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Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CHE 303)

Flow processes
Dr. Wasif Farooq
Assistant Professor
Chemical Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
 Chapter 7:

Thermodynamic of flow processes

2
 Flow processes - summary

• Mass balance:
(at steady state and only 1 entrance + 1 exit)
1u1 A1 = 2u2 A2 = m = constant

• Energy balance:
u 2
H + + gz = Q + Ws
2
• Entropy balance:
Qj
S −  = SG  0
j T , j

3
 Throttling Process
• When a fluid flows through a restriction, such as an orifice, a partly closed valve,
or a porous plug, without any appreciable change in kinetic or potential energy,
the primary result of the process is a pressure drop in the fluid.
• Such a throttling process produces no shaft work, and in the absence of heat
transfer and energy balance equation becomes as; ∆𝐻 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒 𝐻2 = 𝐻1
• The process occurs at constant enthalpy (Isoenthalpic)
• Throttling process does not change the temperature of an ideal gas
• For most real gases at moderate conditions of temperature and pressure, a
reduction in pressure at constant enthalpy results in a decrease in
Temperature
• Increase in temperature is also expected during the throttling process.
𝝏𝑻
• The sign of temperature change is determined by the sign of derivative of ( )H
𝝏𝑷
Called as Joule Thomson Coefficient

4
 Throttling Process

Example 7.4 was solved in the class from the 8th

edition

5
 Turbines

• Turbines: expansion while producing shaft work

• Steady-state, 1 entrance + 1 exit
• Δz = 0
• Adiabatic operation (Q = 0)
• Velocities at inlet and exit are (almost) equal (Δu ≈ 0)

 = uA = constant
• Mass balance: m

u 2
• Energy balance: H + + gz = Q + Ws Ws = H
2  m
W s = m H
• Entropy balance: S = SG  0

6
 Turbines

• Ideal work of a turbine: maximum work that can be

obtained, i.e. isentropic (reversible + adiabatic) operation
S = 0 Ws (isentropic) = (H )S

• Real work of a turbine has a turbine efficiency (~0.7-0.8)

compared to the ideal situation due to irreversibilities
Ws H
= or =
Ws (isentropic) (H )S

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 Turbines

• Turbine expansion in Mollier (HS) diagram:

dH = TdS + Vdp
H
=T 0
S
Isobars have
positive slopes
S in HS diagram
H
=V  0
p
H Isobar at p1
= (higher p) above
(H )S isobar at p2
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Mollier diagram
 Example 7.6

Steam turbine
• Capacity: 56400 kW
• Inlet conditions: 8600 kPa and 500 oC
• Outlet pressure: 10 kPa
• Turbine efficiency: 75%
What is the state of the steam at discharge and the mass flow
rate of the steam?
Solution:
• Inlet properties from steam tables (F.2) at 8600 kPa and 500 oC:
S1 = 6.6858 kJ/(kg  K)
H1 = 3391.6 kJ/kg
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 Example 6 – Ch7

• If expansion to 10 kPa is isentropic:

Lever Rule
S 2rev = S1 = 6.6858 kJ/(kg  K) 𝑀 = 1 − 𝑥 𝑣 𝑀 𝑙 + 𝑥 𝑣 𝑀𝑣
From steam tables (F.2) at 10 kPa: (M=V,U,H,S)
S vap = 8.1511 kJ/(kg  K) and S liq = 0.6493 kJ/(kg  K)
H vap = 2584.8 kJ/kg and H liq = 191.832 kJ/kg
So, the outlet stream is wet (2 phases) with a quality (xv) of:
S 2rev = (1 − x v )S liq + x v S vap = S liq + x v (S vap − S liq )
S 2rev − S liq 6.6858 − 0.6493
x = vap
v
= = 0.8047
S −S liq
8.1511 − 0.6493
And the enthalpy change in case of isentropic expansion is:
H 2rev = (1 − x v )H liq + x v H vap = H liq + x v (H vap − H liq )
= 191.832 + 0.8047(2584.8 − 191.832) = 2117.4 kJ/kg

