Master Grammar 1 Ebook

Master
Grammar Part - 1
Part - 1
by David Nicholls
by David Nicholls
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Simple V Continuous.............................................................................................5
Chapter 2. Past Simple V Past Continuous...................................................................... 13
Chapter 3. All Present Tenses.............................................................................................. 29
Chapter 4. All Past Tenses..................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 5. All Future Tenses................................................................................................. 53
Chapter 6. Questions................................................................................................................ 61
Chapter 7. Reported Speech................................................................................................. 69
Chapter 8. Active and Passive.............................................................................................. 73
Chapter 9. Modal Verbs.......................................................................................................... 83
Chapter 10. Conditionals........................................................................................................... 93
Chapter 11. Subjunctive and Inversion................................................................................ 99
Chapter 12. Gerunds, Participles, and (to +) Infinitives............................................... 107
Chapter 13. Reporting Verbs................................................................................................ 119
Answers
Exercise 1.................................................................................................................................................... 128
Exercise 2.................................................................................................................................................... 128
Exercise 3.................................................................................................................................................... 129
Exercise 4.................................................................................................................................................... 129
Exercise 5.................................................................................................................................................... 130
Exercise 6.................................................................................................................................................... 130
Exercise 7.................................................................................................................................................... 131
Exercise 8.................................................................................................................................................... 132
Exercise 9.................................................................................................................................................... 132
Exercise 10................................................................................................................................................. 133
Exercise 11................................................................................................................................................. 133
Exercise 12................................................................................................................................................. 134
Exercise 13................................................................................................................................................. 134
Exercise 14................................................................................................................................................. 135
Exercise 15................................................................................................................................................. 136
Exercise 16................................................................................................................................................. 136
Exercise 17................................................................................................................................................. 137
Exercise 18................................................................................................................................................. 137
Exercise 19................................................................................................................................................. 138
Exercise 20................................................................................................................................................. 138
Exercise 21................................................................................................................................................. 139
Exercise 22................................................................................................................................................. 140
Exercise 23................................................................................................................................................. 140
Exercise 24................................................................................................................................................. 142
Exercise 25................................................................................................................................................. 142
Exercise 26................................................................................................................................................. 143
Exercise 27................................................................................................................................................. 144
Exercise 28................................................................................................................................................. 144
Exercise 29................................................................................................................................................. 145
Exercise 30................................................................................................................................................. 145
Exercise 31................................................................................................................................................. 146
Exercise 32................................................................................................................................................. 146
Exercise 33................................................................................................................................................. 147
Exercise 34................................................................................................................................................. 147
Exercise 35 ................................................................................................................................................ 148
Exercise 36................................................................................................................................................. 149
Exercise 37................................................................................................................................................. 150
Exercise 38................................................................................................................................................. 150
Exercise 39................................................................................................................................................. 151
Exercise 40................................................................................................................................................. 151
Exercise 41................................................................................................................................................. 152
Exercise 42................................................................................................................................................. 152
Exercise 43................................................................................................................................................. 152
Exercise 44 ................................................................................................................................................ 153
Exercise 45................................................................................................................................................. 154
Exercise 46................................................................................................................................................. 154
Exercise 47................................................................................................................................................. 155
Exercise 48................................................................................................................................................. 155
Exercise 49................................................................................................................................................. 156
Exercise 50................................................................................................................................................. 156
Exercise 51................................................................................................................................................. 156
Exercise 52................................................................................................................................................. 157
Exercise 53................................................................................................................................................. 158
Exercise 54................................................................................................................................................. 158
Exercise 55................................................................................................................................................. 159
Exercise 56................................................................................................................................................. 159
Exercise 57................................................................................................................................................. 160
Exercise 58................................................................................................................................................. 160
Exercise 59................................................................................................................................................. 161
Exercise 60................................................................................................................................................. 161
Exercise 61................................................................................................................................................. 162
Exercise 62................................................................................................................................................. 162
Exercise 63................................................................................................................................................. 163
Exercise 64................................................................................................................................................. 163
Exercise 65................................................................................................................................................. 164
Exercise 66................................................................................................................................................. 164
Exercise 67................................................................................................................................................. 165
Exercise 68................................................................................................................................................. 165
Exercise 69................................................................................................................................................. 166
Exercise 70................................................................................................................................................. 166
Exercise 71................................................................................................................................................. 167
Exercise 72................................................................................................................................................. 167
Exercise 73................................................................................................................................................. 168
Exercise 74................................................................................................................................................. 169
Exercise 75................................................................................................................................................. 169
Exercise 76................................................................................................................................................. 170
Exercise 77................................................................................................................................................. 170
Exercise 78................................................................................................................................................. 171
Exercise 79................................................................................................................................171
CHAPTER
01
Simple V
Continuous
We can split English verbs into stative or dynamic. Dynamic verbs usually refer to
actions, while stative verbs (or state verbs) usually refer to states of mind or ways of
being (existing). Stative verbs are never used in continuous tenses (including perfect
continuous). Some verbs have both a stative meaning and a dynamic one. Here is a list
of those verbs:
VERB Stative Dynamic
I have three brothers

have I’m having a cup of tea (action)
(possession = state)
be He is stupid (state) He is being stupid (action)
He looks like a trustworthy guy He is looking at the painting

look
(look like = state) (action)
I think that you are right (think What are you thinking about?
think
that = opinion) (think about = action)
The blind man was feeling

I feel that I have let you down
feel the letters with his fingertips
(feel that = opinion)
(action)
This soup tastes disgusting The chef is tasting the soup

taste
(state) (action)
That sounds like a great idea Experts have been sounding the
sound
(state) alarm (ring the alarm = action)
I’m seeing Peter after work

(meet = action)
see I saw 2 men fighting (state)
I’ve been seeing her for 3
months (go out with = action)
He has been hearing voices in

When I got home, I heard the
hear his head (hallucinating is an
news (state)
action!)
This room measures 3 metres in I am measuring the dimension

measure
width (state) of my room (action)
6 | Master Grammar - Part 1

VERB Stative Dynamic
This apple weighs 3 grams He is weighing an apple on the

weigh
(state) scales (action)
I imagine that you won’t be I think you are imagining things

imagine coming with us (imagine that = (action – compare with ‘hearing
opinion) voices’)
My new car is costing me far too

That sofa costs 300 pounds much money, so I may sell it
cost
(state) (Cost becomes an action if it
regularly costs you money)
I expect that they will be late I’m expecting a parcel to arrive

expect
(expect that = opinion) today (anticipate = action)
He will be appearing on
He appears somewhat angry
appear tonight’s show (appear =
(appear = seem = opinion)
perform)
Note well that ‘live’, ‘work’, and ‘feel’ can be stative or dynamic with very little difference
in meaning:
I have lived here for years (OR I have been living…)
He has been working hard all day (OR he has worked…)
I’ve been feeling depressed for ages (OR I have felt…)
Is he feeling sick? (OR Does he feel sick?)
The following verbs are usually stative (rarely used in dynamic forms). Note that
with many of these verbs, we perform the verb when we say it, so they are called
performatives (agree, admit, deny, promise, suggest)
agree prefer
desire regret (We do say ‘I am regretting...’
doubt sometimes)
like, love, hate (We use all 3 in believe

continuous informally, but I would know
avoid doing so in formal English) find
Chapter 1 - Simple V Continuous | 7

realise owe
understand possess
admit / deny seem
suggest recognise
notice remember
smell forget
belong promise
consist want (However, we do say ‘have
contain been wanting’)
differ need
depend (we are depending on you = fancy

correct. BUT never ‘it is depending wish
on..’)
mean
own
Exercise 1 Answers on p. 128
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb (simple or
continuous).
1) Can/Do you see those ominous clouds looming on the horizon? It (look) like it’s
going to rain.
2) Do you know that guy over there? He (look) at us, so I think he knows us.
3) It is so dark in this cave: I (feel) the walls with my fingertips so I don’t bump
into anything.
4) I (feel) that all advanced students ought to learn about stative verbs right at
the beginning.
5) How much do you think my sofa (weigh)?
6) We are in the airport at the moment, and we (weigh) our luggage.
7) On Tuesday, we (see) Martin and Julie after work.
8) I (not see) the point in arriving early: no one will be there.

9) What (you think) of my new shoes? (you like) them?
10) See if you can guess what I (think) about right now.
continuous).
1) Your father took the tape measure. Now he is in the shed, and he (measure) its
dimensions.
2) My shed (measure) roughly four metres by four metres.
3) Have you heard about Johnny Depp? He (appear) on my favourite show tonight.
4) We (appear) to have made a terrible mistake.
5) How can you act in this way? I think that you (be) unreasonable.
6) Every time he has something to drink, he (be) unreasonable with everyone
around him.
7) He has been sent to the psychiatric hospital, as he (still hear) voices and (see)
strange things.
8) I (see) my sweetheart on Saturday. When I (hear) her voice, my heart melts.
9) Mum is upstairs, and she (have) a bath, but the kids are downstairs and they
(have) dinner.
10) If you (have) any questions, please put your hand up.

continuous).
1) The balls on the left (weigh) more

than the balls on the right.
2) We (still weigh) up the pros and

cons of implementing these radical
policies.
3) My lovely, white, fluffy cat (smell)

the flowers.
4) These flowers (smell) gorgeous.
5) He has just seen a fire, so he (sound)

the alarm.
6) It (sound) obvious, but immediately

raise the alarm if you see a fire.

7) The little baby (be) sick on his dad’s
shoulder.
8) The father (be) sick, so he has

cancelled work, and now he is
looking after the baby.
9) He (taste) his wine, while she

(smell) her wine.
10) The wine both (smell) and (taste)

absolutely delicious
continuous).
1) He (not think) that it will rain later today.
2) The field, which (measure) approximately one kilometre by three kilometres,
has been bought by investors.
3) Sorry, I will call you back later; we are at a ‘cheese and wine’ event, and we
(taste) lots of delicious new cheeses.
4) At the moment, he (weigh) up the pros and cons of each option, so that he
doesn’t make a rash decision.
5) How can you possibly claim that I haven’t been working hard enough? You (be)
absolutely ridiculous.
6) I can hear awful noises coming from the bathroom; I think it’s my brother. He
(be) sick.

7) That laptop (not belong) to you, so stop fiddling around with it!
8) The prime suspect is currently in the interrogation room, and he (look) at the
photos from the scene of the crime. His reactions to the photos (look) like those
of a guilty man.

CHAPTER
02
Past Simple V
Past Continuous
This table is intended as a guide. There are some situations when these signal words
are used in other tenses than the ones indicated. For this reason, use this table to
simplify tenses, but bear in mind that it doesn’t cover all the nuances.
Present Present Con- Past Simple Past Contin-

Simple tinuous uous
(no stative (no stative
verbs) verbs)
Unfinished Finished
Actions/states Unfinished
actions at (consecutive)
Function that regularly actions at
the present actions at
happen past moments
moment past moments
now, at the 3 weeks ago

moment, in 1999 on
‘Look!’, the 3rd of
currently, still March at 3:15
on Mondays, while
presently, yesterday,
every week/
always then (All when
Signal month
these signal
Words usually, never, (always as
words can
sometimes, is used in also be still
often, always continuous for used in past
complaints – continuous if
see example the action is
3) unfinished)
While I was
I play Look! A thief walking to
At 3:15, I
Example 1 football every is breaking work, I saw a
went to work.
weekend. into that car. car crash into
a tree.
At the At 3:15, I was

In 1999, I
Sometimes I moment, I still having
graduated
Example 2 go to the gym am making a lunch. (= ‘in
from
to keep fit. table for my the middle of
university.
students. eating lunch’)

Present Present Con- Past Simple Past Contin-
Simple tinuous uous
(no stative (no stative
verbs) verbs)
The kids Yesterday, I

I always wear are really went to the He stole my
my helmet annoying city centre, wallet when I
Example 3
when I ride me: they bought was looking
my bike. are always presents, then at the map.
arguing. came home.
Fill in the gaps with past simple for finished actions (or for stative verbs) and past
continuous for unfinished actions.
1) As she (drive) to work, she (crash)

into a cyclist.
2) She (jump) out of her car, and (run)

over to the victim, who (scream) in
agony.
3) The cyclist (sound) injured, so the

driver (offer) to take him to the
hospital.
4) He (decide) to make a toast while

they (enjoy) their second course.
5) He (start) to fill up their glasses

when they (still have) their pasta.
6) As he (stood) up and (ask) everyone

to raise their glasses, the girls
(smile) at him.
Chapter 2 – Past Simple V Past Continuous | 15

7) He (turn) up to the meeting 20
minutes late, and he (wear) casual
clothes.
8) Unfortunately, he completely
(forget) some important figures
when he (make) the presentation.
9) The staff members (not notice)

that he (struggle) to remember the
numbers.
10) They (gaze) into each other’s eyes

when the accident (happen).
11) As she (chop) cucumbers, she (get)

distracted and (hurt) herself.
12) While he (hold) her waist, she (cut)

her finger.
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb (simple or continuous). Please note
that one space might need more than one word. Some answers are in the present and
some in the past.
1) Last night, we (see) a shooting star when we (drive) home.

2) You (be) naive when you (insist) that government policies are in our best
interests. (present)
3) Last week, I (have) dinner in the kitchen when suddenly all the lights (go) out.
4) Yesterday, she (not realize) that I (not understand) what she (talk) about.
5) He (drive) to work every day, but today his car (not work), so he must get a
taxi.
6) My friend (enjoy) a coffee at the moment, but I (not like) coffee.

7) Usually, he (not lie), but at the moment he (lie) to his boss about why he was
late.
8) While I (wait) for my train to arrive, I (not notice) the thief, who (steal) my
wallet from my rucksack.
9) We (bump) into my cousin when we (head) for the departure lounge. He (go)
on a romantic trip to Paris with his new girlfriend.
10) I (have) a coffee in my local cafe when I first (see) her, but she (not see) me.
She (look) in the other direction.
Answers on p. 131
Exercise 7
that one space might need more than one word. All the answers are in the past.
1) Where were you and what (you do) at the time when the victim (be murdered)?
2) The archaeologists (dig) in the ancient ruins when they (discover) a rare artifact
that (date) back to the tenth century.
3) She (not realize) that she (walk) onto a movie set until the director (ask) her
to leave.
4) The mountain climbers (scale) the peak when they (encounter) a blizzard that
(force) them to turn back.
5) While we (hike) through the forest, we (heard) a loud roar that (make) us
freeze in our tracks.
6) We (not notice) that we (drive) on the wrong side of the road until we (see) a
car which (head) towards us.
7) While the building (burn), the firemen (arrive); they could see that many
residents (scream) from the windows for help.
8) He (not know) how to swim, so when he (fall) in the river, his friends (have)
to save him.
9) While the orchestra (perform) Beethoven’s 9th symphony, the violinist
suddenly (break) a string.
10) He (work) hard for many weeks on the project, but he (not achieve) the level
of perfection that he (aim) for.

that one space might need more than one word.
1) When you (turn) up at the party, who (be) there? (turn, be)
2) I (wake) up at half past seven. At 8 o clock, I finally (get) out of bed, (go) to the
bathroom, and (brush) my teeth.
3) I (watch) a scary horror movie when I (hear) a blood-curdling scream coming
from my neighbour’s flat.
4) It was midday, the birds (sing), the sun (shine), and I (walk) to work. On the
way, I (bump) into an old friend.
5) When my cousin (come) through the arrivals gate at Heathrow, I (wait) for him
and (hold) a big sign with his name on it.
6) Unfortunately, he (break) his leg while he (play) football. (break, play)
7) I couldn’t answer my phone because I (have) a shower when he (call) me.
8) He (take) my wallet out of my pocket while I (not look). The perpetrator (look)
very young, possibly only a teenager.
Tricky Irregular Verbs
Base Form Past Simple (V2) Past Participle (V3)
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awoken
be was/were been
bear bore born(e)
beat beat beaten
become became become

begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
Bleed (speed, lead) Bled (sped, led) Bled (sped, led)
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
Broadcast (cast) Broadcast (cast) Broadcast (cast)
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
can could … (been able)
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cling clung clung
come came come
cost cost cost

creep crept crept
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got (gotten in US)

give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
lie (in bed) lay lain

lie (to not tell the truth) lied lied
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
may might …
mean meant meant
meet met met
mow mowed mown/mowed
overtake overtook overtaken
pay paid paid
prove proved proven (proved)
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawn/sawed
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold

send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shall should …
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
smell smelt smelt
sow sowed sown/sowed
speak spoke spoken
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spend spent spent

spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
Spun (span = UK,

spin spun
sometimes)
spit spat spat
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
strike struck struck
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen/swelled
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown

understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weep wept wept
will would …
win won won
wind wound wound
write wrote written
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the irregular verb.
1) He (shake) his head in disbelief when he heard the devastating news.

2) He was (swear) to secrecy about the surprise birthday party they were planning
for their cousin.
3) She was (sting) by the betrayal of her best friend who had been spreading
rumors.
4) The hiker (cling) precariously to the cliff edge until the rescue team arrived.
5) The soldier was (shoot) in the leg during the battle and had to be evacuated.
6) He was (bite) by a stray dog, and (bleed) profusely until he wrapped the wound
in bandages.
7) During the fight, some of her hair was (tear) out, and she was (spit) upon.
8) The population of the small town has (shrink) due to the lack of job opportunities.
9) The space shuttle (burst) into flames shortly after take off, and the wreckage
was (spread) over a vast area.
10) The books had (lie) untouched on the shelf for years, and soon they would be
(throw) away.

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the irregular verb.
1) Her parents (forbid) her from going to the party because it was too late at night.
2) The young boy was (awake) at an early hour and informed that he had been
(choose) to represent his school.
3) The dog (dig) a hole in the backyard and (put) a bone in the hole.
4) I (hear) that the new TV show will be (broadcast) at 10pm.
5) The enemy ship (blow) up, and then (sink), when it was (strike) by a torpedo.
6) The helicopter (spin) out of control when the rotor blades (hit) some power
lines.
7) Our team was (beat) three nil. We haven’t (win) a game for ages.
8) An opportunity (arise) in London, so I (think) it would be a good idea to move
there.
9) Dirty nappies hadn’t been (throw) away, so they were just lying around and the
whole place (stink).
10) I (wear) my new jacket, but (tear) a hole in it, so my grandmother has (sew) it
up.
Fill in the gaps with past simple for finished actions (or for stative verbs) and past
continuous for unfinished actions.
1) He (turn) on the TV, and (see) that

England (play) France.
2) He (shake) his head in

disappointment because France
(win) 3 – 0.
3) While he (watch) the football, the

doorbell (ring), but he was too
depressed to answer the door.

4) The burglar (creep) into her
bedroom while she (sleep).
5) When he (break) into her house, he

(wear) dark clothes and a hood to
conceal his identity.
6) Suddenly, she (wake) up and noticed

that an intruder (take) money and
credit cards out of her purse.
7) While they (dig) the hole, they (find)

some old coins.
8) Mum (wait) for them to finish the

hole, because she (want) to plant a
new tree.
9) First they (dig) the hole; then, they

(put) the tree in it. It (grow) very
quickly over the next 12 months.
10) While he (play) with his nephews,

he (get) dirty, so he (decide) to
wash his clothes.
11) He (spill) a glass of wine on his

sweater while he (have) dinner
12) Unfortunately, when he (wash) his

sweater, it (shrink).
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb (first, second, or third form)
1) He (bring) his map because he had (lose) his way on the previous trip.
2) I (dream) that I was (strike) on the head with a frying pan. It really (hurt)

3) The bee (sting) me as I (lie) there in the sunshine, soaking up the rays.
4) Have you (forget) that when the price (rise), I (sell) all of my shares.
5) My cousin’s flight (hit) some turbulence on his way back. He was (throw) out
of his seat, so he (cling) on for dear life after that.
6) The young priest (kneel) down, (lay) his bible on the floor, and (beg) forgiveness
7) Violence (sweep) through the city when hyperinflation (spin) out of control,
and much blood was (shed)
8) One of the pipes (burst) in my mum’s lounge, and water (spill) all over the
carpet. The whole room (stink) for a few days.

