
O
R0
)
R2C2
R0
R1C1 C1
R0
) DT ) ) excellent performance for 12 to 40 kHz systems.

ǒ R2C2C1 ) R1C1R2C2
R0
Ǔ DVO 2
DT 2

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 13

 MC3418
TELEPHONE CARRIER QUALITY CODEC
Two specifications of the integrated circuit are specifically the instantaneous companding ratio at Pin 4 is amplified by
intended to meet the performance requirements of A1. The output of A1 changes the voltage across Rx in a
commercial telephone systems. First, slope polarity switch direction which reduces the difference between the
current matching is laser trimmed to guarantee proper idle companding reference and the operating ratio by changing
channel performance with 5.0 mV minimum step size and a the step size. The ratio of R4 and R3 determines how closely
typical 1.0% current match from 15 µA to 3.0 mA. Thus a 300 the voltage at Pin 4 will be forced to 12%. The selection of R3
to 1 range of step size variation is possible. Second, the and R4 is initially experimental. However, the resulting
MC3418 provides the 4–bit algorithm currently used in companding control is dependent on Rx, R3, R4, and the full
subscriber loop telephone systems. With these specifications diode drop D1. These values are easy to reproduce from
and the circuit of Figure 19, a telephone quality codec can be codec to codec.
mass produced. For small input levels, the companding ratio reference
The circuit in Figure 19 provides a 30 dB S/Nc ratio over becomes the output of A2 rather than the diode drop. The
50 dB of dynamic range for a 1.0 kHz test tone at a 37.7 k operating companding ratio on Pin 4 is then compared to a
bit rate. At 37.7 k bits, 40 voice channels may be companding ratio smaller than 12% which is determined by
multiplexed on a standard 1.544 MB T1 facility. This codec the voltage drop across Rx and the gain of A2 and A1. The
has also been tested for 10–7 error rates with asynchronous gain of A2 is also experimentally determined, but once
and synchronous data up to 2400 baud and for reliable determined, the circuitry is easily repeated.
performance with DTMF signaling. Thus, the design is With no input signal, the companding ratio at Pin 4 goes
applicable in telephone quality subscriber loop carrier to zero and the voltage across Rx goes to zero. The voltage
systems, subscriber loop concentrators, and small PABX at the output of A2 becomes zero since there is no drop
installations. across Rx. With no signal input, the actively controlled step
size vanished.
The Active Companding Network
The minimum step size is established by the 500 k
The unique feature of the codec in Figure 19 is the step resistor between V CC and Pin 4 and is therefore
size control circuit which uses a companding ratio reference, independently selectable.
the present step size, and the present syllabic filter output to The signal to noise results of the active companding
establish the optimum companding ratios and step sizes for network are shown in Figure 20. A smooth 2.0 dB drop is
any given input level. The companding ratio of a CVSD codec realized from 12 dBm to –24 under the control of A1. At
is defined as the duty cycle of the coincidence output. It is the –24 dBm, A2 begins to degenerate the companding
parameter measured by the syllabic filter and is the voltage reference and the resulting step size is reduced so as to
across CS divided by the voltage swing of the coincidence extend the dynamic range of the codec by 20 dBm.
output. In Figure 19, the voltage swing of Pin 11 is 6.0 V. The The slope overload characteristic is also shown. The
operating companding ratio is analoged by the voltage active companding network produces improved performance
between Pins 10 and 4 by means of the virtual short across with frequency. The 0 dBm slope overload point is raised to
Pins 3 and 4 of the V to I op amp within the integrated circuit. 4.8 kHz because of the gain available in controlling the
Thus, the instantaneous companding ratio of the codec is voltage across Rx. The curves demonstrate that the level
always available at the negative input of A1. linearity has been maintained or improved.*
The diode D1 and the gain of A1 and A2 provide a The codec in Figure 19 is designed specifically for
companding ratio reference for any input level. If the output of 37.7 k bit systems. However, the benefits of the active
A2 is more than 0.7 V below VCC/2, then the positive input of companding network are not limited to high bit rate systems.
A1 is (VCC/2 – 0.7). The on diode drop at the input of A1 By modifying the crossover region (changing the gain of A2),
represents a 12% companding ratio (12% = 0.7 V/6.0 V). the active technique may be used to improve the
The present step size of the operating codec is directly performance of lower bit rate systems.
related to the voltage across Rx, which established the The performance and repeatability of the codec in
integrator current. In Figure 19, the voltage across Rx is Figure 19 represents a significant step forward in the art and
amplified by the differential amplifier A2 whose output is cost of CVSD codec designs.
single ended with respect to Pin 10 of the IC.
For large signal inputs, the step size is large and the
output of A2 is lower than 0.7 V. Thus D1 is fully on. The *A larger value for C2 is required in the decoder circuit than in the
encoder to adjust the level linearity with frequency. In Figure 19,
present step size is not a factor in the step size control. 0.050 µF would work well.
However, the difference between 12% companding ratio and