Thus: (H )S = H 2rev − H1 = 2117.4 − 3391.6 = −1274.2 kJ/kg 11

 Example 6 – Ch7

• Real expansion is not isentropic, but has an efficiency of 75%

compared to the ideal case:
H =   (H )S = 0.75  −1274.2 = −955.6 kJ/kg
So, the actual outlet enthalpy is:
H 2 = H1 + H = 3391.6 − 955.6 = 2436.0 kJ/kg
which results in an actual quality (xv) of:
H 2 − H liq 2436.0 − 191.832
x = vap
v
= = 0.9378
H −H liq
2584.8 − 191.832
The actual outlet entropy is then:
( ) (
S 2 = 1 − x v S liq + x v S vap = S liq + x v S vap − S liq )
S 2 = 0.6493 + 0.9378(8.1511 − 0.6493) = 7.6846 kJ/(kg  K)
Mass flow rate of steam:
W s − 56400
W s = m H m = = = 59.02 kg/s
H (2436.0 − 3391.6 ) 12
 Example 7.7 (self study)

Stream of ethylene at 300 oC and 45 bar (non-ideal gas) is

adiabatically expanded in a turbine to 2 bar (ideal gas)
What is the maximum (isentropic) work produced?

Solution: Enthalpy change:

Real gas T2

(p1, T1) H = − H1R +  C p dT + H 2R

T1

Entropy change:
-H1R Real gas T2
dT p2
(p2, T2) S = − S +  C p
R
− R ln + S 2R
-S1R H2R
1
T1
T p1
S2R
Ideal gas Ideal gas
(p1, T1) (p2, T2)
ΔHig ΔSig
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 Example 7 – Ch7
The entering ethylene gas is non-ideal:
• Find critical properties of ethylene (table B.1):
Tc = 282.3 K, pc = 50.4 bar and  = 0.087
• Reduced conditions at the inlet of the turbine:
573.15 45
Tr ,1 = = 2.030 and pr ,1 = = 0.893
282.3 50.4

• As Tr >> 1, Lee-Kesler method (tables) are required:

H
=
1
R
(H )
+
(H ) and S R S R
R 0
=
R 1
( ) 0

+
(S ) R 1

RTc RTc RTc R R R

Tables:
(H ) R 0
= −0.249,
(H )
R 1
= 0.075,
(S )R 0
= −0.100,
(S )
R 1
= −0.032
RTc RTc R R

• Gives: H1R = −569 J/mol and S1R = −0.854 J/(mol  K)

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 Example 7 – Ch7

• The final temperature (T2) can be obtained from the entropy

change:
T2
dT p
S = − S1R +  C igp − R ln 2 + S2R = 0
T1
T p1
T2
C igp dT p2 S1R 2 0.854
T R T = ln +
p1 R
= ln −
45 8.3145
= −3.216
1

C igp
• with (Table C.1): = 1.424 + 14.394  10−3 T − 4.392  10−6 T 2
R
• Remember the solution for the integral:
T
CPig dT   2 D   + 1  
T R T = A ln  + BT +
 0  0 CT + 
2  ( − 1) = −3.216 where τ = T/T0
0    T0  2 
2

with A = 1.424, B = 14.394.10-3, C = -4.392.10-6, D = 0 and T0 =573.15 K

• Solving (iteratively) gives: T2 = 364.6 K 15
 Example 7 – Ch7

• Enthalpy change:
T2

(H )S = − H1R +  C p dT
T1

 (1.424 + 14.394 10 )

364.6
−3
= +569 + 8.3145 T − 4.392 10 −6 T 2 dT
573.15

= −11901 J/mol

• Maximum (isentropic) work produced:

Ws (isentropic) = (H )S = −11901 J/mol

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