CHAPTER
03
All Present
Tenses
Past Simple V Present Tenses
Past Simple Present Present Con- Present

Perfect tinuous Simple
(No Stative
Verbs)
Finished Unfinished Unfinished Actions that

(consecutive) periods actions at regularly
actions the present happen
Past actions
at past moment
with present states that
moments
results Future plans exist (see
States/actions (see example example 1)
Actions or
that took 1)
states that
place over
started in
Function a finished
past, but still
period. (see
continue now.
example 1)
(see example
Delves into 1)
the details
Introduces
(see example
new
3)
information
(see example
3)

(No Stative
Verbs)
Signal 3 weeks ago already, yet, now, at the on Mondays,

Words in 1999 on just, ever, moment, every week/
the 3rd of never, for, ‘Look!’, month
march at 3:15 since, today, currently, still usually, never,
yesterday, this week, this presently, sometimes,
then last year month, this always often, always
year, recently,
(All these (Look is
lately, so far,
signal words often used
until now,
can also be with present
how long..?
used in past perfect if the
continuous if Look! How action we can
the action is many times, 7 see has been
unfinished) times completed.
See example
(We use past
2)
simple with
How long, (Now is
for, since often used
for finished with actions
periods. See with present
example 1) results. See
example 3)
*Shakespeare *I’m feeling *I have this

Typical *Did you see
has written like this since membership
Mistakes The Titanic?
many plays I woke up for 10 years
Chapter 3 – All Present Tenses | 31

(No Stative
Verbs)
Corrections Have you Shakespeare I’ve felt like I have

(ever) seen wrote many this since I had this
The Titanic? plays (He is woke up membership
dead, so we for 20 years.
(unfinished
must use past
period) (unfinished
simple)
period)
‘I’ve been
feeling’ is
also correct
Example 1 They were They have They are Is he married

married for been married getting or single?
3 years, but for 3 years, married on
then they got and they are Saturday.
divorced blissfully
(future plan)
happy
be married
= state get
married =
process
Example 2 The car was Look! Look! A thief Every

stolen 3 Someone has is stealing summer, the
weeks ago stolen our our car. local kids
car. I parked it Let’s make steal the
right here. a citizen’s apples from
arrest! my tree!

(No Stative
Verbs)
Example 3 The The boy, who The The

newspapers has run away newspapers newspapers
say that the from home say that the say that the
missing boy several times, missing boy missing boy
has now been has now been has now has been
found. He found. He been found. found.
went missing disappeared Currently,
The boy goes
last week 3 weeks ago he is being
to one of the
when he was when he examined by
local schools,
walking his didn’t turn up doctors.
so many
dog in a local at school
(introduce people know
park.
(introduce new him well.
(introduce new information,
(introduce
new information then say what
new
information and then is happening
information,
and then delve into now)
then talk
delve into the the details.
about regular
details) Note that we
states and
use present
actions)
perfect for
‘how many
times’)
Fill in the gaps with present perfect for verbs that have just happened, present
continuous for unfinished verbs that are happening now, present simple for verbs
that happen regularly (and state verbs), and past simple for verbs that finished in
the past (and we often know when they finished):

1) Our hero (clutch) his neck, because
he (just swallow) some breakfast
which (contain) mercury, a deadly
poison.
2) Although I (tell) him many times

that the eggs from our local shop
(not be) safe, he (ignore) me and
(buy) some anyway.
3) In this photo, a man (eat) his

breakfast, but it (look) as though it
(taste) disgusting.
4) The driver in the photo (rub) his

eyes, since he (not have) a break for
6 hours.
5) Yesterday, my nephew (fall) asleep

in the middle of a long journey to
Leeds. This (never happen) to me,
because I always (take) a break.
6) Paul (still drive) to Leeds; he (not

get) there yet. It usually (take) him 3
hours.
7) The man with the beard (hold) a box

containing his possessions. He (just
be) sacked.
8) (you hear) the news? Peter (be

fired) on Friday.
9) (you ever be sacked)? When (it

happen)?
10) How many times (you resign)? Why

(you quit)?
11) The man in the photo (wear)

glasses; he (look) very sad.

12) In this photo, we can see that Lisa
(lose) her keys.
13) She is (rummage) around her bag,

hoping that she might find them
somewhere.
14) A few days ago, she (find) her keys

under the sofa.
15) When I (lose) my keys, I usually

(find) them in the pocket of the pair
of trousers that I last (wear).
Please correct the mistakes in the following sentences:
1) I’m living in the south of France since 2011.

2) How long do you work here?
3) Did you read War and Peace by Tolstoy?
4) Charles Dickens has produced some of the finest novels in the English language.
5) In 1999, we have decided to build an extension on the side of our house.
6) They got divorced last year. They have been married for three years.
7) How often are you seeing your grandparents?
8) The latest season of my favourite TV show hasn’t came out yet.
9) For the last few years, interest rates were quite stable.
10) In all my life, I never saw my father so angry.
Fill in the gaps with the verb in the correct form; please note that one space might need
more than one word.
1) I currently reside near London. I (live) in the UK since I (come) back from Russia
in 2011.

2) I’m watching the latest James Bond film. (you ever see) it? It (come) out in
March.
3) I heard that you (run) into Phillip on Monday. How long (you know) him?
4) How many times (I tell) you? I (never see) that woman before, and I have no
idea how she knew my name.
5) When I (wake) up this morning, it was already 8 o clock, so I quickly (put) on
my clothes and (go) to work.
6) (you tidy) your room yet? When I (go) in there at 8 o clock, it was a total mess.
7) Our company (have) a really good year so far. It’s only September, but we
(already make) twice as much money as we (do) last year.
8) (you meet) Richard at the party last night? I (know) him for years. We first
(meet) when I was working for IKEA.
9) I (be) very busy today, and it’s not even lunchtime. I (write) six letters, and I
(make) three phone calls, and I even (manage) to have a quick breakfast at half
ten.
10)
a) A) Where is Peter? I (look) for him all morning.
b) B) Oh, he (go) to the shops. He (go) an hour ago, so he should be back soon.
1) I have spoke about this topic several times, but it seems that no-one was
listening.
2) My computer has been working until yesterday, when it broke.
3) Since that moment, we saw each other only once.
4) Jack and Lisa aren’t going out with each other anymore; they splitted up last
week.
5) He isn’t seeming very relaxed.
6) I’ve lost Mike. Have you seen him? I was looking for him all day.
7) The final scene of the drama is taking place on the train.
8) He sweared that he was telling the truth.

9) My dog never bit a human before
10) Have you forgot to revise your irregular verbs?
Do V Is Doing V Have Done V Have Been

Doing
Do Is Doing Have Done Have Been

(No Stative Doing
Verbs) (No Stative
Verbs)
Actions that Unfinished Unfinished Unfinished

regularly actions at periods periods
happen states the present
Past actions Past actions
that exist moment
with present with
Future plans results (unintended)
present
Actions or
results
states that
Function started in Actions that
past, but still started in
continue now. past, but still
continue now.
Superlatives
FOCUS ON
FOCUS ON
DURATION
RESULT
(action is
(action is
possibly
complete)
incomplete)

(No Stative Doing
Verbs) (No Stative
Verbs)
Signal on Mondays, now, at the already, yet, for, since,

Words every week/ moment, just, ever, today, this
month ‘Look!’, never, for, week, this
usually, never, currently, since, today, month, this
sometimes, presently, this week, year, recently,
often, always always, still this month, lately, so far,
this year, until now,
Never is (Look is
recently, how long..?
often used often used
lately, so far,
with present with present just (rare)
until now,
perfect to perfect if the
how long..?
mean ‘not action we can
once in my see has been Look! How
life’ (example completed.) many times, 7
2) times
(Now is
Always is often used
used with with present
continuous for perfect for
complaints actions with
(example 2) present
results.)
*I’m doing *I’m living *I’ve been *I have been

Typical this every here for 3 visiting this knowing him
Mistakes time I see him years museum 3 for 10 years
times

(No Stative Doing
Verbs) (No Stative
Verbs)
Corrections I do this every I’ve been living I’ve visited this I have known
time I see him here for three museum 3 him for 10
years times years
(unfinished (use perfect (know =
period) simple for how stative verb)
‘I’ve lived here many times)
for 3 years’ is
also correct
Example 1 Peter plays Look! Jack I haven’t You look filthy.

football is playing played Have you
whenever football in the football yet been playing
he gets the garden football?
chance (unintended
result)
Example 2 Every morning, He is always I have never I have been

I wait for my waiting waited long waiting for 45
friend at the outside my for a reply. minutes, but I
bus stop, then door, trying to still can’t see
we walk to hear what I’m the bus
school doing.
Example 3 Everyday I I can see three I am glad to The decorators

walk my dog men, and one say that the have been
of them is decorators painting my
walking his have painted house, so it’s
dog my house (the a bit messy
painting job is (unintended
finished) result)
(painting
probably
unfinished)

1) My manager has been knowing Jack since they met at the Christmas party.
2) I have waited for 45 minutes, but I still can’t see the bus.
3) How long have you driven? Do you think you could live without a car?
4) Your eyes look very red and sore. Did you cut onions?
5) How many emails have you been sending today?
6) I have been writing another 6 pages today, so I am pleased with my progress.
7) He’s a great pupil. He’s often putting his hand up and asking questions.
8) He has been staring at that screen since he has come home from work.
9) I’m feeling rather upset the whole day.
10) Have you heard the news? 4 people were shooted in the city centre.
Please put the following verbs into past simple, present simple, present continuous,
present perfect, and present perfect continuous.
1) I heard that Phillip and Mary (get divorced) last year. How long (they be
married)?
2) Look! My bike (be stolen). I (leave) it leaning against your fence in the morning,
but now it (disappear)
3) Sorry, he can’t come to the phone because he (go) to the shops. (you mind)
calling back in 20 minutes?
4) You (sit) at that computer since you (come) home from school. Go outside and
get some fresh air!
5) How many times (I tell) you? (not wander off) without telling me first!
6) It’s a beautiful day – the birds (sing) and the sun (shine). And in half an hour,
my cousin Sam (meet) me for a beer on the seawall.
7) We (arrive) here at 3 o clock. It’s now 3:45, so we (wait) for three quarters of
an hour. (arrive, wait)
8) I (know) him for three years; we (go) to the same gym all that time, so we often

(see) each other, but he (never say) hello or (nod).
9) I think your dad (have) a nap on the sofa, so please (not disturb) him!
10) Yesterday, I (not manage) to do any chores, but today, I (already clean) the
kitchen, (take) the rubbish out, and (hoover) all the rooms.
Please use the correct present tense.
1) You both look upset. (you argue) again? (argue)

2) What (you do) tonight? (you meet) Peter? If you see him, please give him this
book. He lent it to me last week.
3) How many times (you be) to Paris? I (go) there every year as it’s such a beautiful
city.
4) I didn’t know that you had a driving license. How long (you drive)? (drive)
5) I (feel) terrible for the last few days, and I (not sleep) very well. I (think) I
should go and see a doctor. (feel, not sleep, think)
6) The Eiffel Tower is the most amazing building I have ever seen. Since my last
visit, I (save) up enough money to return; hopefully, I will have saved enough to
go back by the end of the month.
7) I (play) the lead guitar for years, but I (not try) a bass guitar yet. (play, not try)
8) At the moment, our firm (enjoy) record profits; our sales (increase) by 50% in
the last few months, when compared to last year’s sales in the corresponding
period.
Please use the correct present tense OR past simple.
1)
a) What (you do) after work?
b) I (see) Tim. I (not see) him for months. Yesterday, he (come) back from Spain.

2)
a) When I was a young boy, I (live) in the north of my country. I (move) to the
south at the age of 21
b) And how long (you live) in the south?
3) There are hundreds of students who (do) an exam in the hall, so please (not
be) noisy. (do, not be)
4) The pupils are still in the exam. Most of them are tired as they (do) the exam all
afternoon: it (start) at 12 o clock.
5)
a) How long (you know) Chris?
b) I first (meet) him when we (study) together at university. We (play) in the
same football team for the last 5 years.
6)
a) (you ever drive) an electric car?
b) Yes, I (buy) one last summer, and I (drive) it ever since. (drive, buy, drive)
7)
a) Where is Sarah?
b) She (eat) her breakfast in the kitchen; she (not go) to work yet. (eat, go)
8) (you finish) that essay yet? You (write) it for weeks and weeks. How many
words (you write)?

CHAPTER
04
All Past Tenses

simplify tenses, but bear in mind that it doesn’t cover all the nuances. Please remember
that we see (HAD DONE) and (HAD BEEN DOING) most often in reported speech (he
explained that….he said that...he told me that…) because we often discuss actions
that happened earlier than the verbs (explained, said, told)
Did Was Doing Had Done Had Been

(No Stative Doing (No
Verbs) Stative
Verbs)
Finished Unfinished Unfinished Unfinished

(consecutive) actions at a periods periods
actions past moment before a past before a past
at past moment moment
moments
Actions or Actions that
States/actions states that started earlier
that took started earlier than a past
Function
place over than a past moment
a finished moment
FOCUS ON
period.
FOCUS ON DURATION
(example 2)
RESULT (action
(action possibly
complete at incomplete at
past moment) past moment)

Verbs) Stative
Verbs)
Signal 3 weeks ago When, while, already, yet, for, since, by

Words in 1999 on as, still just, ever, then, until
the 3rd of never, for, then, how
march at 3:15 since, that long..? just
yesterday, day, that (rare)
then last year, week, that
when month, that
year, until
(All these
then, how
signal words
long..?
can also be
used in past How many
continuous if times, 7 times
the action is
By the
unfinished)
time that…
(example 2)
*I told him *I wasn’t un- *He asked me *He

that I stole derstanding how long I explained
Typical the money what he was had waited that he had
Mistakes saying always been
wanting a
new bike
Corrections I told him that I didn’t He asked me He explained

I had stolen understand how long that he had
the money what he was I had been always
saying waiting wanted a
(had stolen is
(understand new bike
earlier than (wait is a
told) is a stative dynamic verb) (want =
verb) stative verb...
usually!)
Chapter 4 – All Past Tenses | 45

Verbs) Stative
Verbs)
Example 1 When I When I I told him that He looked

entered the entered the I had never filthy. Had he
classroom, I classroom, seen ‘The been playing
saw that the the kids were Matrix’ football?
kids were throwing (unintended
misbehaving, paper planes result)
so I told them
off
Example 2 At 8 am, I While I was By the time I explained

arrived at the working, I that we got that I had
office, and listened to there, the film been driving
no one had some music had already since the age
arrived before started of 18
me
Example 3 On Saturday, He was I was glad to The

I went always see that the decorators
swimming throwing decorators had been
with my a tantrum had painted painting my
family whenever my house (the house, so
he got upset painting job is it was a bit
(we can use finished) messy
always in
(unintended
past/present
result)
continuous for
complaints) (painting
probably
unfinished)

Use the correct past tense in the following sentences:
1) The cashier (ask) her how she

(want) to pay. As she (forget) to
bring her cash, she (decide) to use a
bankcard.
2) By the time that she (reach) the

cashier, she (already wait) 25
minutes.
3) The customer (explain) that she

(bring) her discount card, which
(give) her 10% off.
4) When the ambulance (arrive),

the patient (already lose)
consciousness.
5) The patient (still breathe); but he

(remain) totally unresponsive. He
(only wear) pyjamas
6) The paramedics (put) him on

a stretcher, (take) him into the
ambulance, then (monitor) his heart
to check it (still beat).
7) While she (walk) around the city

centre, she (get lost), despite having
a map.
8) She (not grow) up in this area; the

place (be) totally unfamiliar, so
she (ask) a handsome stranger for
directions.
9) He (tell) her that although he (never

be) to her hotel, he (know) that area

well as his bank was in the opposite
building.
10) It was 6 o clock in the evening. I

(already spend) 5 hours working out
my expenses, so I (be) exhausted.
11) My head (ache) and my eyes (close),

so I (decide) to have a cup of coffee.
12) I finally (finish) at 7 o clock. I (do) my

taxes all day.
1) He told me that he never broke a bone or even went to hospital.

2) She didn’t recognize her cousin; she was thinking he was someone else.
3) I’ve gone to hospital when I fell off my bike and fractured my elbow.
4) My brother’s friend arrived when I still washed in the shower.
5) The taxi driver asked us how long we were waiting.
6) By the time that my uncle arrived, I had already been writing six letters.
7) By the age of 23, he already was responsible for at least 50 burglaries.
8) The police couldn’t understand how the culprit entered the house, as there
were no signs of forced entry.
9) I didn’t hear of Chopin until 1994.
10) I could see from their faces that they had cried.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (past simple, past continuous, past
perfect, past perfect continuous). All of these sentences are taken from Orwell’s
1984:

1) The Ministry of Love (be) the really frightening one. There were no windows
in it at all. Winston (never be) inside the Ministry of Love, nor within half a
kilometre of it.
2) Its smooth creamy paper, a little yellowed by age, was of a kind that (not be
manufactured) for at least forty years past.
3) Without any warning except a slight movement of O’Brien’s hand, a wave of
pain flooded his body. It was a frightening pain, because he could not see what
(happen), and he had the feeling that some mortal injury (be done) to him. He
did not know whether the thing (really happen), or whether the effect was
electrically produced.
4) It was the photograph. It (be) another copy of the photograph of Jones, Aaronson,
and Rutherford at the party function in New York, which he (chance) upon
eleven years ago and promptly destroyed. For only an instant it was before his
eyes, then it was out of sight again. But he (see) it, unquestionably he (see) it!
5) Abruptly he was sitting up with O’Brien’s arm round his shoulders. He (perhaps
lose) consciousness for a few seconds. The bonds that had held his body down
were loosened. He felt very cold, he (shake) uncontrollably, his teeth (chatter),
the tears (roll) down his cheeks. For a moment he (cling) to O’Brien like a baby,
curiously comforted by the heavy arm round his shoulders.
6) Some nosing zealot in the Ministry (a woman, probably: someone like the little
sandy-haired woman or the dark-haired girl from the Fiction Department)
might start wondering why he (write) during the lunch interval, why he (use)
an old-fashioned pen, what he (write) — and then drop a hint in the appropriate
quarter.
7) He (greet) them both with a cheery ‘Hullo, hullo!’ and (sit) down at the table,
giving off an intense smell of sweat. Beads of moisture stood out all over his
pink face. His powers of sweating were extraordinary. At the Community Centre
you could always tell when he (play) table-tennis by the dampness of the bat
handle.
8) Winston (wake) first. He (sit) up and (watch) the freckled face, still peacefully
asleep, pillowed on the palm of her hand. Except for her mouth, you could not
call her beautiful. There was a line or two round the eyes, if you looked closely.
The short dark hair was extraordinarily thick and soft. It (occur) to him that he
still (not know) her surname or where she (live). The young, strong body, now
helpless in sleep, (awake) in him a pitying, protecting feeling. But the mindless
tenderness that he (feel) under the hazel tree, while the thrush (sing), (not
quite come back). He (pull) the overalls aside and (study) her smooth white
flank.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present or past tense (simple, continuous,
perfect, perfect continuous). Again, all the sentences are taken from (or based on)
Orwell’s 1984.
1) ‘Do you have any razor blades? I (use) the same blade for six weeks.’
2) Winston asked Syme if he had any razor blades, because he (use) the same
blade for six weeks.
3) ‘What is this place? I (see) it before somewhere.’ - ‘It’s a church, or at least it
used to be.’
4) ‘Do anything to me!’ he yelled. ‘You (starve) me for weeks. Finish it off and let
me die.’
5) Julia was twenty-six years old. She lived in a hostel with thirty other girls, and
she worked, as Winston (guess), on the novel-writing machines in the Fiction
Department.
6) The new tune which was to be the theme-song of Hate Week (be already
composed) and (be endlessly plugged) on the telescreens. (to plug = to
advertise)
7) They seemed to possess some kind of instinct which told them several seconds
in advance when a rocket (come).
8) A newsflash has this moment arrived from the Malabar front. Our forces in
South India have won a glorious victory. I am authorized to say that the action
we (now report) may well bring the war within measurable distance of its end.
9) O’Brien had wrenched the loose tooth out by the roots. He tossed it across the
cell. ’You (rot) away,’ he said; ’you (fall) to pieces. What are you? A bag of filth.
Now turn around and look into that mirror again.
10) Winston (take) part in a demonstration in one of the central London squares at
the moment when it (happen).
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (past simple, past continuous, past
perfect, past perfect continuous).