14 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 MC3418

Figure 19. Telephone Quality Deltamod Coder*

Clock Digital
Voice/Non–Voice
Input Output
Select
37.7 kHz (VCC/2)

12 V

15 16 14
0.22 µF
1
–
Analog
Input 2
+
4–Bit
13 Register
3.6 k – 9 18 k
12 Logic 11
Non–Voice + 0.33 µF
Input D1
1N914
(Digital 10 500 k
VCC/2 9.1 k
Input) Rmin
5
13 k 3
7 + + VSYL
4 Rx 200 k 1.0 k
Analog R2 Slope
– –
Output 3.6 k Polarity 2.2 k
Switch 7.5 k
+
MC3418 +
33 k A1
R1 6 8 A2
C1 –
R3 –
C2 R4 7.5 k
0.025 µF 1.5 k 600 0.05 µF 200 k
13 k 100 k

0.1 µF R0
0.1 µF A1, A2,
0.1 µF MC1458

* Both double integration and active companding control are used to obtain improved CVSD performance. Laser trimming of the integrated circuit provides
reliable idle channel and step size range characteristics.

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 15

 MC3418

Figure 20. Signal–to–Noise Performance and Frequency Response*

35
0 dBm Input
0
–10 dBm Input
SIGNAL–TO–NOISE (dB)

–10

OUTPUT LEVEL (dBm)

30 –20 dBm Input
–20
50 dB
–30
4–Bit Algorithm
37.7 k Bits –40 4–Bit Algorithm
25 1 .0 kHz Test Tone 37.7 k Bits
C–Message Weight –50

–60

20
–48 –36 –24 –12 0 12 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10
INPUT LEVEL (dBm0) INPUT FREQUENCY (kHz)
(a) Signal–to–Noise Performance of (b) Frequency Response versus Input Level
Telephony Quality Deltamodulator (Slope Overload Characteristic)

*Showing the improvement realized with the circuit in Figure 19.

Figure 21. High Performance Elliptic Filter for CVSD Output

C1

1000 pF R7

R1 R2 1.0 k
R6
– R5
87.6 k 175 k
600 k
+ 212 k
C3 C4
MC1741 C5
157 pF 78 pF
R4 C2 380 pF
1.11 M 220 pF
R3
247 k
Designed for 0.28 dB ripple in the pass band
ωn = 3.0 kHz
ωs = ≅ 6.0 kHz
AdB at ωs and above 29.5 dB

16 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 MC3418

Figure 22. Full Duplex/32 k Bit CVSD Voice Codec

Digital Output
Force Idle
Channel
5.0 V
C2 15 13 9
1 16
C1 R2 R3 2
Analog Output –
RP1
5 11 CS1
+
R1 C3 12
MC3418 RS1
10 3

R I1 7 RX1
0.1 R12 RM1
CI1 6 4

8 14
Clock

5.0 V
14
12 16
Analog Output
5
RP2
11 CS2
– C9 R11 R7 R6
C5 Digital 9
+ Test MC3418 R S2
R10
C7 C6 3
7
R9 +
– R I2 RM2 RX2
R5 R4 CI2 6 4
C8 R8 +
8 15 13
Digital Input
C4

Codec Components Input Filter Specifications Filter Components

RX1, RX2 – 3.3 kΩ 12 dB/Octave Rolloff above 3.3 kHz R1 – 965 Ω C1 – 3.3 µF
RP1, RP2 – 3.3 kΩ 6.0 dB/Octave Rolloff below 50 Hz R2 – 72 kΩ C2 – 837 pF
RS1, RS2 – 100 kΩ Output Filter Specifications R3 – 72 kΩ C3 – 536 pF
RI1, RI2 – 20 kΩ R4 – 63.46 kΩ C4 – 1000 pF
Break Frequency – 3.3 kHz
R12 – 1.0 kΩ R5 – 127 kΩ C5 – 222 pF
Stop Band – 9.0 kHz R6 – 365.5 kΩ C6 – 77 pF
RM1, RM2 – 15 MΩ Stop Band Atten. – 50 dB
Minimum step size = 6.0 mV R7 – 1.645 MΩ C7 – 38 pF
Rolloff – > 40 dB/Octave R8 – 72 kΩ C8 – 837 pF
CS1, CS2 – 0.05 µF R9 – 72 kΩ C9 – 536 pF
CI1, CI2 – 0.05 µF
R10 – 29.5 Ω
2 MC3418 R11 – 72 kΩ
1 MC3403 (or MC3406)
NOTE: All Res. 0.1% to 1%
NOTE: All Res. 5% All Cap. 0.1%
All Cap. 5%

