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    Understanding Constraint Satisfaction Problems

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    jiminisinbts02
    The document discusses constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), which involve finding solutions that satisfy a set of constraints. A CSP contains variables with domains of possible values, and constraints that restrict combinations of values. Solving a CSP involves techniques like backtracking and constraint propagation to systematically explore solutions while pruning the search space. CSPs have applications in scheduling, map coloring, and other domains, and present challenges regarding complexity, optimality, and constraint representation.

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    Understanding Constraint Satisfaction Problems

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    jiminisinbts02
    20 views10 pages
    The document discusses constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), which involve finding solutions that satisfy a set of constraints. A CSP contains variables with domains of possible values, and constraints that restrict combinations of values. Solving a CSP involves techniques like backtracking and constraint propagation to systematically explore solutions while pruning the search space. CSPs have applications in scheduling, map coloring, and other domains, and present challenges regarding complexity, optimality, and constraint representation.

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    Understanding-Constraint-Satisfaction-Problems

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    The document discusses constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), which involve finding solutions that satisfy a set of constraints. A CSP contains variables with domains of possible values, and constraints that restrict combinations of values. Solving a CSP involves techniques like backtracking and constraint propagation to systematically explore solutions while pruning the search space. CSPs have applications in scheduling, map coloring, and other domains, and present challenges regarding complexity, optimality, and constraint representation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views10 pages

    Understanding Constraint Satisfaction Problems

    Uploaded by

    jiminisinbts02
    The document discusses constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), which involve finding solutions that satisfy a set of constraints. A CSP contains variables with domains of possible values, and constraints that restrict combinations of values. Solving a CSP involves techniques like backtracking and constraint propagation to systematically explore solutions while pruning the search space. CSPs have applications in scheduling, map coloring, and other domains, and present challenges regarding complexity, optimality, and constraint representation.

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    Understanding

    Constraint Satisfaction
    Problems
    A Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) involves finding a solution that
    satisfies a set of constraints arising in various fields such as artificial
    intelligence, operations research, and database systems.
    Key Components of CSP
    1 Variables 2 Domains
    Represent the unknowns to be Define the possible values that
    assigned values within a specific variables in a CSP can take.
    domain.

    3 Constraints
    Restrict the combinations of values the variables can take.
    Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP) representation:

    •The finite set of variables V1, V2, V3 ……………..Vn.


    •Non-empty domain for every single variable D1, D2, D3 …………..Dn.
    •The finite set of constraints C1, C2 …….…, Cm.
    • where each constraint Ci restricts the possible values for variables,
    • e.g., V1 ≠ V2
    • Each constraint Ci is a pair <scope, relation>
    • Example: <(V1, V2), V1 not equal to V2>
    • Scope = set of variables that participate in constraint.
    • Relation = list of valid variable value combinations.
    • There might be a clear list of permitted combinations. Perhaps a relation that is
    abstract and that allows for membership testing and listing.
    Types of Constraints in CSP
    Unary Constraints Binary Constraints Global Constraints

    Involve a single variable and Apply restrictions between Span multiple variables and
    define constraints on its pairs of variables. define complex relationships.
    value.
    Solving CSP
    1 Backtracking 2 Constraint 3 Local Search
    Propagation
    A systematic approach Iteratively explores the
    to consider solutions Infers new restrictions space of potential
    and backtrack when a and reduces the search solutions to find an
    constraint is violated. space by propagating optimal assignment.
    constraints.
    Applications of CSP
    Resource Scheduling Map Coloring
    Optimizing allocation and utilization of Assigning colors to different regions on a
    resources in project management. map without adjacent regions sharing the
    same color.

    Cryptarithmetic Puzzles
    Solving mathematical equations with letters representing digits.
    Challenges in CSP
    1 Complexity 2 Optimality
    CSPs can become computationally Finding the most optimal solution
    infeasible for large problem instances. among a large number of possibilities.

    3 Constraint Representation
    Expressing real-world problems in the form of constraints might be challenging.
    Extensions of CSP

    Constraint Soft Constraints Distributed


    Satisfaction with Constraint
    Dealing with preferences and
    Uncertainty Satisfaction
    trade-offs in addition to hard
    Handling CSPs in the presence constraints. Addressing CSPs distributed
    of incomplete or uncertain across multiple agents or
    information. processes.
    Backtracking-Search for CSPs
    The term backtracking search is used for a depth-first search that chooses values for one variable at a time and
    backtracks when a variable has no legal values left to assign.

    – Expansion of assignment, no copying


    – No initial state, successor function, goal test

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