1) At 13:00, a young man (walk) into the shop. He (wear) a dark suit and tie, and
he (look) suspicious.
2) Last night, a policeman (pull) me over because I (not stop) at a red light.
3) The tourists were absolutely exhausted because they (walk) around museums
and churches all day. When the coach driver (arrive) to pick them up, they (sit)
on the floor, unable to stand, and some of them (fall) asleep.
4) His eyes were filled with tears, but he (not be) upset; he (cut) onions just a few
minutes earlier. (not be, cut)
5) Even though the authorities were alerted to the robbery, their response was
slow; by the time the police (arrive), the culprits (escape), and the staff of the
shop (be locked) in the basement.
6) It was a beautiful evening in the jungle. The full moon (shine), the crickets
(chirp), and I (read) my book, when all of a sudden, I (hear) a loud knock on
the door.
7) He told me that he (never see) the film, so we (decide) to watch it the next day.
8) When I arrived at the airport, my friends (stand) in a queue. They told me they
(wait) for 30 minutes.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present or past tense (simple, continuous,
perfect, perfect continuous).
1) How long (you feel) sick? Since Tuesday? (you take) any medicine yet?
2)
a) (you see) Peter today?
b) Yes. I (see) him in the library, about 5 minutes ago. He (read) a book, so he
didn’t notice me.
3) 3) He asked me how long we (wait).
4)
a) A. Where are the children?
b) They (sleep) in their bedrooms, so be careful not to disturb them.
5) When he got home, we saw that someone (break) into our house. Our valuable
were missing, but there was no sign of the burglar.

6) While I (eat) my breakfast, my wife asked me if I (have) enough yet.
7) Your boots are filthy! (you play) football in the rain? Take them off before you
come inside.
8)
a) How often (you go) to the gym?
b) Just once a week. I (go) there since the beginning of the year.

CHAPTER
05
All Future
Tenses
Will do V be going to do V be doing V do
Present simple – timetables (they happen every week!)
Present continuous – plans for the near future, plans with friends/family
Be going to + inf – future plans
Will / won’t + inf – Spontaneous future (offers, promises, decisions). SHALL for
(questions) with I and we
will / won’t – general predictions
Be going to + inf – predictions based on present evidence
Please use the verb correctly with will, be going to, present continuous, and present
simple:
1) Look! He’s sleeping. (I reach) over

and grab the keys?
2) OK, but be very careful and quiet.

He (wake) up if you are too loud and
clumsy.
3) What (you plan) for after we

escape? I (buy) a plane ticket and
head abroad.
4) Hey, give me back the tablet or I (hit)

you!
5) They (break) the tablet if they keep

pulling it.
6) Later today, I (take) the kids to visit

their grandmother, but I (not look)
forward to it as they usually argue
and bicker for the whole journey.

7) The bus (leave) in 5 minutes, so we
ought to hurry up.
8) (we buy) this lemonade? It is being

sold at a 40% discount.
9) I don’t think I will come shopping

next time. She (not miss) me.
10) I (not let) you play on your computer

if you talk to me like that.
11) When (you say) sorry for what you

have done?
12) Tonight, you (stay) at home and

(go) to bed early. Your behaviour has
been awful.
Please use the verb correctly with will, be going to, present continuous, and present
simple:
1) That suitcase looks really heavy; I (help) you carry it.

2) Have you heard the news? Sarah is pregnant. She (have) the baby in August.
3)
a) I’m feeling a bit dizzy.
b) (I open) the window? A bit of fresh air might help.
4) In January, we (add) another module to the course, which should make it more
challenging.
5) Look at that man standing on top of the skyscraper. It looks like he (jump).
6) Have you made any plans for Christmas yet? Whom (you visit)?
7) We are going to have our holiday on the 21st of May. The train (leave) at 11:15,
so don’t be late!
8) What do you think about tonight? (we go) to the cinema? The latest James
Bond film has come out.
Chapter 5 – All Future Tenses | 55

Will do V will be doing V will have done V will have been
doing
Will Do Will Be Will Have Will Have

Doing (No Done Been Doing
Stative (No Stative
Verbs) Verbs) Very
Rare
Future Unfinished An action An action

predictions action at that will have that will
a future been finished have been
Spontaneous
moment. by (before) in progress
offers,
a future by (before)
promises and This tense is
moment. a future
suggestions often used
Function moment.
for general
Note well
plans, though FOCUS ON
that we use
‘will do’ is DURATION
‘shall’ in
also correct
questions
(example 1)
with I and we.
(example 1)
Signal In 3 weeks By the end of for, how

Words On Saturday the week… long..? By the
At 3 o clock time that
Before
(We can use Christmas
simple or
continuous
with these
future time
expressions)
at this time
next year

Will Do Will Be Will Have Will Have
Doing (No Done Been Doing
Stative (No Stative
Verbs) Verbs) Very
Rare
*Are you hot? *The last *By the end *By the
I’m going exam is on of the year, I end of the
to open the Tuesday will complete night, I will
Typical window afternoon, so my course be working,
Mistakes I will have without a
celebrated break, for
that night more than 24
hours
Corrections Are you hot? The last exam By the end By the end
I’ll open the is on Tuesday of the year, of the night,
window afternoon, I will have I will have
so I will be completed been working,
celebrating my course without a
that night break, for
more than 24
hours
Example 1 Shall we go On Saturday, I I’ll have done By the end

to Greece in will be going it by the end of the week,
the summer? to a party of the day, I I will have
promise been playing
computer for
more than
200 hours!
1) Sorry, I won’t be able to call you at half past two (2:30) because I will have had
lunch at that time.

2) This film will be showed in cinemas next year.
3) What time is leaving the train?
4) This is taking such a long time. By 3 o clock, we will be waiting for 4 hours.
5) Look at those dark clouds! It looks as though it will rain later.
6) Are you hungry? Am I going to make you a sandwich?
7) What do you think you will do at this time next year? I’ll be lying on the beach
in the Bahamas.
8) On Tuesday, I’ll having a massive birthday party, and you are all invited.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future tense (simple, continuous, perfect,
perfect continuous).
1)
a) Can I call you back at 9 am tomorrow?
b) Sorry. At 9 am I (have) a meeting with the board of directors, and we won’t
have finished until 10 am, at the earliest.
2)
a) Where will you be at 5pm tomorrow?
b) I (just finish) work, so I will be on my way home.
3) If they ask you to work overtime, (do) it?
4) It’s our anniversary next week. We (be married) for 10 years.
5) Between 1 and 2 o clock tomorrow I (take) any calls, because I will be in an
important meeting.
6) By the end of this course, you (study) many different grammatical concepts.
7)
a) Oh no! I have forgotten my wallet again.
b) Don’t worry. I (buy) you a drink.
8) I’m an optimist: I think that by this time next year, I (lie) on the beach of some
island paradise.

Please correct the mistakes in the following sentences (all tenses tested):
1) I saw Titanic three times this week – I love it!

2) You look absolutely filthy; were you playing football? How did you get so
muddy?
3) The boss asked why he came into work late for the 3rd day in a row.
4) She told my mother that I went for a walk in the park.
5) I knew him since he has moved here.
6) When he swam in the sea, he was attacked by a shark.
7) She is going to lend you some money if you ask her nicely.
8) Unfortunately, I won’t be finishing this before the deadline, so I must ask for an
extension.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past/present/future tense (simple, continuous,
perfect, perfect continuous).
1) Oh no! (you hear) the news yet? Our house (be burgled) last night.
2) When I (walk) back home, I (see) an accident.
3) I heard that Jack and Sarah are still together. How long (they know) each other?
4)
a) Where is Jack today?
b) He usually (play) football on Saturdays, but today he felt ill, so he (lie) in
bed. (play, lie)
5) Yesterday, he told me that he (drive) since he was only 16.
6) While researching William Blake, I found out that he (write) most of his poetry
by the age of 18.
7)
a) Do you fancy joining us tomorrow afternoon for lunch?

b) Sorry, but tomorrow afternoon I (check) my essay for mistakes. I need to
hand it in by the end of the day.
8) The student explained that he (never study) this topic before.

CHAPTER
06
Questions
Question Auxiliary Subject Main Verb Preposition
Word Verb
What are you talking about?
Who(m) does he live with?
Who(m) did they speak to?
What were you asking for?
How long has she been waiting for the bus?
Have you apologized for being late?
EXCEPTIONS
1) Reported or Indirect Questions (Do you know….Could you tell me….)
no auxiliary in present/past simple
normal word order
use if / whether when there is no question word
Do you know whom he lives with?
Could you tell me whom they spoke to?
Do you have any idea if he has apologized for being late?
2) When the question word (who, what, which, how many) is subject, we don’t
use auxiliaries in present/past simple and we have a normal word order. Please
compare the following:
Who did John Lennon marry?
John Lennon married Yoko Ono (Question word is object)
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Flemming discovered penicillin. (Question word is subject)
Which country did you visit?
I visited France (Question word is object)

Which country exports cheese?
France exports cheese (Question word is subject)
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:
1) Is Japanese her second husband?

2) How long you have been waiting?
3) What does ‘pillow’ means?
4) About what are you thinking at the moment?
5) Who did write War and Peace?
6) Why you didn’t write your essay?
7) Could you tell me when does this bus go to the city centre?
8) Do you know when was written this novel?
9) How much meat you usually eat on a typical day?
10) Do you know they have any spare seats in the car?
Look at the images and make the questions (in various tenses):
1) Who / know the answer to question

5?
2) How many children / you / see in the

picture?
3) You / like maths at school?
4) What / 7 multiplied by 7 / equal?
5) You ever / work in a school?
6) How many children / be / in each

class when you went to school?
Chapter 6 – Questions | 63
7) You / like omelette?
8) Which ingredients / you / include in

your omelette?
9) Could you describe / how / prepare

your omelette?
10) What / you / have for breakfast

tomorrow?
11) When you were a child, what / you /

cook?
12) How / prefer your eggs? (Fried,

scrambled, or boiled)
13) Could you tell us what / you / do at

8:30 on Sunday night?
14) How long / you / live in this area?
15) Who / live with?
16) How well / you / know the victim?
17) You / be in trouble with the police

before?
18) What car / drive?
19) Could you tell me / you / drink today?
20) You / take / any drugs?
21) You / mind / breathing into this

device?
22) How often / the police / stop you?
23) Who / drive most often in your

family?
24) You ever / be arrested? What /

happen?

Look at exercise 34; please change all the direct questions to indirect questions (using
do you know and could you tell me and would you mind telling me), and all the
indirect questions to direct questions.
Auxiliary Verbs
Question Tags (1 person talking)
You haven’t read War and Peace, have you?
He can’t speak Japanese, can he?
You would help me though, wouldn’t you?
He smokes, doesn’t he? (use does/do for present simple)
They went to the same school as you, didn’t they? (use did for past simple)
You don’t have brothers or sisters, do you?
We didn’t bring a map, did we?
Echo Questions (2 people talking)

A) I haven’t read War and peace
B) Haven’t you? I have (read War and Peace)
A) He can’t speak Japanese.
B) Can’t he? Neither can I
A) He smokes.
B) Does he? I don’t (smoke)
A) She doesn’t have brothers or sisters
B) Doesn’t she? I do (have brothers and sisters)
A) He visited Paris last year
B) Did he? So did I
A) He’s going to Paris next year
B) Is he? I’m not (going to Paris next year)
A) I won’t be going to the party on Saturday
B) Won’t you? Neither will I
Ellipsis and Emphasis

Natives do often use auxiliary verbs for emphasis and it does sound very natural.
(emphasis)
I did write your phone number down, but then I lost the piece of paper. (emphasis)
I don’t speak Japanese, but my brother does (speak Japanese) (ellipsis)
They went to the pub after work, but we didn’t (go to the pub after work) (ellipsis)
Insert the correct words into the gaps:
1) You’ve never been to Greece, _____ _____?

2) I wouldn’t climb that tree, but you probably _____.
3) A. Jack is going to the party on Saturday. B. _____ _____? I _____ not.
4) A. George speaks French and German fluently. B. _____ _____? So _____ _____.
5) A. I heard that you didn’t pass your maths exam. B. No, I _____ pass the maths
exam, but I failed the chemistry test.
6) A. Will you help me with these suitcases? They are incredibly heavy. B. No, I
_____. I’m absolutely exhausted.
7) A. Peter told me that he didn’t eat any dinner last night. B. _____ _____? I _____.
8) A. You should never talk with your mouth full. B. _____ _____? But conversation
is good for digestion.
9) A. I’ve heard that you don’t like fish. B. That’s not true! I _____ like fish, but only
when it is served in batter and with chips and ketchup.
10) Tim told me that he has never played chess before. B. _____ _____? Neither
_____ _____.

Respond to the following sentences truthfully using the same structure as the
examples below:
I have never been to Greece.
Haven’t you? Neither have I (OR I have.)
Peter shares his flat with some friends.
Does he? So do I (OR I don’t.)
1) I’ve seen Titanic loads of times.

2) We would never leave without saying goodbye.
3) My favourite colour is red.
4) I can’t speak Japanese.
5) She was born in Warsaw.
6) I learnt to juggle when I was a teenager.
7) I hate the taste of seafood.
8) Tonight, they are going to eat at an expensive new restaurant.
9) When I was 2 years old, I couldn’t read.
10) Yesterday, I didn’t have a shower.
Insert the correct words into the gaps:
11) A. Do they speak French? B. No, they _____.

12) A. It looks like you didn’t lock the door. B. I _____ lock it! I distinctly remember
doing so.
13) You won’t forget, _____ you? This is very important.
14) My wife loves ice cream, but I _____. I think it’s disgusting.
15) A. You and your wife aren’t teachers, _____ you? B. No, I’m not a teacher and
_____ is my wife.
16) A. Have you been here before? B. No, I _____. A. _____ have I.
17) This is a fantastic restaurant, _____ _____?
18) A. I adore French poetry from the medieval period. B. Really? _____ you? _____
_____ I.
19) A. I can’t wrap my head around complex gerunds and infinitives. B. _____ you?
_____ _____ I.
20) I would move abroad if I could. B. _____ you? I _____. Life abroad is far too
expensive.
1) Do you know how long will last the flight?

2) Would you tell me is he coming or not.
3) Who did call you last night?
4) Would you mind telling me does this bus go to the city centre?
5) How many people did go with you?
6) How much it costs to buy a new ticket?
7) Do you have any idea was anyone injured in the accident?
8) A. I can’t work in this heat. B. Can’t you? So can’t I
9) A. I do love watching the sunset from the beach. B. Do you? Neither do I.
10) A. I would never make such a scathing comment. B. Wouldn’t you? So would I.

CHAPTER
07
Reported
Speech
In reported speech, we make the following changes:
1) We move tenses back

2) We change will to would / can to could / shall to should
3) We change many time expressions:
tomorrow to the next day
yesterday to the previous day
last week to the week before, a week earlier
now to then
here to there
today to that day
this to that
ago to before / earlier
in one hour to one hour later
4) In reported questions, we need if / whether for yes / no questions, and we use

standard word order (no subject auxiliary inversion).
Put the following direct speech into reported speech, as in the example:
‘I will finish it by the end of tomorrow’
Dave told me he would finish it by the end of the next day.
1) The report will be ready in one hour.

2) The derelict buildings were demolished last year.
3) We haven’t had any deliveries today.
4) Can you come over here?
5) At the moment, we aren’t doing anything
6) Have you ever been to Paris?
7) Do you have any concerns that you would like to discuss?
8) I saw Peter yesterday.

Put the following direct speech into reported speech:
1) Where is Tom from?

2) I completed the assignment 6 days ago.
3) I promise that I won’t be late.
4) I’m not sure I want to do this.
5) Shall I bring the passports?
6) Yesterday, I found it down the back of the sofa.
7) We have been driving for hours, but we haven’t got there yet
8) I haven’t been sleeping well for the last few weeks.
CHAPTER
08
Active and
Passive
Passive forms are in bold
Active forms are in italics
Aspect Past Present Future (And To + Infini-

Other Modal tive
Verbs)
felt feel will feel to feel

Simple was/were am/is/are felt will be felt to be felt
felt
Continuous was/were am/is/are will be feeling to be feeling

feeling feeling
will be being to be being
was/were am/is/are felt (rare) felt
being felt being felt
had felt have/has felt will have felt to have felt

Perfect had been felt have/has will have to have been
been felt been felt feeling
Perfect had been have been will have to have been

Continuous feeling feeling been feeling feeling
NO PASSIVE NO PASSIVE NO PASSIVE NO PASSIVE

FORM FORM FORM FORM
Put the verbs in brackets into the spaces in the correct passive forms:
1) That’s a beautiful building. When (it build)?

2) (film release) in your country yet?
3) Manchester United (beat) by Chelsea 3 – 0.
4) Do your clothes need (wash) before we go on holiday?
5) When they got home, they saw that their front door (force) open.

6) Sorry – dogs (not allow) in here. He will have (leave) outside.
7) He drove more slowly than usual because he (follow) by a police car.
8) I am staying with my sister at the moment because my flat (redecorate).
1) While I was walking home I had the creepy sensation that I had been watched
2) Do you think that the meeting will be holding next week?
3) He told me that he had married for 3 weeks.
4) When I looked in my bag, I realized that my wallet was stolen.
5) On Saturday we have been pulled over by the police; they accused us of driving
dangerously
6) This particular piece of music was being composed in the 17th century.
7) I think this machine was inventing at the end of the 17th century.
8) You will be pleased to know that the windows are already cleaned.
Look at the pictures, and put the verbs in brackets into the spaces in the correct active
or passive forms
1) By the age of 18, Marcus (already

send) to prison twice.
2) The first time that Marcus tried to

escape, he (catch) by the prison
guards, then (put) in solitary
confinement.
3) On his second attempt, he (climb)

over the fence when the sun was
going down.
Chapter 8 – Active and Passive | 75

4) He (not see) by the guards this time,
so he managed to flee.
5) The young lady (find) a hair in her

salad, so she decided to make a
complaint.
6) When she told the waiter that a hair

(find) on her plate, the manager
(call).
7) She (tell) that another meal (will

prepare) more carefully, and she
would eat and drink for free.
8) New construction work (will only

approve) after a health and safety
inspection (carry out) out at the site.
9) Hard helmets and safety boots have

(wear) at all times by all workers
when on site.
10) In the centre of town, a new road

(build) and it (won’t finish) until
September; drivers (advise) to avoid
the area.
11) When safety (not take) seriously,

accidents (happen).
12) This year alone, there (be) 7

accidents when volatile compounds
have caught fire.
13) As a precaution, multiple fire

extinguishers (put) in each
laboratory.
14) Next week, fire safety (will teach) to

all the young chemists.

