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    Bab 7

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    nislamiah04
    This document discusses angular kinetics, which explains rotational motion using variables similar to those used in linear kinetics. Newton's laws have angular analogues that describe how torques create rotation. Torque is calculated as the product of force and the moment arm, which is the perpendicular distance from the force line of action to the axis of rotation. Increasing either the force or the moment arm can increase the torque created. The document provides examples of how angular kinetics applies to joint rotations and calculating centers of gravity.

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    Bab 7

    Uploaded by

    nislamiah04
    13 views4 pages
    This document discusses angular kinetics, which explains rotational motion using variables similar to those used in linear kinetics. Newton's laws have angular analogues that describe how torques create rotation. Torque is calculated as the product of force and the moment arm, which is the perpendicular distance from the force line of action to the axis of rotation. Increasing either the force or the moment arm can increase the torque created. The document provides examples of how angular kinetics applies to joint rotations and calculating centers of gravity.

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    This document discusses angular kinetics, which explains rotational motion using variables similar to those used in linear kinetics. Newton's laws have angular analogues that describe how torques create rotation. Torque is calculated as the product of force and the moment arm, which is the perpendicular distance from the force line of action to the axis of rotation. Increasing either the force or the moment arm can increase the torque created. The document provides examples of how angular kinetics applies to joint rotations and calculating centers of gravity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    13 views4 pages

    Bab 7

    Uploaded by

    nislamiah04
    This document discusses angular kinetics, which explains rotational motion using variables similar to those used in linear kinetics. Newton's laws have angular analogues that describe how torques create rotation. Torque is calculated as the product of force and the moment arm, which is the perpendicular distance from the force line of action to the axis of rotation. Increasing either the force or the moment arm can increase the torque created. The document provides examples of how angular kinetics applies to joint rotations and calculating centers of gravity.

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    Bab 7

    Angular kinetics

    Angular kinetics explains the causes of ro- tary motion and employs many variables similar
    to the ones discussed in the previ- ous chapter on linear kinetics. In fact, Newton's laws
    have angular analogues that explain how torques create rotation. The net torque acting on
    an object creates an an- gular acceleration inversely proportional to the angular inertia
    called the moment of in- ertia. Angular kinetics is quite useful be- cause it explains the
    causes of joint rota- tions and provides a quantitative way to determine the center of gravity
    of the hu- man body. The application of angular kinet- ics is illustrated with the principles of
    Inertia and Balance.

    TORQUE

    The rotating effect of a force is called a torque or moment of force. Recall that a moment of
    force or torque is a vector quan- tity, and the usual two-dimensional con- vention is that
    counterclockwise rotations are positive. Torque is calculated as the product of force (F) and
    the moment arm. The moment arm or leverage is the perpen- dicular displacement (d)
    from the line of action of the force and the axis of rotation (Figure 7.1). The biceps femoris
    pictured in Figure 7.1 has moment arms that create hip extension and knee flexion torques.
    An im- portant point is that the moment arm is al- ways the shortest displacement between
    the force line of action and axis of rotation. This text will use the term torque synony-
    mously with moment of force, even though there is a more specific mechanics-of-mate- rials
    meaning for torque.

    Figure 7.1. The moment arms (d) for the biceps femoris muscle. A moment arm is the right-angle dis- tance from the line of action of
    the force to the axis of rotation

    In algebraic terms, the formula for


    torque is T = F • d, so that typical units of
    torque are N•m and lb•ft. Like angular
    kine- matics, the usual convention is to call
    coun- terclockwise (ccw) torques positive
    and clockwise ones negative. Note that the
    size of the force and the moment arm are
    equal- ly important in determining the size
    of the torque created. This has important
    implica- tions for maximizing performance
    in many activities. A person wanting to
    create more torque can increase the applied
    force or in- crease their effective moment
    arm. In- creasing the moment arm is often
    easier and faster than months of
    conditioning! Figure 7.2 illustrates two
    positions where a therapist can provide
    resistance with a hand dynamometer to
    manually test the isometric strength of the
    elbow extensors. By positioning their arm
    more distal (posi- tion 2), the therapist
    increases the moment arm and decreases
    the force they must cre- ate to balance the
    torque created by the pa- tient and gravity
    (Tp).

    Figure 7.2. Increasing the moment arm for the thera- pist's
    (position 2) manual resistance makes it easier to perform a
    manual muscle test that balances the exten- sor torque
    created by the patient (Tp).

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