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 17

 MC3418
COMPARATIVE CODEC PERFORMANCE
The salient feature of CVSD codecs is versatility. The Figure 23. Comparative Codec Performance –
range of codec complexity tradeoffs and bit rate is so wide Signal–to–Noise Ratio for 1.0 kHz Test Tone
that one cannot grasp the interdependency of parameters for
voice applications in a few pages.
35
Design of a specific codec must be tailored to the digital
channel bandwidth, the analog bandwidth, the quality of 30 a

S + N/N C–MESSAGE (dB)

signal transmission required, and the cost objectives. To
25
illustrate the choices available, the data in Figure 23 b
compares the signal–to–noise ratios and dynamic range of 20
various codec design options at 32 k bits. Generally, the c
relative merits of each design feature will remain intact in any 15
32 k Bit CVSD
application. Lowering the bit rate will reduce the dynamic 10
range and noise performance of all techniques. As the bit rate
is increased, the overall performance of each technique will 5.0
improve and the need for more complex designs diminishes. 0
Non–voice applications of the MC3418 are also possible. –45 –40 –35 –30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5.0 0
In those cases, the signal bandwidth and amplitude AMPLITUDE (dB)
characteristics must be defined before the specification of
codec parameters can begin. However, in general, the NOTE: These curves demonstrate the improved performance obtained
design can proceed along the lines of the voice applications with several codec designs of varying complexity.

shown here, taking into account the different signal Curve a – Complex companding and double integration (Figure 19)
Curve b – Double integration (Figure 14 using Figure 17)
bandwidth requirements. Curve c – Single integration (Figure 14) with 6.0 mV stepsize

18 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 MC3418

OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
P SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 648–08
ISSUE R
NOTES:
–A– 1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
16 9 3. DIMENSION L TO CENTER OF LEADS WHEN
FORMED PARALLEL.
B 4. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH.
1 8 5. ROUNDED CORNERS OPTIONAL.
INCHES MILLIMETERS
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
F C L A 0.740 0.770 18.80 19.55
B 0.250 0.270 6.35 6.85
S C 0.145 0.175 3.69 4.44
D 0.015 0.021 0.39 0.53
SEATING F 0.040 0.70 1.02 1.77
–T– PLANE G 0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC
H 0.050 BSC 1.27 BSC
H K M J 0.008 0.015 0.21 0.38
J K 0.110 0.130 2.80 3.30
G L 0.295 0.305 7.50 7.74
D 16 PL
M 0_ 10 _ 0_ 10 _
0.25 (0.010) M T A M S 0.020 0.040 0.51 1.01

DW SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 751G–02
(SO–16L)
ISSUE A

–A–
16 9
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
–B– 8X P 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD
0.010 (0.25) M B M
PROTRUSION.
1 8 4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006) PER
SIDE.
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
J PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
16X D PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.13 (0.005) TOTAL IN
EXCESS OF D DIMENSION AT MAXIMUM
0.010 (0.25) M T A S B S MATERIAL CONDITION.
F MILLIMETERS INCHES
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
A 10.15 10.45 0.400 0.411
R X 45 _ B 7.40 7.60 0.292 0.299
C 2.35 2.65 0.093 0.104
D 0.35 0.49 0.014 0.019
C F 0.50 0.90 0.020 0.035
–T– G 1.27 BSC 0.050 BSC
SEATING M J 0.25 0.32 0.010 0.012
14X G K PLANE K 0.10 0.25 0.004 0.009
M 0_ 7_ 0_ 7_
P 10.05 10.55 0.395 0.415
R 0.25 0.75 0.010 0.029

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 19

 MC3418

Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Motorola makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding
the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and
specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in Motorola
data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals”
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applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury
or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use Motorola products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold Motorola
and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees
arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that
Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. Motorola and are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. is an Equal
Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

How to reach us:

USA / EUROPE / Locations Not Listed: Motorola Literature Distribution; JAPAN: Nippon Motorola Ltd.; Tatsumi–SPD–JLDC, 6F Seibu–Butsuryu–Center,
P.O. Box 20912; Phoenix, Arizona 85036. 1–800–441–2447 or 602–303–5454 3–14–2 Tatsumi Koto–Ku, Tokyo 135, Japan. 03–81–3521–8315

MFAX: RMFAX0@email.sps.mot.com – TOUCHTONE 602–244–6609 ASIA/PACIFIC: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd.; 8B Tai Ping Industrial Park,
INTERNET: http://Design–NET.com 51 Ting Kok Road, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong. 852–26629298

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