Causative and Similar Forms
1) Have sth done and get sth done = pay sb to do sth for you
I need to have the car washed at the local garage – it’s very cheap.
She gets her hair and nails done at the local beauty salon.
2) get sth done = do sth yourself!
As soon as I’ve got my homework finished, my mum will let me go outside.
I’ll get it done in a few minutes. I promise.
3) have sb do sth (formal) = get sb to do sth (informal) = ask/instruct sb to
do sth
I will have my driver pick you up from the airport.
I will get my driver to pick you up from the airport.
4) Have sth done = bad experiences
Many customers have had their complaints ignored.
He had his watch stolen while he was using the metro.
5) Have sb do sth = complete experience OR have sb doing = incomplete
experience
We had several clowns juggling in front of us while we watched the performance.
I had a policeman visit this morning.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms with get and have. One space does
NOT mean one word. There may be more than one word:
6) I see that you _____ your windows _____. How much did it cost? (clean)
7) Our foreign partners are landing at 3 o clock, so let’s _____ Phillip _____ them
at the airport and drive them to their hotel. (meet)
8) I am going to relax for a few hours, but in the evening I’ll _____ my essay _____,
so that I can hand it in tomorrow. (do)
9) We _____ our house _____ while we were on holiday in Majorca. (burgle)
10) We need to _____ our boiler _____ in a few weeks; otherwise, the warranty will
cease to be valid. (service)

11) We _____ three clowns _____ the children at the birthday party. (entertain)
12) I _____ my mobile phone _____ while walking around the tourist attractions.
(steal)
13) We would like to _____ our house _____, but we can’t afford to do so until next
year. (refurbish)
More Passive Forms

believe, expect, hope, report, say, think, suggest, understand, agree, announce, suppose
1) It + (passive verb) + that + clause

It is said that white bread should be eaten in moderation.
It has been suggested that several mistakes have been made.
It was reported that hardly any of the passengers had survived.
2) There + (passive verb) + to be OR to have been (for earlier completed

actions)
There was supposed to be (to have been) someone on guard.
There are expected to be (to have been) many survivors.
There are said to be (to have been) many who disagree.
3) Subject + (passive verb) + to + inf (in 4 aspects)

The perpetrator is known to be armed and dangerous, so please don’t approach
him.
The police are understood to be looking for 2 men who were seen nearby on
the night in question.
The suspect is believed to have committed a similar crime in a neighbouring

village.
The culprit is thought to have been wearing these clothes during the robbery.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. One space does NOT mean one word.
There may be more than one word:
1) He is known _____ the same crimes in many other towns and cities, but he has
never been arrested for these crimes. (commit)
2) At the moment, the suspect is believed _____ in the north of the country. (hide)
3) His accomplice was rumoured _____ with the police when he was arrested, so
he seems to have been betrayed. (work)
4) The floods were catastrophic, and in some villages, nobody is expected _____
. (survive)
5) It was reported in the local newspapers that nobody _____ the catastrophic
floods. (survive)
6) There are said _____ many in government who will oppose this bill. (be)
7) The parents are understood _____ about their child’s progress. (be concerned)
8) The police are rumoured _____ the culprit. (still look for)
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. One space does NOT mean one word.
There may be more than one word:
1) It _____ already _____ that he will take over as managing director. (announce)
2) There _____ to have been hundreds of survivors. (believe)
3) The culprit _____ to have been wearing a leather jacket while he committed the
robbery. (think)
4) The perpetrator _____ to still be hiding in the forest. (understand)
5) The police _____ to have already found the suspect. (expect)
6) It _____ just _____ that there wasn’t enough evidence to take the case to court.
(suggest)
7) The murder victim _____ to have known her attacker. (believe)
8) It _____ that only a small number of MPs disagree with the new tax policy.
(think)

Ergative Verbs
Normal verbs (e.g. destroy)
The enemy destroyed our fortress = correct
Our fortress was destroyed (by the enemy) = correct
The fortress destroyed = incorrect
Ergative verbs (e.g. break, open, spin, increase)
I increased my prices. = correct
My prices were increased. = correct
My prices increased. = correct!
1) Recently, the weather has been changed.

2) The price of bitcoin has been increased again! I really must buy some sooner
rather than later.
3) My French lesson is finished at quarter to three.
4) As soon as the rice is boiled, turn down the heat and simmer for a few minutes.
5) A gust of wind blew the vase over, and it was smashed on the floor.
6) The ball missed the basket, and then it was bounced down the road until it was
stopped by a tree.
7) I am delighted to say that my English has definitely been improved.
8) The fire was burned for at least 6 hours.
9) Every pupil knows that water is evaporated at 100 degrees.
10) I know there must have been something inside the box, because it was moved
by itself.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms (choose the most natural option). One
space does NOT mean one word. There may be more than one word:
1) Unfortunately, the weather _____, so we ought to take an umbrella. (change)

2) The price of gold _____ since the start of the year. (decrease)
3) The shop usually _____ at half past seven. (close)
4) During the winter, our pipes often _____, so we leave the taps running, and that
keeps them working all through the cold months. (freeze)
5) The price of cryptocurrencies _____ by roughly 800% over the last 5 years.
(increase)
6) At 10 o clock in the morning, the race _____ (start)
7) The earth _____ with such force during the earthquake that everyone in the
building was knocked off their feet. (shake)
8) Our car _____ into a large vehicle when we were driving home. (crash)

CHAPTER
09
Modal Verbs
Modals of Deduction, Speculation, and Advice
1) Simple Aspect (modal + infinitive)
He must be French – he has a French accent (deduction)
He can’t be Chinese – he doesn’t look Chinese (deduction)
She can speak Chinese (can/can’t = ability or permission)
You should eat less white bread (criticism or advice)
2) Continuous Aspect (modal + be + ___ing)

The suspect must be lying; he has a guilty look in his eyes.
Jack can’t be sitting in the garden; I saw him in the lounge five minutes ago.
He might be reading in his room.
She shouldn’t be driving as she’s been drinking. (criticism)
3) Perfect Aspect (modal + have + 3rd form. In passive - modal + have + been +
3rd form)
Your grandfather couldn’t (can’t) have met Napoleon, as he died in 1821.
You shouldn’t have believed your grandfather. (criticism)
Your grandfather might have gone mad.
Napoleon must have lived an incredibly exciting life.
4) Perfect Continuous Aspect (modal + have + been + ____ing)

He must have been sleeping when the burglars broke in (we use modal perfect
continuous + when + past simple for speculation about two events that
happened at the same time.)
Look at their faces – they look so sad and upset. They may have been arguing
with each other.
He passed all his exams, so he must have been working hard this term.
She shouldn’t have been driving that night, because she had been drinking.
(criticism)

1) They mustn’t have got lost; they took a map and a compass with them.
2) The victim should have knew the perpetrator, as she had let him into her house
before she was attacked.
3) I must have slept when it happened since I didn’t hear a thing.
4) King Henry VIII couldn’t look like this.
5) Last week, I should have a connecting flight, but it was cancelled.
6) I must have been seeing this film a million times.
7) I mustn’t have eaten so much for lunch – now I feel incredibly sick.
8) At the moment, your parents should have been waiting outside, so please go
and meet them.
Look at the following images and make logical deductions about present events:
1) He __________ his taxes, as he has

an iPad and some documents. (do)
2) He __________ stressed as he looks

incredibly anxious. (feel)
3) He __________ tired, as he has just

drunk a cup of coffee. (feel)
4) The documents __________ from

work as they show pie charts and
bar graphs. (be)
Chapter 9 – Modal Verbs | 85

5) She __________ an email to her
friend, as she seems to be enjoying
herself. (write)
6) She __________ to music as she has

a white earphone in her ear. (listen)
7) She __________ whiskey as no one

drinks whiskey from a coffee cup.
(drink)
8) Therefore, she __________ coffee or

tea. (drink)
9) They __________ on holiday as they

have their suitcases with them. (go)
10) He __________ a photo, as they all

seem to be smiling and looking at
the phone. (take)
11) They __________ strangers, as they

have their arms round each other;
instead, they __________ family. (be,
be)
Look at the following images and make logical deductions about past events:
1) Your grandfather __________

Napoleon, because the Emperor died
long before your grandfather was
born. (meet)
2) He __________, as he does enjoy

tricking gullible listeners. (lie)
3) He __________, since he does enjoy a

whiskey (drink)
4) He __________ to make such a wild

claim. (go mad)

5) When I knocked on my cousin’s
front door, no one answered. She
__________ far, because her car was
parked outside. (go)
6) She __________ a shower, as she

usually has one in the evening.
(have)
7) She __________ as sometimes she

goes to bed early. (sleep)
8) The victim __________ herself as she

was right-handed. (shoot)
9) So, this lady __________ by someone

else. (be killed)
10) It looks as though she __________

while she was getting into her car.
(attack)
11) The killer __________ the murder

weapon and then run off. (drop)
Fill in the spaces with modal verbs in the correct aspect:
1)
a) Have you seen Peter today?
b) Yes, I saw him in the library a couple of hours ago. He __________ his project,
as he had to hand it in by midday. (do)
2)
a) Do you know where your sister is?
b) If she isn’t in her room, she __________ in the garden. (work)
3)
a) I heard that Jon had passed his mathematics exam with flying colours.
b) Jon __________ his maths exam! He has always struggled in that subject.
(pass)

4) I think brave Captain Scott __________ responsible for the fate of his party as he
lay there dying in his tent. (feel)
5)
a) Do you know why Peter failed to show up for work today?
b) Well, he __________ under the weather at the moment, as there is a nasty flu
going around. (feel)
6) I don’t believe that the pyramids were built by primitives; the design demonstrates
that the builders __________ advanced mathematics in their plans. (use)
Modals of Obligation, Necessity, and Advice

1) Obligation
must (no past/future)
have got to (no past/future)
have to (had to, will have to)
need to (needed to, will need to)
2) No Obligation
don’t have to (didn’t/ won’t have to)
don’t need to (didn’t / won’t need to)
needn’t (needn’t have + 3rd)
3) Against the Law/Rules

mustn’t
is/are not allowed to (wasn’t allowed to, won’t be allowed to)
is/are not permitted to (weren’t permitted to, won’t be permitted to)
not supposed to (wasn’t supposed to)
can’t (couldn’t)
4) Advice
should / shouldn’t (should(n’t) have + 3rd)
ought to / ought not (to) (ought to have + 3rd)
had better (no past/future)

5) Expectations
should / shouldn’t (should(n’t) have + 3rd)
Fill in the spaces with appropriate modal verbs of obligation, necessity and advice.
One space is not necessarily one word. There may be two or three words missing.
1) It’s Sunday tomorrow, so I __________ work.

2) Please remember that in the exam tomorrow you __________ bring a dictionary
with you. This would be cheating.
3) No sooner had we arrived in the city centre than we got hopelessly lost; we
__________ brought a map, because if we had, we would have easily found the
way to our hotel.
4) When I was a pupil, we __________ carry all of our text books to and from
school, but nowadays the kids __________, because they have lockers at school
in which they keep their books.
5) When we were sitting in the classroom, we __________ talk to our classmates;
we __________ put our hands up if we wanted to speak.
6) I think you __________ get some rest before the exam tomorrow; otherwise, you
won’t be feeling your best, and your performance will suffer.
7) You __________ insulted your boss in yesterday’s meeting. If you hadn’t done
so, you wouldn’t have been sacked.
8) We __________ taken so much food on the camping trip; we didn’t have
anywhere to store it, and so a lot of products were spoilt by the 4th day.
Fill in the spaces with appropriate modal verbs of obligation, necessity and advice.
One space is not necessarily one word. There may be two or three words missing.
1) It’s a secret so you _________ tell anyone.

2) He __________ wear a suit to work, but he often does, as he prefers to look
smart for the clients.

3) You __________ press that button unless there is a fire.
4) We have a lift at work, so we __________ use the stairs.
5) You __________ forget to lock the door when you leave the house.
6) My uncle _________ smoke so much – it’s really bad for his lungs.
7) We __________ leave in 5 minutes; otherwise, we will miss the train.
8) You __________ get married in a church, but a lot of people prefer a wedding in
a church.
Should, Would and Needn’t

needn’t = don’t need to = don’t have to
needn’t have done = you did it, but it was unnecessary (similar to shouldn’t have
done)
didn’t need to = maybe you did it, or maybe you didn’t, but it was unnecessary
When Peter was at school, he didn’t need to wear a uniform.
I see that you have brought towels. You needn’t have brought towels; this hotel provides
free towels
Should = advice / criticism / expectations / first conditional
You should eat less white bread (advice)
They shouldn’t shout at their kids so much (criticism)
He should be arriving in 5 minutes (expectation)
You should have finished the essay by now (criticism or expectation)
Should you need any assistance, please ask a question in the Q and A section (first
conditional – if you need..)
Would = second and third conditional / future in past / past repeated actions / I
wish he wouldn’t (complaint) / unwillingness
If I had a million pounds, I would buy a yacht (second conditional)

If I hadn’t lost my phone, I would have called you (third conditional)
When I was a boy, my dad would take me to the beach on Sundays (past repeated
action)
She wishes her husband would help with the housework (complaint)
I wanted a refund, but the manager wouldn’t give it to me (unwillingness)

Fill in the spaces with appropriate modal verbs:

1) It’s 10 am, so his flight __________ landed by now.
2) As a youngster, I __________ go to chess club every Saturday.
3) __________ you require any extra pillows, please ask at reception.
4) I wish you __________ do that! It’s so irritating.
5) You __________ brought wine! Still, as it’s here, we will drink it!
6) Pensioners __________ pay to use the buses; public transport is free for the
elderly.
7) I __________ taken an umbrella, as it didn’t rain.
8) Had I not lost my phone, I __________ called you.

CHAPTER
10
Conditionals
0 conditional (always true)
If + present / present
If/when you press this button, the machine gives you coffee
1st conditional (likely future possibility)
If + present / will (or imperative, or other modal verb)
If it’s sunny at the weekend, we’ll go for a picnic
N.B We follow the same pattern (when + present / will) for other subordinating
conjunctions (when, before, after, as soon as, in case, unless, until)
When I am 67, I will retire
2nd conditional (unlikely present or future possibility)
If + past / would (or other modal verb)
If I won 1 million pounds, I would buy a yacht
N.B We often use subjunctive with 2nd conditional (If I were a rich man...)
3rd conditional (past hypothetical)
If + past perfect (had + 3rd) / would have + 3rd
If I had studied harder, I would have passed my exam
N.B We often use inversion with third conditional (and it means we can omit if)
Had I studied harder, I would have passed the exam
Mixed conditional
If + past / would have + 3rd
If + past perfect (had + 3rd) / would
This is very important. If it weren’t, I wouldn’t have called you on your day off
If he hadn’t stolen the money, he wouldn’t be in prison now
Pseudo conditional (these can have various tenses in each clause)
If = when, whenever, because, since, if it’s true that…
If he slept with her, I will kill him (If it is true that…)

If she only started her job last year, she probably isn’t earning much (since or because)
If I needed money, he always lent me some (whenever or when)
1) As soon as he will arrive, we can have dinner.

2) If all education will go online, kids won’t have enough social interaction.
3) If they wouldn’t bail the banks out last year, the financial system would collapse.
4) When we will meet next time, I will return that book which you lent me.
5) If the murderer knew that the police were nearby, he wouldn’t commit such a
dreadful and violent crime.
6) If I would win a lot of money, I would spend it all on clothes.
7) If he went to university, he would get the job.
8) If we didn’t miss our train, we would already be there.
Fill in the gaps with the missing words to make conditionals. Try to guess the verbs
1) If I __________ you, I wouldn’t sign that document without reading it carefully.

2) If we __________ a map, we wouldn’t have got lost.
3) Let’s go for a picnic if it ___________ sunny later,
4) I ___________ a couple of thick sweaters had I known it would be this cold.
5) Sure, no problem. I will tell him as soon as I ___________ him.
6) What ___________ if you won millions of pounds on the lottery?
7) If I ___________ shoes rather than trainers, they ___________ me in the night
club last night.
8) I ___________ everything that you have asked, on condition that you ___________
anyone.
Chapter 10 – Conditionals | 95
Fill in the gaps with the missing words to make 2nd and 3rd conditionals. Try to guess
the verbs using the pictures:
1) If our goalkeeper ___________ the

penalty, we would have won the
match.
2) If we ___________ that game, we

would be top of our division now.
3) If we were top of the division at the

moment, I ___________ a season
ticket and watch all our matches.
4) If I watched all our matches, I

___________ less time to spend with
my family.
5) Yesterday, if we ___________ at the

petrol station, we would have run
out of petrol.
6) If we had run out of petrol, we

___________ to the wedding on time.
7) If we ___________ late for the

wedding, my relatives would have
been angry with us.
8) If he ___________ so much overtime,

he wouldn’t have been promoted.
9) If he hadn’t been promoted, he

___________ a larger salary.
10) If he hadn’t got a higher salary, he

___________ a brand new car.

Please fill in the gaps for the following mixed and pseudo conditionals:
1) If I had brought a jumper with me, I __________ so cold now. (be)

2) If I were in your position, I __________ him last week. (sack)
3) I met him at university, and he was always a very sociable fellow - If I __________
him, he always said hello. (see)
4) If he managed to leave on the right train, he __________ here in any second. (be)
5) If I __________ a ticket last week, I wouldn’t be in my current predicament. (buy)
6) If we were from an EU country, we __________ to show our passports at the
border yesterday. (not need)
7) If the suspect __________ the victim last night, then he will be very uncomfortable
during tomorrow’s interview. (murder)
8)
a) I heard that Jon started college last week.
b) Well, if he only started last week, he probably __________ all his new teachers
yet. (not meet)
Chapter 10 – Conditionals | 97
CHAPTER
11
Subjunctive and
Inversion
Present Subjunctive (Reporting verbs, related adjectives,
related nouns)
am/is/are – be
plays – play
doesn’t play – not play
We urge that you be on the lookout for thieves.
It’s crucial that the driver remember to switch his engine off
The PM recommended that the population not panic
Verbs that license the subjunctive include the following: advise, ask, demand, desire,
insist, propose, recommend, suggest, request, urge.
Adjectives that license the subjunctive include the following: crucial, important,
essential, vital, best, necessary
Nouns that license the subjunctive include the following: suggestion, proposal,
recommendation, demand, request
Conjunctions that license the subjunctive include the following: lest, if/whether, until,
though (all conjunctions used with the subjunctive sound very old-fashioned and
formal)
Past Subjunctive (2nd conditional, hypotheticals [imagine,

suppose], I wish..)
was – were
use past simple for present hypotheticals, and past perfect for past hypotheticals
If I were a rich man, I would buy a yacht.
Imagine that you had 1 million pounds right now. How would you spend the money?
(present)
Suppose we had arrived late. We would have missed our connecting flight. (past)
I wish I were richer, taller, and better looking (present)
I wish we hadn’t arrived so late. We have missed the first part of the performance.
(past)

1) It’s vital that the student brings his calculator to every class.
2) If he was in charge, the firm would lose a lot of money.
3) The proposal that he is in charge would lose the firm a lot of money.
4) I advise that the pupil checks his or her essay before handing it in.
5) My boss suggested that he was responsible for meeting and greeting the new
clients.
6) I wish I didn’t go to university. I feel as though it was a waste of time.
7) Suppose you didn’t go to university. How would your life be different now?
8) Imagine that you are president. What policies would you immediately follow?
Fill in the gaps with the missing verbs to make subjunctive forms.
1) She wishes she __________ her keys

in the car. (not leave)
2) If she __________ so forgetful, this

wouldn’t have happened. (not be)
3) It is vital that a driver in her position

__________ calm (remain)
4) I suggest that anyone in her position

__________ for technical assistance.
(call)
Chapter 11 – Subjunctive and Inversion | 101

5) He wishes he __________ his mum’s
birthday (not forget)
6) If he __________ more organized, he

would have remembered. (be)
7) I advise that he __________ down

the shops and buy some flowers
immediately. (dash)
8) Imagine that he __________ there

right now, with some flowers. I think
she would forgive him. (go)
9) Suppose that he __________ a sofa

that were a bit smaller. (buy)
10) I bet that he wishes he __________ a

bigger house (have)
11) Imagine that you __________ the

same mistake when you moved into
your house. How would you have
felt? (make)
12) His wife had insisted that he

__________ the room first, but he
didn’t listen. (measure)
13) The little girl wishes that she

__________ the vase (break)
14) Suppose that you __________ your

mum’s favourite vase. Would she be
angry? (damage)
15) Would your mother demand that the

vase __________ replaced? (be)
16) If I __________ her mother, I would

request that she __________ (be,
apologize)

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb (guess the verbs)
1) I wouldn’t do that if I __________ in your shoes.

2) It is absolutely essential that everyone __________ their passport with them in
order to verify identity.
3) I wish we __________ to this awful hotel. It hasn’t lived up to my expectations
at all.
4) The proposal that the students __________ to enter certain parts of the library
was recommended.
5) The Prime Minister has recommended that the schools __________ for at least
a 2-week period.
6) The victim’s family have demanded that the killer __________ to justice for his
awful deeds.
7) I wish he __________ here with us now, so that we could share this wonderful
experience.
8) It is important to remember that Sally __________ with you.
9) The firm has asked that all staff members __________ this to anyone, as we
can’t afford a leak.
10) We demand that someone __________ for these dreadful mistakes, and the
sooner the better.
Subject-Auxiliary Inversion
We invert the subject and the auxiliary verb in the following situations:
1) Questions, Question Tags, Echo questions

What did you cook for dinner? (question)
You have never read War and Peace, have you? (question tag)
A) He can’t speak Chinese. B) Can’t he? (echo question)
2) Fronted Negative Adverbials (in italics)

At no time has he asked me for help.
Not once would he say thanks. Nor would he say hello

Not only was he rich...
Under no circumstances will I do that.
Scarcely/hardly/barely had I entered the room when the phone started ringing
(We almost always use past perfect with these three adverbs and with ‘no
sooner’ too)
No sooner had I finished my starters, than the main course arrived. (Note the
past perfect)
Rarely/seldom/never have I seen such a beautiful landscape.
Little did we know that he had already been in prison three times (Little did we
know = fixed phrase)
Only when/only if you have sorted out your plans should you call me. (N.B After
only when and only if, we first use a subordinate clause without inversion (you
have); the inversion appears in the main clause (should you).
3) Second and Third Conditional (inversion is used in the place of if)

Were I rich, I would buy a yacht (= if I were rich…)
Had I not stolen the money, I wouldn’t be in prison. (=if I hadn’t stolen the
money)
4) Fronted So or Such
So generous was he that he had many, many friends.
So angry did I become that I flew into a rage.
Such was the horror that we had to avert our eyes.
5) As and Than (inversion is NOT used here with pronouns, e.g. I, you, we)
Peter is a teacher, as are my friends
Peter loves fish and chips, as do my friends
As did many of his contemporaries, Bob Dylan wrote anti-war songs.
I eat more meat than do my friends (inversion is very rare with ‘than’. ‘Than my
friends do’ is far more common)

6) Be, Come, Go, Stand, Sit, Lie (inversion is NOT used here with pronouns, e.g. I,
you, we)
Here comes the bus (We often see here/there fronted with this type of
inversion)
Down came the spider (We often see prepositions (down) fronted with this
type of inversion)
Off went the little girl
7) Should (the same meaning as first conditional, but we omit if)

Should you need my assistance, please call (=if you need my assistance...)
Should you have any questions, don’t hesitate to contact me (=if you have any
questions…)
1) Not only we had a compass, but also we had a map.

2) Was I a millionaire, I would lend you more money.
3) I had no idea what his name was, nor I was familiar with where he lived.
4) Seldom we have heard such an incredible performance on the violin.
5) Under no circumstances you should enter my room.
6) So boring the lesson will be that I think I will have to skip it.
7) Only when we reach our destination, we are going to find out the truth.
8) Only if you promise not to tell anyone, I will let you in on this little secret.
9) Look! Here the train comes
10) If had I gone to university, I would have got the job.
Fill in the gaps with subjects / auxiliary verbs / main verbs (guess the subjects):
1) __________ the money, he would have told me. (steal)

2) Under no circumstances __________ about this important piece of grammar.
(forget)
3) No sooner __________ the room than the doorbell rang. (enter)
4) Only when we arrived at the concert __________ that it had been cancelled.
(find out)
5) So hilarious __________ that I plan to watch it one more time next week. (be)
6) The smell in that room is utterly rancid, as __________ in all the other rooms in
his flat. (be)
7) He has been going to that gym for years, __________ (this is a question tag)
8) Not only __________ to impress me, but also he has managed to annoy me. (fail)
9) Only if we hurry __________ to get there on time (manage)
10) Little did they know that I actually adore chemistry, as __________ (do)

CHAPTER
12
Gerunds,
Participles, and
(to +) Infinitives
Gerunds (verb+ ing)
After prepositions (e.g. in, on, at).
He gave up smoking. We are interested in learning English. Sally is good at memorizing

numbers.
When the verb is the subject, we use a gerund
Cooking is an important life skill. Skiing takes a long time to master and can be very
dangerous. Playing football on the grass is strictly prohibited.
After the following verbs: avoid, enjoy, mind, recommend, suggest, miss, recall, delay,
deny, admit, resent, risk, feel like, detest, envisage, imagine. (AND forget, remember,
regret if we refer to earlier actions)
Imagine having 3 arms instead of two. Would you mind passing the salt? I’ll never
forget smoking my first cigarette. (This is before the action of forgetting).
To + Infinitive
After adjectives (e.g. difficult, easy, afraid)
It’s difficult to remember names. I was afraid to ask for help. It’s easier to remember
faces.
When we answer the question ‘why?’
I went to the shops (why?) to buy some milk. We worked hard (why?) to get good
grades. I put my hands in my pockets (why?) to keep warm.
After the following verbs: would like/hate, agree, aim, decide, decline, refuse, promise,
demand, fail, manage, hesitate, hope, volunteer, wait, hurry, offer, plan, prepare,
pretend, threaten (AND forget, remember, regret if we refer to later actions)
We agreed to wait for five more minutes. Peter volunteered to help out. Don’t forget
to lock the door
Verbs which can take either gerund OR to + infinitive

hate, like, love, continue, prefer, start, begin
Please note that we avoid using 2 ____ing verbs together
I’m starting to feel (not feeling) sick.

Need + to + infinitive = active. Need + gerund = passive. Try + to + infinitive = endeavour.
Try + gerund = experiment. Stop + gerund = cease. Stop + to + inf = stop going/walking
in order to do something.
My house needs to be painted. My house needs painting. (These mean the same
thing)
I tried to pass the exam, but it was too difficult. Have you tried changing the batteries?
It might start working.
I stopped smoking in July. As I was walking back from work, I stopped to light my
cigarette.
Bare Infinitive
After modal verbs (e.g. would, should, could, can, might, must, may, will, shall)
Shall we join the others after the concert? I can help if you need me. He must tell us
the answer.
After make, let, help, have (make sb do sth, let sb do sth, help sb [to] do sth, have sb
do sth)
The robbers made the customers lie on the floor. My parents didn’t let me smoke. My
brother helped me (to) do my homework. I will have my butler call you a taxi.
After see, feel, hear, watch, notice, observe, overhear (sb do sth). (Please note that
the gerund is also possible with all of these verbs. See sb doing sth, feel sb doing sth,
overhear sb doing sth, etc. The gerund indicates that the action was unfinished at the
moment it was perceived. The bare form signifies completion at the moment it was
perceived)
I saw the two men wait at a cafe. I felt his hand touch my shoulder. I heard two men
discuss this topic.
Fill in the gaps with the missing verbs in the correct forms:
1) When my mates suggested that I volunteer (pick) up the litter in my local area,
I readily agreed (do) so.
Chapter 12 – Gerunds, Participles, and (to +) Infinitives | 109

2) Would you mind (join) us on
Saturday? If you do come, please
remember (bring) some plastic bags
for the rubbish.
3) I regretted not (help) out on the

previous occasion, so I decided
(lend) a hand this time.
4) I’ll never forget (grow) up in that

huge manor house with servants and
a butler.
5) I miss (be) pampered and (have)

every whim satisfied; I detest (do)
everything for myself.
6) I will have my butler (call) you a

taxi so that you get home safe and
sound.
7) She often pretends (be) happy, but

actually, she feels depressed.
8) Mary finds it difficult (refuse) others’

requests, and having agreed to do
someone a favour, she often resents
(do) so.
9) The pressures of society often make

us (hide) our true feelings, and many
of us become skilful at (conceal) our
inner self.
10) When we hide our true feelings, we

risk never (show) our friends and
family who we really are.

Put the verbs into the correct form:
1) I think that you should avoid (bump into) him for a few weeks.
2) If you went to live in a foreign country, would you miss (see) your family and
friends?
3) Did your parents used to make you (go) to church as a child?
4) At that moment, I was starting (feel) a tad frustrated with my predicament.
5) Question number 7 is a very easy question (answer).
6) I’ll never forget (meet) my wife for the first time.
7) On the way home from work, I stopped (pop into) the shops and grab some
milk.
8) I would definitely recommend (visit) the Tower of London, while you are here.
9) The windows really do need (clean); they look revolting.
10) Unfortunately, my foster parents never let me (sleep) over at friends’ houses,
as they were overly protective.
1) (do) nothing is far more relaxing and enjoyable than keeping busy.
2) I think my brother is the best at (solve) complicated mathematical puzzles.
3) I was rather worried about (fail) this exam.
4) Sorry, my sister is too upset (see) you at the moment.
5) Once again, he has refused (co-operate).
6) We are absolutely delighted (meet) you for the first time.
7) My uncle enjoys (use) his paddleboard in summer.
8) You mustn’t (smoke) in a petrol station, as it might start a fire.
9) Sarah was accused of (murder) her only living relative.
10) She denied (be) anywhere near the scene of the crime on the night in question.

1) Do you remember (meet) your best friend for the first time? (meet)
2) At what age did you learn (drive)?
3) My mum promised (let) me go to the concert.
4) I would avoid (go) to that party, as your ex-girlfriend will be there.
5) Can you imagine (be) able to speak another language fluently?
6) I don’t think he was really ill. I think he was just pretending (be) sick.
7) I must remember (charge) up my mobile before I go on holiday.
8) If you don’t stop (smoke), then your lungs will suffer.
9) We were driving down the motorway when we stopped (buy) some breakfast.
10) I look forward to (see) you all in the next class.
Complex Gerunds
After prepositions (e.g. in, on, at)
He apologized for having lost my new book. The thought of being buried alive both
horrifies and disgusts me. He confessed to having stolen the money.
After the following verbs: avoid, enjoy, mind, recommend, suggest, miss, recall, delay,
deny, admit, resent, risk, feel like, detest, envisage, imagine. (AND forget, remember,
regret if we refer to earlier actions)
I remember having met my wife at university. We risk being beaten by our competitors.
Imagine having been born a woman; how would your life be different?
When the verb is the subject, we can use a complex gerund:
Having been arrested is not something to brag about. Being fed raw milk as a baby
makes you grow big and strong.
Complex TO + infinitive
After prepositions (e.g. pleased, delighted, happy)
I was ashamed to have forgotten your birthday. I’m delighted to be teaching you
English. I was upset not to have been picked for the team.

After the following verbs (with a completed future meaning): need, expect, promise,
hope, be supposed (often used with the preposition ‘by’)
We need to have finished it by Wednesday. I promise to have handed it in by the

weekend. They expect to have built the new road by the end of the year.
After the following verbs (with a completed past meaning): would like, would hate,
would love, would prefer, be supposed, pretend, claim, seem, appear.
I’d hate to have gone to that party – my ex-girlfriend was there. He pretended not to
have seen what had happened. He seemed to be enjoying himself.
After passive constructions (He is believed / known / said / reported / thought /

understood / suspected)
The suspect is known to have grown up in Manchester. He is believed to be carrying

a gun. He is said to have bought the gun from associates in Liverpool.
Complex bare infinitive

After modal verbs (see chapter 10 for more details. Also ‘would rather’ = would prefer)
He can’t be sitting in the garden. I saw him in the lounge about 5 minutes ago. He
must have already gone indoors;. I’d rather have ordered steak.
Fill in the gaps with the missing verbs in the correct complex forms:
1) I can see two people who are kissing;

they seem (get married) as they are
wearing wedding clothes.
2) The couple are known (meet) each

other when they were still at school.
3) The couple are believed (spend) a

great deal of money on the wedding
preparations, so they will have to
live with their parents for a few more
years.

4) Local police are reported (catch) a
notorious thief who is suspected of
(burgle) more than 20 properties in
this area.
5) He is believed (be involved) in a

fight, as he has bruises all over his
face.
6) He claims (live) in another city when

the burglaries took place.
7) I’d love to have gone to the art

gallery with you yesterday. I hope
(visit) one with you by the end of
this year.
8) This landscape is said (be painted)

at the end of the nineteenth century.
9) We were supposed (go) to the art

gallery together, but I wasn’t able to
take the time off work.
1) I’d rather (do) my essay yesterday, but I was lazy, so I will have to do it today.
2) It was somewhat thoughtless of my uncle (come) to my party without (bring)
a gift.
3) The reporter claims (be) present during the interview of the terrorist.
4) I really hope (be paid) by the end of the week.
5) The idea of (be eaten) alive by crocodiles has always terrified me.
6) The suspect in the crime is reported (wear) sunglasses and a balaclava during
yesterday’s robbery.
7) (live) with this disability all my life, I no longer feel that it holds me back.
8) I am awfully sorry for (spill) wine all over your new carpet.

9) How is Jack nowadays? I heard he has moved to his new university. I suppose
he is pleased (live) away from his parents!
10) Unfortunately, we were supposed (bring) our passports with us for identity
verification purposes. We will have to go back there with our passports.
1) The minister is believed (leak) confidential information to the media over the
course of several months.
2) We expect (count) all the votes by midnight.
3) It was incredibly rude of them (visit) us without (ever be invited).
4) I regret (buy) that new car; I’d rather (spend) the money on a no-expense-
spared holiday.
5) They seem (have) an awful time on their trip at the moment; they may even
come home soon.
6) He seemed (forget) what he wanted to say, so he just stood there, gawping.
7) It was inconceivably stupid of me (leave) my passport at home.
8) You were supposed (write) that essay a few days ago.
9) The government claimed (reduce) the number of unemployed, but this was a
bare-faced lie.
10) In this photo, I see a man and a woman who appear (argue) with each other.
Noun + to + infinitive
After the following nouns, we often see to + infinitive:
Attempt, chance, decision, desire, dream, goal, aim, need, expectation, plan, motivation,
opportunity, order, permission, proposal, recommendation, refusal, reminder, request,
requirement, suggestion, tendency, wish, one way
Your attempt to escape was futile. I left him a reminder to lock up before he left. One
way to get in would be through the window.

Present Participles (verb +_ ing)
Participles describe a noun, so they act like reduced relative clauses. Present participles
replace a present tense verb in the relative clause.
The police will confiscate any luggage containing (= which contains) illicit substances.
The guy wearing (= who is wearing) the yellow jumper is my cousin.
Past Participles (3rd form)

Past participles replace a past participle in the reduced relative clause. They have a
passive meaning
There were many buildings destroyed (= which were destroyed) during the flood. The
food eaten (= which was eaten) for lunch contained deadly toxins.
Passive participles (being + 3rd)

Passive participles also carry a passive meaning, but they often explain why (in contrast
to past participles, which state facts)
The bread made from infected grains was poisonous. (simple fact)
The bread, being made from infected grains, was poisonous. (explains how the bread
was poisonous)
Perfect Participles (having + 3rd, having been + 3rd)

Perfect participles tell us about something that has been completed already.
Having finished the newspaper, I got dressed and went to work.
Having run the marathon, I was completely exhausted.
He felt honoured, having been chosen as the best man. (He felt honoured to have
been chosen as the best man is also correct. Honoured = adjective)
Having been married for many years, they suddenly divorced.

To + ing?
We use ‘to + ing’ when the to is a preposition. This means that it is followed by a noun
(and NOT a verb, as in ‘to + inf’). So we see ‘to + inf’ in the following situations:
After phrasal verbs: (look forward to, get used to, get round to, feel/be up to, confess/
admit to, dedicate sth to, devote sth to, object to)
We look forward to hearing from you. I couldn’t get used to driving on the right. When
will you get round to finishing that report?
After participle + to (addicted to, committed to, accustomed to, opposed to, dedicated
to). Adjective + to (close to). And noun + to (dedication to, devotion to, reaction to,
addiction to)
We are opposed to bringing back the death penalty. I’m accustomed to eating dinner
at 8 o clock. I was so angry that I was close to punching him in the face. In reaction to
rising prices, many have begun to cut back on daily expenses.
1) If I ever get the chance (go) abroad again, I will definitely do so.
2) I stand opposed to (lock) up entire populations under flimsy ‘medical’ pretexts.
3) The refusal (carry) out any of these instructions could lead to fines and penalties.
4) The parcels (send) on Monday usually arrive by Friday.
5) I wouldn’t be able to get used to (work) at night.
6) Our teacher has a tendency (pick) his nose during the lessons.
7) (Be attacked) from all directions, the soldiers decided to surrender to the enemy.
8) One way (improve) your grammar is to listen out for these structures in TV
shows.
9) Look! That man (be chased) down the road by an angry shopkeeper must have
stolen something.
10) (see) this film before, I already know the ending.
11) Although (cover) in scratches and (bleed) profusely, he managed to limp 3 km
to the nearest town.
12) (be married) for 15 years, I can confirm that my married life is blissful.

CHAPTER
13
Reporting Verbs
+ to + + sb + + ____ + sb + + that + sb + + prep + sb +
inf to + inf ing ____ing that + sb + inf
____ing
tell admit (to) see say tell stop sb make
agree
(from)
offer ask deny hear regret assure prevent sb let

from
advise confess to watch promise persuade forbid sb help

refuse
from
promise convince insist on notice deny convince accuse sb have

of
threaten encourage apologize observe admit promise congratulate see

for sb on
demand persuade recommend feel claim warn blame sb feel

for
remind regret catch subjunctive show thank sb for hear

aim
verbs
ask urge suggest find advise advise praise sb watch

for
warn avoid show ask teach ask sb notice

forget
about
remember order delay demand inform tell sb observe

about
complex teach miss request notify complain to

forms sb about
after these
verbs
claim allow feel like desire remind talk to sb

about
cause imagine urge speak to sb

seem
about
appear enable (forget)* insist
pretend force (remember) suggest
hope propose
expect recommend
plan require
need stipulate

Fill in the gaps with the missing verbs in the correct forms, and include an object where
necessary. Sometimes one word is missing; in other sentences, two or three or four
words are missing.
1) Our guests apologized __________ late. (be)

2) My uncle congratulated __________ all my exams with flying colours. (pass)
3) We urge that the client __________ immediately to this request. (respond)
4) Now, we regret not __________ you on your last holiday. (join)
5) The lifeguard warned __________ too far from the coast, as powerful tides
might sweep me out to sea. (not swim)
6) My mum always made __________ thank-you letters to all those who sent me
a Christmas present. (write)
7) During the night, I could hear __________ my name. (whisper)
8) The teacher reminded __________ our calculators to the exam. (bring)
9) My parents blamed __________ their brand new vase, but I had nothing to do
with it. (break)
10) Peter insisted __________ me another drink. (buy)
Please use the reporting verb in brackets to report what the person said (see example
below). Don’t forget the rules of reported speech (chapter 8).
0) I’m sorry that I didn’t get here on time. (apologize)

Dave apologized for not getting there on time OR for not having got (complex form)
1) I won’t eat this soup; there is a strand of hair in it. (refuse)

2) Remember to lock the door when you leave the house. (remind)
3) I think it was my cousin who ate all the cake. (accuse)
4) I swear that I did not break that vase. (deny)
5) Don’t walk home when it’s dark. (warn)
6) OK, it was me who ate all the slices of cake. (admit)
Chapter 13 – Reporting Verbs | 121

7) You mustn’t come in my room when I am not at home. (forbid/prevent)
8) Here, I can carry your second suitcase. (offer)
9) I will scream if you don’t do as I say. (threaten)
10) Why don’t we eat out tonight? I’m too exhausted to cook. (suggest)
words are missing.
1) This photograph shows people __________ in a disco. (dance)

2) If you aren’t able to get to the airport by taxi, then I will have my driver __________
you up 2 hours before take-off. (pick)
3) I do recommend that __________ warm clothes on this trip, but I advise him
against taking too much luggage. (bring)
4) I don’t like his personality: he has a tendency __________ his own faults. (blame)
5) Did your parents let __________ to nightclubs when you were just 16? (go)
6) Having congratulated __________ the competition, I awarded them gold medals
(win)
7) The barrier prevented __________ a short cut, so we had to walk back to the
main entrance. (take)
8) Did you remember __________ all the doors and windows before we left the
house? I don’t want to find out that we have been burgled when we get back.
(lock)
9) I won’t miss __________ homework when I resign from my teaching job. (mark)|
10) Would you mind __________ out that cigarette? The smoke is irritating my eyes.
(put)
words are missing.

1) She reminded __________ their suitcases the night before their skiing trip. (pack)
2) We weren’t sure where to eat; Peter suggested __________ at home, and Steve
offered __________ him. (cook, help)
3) The sign warned __________ the dangerous area. (not enter)
4) I would like to congratulate __________ such a wonderful play. (perform)
5) They told __________ anything for the first three months. (not pay)
6) My teachers encouraged __________ harder in order to pass the test. (work)
7) The suspect denied that __________ any crime whatsoever. (commit)
8) We would like to thank __________ (come)
necessary.
1) Stop! I forbid (you, enter) this

hospital, as you might be carrying a
deadly virus. We wouldn’t want our
patients to catch it.
2) We have prevented (the old, get)

any treatment and sent them back
to the care homes, where they have
died in isolation.
3) If you don’t put on a face mask, then

we will refuse (you, examine), and
you won’t be allowed to go shopping
either.
4) The contract stipulates that (the

supplier, be) responsible for any
damage to the goods while in transit.
5) The firm threatened to (the supplier,

take) to court over a breach of
contract.

6) The contract forces (the supplier,
pay) for any damage.
7) The breach of contract has caused

(the firm, take) legal action.
8) He managed to convince (they,

invest) more money in his business.
9) He persuaded (they, give) his firm

another chance.
10) They agreed (send, he) twice as

much money.
11) The extra funds enabled (he, take)

on new staff members.
12) The new staff helped (the business,

find) new customers.
13) I miss (not have) my wife at home

while I am cooking.
14) I offered (cook) for all the family as it

was Sunday.
15) My daughter demanded that (she,

be carried) around the kitchen while
I was making dinner,
16) I couldn’t refuse (carry) her.
17) Later, I regretted (carry) her, as my

back was aching.
Please use the reporting verb in brackets to report what the person said (see example
below). Don’t forget the rules of reported speech (chapter 8).
0) I’m sorry that I didn’t get here on time. (apologize)

Dave apologized for not getting there on time OR for not having got (complex form)

1) I wish I had gone to university. (regret)
2) No, it’s my turn to pay; you paid last time, so I won’t let you pay again. (insist)
3) I really think you should reconsider, as this is clearly a bad idea. (urge)
4) It was me. I stole the money in order to pay for my children’s university fees.
(confess)
5) I swear that I will be back home before 10 pm. (promise)
6) I promise that I was nowhere near the crime scene on the night in question
(claim)
7) He says that it was you who stole all that money. (accuse)
8) I think it was Harry that made a mess in the living room. (blame)
9) All of my students have worked very hard to make such swift progress. (praise)
10) I really appreciate your leaving me a five-star review. (thank)

ANSWERS
Exercise 1 From p. 8
1) Can/Do you see those ominous clouds looming on the horizon? It looks like it’s
going to rain.
2) Do you know that guy over there? He is looking at us, so I think he knows us.
3) It is so dark in this cave: I am feeling the walls with my fingertips so I don’t
bump into anything.
4) I feel that all advanced students ought to learn about stative verbs right at the
beginning.
5) How much do you think my sofa weighs?
6) We are in the airport at the moment, and we are weighing our luggage.
7) On Tuesday, we are seeing Martin and Julie after work.
8) I don’t see the point in arriving early – no one will be there.
9) What do you think of my new shoes? Do you like them?
10) See if you can guess what I am thinking about right now.
1) Your father took the tape measure. Now he is in the shed, and he is measuring
its dimensions.
2) My shed measures roughly four metres by four metres.
3) Have you heard about Johnny Depp? He is appearing on my favourite show
tonight.
4) We appear to have made a terrible mistake.
5) How can you act in this way? I think that you are being unreasonable.
6) Every time he has something to drink, he is unreasonable with everyone around
him.
7) He has been sent to the psychiatric hospital, as he is still hearing voices and
seeing strange things.
8) I am seeing my sweetheart on Saturday. When I hear her voice, my heart melts.
9) Mum is upstairs, and she is having a bath, but the kids are downstairs and they
are having dinner.

10) If you have any questions, please put your hand up.
1) The balls on the left weigh more than the balls on the right.
2) We are still weighing up the pros and cons of implementing these radical
policies.
3) My lovely, white, fluffy cat is smelling the flowers.
4) These flowers smell gorgeous.
5) He has just seen a fire, so he is sounding the alarm.
6) It sounds obvious, but immediately raise the alarm if you see a fire.
7) The little baby is being sick on his dad’s shoulder.
8) The father is sick, so he has cancelled work, and now he is looking after the
baby.
9) He is tasting his wine, while she is smelling her wine.
10) The wine both smells and tastes absolutely delicious.
1) He doesn’t think that it will rain later today.

2) The field, which measures approximately one kilometre by three kilometres,
has been bought by investors.
3) Sorry, I will call you back later; we are at a ‘cheese and wine’ event, and we are
tasting lots of delicious new cheeses.
4) At the moment, he is weighing up the pros and cons of each option, so that he
doesn’t make a rash decision.
5) How can you possibly claim that I haven’t been working hard enough? You are
being absolutely ridiculous.
6) I can hear awful noises coming from the bathroom; I think it’s my brother. He is
being sick.
7) That laptop doesn’t belong to you, so stop fiddling around with it!
Master Vocabulary - Workbook | 129

8) The prime suspect is currently in the interrogation room, and he is looking at
the photos from the scene of the crime. His reactions to the photos look like
those of a guilty man.
1) As she was driving to work, she crashed into a cyclist.

2) She jumped out of her car, and ran over to the victim, who was screaming in
agony.
3) The cyclist sounded injured, so the driver offered to take him to the hospital.
4) He decided to make a toast while they were enjoying their second course.
5) He started to fill up their glasses when they were still having their pasta.
6) As he stood up and asked everyone to raise their glasses, the girls were smiling
at him.
7) He turned up to the meeting 20 minutes late, and he was wearing casual
clothes.
8) Unfortunately, he completely forgot some important figures when he was
making the presentation.
9) The staff members didn’t notice that he was struggling to remember the
numbers.
10) They were gazing into each other’s eyes when the accident happened.
11) As she was chopping cucumbers, she got distracted and hurt herself.
12) While he was holding her waist, she cut her finger.
1) Last night, we saw a shooting star when we were driving home.

2) You are being naive when you insist that government policies are in our best
interests. (present)
3) Last week, I was having dinner in the kitchen when suddenly all the lights
went out.
4) Yesterday, she didn’t realise that I didn’t understand what she was talking
about.

5) He drives to work every day, but today his car isn’t working, so he must get a
taxi.
6) My friend is enjoying a coffee at the moment, but I don’t like coffee.
7) Usually, he doesn’t lie, but at the moment he is lying to his boss about why he
was late.
8) While I was waiting for my train to arrive, I didn’t notice the thief, who stole
my wallet from my rucksack.
9) We bumped into my cousin when we were heading for the departure lounge.
He was going on a romantic trip to Paris with his new girlfriend.
10) I was having a coffee in my local cafe when I first saw her, but she didn’t see
me. She was looking in the other direction.
1) Where were you and what were you doing at the time when the victim was
murdered?
2) The archaeologists were digging in the ancient ruins when they discovered a
rare artifact that dated back to the tenth century.
3) She didn’t realise that she was walking onto a movie set until the director
asked her to leave.
4) The mountain climbers were scaling the peak when they encountered a
blizzard that forced them to turn back.
5) While we were hiking through the forest, we heard a loud roar that made us
freeze in our tracks.
6) We didn’t notice that we were driving on the wrong side of the road until we
saw a car which was heading towards us.
7) While the building was burning, the firemen arrived; they could see that many
residents were screaming from the windows for help.
8) He didn’t know how to swim, so when he fell in the river, his friends had to
save him.
9) While the orchestra was performing Beethoven’s 9th symphony, the violinist
suddenly broke a string.
10) He worked/was working hard for many weeks on the project, but he didn’t
achieve the level of perfection that he was aiming for.

1) When you turned up at the party, who was there?

2) I woke up at half past seven. At 8 o clock, I finally got out of bed, went to the
bathroom, and brushed my teeth.
3) I was watching a scary horror movie when I heard a blood-curdling scream
coming from my neighbour’s flat.
4) It was midday, the birds were singing, the sun was shining, and I was walking
to work. On the way, I bumped into an old friend.
5) When my cousin came through the arrivals gate at Heathrow, I was waiting for
him and holding a big sign with his name on it.
6) Unfortunately, he broke his leg while he was playing football.
7) I couldn’t answer my phone because I was having a shower when he called
me. (have, call)
8) He took my wallet out of my pocket while I wasn’t looking. The perpetrator
looked very young, possibly only a teenager.
1) He shook his head in disbelief when he heard the devastating news.

2) He was sworn to secrecy about the surprise birthday party they were planning
for their cousin.
3) She was stung by the betrayal of her best friend who had been spreading
rumors.
4) The hiker clung precariously to the cliff edge until the rescue team arrived.
5) The soldier was shot in the leg during the battle and had to be evacuated.
6) He was bitten by a stray dog, and bled profusely until he wrapped the wound
in bandages.
7) During the fight, some of her hair was torn out, and she was spat upon.
8) The population of the small town has shrunk due to the lack of job opportunities.
9) The space shuttle burst into flames shortly after take off, and the wreckage
was spread over a vast area.

10) The books had lain untouched on the shelf for years, and soon they would be
thrown away.
1) Her parents forbade her from going to the party because it was too late at
night.
2) The young boy was awoken at an early hour and informed that he had been
chosen to represent his school.
3) The dog dug a hole in the backyard and put a bone in the hole.
4) I heard that the new TV show will be broadcast at 10pm.
5) The enemy ship blew up, and then sank, when it was struck by a torpedo.
6) The helicopter span (or spun) out of control when the rotor blades hit some
power lines.
7) Our team was beaten three nil. We haven’t won a game for ages.
8) An opportunity arose in London, so I thought it would be a good idea to move
there.
9) Dirty nappies hadn’t been thrown away, so they were just lying around and the
whole place stank.
10) I wore my new jacket, but tore a hole in it, so my grandmother has sewn it up.
1) He turned on the TV, and saw that England were playing France.
2) He shook his head in disappointment because France were winning 3 – 0.
3) While he was watching the football, the doorbell rang, but he was too
depressed to answer the door.
4) The burglar crept into her bedroom while she was sleeping.
5) When he broke into her house, he was wearing dark clothes and a hood to
conceal his identity.
6) Suddenly, she woke up and noticed that an intruder was taking money and
credit cards out of her purse.

7) While they were digging the hole, they found some old coins.
8) Mum was waiting for them to finish the hole, because she wanted to plant a
new tree.
9) First they dug the hole; then, they put the tree in it. It grew very quickly over
the next 12 months.
10) While he was playing with his nephews, he got dirty, so he decided to wash
his clothes.
11) He spilt a glass of wine on his sweater while he was having dinner
12) Unfortunately, when he was washing his sweater, it shrank.
1) He brought his map because he had lost his way on the previous trip.
2) I dreamt that I was struck on the head with a frying pan. It really hurt.
3) The bee stang me as I lay there in the sunshine, soaking up the rays.
4) Have you forgotten that when the price rose, I sold all of my shares.
5) My cousin’s flight hit some turbulence on his way back. He was thrown out of
his seat, so he clung on for dear life after that.
6) The young priest knelt down, laid his bible on the floor, and begged forgiveness
7) Violence swept through the city when hyperinflation span out of control, and
much blood was shed
8) One of the pipes burst in my mum’s lounge, and water spilt all over the carpet.
The whole room stank for a few days.
1) Our hero is clutching his neck, because he has just swallowed some breakfast
which contains (or contained) mercury, a deadly poison.
2) Although I’ve told him many times that the eggs from our local shop aren’t
safe, he ignored me and bought some anyway.
3) In this photo, a man is eating his breakfast, but it looks as though it tastes
disgusting.

4) The driver in the photo is rubbing his eyes, since he hasn’t had a break for 6
hours.
5) Yesterday, my nephew fell asleep in the middle of a long journey to Leeds. This
has never happened to me, because I always take a break.
6) Paul is still driving to Leeds; he hasn’t got there yet. It usually takes him 3
hours.
7) The man with the beard is holding a box containing his possessions. He has
just been sacked.
8) Have you heard the news? Peter was fired on Friday.
9) Have you ever been sacked? When did it happen?
10) How many times have you resigned? Why did you quit?
11) The man in the photo is wearing glasses; he looks very sad.
12) In this photo, we can see that Lisa has lost her keys.
13) She is rummaging around her bag, hoping that she might find them somewhere.
14) A few days ago, she found her keys under the sofa.
15) When I lose my keys, I usually find them in the pocket of the pair of trousers
that I last wore.
1) I’ve been living in the south of France since 2011.

2) How long have you been working here? (OR have you worked. Both correct)
3) Have you read War and Peace by Tolstoy?
4) Charles Dickens produced some of the finest novels in the English language.
5) In 1999, we decided to build an extension on the side of our house.
6) They got divorced last year. They were married for three years.
7) How often do you see your grandparents?
8) The latest season of my favourite TV show hasn’t come out yet.
9) For the last few years, interest rates have been quite stable.
10) In all my life, I’ve never seen my father so angry.

1) I currently reside near London. I’ve lived in the UK since I came back from Russia
in 2011.
2) I’m watching the latest James Bond film. Have you ever seen it? It came out in
March.
3) I heard that you ran into Phillip on Monday. How long have you known him?
4) How many times have I told you? I have never seen that woman before, and I
have no idea how she knew my name.
5) When I woke up this morning, it was already 8 o clock, so I quickly put on my
clothes and went to work.
6) Have you tidied your room yet? When I went in there at 8 o clock, it was a total
mess.
7) Our company has had a really good year so far. It’s only September, but we
have already made twice as much money as we did last year.
8) Did you meet Richard at the party last night? I’ve known him for years. We first
met when I was working for IKEA.
9) I’ve been very busy today, and it’s not even lunchtime. I’ve written six letters,
and I’ve made three phone calls, and I even managed to have a quick breakfast
at half ten.
10)
a) Where is Peter? I’ve been looking for him all morning.
b) Oh, he’s gone to the shops. He went an hour ago, so he should be back soon.
1) I have spoken about this topic several times, but it seems that no-one was
listening.
2) My computer worked/was working/had been working until yesterday, when
it broke.
3) Since that moment, we have seen each other only once.
4) Jack and Lisa aren’t going out with each other anymore; they split up last week.
5) He doesn’t seem very relaxed.

6) I’ve lost Mike. Have you seen him? I’ve been looking for him all day.
7) The final scene of the drama takes place on the train.
8) He swore that he was telling the truth.
9) My dog has never bitten a human before
10) Have you forgotten to revise your irregular verbs?
1) My manager has known Jack since they met at the Christmas party.
2) I have been waiting for 45 minutes, but I still can’t see the bus.
3) How long have you been driving? Do you think you could live without a car?
4) Your eyes look very red and sore. Have you been cutting onions?
5) How many emails have you sent today?
6) I have written another 6 pages today, so I am pleased with my progress.
7) He’s a great pupil. He often puts his hand up and asking questions.
8) He has been staring at that screen since he came home from work.
9) I’ve been feeling rather upset the whole day.
10) Have you heard the news? 4 people have been shot in the city centre.
1) I heard that Phillip and Mary got divorced last year. How long were they
married?
2) Look! My bike has been stolen. I left it leaning against your fence in the morning,
but now it has disappeared.
3) Sorry, he can’t come to the phone because he has gone to the shops. Do you
mind calling back in 20 minutes?
4) You have been sitting at that computer since you came home from school. Go
outside and get some fresh air!
5) How many times have I told you? Don’t wander off without telling me first!
6) It’s a beautiful day – the birds are singing and the sun is shining. And in half an
hour, my cousin Sam is meeting me for a beer on the seawall.

7) We arrived here at 3 o clock. It’s now 3:45, so we have been waiting for three
quarters of an hour.
8) I have known him for three years; we go to the same gym all that time, so we
often see each other, but he has never said hello or nodded. (OR he never says
hello or nods. This is also correct)
9) I think your dad is having a nap on the sofa, so please don’t disturb him!
10) Yesterday, I didn’t manage to do any chores, but today, I have already cleaned
the kitchen, taken the rubbish out, and hoovered all the rooms.
1) You both look upset. Have you been arguing again?

2) What are you doing tonight? Are you meeting Peter? If you see him, please
give him this book. He lent it to me last week.
3) How many times have you been to Paris? I go there every year as it’s such a
beautiful city.
4) I didn’t know that you had a driving license. How long have you been driving?
5) I’ve been feeling terrible for the last few days, and I haven’t been sleeping
very well. I think I should go and see a doctor.
6) The Eiffel Tower is the most amazing building I have ever seen. Since my last
visit, I’ve been saving up enough money to return; hopefully, I will have saved
enough to go back by the end of the month.
7) I’ve been playing the lead guitar for years, but I haven’t tried a bass guitar yet.
8) At the moment, our firm is enjoying record profits; our sales have increased
by 50% in the last few months, when compared to last year’s sales in the
corresponding period.
1)
a) What are you doing after work?
b) I’m seeing Tim. I haven’t seen him for months. Yesterday, he came back from
Spain.

2)
a) When I was a young boy, I lived in the north of my country. I moved to the
south at the age of 21
b) And how long have you been living in the south?
3) There are hundreds of students who are doing an exam in the hall, so please
don’t be noisy.
4) The pupils are still in the exam. Most of them are tired as they have been doing
the exam all afternoon: it started at 12 o clock.
5)
a) How long have you known Chris?
b) I first met him when we were studying together at university. We have been
playing in the same football team for the last 5 years.
6)
a) Have you ever driven an electric car?
b) Yes, I bought one last summer, and I have been driving it ever since.
7)
a) Where is Sarah?
b) She is eating her breakfast in the kitchen; she hasn’t gone to work yet.
8) Have you finished that essay yet? You have been writing it for weeks and
weeks. How many words have you written?
1) The cashier asked her how she wanted to pay. As she had forgotten to bring
her cash, she decided to use a bankcard.
2) By the time that she reached the cashier, she had already been waiting 25
minutes.
3) The customer explained that she had brought her discount card, which gave
her 10% off.
4) When the ambulance arrived, the patient had already lost consciousness.
5) The patient was still breathing; but he remained totally unresponsive. He was
only wearing pyjamas

6) The paramedics put him on a stretcher, took him into the ambulance, then
monitored his heart to check it was still beating.
7) While she was walking around the city centre, she got lost, despite having a
map.
8) She hadn’t grown up in this area; the place was totally unfamiliar, so she asked
a handsome stranger for directions.
9) He told her that although he had never been to her hotel, he knew that area
well as his bank was in the opposite building.
10) It was 6 o clock in the evening. I had already spent 5 hours working out my
expenses, so I was exhausted.
11) My head was aching and my eyes were closing, so I decided to have a cup of
coffee.
12) I finally finished at 7 o clock. I had been doing my taxes all day.
1) He told me that he had never broken a bone or even gone to hospital.

2) She didn’t recognize her cousin; she thought that he was someone else.
3) I went to hospital when I fell off my bike and fractured my elbow.
4) My brother’s friend arrived when I was still washing in the shower.
5) The taxi driver asked us how long we had been waiting.
6) By the time that my uncle arrived, I had already written six letters.
7) By the age of 23, he had already been responsible for at least 50 burglaries.
8) The police couldn’t understand how the culprit had entered the house, as there
were no signs of forced entry.
9) I hadn’t heard of Chopin until 1994.
10) I could see from their faces that they had been crying.
1) The Ministry of Love was the really frightening one. There were no windows in
it at all. Winston had never been inside the Ministry of Love, nor within half a
kilometre of it.

2) Its smooth creamy paper, a little yellowed by age, was of a kind that hadn’t
been manufactured for at least forty years past.
3) Without any warning except a slight movement of O’Brien’s hand, a wave of
pain flooded his body. It was a frightening pain, because he could not see what
was happening, and he had the feeling that some mortal injury was being
done to him. He did not know whether the thing was really happening, or
whether the effect was electrically produced.
4) It was the photograph. It was another copy of the photograph of Jones, Aaronson,
and Rutherford at the party function in New York, which he had chanced upon
eleven years ago and promptly destroyed. For only an instant it was before his
eyes, then it was out of sight again. But he had seen it, unquestionably he had
seen it!
5) Abruptly he was sitting up with O’Brien’s arm round his shoulders. He had
perhaps lost consciousness for a few seconds. The bonds that had held his
body down were loosened. He felt very cold, he was shaking uncontrollably, his
teeth were chattering, the tears were rolling down his cheeks. For a moment
he clung to O’Brien like a baby, curiously comforted by the heavy arm round his
shoulders.
6) Some nosing zealot in the Ministry (a woman, probably: someone like the little
sandy-haired woman or the dark-haired girl from the Fiction Department)
might start wondering why he had been writing during the lunch interval, why
he had been using an old-fashioned pen, what he had been writing — and
then drop a hint in the appropriate quarter. (had written and had used are also
correct)
7) He greeted them both with a cheery ‘Hullo, hullo!’ and sat down at the table,
giving off an intense smell of sweat. Beads of moisture stood out all over his
pink face. His powers of sweating were extraordinary. At the Community Centre
you could always tell when he had been playing table-tennis by the dampness
of the bat handle.
8) Winston woke first. He sat up and watched the freckled face, still peacefully
asleep, pillowed on the palm of her hand. Except for her mouth, you could not
call her beautiful. There was a line or two round the eyes, if you looked closely.
The short dark hair was extraordinarily thick and soft. It occurred to him that he
still didn’t know her surname or where she lived. The young, strong body, now
helpless in sleep, awoke in him a pitying, protecting feeling. But the mindless
tenderness that he had felt under the hazel tree, while the thrush was singing,
hadn’t quite come back. He pulled the overalls aside and studied her smooth
white flank.

1) ‘Do you have any razor blades? I’ve been using the same blade for six weeks.’
2) Winston asked Syme if he had any razor blades, because he had been using
the same blade for six weeks.
3) ‘What is this place? I have seen it before somewhere.’ - ‘It’s a church, or at least
it used to be.’
4) ‘Do anything to me!’ he yelled. ‘You have been starving me for weeks. Finish it
off and let me die.’
5) Julia was twenty-six years old. She lived in a hostel with thirty other girls, and
she worked, as Winston had guessed, on the novel-writing machines in the
Fiction Department.
6) The new tune which was to be the theme-song of Hate Week had already
been composed and had endlessly been plugged on the telescreens. (to plug
= to advertise)
7) They seemed to possess some kind of instinct which told them several seconds
in advance when a rocket was coming.
8) A newsflash has this moment arrived from the Malabar front. Our forces in
South India have won a glorious victory. I am authorized to say that the action
we are now reporting may well bring the war within measurable distance of
its end.
9) O’Brien had wrenched the loose tooth out by the roots. He tossed it across the
cell. ’You are rotting away,’ he said; ’you are falling to pieces. What are you? A
bag of filth. Now turn around and look into that mirror again.
10) Winston was taking part in a demonstration in one of the central London
squares at the moment when it happened.
1) At 13:00, a young man walked into the shop. He was wearing a dark suit and
tie, and he looked suspicious.
2) Last night, a policeman pulled me over because I hadn’t stopped at a red light.

3) The tourists were absolutely exhausted because they had been walking
around museums and churches all day. When the coach driver arrived to pick
them up, they were sitting on the floor, unable to stand, and some of them had
fallen asleep.
4) His eyes were filled with tears, but he wasn’t upset; he had been cutting onions
just a few minutes earlier. (not be, cut)
5) Even though the authorities were alerted to the robbery, their response was
slow; by the time the police arrived, the culprits had escaped, and the staff of
the shop had been locked in the basement.
6) It was a beautiful evening in the jungle. The full moon was shining, the crickets
were chirping, and I was reading my book, when all of a sudden, I heard a
loud knock on the door.
7) He told me that he had never seen the film, so we decided to watch it the next
day.
8) When I arrived at the airport, my friends were standing in a queue. They told
me they had been waiting for 30 minutes.
1) How long have you been feeling sick? Since Tuesday? Have you taken any
medicine yet? (have you felt = also correct)
2)
b) Yes. I saw him in the library, about 5 minutes ago. He was reading a book,
so he didn’t notice me.
3) He asked me how long we had been waiting.
4)
a) Where are the children?
b) They are sleeping in their bedrooms, so be careful not to disturb them.
5) When he got home, we saw that someone had broken into our house. Our
valuable were missing, but there was no sign of the burglar.
6) While I was eating my breakfast, my wife asked me if I had had enough yet.
7) Your boots are filthy! Have you been playing football in the rain? Take them off
before you come inside.

8)
a) How often do you go to the gym?
b) Just once a week. I have been going there since the beginning of the year.
1) Look! He’s sleeping. Shall I reach over and grab the keys?
2) OK, but be very careful and quiet. He’ll wake up if you are too loud and clumsy.
3) What are you planning for after we escape? I’m going to buy a plane ticket
and head abroad.
4) Hey, give me back the tablet or I’ll hit you!
5) They will break (or are going to break) the tablet if they keep pulling it.
6) Later today, I’m taking the kids to visit their grandmother, but I’m not looking
forward to it as they usually argue and bicker for the whole journey.
7) The bus leaves in 5 minutes, so we ought to hurry up.
8) Shall we buy this lemonade? It is being sold at a 40% discount.
9) I don’t think I will come shopping next time. She won’t miss me.
10) I won’t let you play on your computer if you talk to me like that. (let)
11) When are you going to (or will you) say sorry for what you have done?
12) Tonight, you are staying at home and going to bed early. Your behaviour has
been awful.
1) That suitcase looks really heavy; I’ll help you carry it.
2) Have you heard the news? Sarah is pregnant. She is going to have (or will
have) the baby in August.
3)
a) I’m feeling a bit dizzy.
b) Shall I open the window? A bit of fresh air might help.
4) In January, we will add (or are going to add) another module to the course,
which should make it more challenging.

5) Look at that man standing on top of the skyscraper. It looks like he is going to
jump.
6) Have you made any plans for Christmas yet? Whom will you visit (or are you
going to visit)?
7) We are going to have our holiday on the 21st of May. The train leaves at 11:15,
so don’t be late!
8) What do you think about tonight? Shall we go to the cinema? The latest James
Bond film has come out.
1) Sorry, I won’t be able to call you at half past two (2:30) because I will be having
lunch at that time.
2) This film will be shown in cinemas next year.
3) What time does the train leave?
4) This is taking such a long time. By 3 o clock, we will have been waiting for 4
hours.
5) Look at those dark clouds! It looks as though it is going to rain later.
6) Are you hungry? Shall I make you a sandwich?
7) What do you think you will be doing at this time next year? I’ll be lying on the
beach in the Bahamas.
8) On Tuesday, I’ll be having (or I am having) a massive birthday party, and you
are all invited.
1)
a) Can I call you back at 9 am tomorrow?
b) Sorry. At 9 am I’ll be having a meeting with the board of directors, and we
won’t have finished until 10 am, at the earliest.
2)
a) Where will you be at 5pm tomorrow?

b) I will have just finished work, so I will be on my way home.
3) If they ask you to work overtime, will you do it?
4) It’s our anniversary next week. We will have been married for 10 years.
5) Between 1 and 2 o clock tomorrow I won’t be taking any calls, because I will
be in an important meeting.
6) By the end of this course, you will have studied many different grammatical
concepts. (study)
7)
a) Oh no! I have forgotten my wallet again.
b) Don’t worry. I will buy you a drink. (buy)
8) I’m an optimist: I think that by this time next year, I’ll be lying on the beach of
some island paradise.
1) I have seen Titanic three times this week – I love it!

2) You look absolutely filthy; have you been playing football? How did you get
so muddy?
3) The boss asked why he had come into work late for the 3rd day in a row.
4) She told my mother that I had gone for a walk in the park.
5) I have known him since he moved here.
6) When he was swimming in the sea, he was attacked by a shark.
7) She will lend you some money if you ask her nicely.
8) Unfortunately, I won’t finish this before the deadline, so I must ask for an
extension.
1) Oh no! Have you heard the news yet? Our house was burgled last night.
2) When I was walking back home, I saw an accident.
3) I heard that Jack and Sarah are still together. How long have they known each
other?

4)
a) Where is Jack today?
b) He usually plays football on Saturdays, but today he felt ill, so he is lying in
bed. (play, lie)
5) Yesterday, he told me that he had been driving since he was only 16.
6) While researching William Blake, I found out that he had written most of his
poetry by the age of 18.
7)
a) Do you fancy joining us tomorrow afternoon for lunch?
b) Sorry, but tomorrow afternoon I will be checking (or am checking) my essay
for mistakes. I need to hand it in by the end of the day.
8) The student explained that he had never studied this topic before.
1) Is her second husband Japanese? (or ‘Is Japanese her second language?’)
2) How long have you been waiting?
3) What does ‘pillow’ mean?
4) What are you thinking about at the moment?
5) Who wrote War and Peace?
6) Why didn’t you write your essay?
7) Could you tell me when this bus goes to the city centre?
8) Do you know when this novel was written?
9) How much meat do you usually eat on a typical day?
10) Do you know if (or whether) they have any spare seats in the car?
1) Who knows the answer to question 5?

2) How many children do you see in the picture?
3) Did you like maths at school?

4) What does 7 multiplied by 7 equal?
5) Have you ever worked in a school?
6) How many children were in each class when you went to school?
7) Do you like omelette?
8) Which ingredients do you include in your omelette?
9) Could you describe how you prepare your omelette?
10) What are you having (or going to have) for breakfast tomorrow?
11) When you were a child, what did you cook?
12) How do you prefer your eggs? (Fried, scrambled, or boiled)
13) Could you tell us what you were doing at 8:30 on Sunday night?
14) How long have you been living in this area?
15) Who do you live with?
16) How well do (did) you know the victim?
17) Have you been in trouble with the police before?
18) What car do you drive?
19) Could you tell me if you have been drinking today?
20) Have you taken any drugs?
21) Do you mind breathing into this device?
22) How often do the police stop you?
23) Who drives most often in your family?
24) Have you ever been arrested? What happened?
1) Could you tell me who knows the answer to question 5?

2) Would you mind telling me how many children you see in the picture?
3) Could you tell me if you liked maths at school?
4) Do you know what 7 multiplied by 7 equals?
5) Could you tell me if you have you ever worked in a school?
6) Do you know how many children were in each class when you went to school?
7) Could you tell me if you like omelette?

8) Could you tell me which ingredients you include in your omelette?
9) How do you prepare your omelette?
10) Could you tell me what you are having for breakfast tomorrow?
11) Could you tell me what you cooked when you were a child?
12) Could you tell me how you prefer your eggs?
13) What were you doing at 8:30 on Sunday night?
14) Could you tell me how long you have been living in this area?
15) Would you mind telling me who you live with?
16) Could you tell me how well you knew the victim?
17) Could you tell me if you have you been in trouble with the police before?
18) Would you mind telling me what car you drive?
19) Have you been drinking today?
20) Could you tell me if you have taken any drugs?
21) Could you tell me if you mind breathing into this device?
22) Could you tell me how often the police stop you?
23) Could you tell me who drives most often in your family?
24) Would you mind telling me if you have ever been arrested? Do you remember
what happened?
1) You’ve never been to Greece, have you?

2) I wouldn’t climb that tree, but you probably would.
3) A. Jack is going to the party on Saturday. B. Is he? I’m not.
4) A. George speaks French and German fluently. B. Does he? So do I.
5) A. I heard that you didn’t pass your maths exam. B. No, I did pass the maths
exam, but I failed the chemistry test.
6) A. Will you help me with these suitcases? They are incredibly heavy. B. No, I
won’t. I’m absolutely exhausted.
7) A. Peter told me that he didn’t eat any dinner last night. B. Didn’t he? I did.
8) A. You should never talk with your mouth full. B. Shouldn’t you? But conversation
is good for digestion.

9) A. I’ve heard that you don’t like fish. B. That’s not true! I do like fish, but only
when it is served in batter and with chips and ketchup.
10) Tim told me that he has never played chess before. B. Hasn’t he? Neither have I.
1) I’ve seen Titanic loads of times. Have you? I haven’t

2) We would never leave without saying goodbye. Wouldn’t you? I would.
3) My favourite colour is red. Is it? So is mine
4) I can’t speak Japanese. Can’t you? Neither can I
5) She was born in Warsaw. Was she? I wasn’t
6) I learnt to juggle when I was a teenager. Did you? So did I
7) I hate the taste of seafood. Do you? So do I
8) Tonight, they are going to eat at an expensive new restaurant. Are they? I’m not
9) When I was 2 years old, I couldn’t read. Couldn’t you? Neither could I
10) Yesterday, I didn’t have a shower. Didn’t you? Neither did I
1) A. Do they speak French? B. No, they don’t.

2) A. It looks like you didn’t lock the door. B. I did lock it! I distinctly remember
doing so.
3) You won’t forget, will you? This is very important.
4) My wife loves ice cream, but I don’t. I think it’s disgusting.
5) A. You and your wife aren’t teachers, aren’t you? B. No, I’m not a teacher and
neither is my wife.
6) A. Have you been here before? B. No, I haven’t. A. Neither have I.
7) This is a fantastic restaurant, isn’t it?
8) A. I adore French poetry from the medieval period. B. Really? Do you? So do I.
9) A. I can’t wrap my head around complex gerunds and infinitives. B. Can’t you?
Neither can I.

10) I would move abroad if I could. B. Would you? I wouldn’t. Life abroad is far too
expensive.
1) Do you know how long the flight will last?

2) Would you tell me if he is coming or not.
3) Who did you call last night?
4) Would you mind telling me if this bus goes to the city centre?
5) How many people went with you?
6) How much does it cost to buy a new ticket?
7) Do you have any idea if anyone was injured in the accident?
8) A. I can’t work in this heat. B. Can’t you? Neither can I
9) A. I do love watching the sunset from the beach. B. Do you? So do I.
10) A. I would never make such a scathing comment. B. Wouldn’t you? I would. (or
Neither would I)
1) Dave told me the report would be ready in one hour.

2) Dave told me the derelict buildings had been demolished last year.
3) Dave told me that we hadn’t had any deliveries today.
4) Dave asked me if I could come over there
5) Dave told me that we weren’t doing anything at that moment.
6) Dave asked me if I had ever been to Paris
7) Dave asked me if I had any concerns that I would like to discuss
8) Dave told me that he had seen Peter yesterday.

1) Dave asked where Tom was from?

2) Dave told me that he had completed the assignment 6 days earlier.
3) Dave promised that he wouldn’t be late.
4) Dave told me that he wasn’t sure he wanted to do this.
5) Dave asked if he should bring the passports
6) Dave told me that he had found it down the back of the sofa on the previous
day.
7) Dave said that he had been driving for hours, but he hadn’t got there yet
8) Dave told me that he hadn’t been sleeping well for the previous few weeks.
1) That’s a beautiful building. When was it built?

2) Has this film been released in your country yet?
3) Manchester United was beaten by Chelsea 3 – 0.
4) Do your clothes need to be washed before we go on holiday?
5) When they got home, they saw that their front door had been forced open.
6) Sorry – dogs aren’t allowed in here. He will have to be left outside.
7) He drove more slowly than usual because he was being followed by a police
car.
8) I am staying with my sister at the moment because my flat is being redecorated.
1) While I was walking home I had the creepy sensation that I was being watched
2) Do you think that the meeting will be held next week?
3) He told me that he had been married for 3 weeks.
4) When I looked in my bag, I realized that my wallet had been stolen.

5) On Saturday we were pulled over by the police; they accused us of driving
dangerously
6) This particular piece of music was composed in the 17th century.
7) I think this machine was invented at the end of the 17th century.
8) You will be pleased to know that the windows have already been cleaned.
1) By the age of 18, Marcus had already been sent to prison twice.
2) The first time that Marcus tried to escape, he was caught by the prison guards,
then put in solitary confinement.
3) On his second attempt, he climbed over the fence when the sun was going
down.
4) He wasn’t seen by the guards this time, so he managed to flee.
5) The young lady found a hair in her salad, so she decided to make a complaint.
6) When she told the waiter that a hair had been found on her plate, the manager
was called.
7) She was told that another meal would be prepared more carefully, and she
would eat and drink for free.
8) New construction work will only be approved after a health and safety
inspection has been carried out at the site.
9) Hard helmets and safety boots have to be worn at all times by all workers
when on site.
10) In the centre of town, a new road is being built and it won’t be finished until
September; drivers are advised to avoid the area.
11) When safety is not taken seriously, accidents happen.
12) This year alone, there have been 7 accidents when volatile compounds have
caught fire.
13) As a precaution, multiple fire extinguishers have been put (or were put) in each
laboratory.
14) Next week, fire safety will be taught to all the young chemists.

1) I see that you have had your windows cleaned. How much did it cost?
2) Our foreign partners are landing at 3 o clock, so let’s have Phillip meet them at
the airport and drive them to their hotel.
3) I am going to relax for a few hours, but in the evening I’ll get my essay done,
so that I can hand it in tomorrow.
4) We had our house burgled while we were on holiday in Majorca.
5) We need to have/get our boiler serviced in a few weeks; otherwise, the
warranty will cease to be valid.
6) We had three clowns entertain the children at the birthday party.
7) I had my mobile phone stolen while walking around the tourist attractions.
8) We would like to have/get our house refurbished, but we can’t afford to do so
until next year.
1) He is known to have committed the same crimes in many other towns and
cities, but he has never been arrested for these crimes.
2) At the moment, the suspect is believed to be hiding in the north of the country.
3) His accomplice was rumoured to have been working with the police when he
was arrested, so he seems to have been betrayed.
4) The floods were catastrophic, and in some villages, nobody is expected to have
survived.
5) It was reported in the local newspapers that nobody had survived the
catastrophic floods.
6) There are said to be many in government who will oppose this bill.
7) The parents are understood to have been concerned about their child’s
progress.
8) The police are rumoured to still be looking for the culprit.

1) It has already been announced that he will take over as managing director.
2) There are (or were) believed to have been hundreds of survivors.
3) The culprit is (or was) thought to have been wearing a leather jacket while he
committed the robbery.
4) The perpetrator is (or was) understood to still be hiding in the forest.
5) The police are (or were) expected to have already found the suspect.
6) It has just been suggested that there wasn’t enough evidence to take the case
to court. (be suggested)
7) The murder victim is (or was) believed to have known her attacker.
8) It is (or was) thought that only a small number of MPs disagree with the new
tax policy.
1) Recently, the weather has changed.

2) The price of bitcoin has increased again! I really must buy some sooner rather
than later.
3) My French lesson finishes at quarter to three.
4) As soon as the rice boils, turn down the heat and simmer for a few minutes.
5) A gust of wind blew the vase over, and it smashed on the floor.
6) The ball missed the basket, and then it bounced down the road until it stopped
by a tree.
7) I am delighted to say that my English has definitely improved.
8) The fire burned for at least 6 hours.
9) Every pupil knows that water evaporates at 100 degrees.
10) I know there must have been something inside the box, because it moved by
itself.

1) Unfortunately, the weather has changed, so we ought to take an umbrella.

2) The price of gold has decreased since the start of the year.
3) The shop usually closes at half past seven.
4) During the winter, our pipes often freeze, so we leave the taps running, and
that keeps them working all through the cold months.
5) The price of cryptocurrencies has increased by roughly 800% over the last 5
years.
6) At 10 o clock in the morning, the race starts.
7) The earth shook with such force during the earthquake that everyone in the
building was knocked off their feet.
8) Our car crashed into a large vehicle when we were driving home.
1) They can’t have got lost; they took a map and a compass with them.
2) The victim must have known the perpetrator, as she had let him into her house
before she was attacked.
3) I must have been sleeping when it happened since I didn’t hear a thing.
4) King Henry VIII can’t have looked like this.
5) Last week, I should have had a connecting flight, but it was cancelled.
6) I must have seen this film a million times.
7) I shouldn’t have eaten so much for lunch – now I feel incredibly sick.
8) At the moment, your parents should be waiting outside, so please go and
meet them.
1) He must be doing his taxes, as he has an iPad and some documents.

2) He might be feeling stressed as he looks incredibly anxious.

3) He can’t be feeling tired, as he has just drunk a cup of coffee.
4) The documents must be from work as they show pie charts and bar graphs.
5) She must be writing an email to her friend, as she seems to be enjoying herself.
6) She might be listening to music as she has a white earphone in her ear.
7) She can’t be drinking whiskey as no one drinks whiskey from a coffee cup.
8) Therefore, she must be drinking coffee or tea.
9) They might be going on holiday as they have their suitcases with them.
10) He must be taking a photo, as they all seem to be smiling and looking at the
phone.
11) They can’t be strangers, as they have their arms round each other; instead, they
must be family.
1) Your grandfather can’t have met Napoleon, because the Emperor died long
before your grandfather was born.
2) He must have been lying as he does enjoy tricking gullible listeners.
3) He might have been drinking, since he does enjoy a whiskey
4) He must have gone mad to make such a wild claim.
5) When I knocked on my cousin’s front door, no one answered. She can’t have
gone far, because her car was parked outside.
6) She might have been having a shower, as she usually has one in the evening.
7) She may have been sleeping as sometimes she goes to bed early.
8) The victim can’t have shot herself as she was right-handed.
9) So, this lady must have been killed by someone else.
10) It looks as though she might have been attacked while she was getting into
her car.
11) The killer must have dropped the murder weapon and then run off.

1)
b) Yes, I saw him in the library a couple of hours ago. He might have been
doing his project, as he had to hand it in by midday.
2)
a) Do you know where your sister is?
b) If she isn’t in her room, she may be working in the garden.
3)
a) I heard that Jon had passed his mathematics exam with flying colours.
b) Jon can’t have passed his maths exam! He has always struggled in that
subject.
4) I think brave Captain Scott must have been feeling responsible for the fate of
his party as he lay there dying in his tent. (or must have felt)
5)
a) Do you know why Peter failed to show up for work today?
b) Well, he must be feeling under the weather at the moment, as there is a
nasty flu going around.
6) I don’t believe that the pyramids were built by primitives; the design demonstrates
that the builders must have been using advanced mathematics in their plans.
1) It’s Sunday tomorrow, so I don’t have to work.

2) Please remember that in the exam tomorrow you mustn’t bring a dictionary
with you. This would be cheating.
3) No sooner had we arrived in the city centre than we got hopelessly lost; we
should have brought a map, because if we had, we would have easily found
the way to our hotel.
4) When I was a pupil, we had to carry all of our text books to and from school,
but nowadays the kids don’t, because they have lockers at school in which they
keep their books.

5) When we were sitting in the classroom, we weren’t allowed to (or weren’t
supposed to) talk to our classmates; we had to put our hands up if we wanted
to speak.
6) I think you should (or ought to) get some rest before the exam tomorrow;
otherwise, you won’t be feeling your best, and your performance will suffer.
7) You shouldn’t have insulted your boss in yesterday’s meeting. If you hadn’t
done so, you wouldn’t have been sacked.
8) We shouldn’t have taken so much food on the camping trip; we didn’t have
anywhere to store it, and so a lot of products were spoilt by the 4th day.
1) It’s a secret so you mustn’t tell anyone.

2) He doesn’t have to wear a suit to work, but he often does, as he prefers to look
smart for the clients.
3) You mustn’t press that button unless there is a fire.
4) We have a lift at work, so we don’t have to use the stairs.
5) You mustn’t forget to lock the door when you leave the house.
6) My uncle shouldn’t (or ought not) smoke so much – it’s really bad for his lungs.
7) We should (or ought to) leave in 5 minutes; otherwise, we will miss the train.
8) You don’t have to get married in a church, but a lot of people prefer a wedding
in a church.
Fill in the spaces with appropriate modal verbs:
1) It’s 10 am, so his flight should have landed by now.

2) As a youngster, I would go to chess club every Saturday.
3) Should you require any extra pillows, please ask at reception.
4) I wish you wouldn’t do that! It’s so irritating.
5) You shouldn’t have (or needn’t have) brought wine! Still, as it’s here, we will
drink it!

6) Pensioners needn’t pay to use the buses; public transport is free for the elderly.
7) I needn’t have (or shouldn’t have) taken an umbrella, as it didn’t rain.
8) Had I not lost my phone, I would have called you.
1) As soon as he arrives, we can have dinner.

2) If all education goes online, kids won’t have enough social interaction.
3) If they hadn’t bailed the banks out last year, the financial system would have
collapsed.
4) When we meet next time, I will return that book which you lent me.
5) If the murderer had known that the police were nearby, he wouldn’t have
committed such a dreadful and violent crime.
6) If I won a lot of money, I would spend it all on clothes.
7) If he had gone to university, he would have got the job.
8) If we hadn’t missed our train, we would already be there.
Fill in the gaps with the missing words to make conditionals. Try to guess the verbs
1) If I were you, I wouldn’t sign that document without reading it carefully.

2) If we had taken a map, we wouldn’t have got lost.
3) Let’s go for a picnic if it is sunny later,
4) I would have packed a couple of thick sweaters had I known it would be this
cold.
5) Sure, no problem. I will tell him as soon as I see him.
6) What would you do if you won millions of pounds on the lottery?
7) If I had been wearing shoes rather than trainers, they would have let me in the
night club last night.
8) I will do everything that you have asked, on condition that you not tell anyone.
(not tell = subjunctive)

1) If our goalkeeper had saved the penalty, we would have won the match.
2) If we had won that game, we would be top of our division now.
3) If we were top of the division at the moment, I would buy a season ticket and
watch all our matches.
4) If I watched all our matches, I would have less time to spend with my family.
5) Yesterday, if we hadn’t stopped at the petrol station, we would have run out
of petrol.
6) If we had run out of petrol, we wouldn’t have got to the wedding on time.
7) If we had arrived late for the wedding, my relatives would have been angry
with us.
8) If he hadn’t done so much overtime, he wouldn’t have been promoted.
9) If he hadn’t been promoted, he wouldn’t have received a larger salary.
10) If he hadn’t got a higher salary, he wouldn’t have bought a brand new car.
1) If I had brought a jumper with me, I wouldn’t be so cold now.

2) If I were in your position, I would have sacked him last week.
3) I met him at university, and he was always a very sociable fellow: if I saw him,
he always said hello.
4) If he managed to leave on the right train, he will be here in any second.
5) If I had bought a ticket last week, I wouldn’t be in my current predicament.
6) If we were from an EU country, we wouldn’t have needed to show our passports
at the border yesterday.
7) If the suspect murdered the victim last night, then he will be very uncomfortable
during tomorrow’s interview.
8)
a) I heard that Jon started college last week.
b) Well, if he only started last week, he probably hasn’t met all his new teachers
yet.

1) It’s vital that the student bring his calculator to every class.
2) If he were in charge, the firm would lose a lot of money.
3) The proposal that he be in charge would lose the firm a lot of money.
4) I advise that the pupil check his or her essay before handing it in.
5) My boss suggested that he be responsible for meeting and greeting the new
clients.
6) I wish I hadn’t gone to university. I feel as though it was a waste of time.
7) Suppose you hadn’t gone to university. How would your life be different now?
8) Imagine that you were president. What policies would you immediately follow?
1) She wishes she hadn’t left her keys in the car.

2) If she weren’t so forgetful, this wouldn’t have happened.
3) It is vital that a driver in her position remain calm.
4) I suggest that anyone in her position call for technical assistance.
5) He wishes he hadn’t forgotten his mum’s birthday
6) If he were more organized, he would have remembered.
7) I advise that he dash down the shops and buy some flowers immediately.
8) Imagine that he went there right now, with some flowers. I think she would
forgive him.
9) Suppose that he had bought a sofa that were a bit smaller.
10) I bet that he wishes he had a bigger house.
11) Imagine that you had made the same mistake when you moved into your house.
How would you have felt?
12) His wife had insisted that he measure the room first, but he didn’t listen.
13) The little girl wishes that she hadn’t broken the vase.
14) Suppose that you had damaged your mum’s favourite vase. Would she be
angry?

15) Would your mother demand that the vase be replaced?
16) If I were her mother, I would request that she apologize.
1) I wouldn’t do that if I were in your shoes.

2) It is absolutely essential that everyone bring their passport with them in order
to verify identity.
3) I wish we hadn’t come to this awful hotel. It hasn’t lived up to my expectations
at all.
4) The proposal that the students be allowed to enter certain parts of the library
was recommended.
5) The Prime Minister has recommended that the schools be closed for at least a
2-week period.
6) The victim’s family have demanded that the killer be brought to justice for his
awful deeds.
7) I wish he were here with us now, so that we could share this wonderful
experience.
8) It is important to remember that Sally is going with you. (this is not subjunctive)
9) The firm has asked that all staff members not mention this to anyone, as we
can’t afford a leak.
10) We demand that someone be punished for these dreadful mistakes, and the
sooner the better.
1) Not only did we have a compass, but also we had a map.

2) Were I a millionaire, I would lend you more money.
3) I had no idea what his name was, nor was I familiar with where he lived.
4) Seldom have we heard such an incredible performance on the violin.
5) Under no circumstances should you enter my room.
6) So boring will the lesson be that I think I will have to skip it.

7) Only when we reach our destination, are we going to find out the truth.
8) Only if you promise not to tell anyone, will I let you in on this little secret.
9) Look! Here comes the train
10) If I had (OR Had I) gone to university, I would have got the job.
1) Had he stolen the money, he would have told me.

2) Under no circumstances should you forget about this important piece of
grammar.
3) No sooner had he entered the room than the doorbell rang.
4) Only when we arrived at the concert did we find out that it had been cancelled.
5) So hilarious was the film that I plan to watch it one more time next week.
6) The smell in that room is utterly rancid, as is the smell in all the other rooms
in his flat.
7) He has been going to that gym for years, hasn’t he? (this is a question tag)
8) Not only did he fail to impress me, but also he has managed to annoy me.
9) Only if we hurry will we manage to get there on time.
10) Little did they know that I actually adore chemistry, as do all my friends.
1) When my mates suggested that I volunteer to pick up the litter in my local

area, I readily agreed to do so.
2) Would you mind joining us on Saturday? If you do come, please remember to
bring some plastic bags for the rubbish.
3) I regretted not helping out on the previous occasion, so I decided to lend a
hand this time.
4) I’ll never forget growing up in that huge manor house with servants and a
butler.
5) I miss being pampered and having every whim satisfied; I detest doing
everything for myself.

6) I will have my butler call you a taxi so that you get home safe and sound.
7) She often pretends to be happy, but actually, she feels depressed.
8) Mary finds it difficult to refuse others’ requests, and having agreed to do
someone a favour, she often resents doing so.
9) The pressures of society often make us hide our true feelings, and many of us
become skilful at concealing our inner self.
10) When we hide our true feelings, we risk never showing our friends and family
who we really are.
1) I think that you should avoid bumping into him for a few weeks.
2) If you went to live in a foreign country, would you miss seeing your family and
friends?
3) Did your parents used to make you go to church as a child?
4) At that moment, I was starting to feel a tad frustrated with my predicament.
5) Question number 7 is a very easy question to answer.
6) I’ll never forget meeting my wife for the first time.
7) On the way home from work, I stopped to pop into the shops and grab some
milk.
8) I would definitely recommend visiting the Tower of London, while you are here.
9) The windows really do need cleaning; they look revolting.
10) Unfortunately, my foster parents never let me sleep over at friends’ houses, as
they were overly protective.
1) Doing nothing is far more relaxing and enjoyable than keeping busy.
2) I think my brother is the best at solving complicated mathematical puzzles.
3) I was rather worried about failing this exam.
4) Sorry, my sister is too upset to see you at the moment.
5) Once again, he has refused to co-operate.

6) We are absolutely delighted to meet you for the first time.
7) My uncle enjoys using his paddleboard in summer.
8) You mustn’t smoke in a petrol station, as it might start a fire.
9) Sarah was accused of murdering (or having murdered) her only living relative.
10) She denied being anywhere near the scene of the crime on the night in question.
1) Do you remember meeting your best friend for the first time?
2) At what age did you learn to drive?
3) My mum promised to let me go to the concert.
4) I would avoid going to that party, as your ex-girlfriend will be there.
5) Can you imagine being able to speak another language fluently?
6) I don’t think he was really ill. I think he was just pretending to be sick.
7) I must remember to charge up my mobile before I go on holiday.
8) If you don’t stop smoking, then your lungs will suffer.
9) We were driving down the motorway when we stopped to buy some breakfast.
10) I look forward to seeing you all in the next class
1) I can see two people who are kissing; they seem to be getting married as they
are wearing wedding clothes.
2) The couple are known to have met each other when they were still at school.
3) The couple are believed to have spent a great deal of money on the wedding
preparations, so they will have to live with their parents for a few more years.
4) Local police are reported to have caught a notorious thief who is suspected of
having burgled more than 20 properties in this area.
5) He is believed to have been involved in a fight, as he has bruises all over his
face.
6) He claims to have been living in another city when the burglaries took place.

7) I’d love to have gone to the art gallery with you yesterday. I hope to have
visited one with you by the end of this year.
8) This landscape is said to have been painted at the end of the nineteenth
century.
9) We were supposed to have gone to the art gallery together, but I wasn’t able
to take the time off work.
1) I’d rather have done my essay yesterday, but I was lazy, so I will have to do it
today.
2) It was somewhat thoughtless of my uncle to have come to my party without
having brought a gift.
3) The reporter claims to have been present during the interview of the terrorist.
4) I really hope to have been paid by the end of the week.
5) The idea of being eaten alive by crocodiles has always terrified me.
6) The suspect in the crime is reported to have been wearing sunglasses and a
balaclava during yesterday’s robbery.
7) Having lived with this disability all my life, I no longer feel that it holds me
back.
8) I am awfully sorry for having spilt wine all over your new carpet.
9) How is Jack nowadays? I heard he has moved to his new university. I suppose
he is pleased to be living away from his parents!
10) Unfortunately, we were supposed to have brought our passports with us for
identity verification purposes. We will have to go back there with our passports.
1) The minister is believed to have leaked (or to have been leaking) confidential
information to the media over the course of several months.
2) We expect to have counted all the votes by midnight.
3) It was incredibly rude of them to have visited us without having ever been
invited.

4) I regret having bought that new car; I’d rather have spent the money on a no-
expense-spared holiday.
5) They seem to be having an awful time on their trip at the moment; they may
even come home soon.
6) He seemed to have forgotten what he wanted to say, so he just stood there,
gawping.
7) It was inconceivably stupid of me to have left my passport at home.
8) You were supposed to have written that essay a few days ago.
9) The government claimed to have reduced the number of unemployed, but this
was a bare-faced lie.
10) In this photo, I see a man and a woman who appear to be arguing with each
other.
1) If I ever get the chance to go abroad again, I will definitely do so.

2) I stand opposed to locking up entire populations under flimsy ‘medical’ pretexts.
3) The refusal to carry out any of these instructions could lead to fines and
penalties.
4) The parcels sent on Monday usually arrive by Friday.
5) I wouldn’t be able to get used to working at night.
6) Our teacher has a tendency to pick his nose during the lessons.
7) Being attacked from all directions, the soldiers decided to surrender to the
enemy.
8) One way to improve your grammar is to listen out for these structures in TV
shows.
9) Look! That man being chased down the road by an angry shopkeeper must
have stolen something.
10) Having seen this film before, I already know the ending.
11) Although covered in scratches and bleeding profusely, he managed to limp 3
km to the nearest town.
12) Having been married for 15 years, I can confirm that my married life is blissful.

With reporting verbs, we can use simple forms or complex forms when they refer to
completed past actions. See questions 1,2,4,9
1) Our guests apologized for being (having been) late.

2) My uncle congratulated me on passing (having passed) all my exams with
flying colours.
3) We urge that the client respond immediately to this request.
4) Now, we regret not joining (having joined) you on your last holiday.
5) The lifeguard warned us not to swim too far from the coast, as powerful tides
might sweep me out to sea.
6) My mum always made me write thank-you letters to all those who sent me a
Christmas present.
7) During the night, I could hear someone whispering my name.
8) The teacher reminded us to bring our calculators to the exam.
9) My parents blamed me for breaking (having broken) their brand new vase,
but I had nothing to do with it.
10) Peter insisted on buying me another drink.
1) Dave refused to eat that soup; there was a strand of hair in it.
2) Dave reminded me to lock the door when I left the house.
3) Dave accused his cousin of eating (having eaten) all the cake.
4) Dave denied breaking (having broken) the vase.
5) Dave warned me not to walk home when it’s dark.
6) Dave admitted eating (having eaten) all the slices of cake.
7) Dave forbid me from coming into his room when he was not home.
8) Dave offered to carry my second suitcase.
9) Dave threatened to scream if I didn’t do as he said.
10) Dave suggested eating out that night as he was too exhausted to cook.

1) This photograph shows people dancing in a disco.

2) If you aren’t able to get to the airport by taxi, then I will have my driver pick you
up 2 hours before take-off.
3) I do recommend that he bring warm clothes on this trip, but I advise him against
taking too much luggage.
4) I don’t like his personality: he has a tendency to blame others for his own
faults.
5) Did your parents let you go to nightclubs when you were just 16?
6) Having congratulated them on winning (having won) the competition, I
awarded them gold medals.
7) The barrier prevented me from taking a short cut, so we had to walk back to
the main entrance.
8) Did you remember to lock all the doors and windows before we left the house?
I don’t want to find out that we have been burgled when we get back.
9) I won’t miss marking homework when I resign from my teaching job.
10) Would you mind putting out that cigarette? The smoke is irritating my eyes.
1) She reminded them to pack their suitcases the night before their skiing trip.
2) We weren’t sure where to eat; Peter suggested cooking at home, and Steve
offered to help him.
3) The sign warned us not to enter the dangerous area.
4) I would like to congratulate you on performing (having performed) such a
wonderful play.
5) They told us not to pay anything for the first three months.
6) My teachers encouraged me to work harder in order to pass the test.
7) The suspect denied that he had committed any crime whatsoever.
8) We would like to thank everyone for coming (having come).

words are missing.
1) Stop! I forbid you from entering this hospital, as you might be carrying a deadly
virus. We wouldn’t want our patients to catch it.
2) We have prevented the old from getting any treatment and sent them back to
the care homes, where they have died in isolation.
3) If you don’t put on a face mask, then we will refuse to examine you, and you
won’t be allowed to go shopping either.
4) The contract stipulates that the supplier be responsible for any damage to the
goods while in transit.
5) The firm threatened to take the suppliers to court over a breach of contract.
6) The contract forces the suppliers to pay for any damage.
7) The breach of contract has caused the firm to take legal action.
8) He managed to convince them to invest more money in his business.
9) He persuaded them to give his firm another chance.
10) They agreed to send him twice as much money.
11) The extra funds enabled him to take on new staff members.
12) The new staff helped the business (to) find new customers.
13) I miss not having my wife at home while I am cooking.
14) I offered to cook for all the family as it was Sunday.
15) My daughter demanded that she be carried around the kitchen while I was
making dinner,
16) I couldn’t refuse to carry her.
17) Later, I regretted having carried (carrying) her, as my back was aching.
1) Dave regretted not going (not having gone) to university.

2) Dave insisted on paying.

3) Dave urged him to reconsider.
4) Dave confessed to stealing (having stolen) the money in order to pay for my
children’s university fees.
5) Dave promised to be back home before 10 pm. (OR Dave promised that he
would be back before 10 pm)
6) Dave claimed to have been nowhere near the crime scene on the night in
question. (we must use complex forms with claim and seem)
7) He accused me of stealing (of having stolen) the money.
8) I blame Harry for making (having made) a mess in the living room.
9) Dave praised his students for working (having worked) very hard to make
such swift progress.
10) Dave thanked his students for leaving (having left) a five-star review.

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Master

Chapter 2. Past Simple V Past Continuous...................................................................... 13

Chapter 3. All Present Tenses.............................................................................................. 29

Chapter 4. All Past Tenses..................................................................................................... 43

Chapter 5. All Future Tenses................................................................................................. 53

Chapter 7. Reported Speech................................................................................................. 69

Chapter 8. Active and Passive.............................................................................................. 73

Chapter 9. Modal Verbs.......................................................................................................... 83

Chapter 10. Conditionals........................................................................................................... 93

Chapter 11. Subjunctive and Inversion................................................................................ 99

Chapter 12. Gerunds, Participles, and (to +) Infinitives............................................... 107

Chapter 13. Reporting Verbs................................................................................................ 119

VERB Stative Dynamic

I have three brothers

be He is stupid (state) He is being stupid (action)

He looks like a trustworthy guy He is looking at the painting

The blind man was feeling

This soup tastes disgusting The chef is tasting the soup

I’m seeing Peter after work

He has been hearing voices in

This room measures 3 metres in I am measuring the dimension

6 | Master Grammar - Part 1

This apple weighs 3 grams He is weighing an apple on the

I imagine that you won’t be I think you are imagining things

My new car is costing me far too

I expect that they will be late I’m expecting a parcel to arrive

I have lived here for years (OR I have been living…)

He has been working hard all day (OR he has worked…)

I’ve been feeling depressed for ages (OR I have felt…)

Is he feeling sick? (OR Does he feel sick?)

 like, love, hate (We use all 3 in  believe

Chapter 1 - Simple V Continuous | 7

 depend (we are depending on you =  fancy

Exercise 1 Answers on p. 128

8 | Master Grammar - Part 1

Exercise 2 Answers on p. 128

Chapter 1 - Simple V Continuous | 9

1) The balls on the left (weigh) more

2) We (still weigh) up the pros and

3) My lovely, white, fluffy cat (smell)

4) These flowers (smell) gorgeous.

5) He has just seen a fire, so he (sound)

6) It (sound) obvious, but immediately

10 | Master Grammar - Part 1

8) The father (be) sick, so he has

9) He (taste) his wine, while she

10) The wine both (smell) and (taste)

Exercise 4 Answers on p. 129

Chapter 1 - Simple V Continuous | 11

12 | Master Grammar - Part 1

Present Present Con- Past Simple Past Contin-

now, at the 3 weeks ago

At the At 3:15, I was

14 | Master Grammar - Part 1

The kids Yesterday, I

Exercise 5 Answers on p. 130

1) As she (drive) to work, she (crash)

2) She (jump) out of her car, and (run)

like, love, hate (We use all 3 in believe

depend (we are depending on you = fancy