SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL- Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Student’s Name: ___________________________Grade and Section: __________

Teacher: __________________________________Date Submitted:_____________

I. LEARNING SKILLS
A. Most Essential Learning Competency
Select, cite and synthesize related literature

B. Objective
Synthesize information from relevant literature. (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3)

II. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

Synthesizing means integrating facts and information from various

sources to determine and show how the research works together.
Review usually means an overview summarizing major parts and bringing them
together to build a picture of what's out there.
Literature means the major writings especially scholarly writings – on the topic.
Depending on your field, "the literature" can include all sorts of things: journal
articles, books, published essays, government reports, historical records, and
statistical handbooks.

Synthesis means to combine a number of different pieces into a whole. It

is about concisely summarizing and linking different sources in order to review the
literature on a topic, make recommendations, and connect your practice to the
research.
Synthesis usually goes together with analysis because you break down
a concept/idea into its important parts/points (analysis), so you can draw useful
conclusions or make decisions about the topic or problem (synthesis).

Synthesis helps to determine the following:

✔ Which sources overlap or share the same opinion/findings?
✔ Have you found any common traits or themes in the research literature?
✔ What choice have you made about this dilemma? Why did you make that
choice and not another?
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 ✔ What meaning or conclusions do you draw from the data on this topic?
✔ How might that new meaning change or reinforce your practice?
✔ Why is the piece of research evidence weak or strong?
✔ Using the statistics, facts, or knowledge in the research, what kind of story
have you crafted for the reader? What is your angle or your personal
interpretation of the evidence?
✔ How have you shown the reader which parts of the argument (or which
pieces of research) are most useful or most important?
Created by Cosette Taylor, Communications Instructor for the Faculty of Nursing at
the University of Manitoba, Retrieved from:
https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/nursing/students/What_is_synthesis.pdf

Example of Synthesizing
Related Literatures
Author Concept/Meaningful Work
Knowles (1978) Builds upon learner’s life experiences, and links new
knowledge with previous life experiences
Seifert (2004) Contributes to confidence
Rogers(2002) Tasks meet an immediate need
Bandura(1997) Leads to task persistence
Craft(2005) Reflective journals can be meaningful to the student
What does the student I also find that I am more motivated to do “real life”
author think? nursing tasks that are meaningful to my future career

Synthesis of the related literatures:

Given the importance of meaningful learning in increasing student motivation

and task persistence (Bandura, 1997; Craft, 2005; Rogers, 2000; Seifert, 2004), it is
important to provide relevant and practical clinical teaching to clients.

Bandura (1997) and Rogers’ (2000) findings indicate that meaningful tasks are
more likely to lead to the completion of learning tasks or the fulfillment of a need.
However, the learning process itself is more enjoyable when the task is important to
the learner. Nurses should take both the learning process and learning outcome into
consideration.

Paraphrasing is showing information in your own words and acknowledging and

citing the sources. It is one of the strategies to create a more reader-friendly research.

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 How to paraphrase in five steps:
1. Read the passage several times to fully understand the meaning.
2. Note down key concepts.
3. Write your version of the text without looking at the original.
4. Compare your paraphrased text with the original passage and make minor
adjustments to phrases that remain too similar.
5. Cite the source where you found the idea.

Example:
Original passage
“The number of foreign and domestic tourists in the Netherlands rose above
42 million in 2017, an increase of 9% and the sharpest growth rate since
2006, the national statistics office CBS reported on
Wednesday” (DutchNews.nl, 2018)

Paraphrased version
According to the national statistics office, the Netherlands experienced
dramatic growth in tourist numbers in 2017. More than 42 million tourists
travelled to or within the Netherlands that year, representing a 9% increase
– the steepest in 12 years (DutchNews.nl, 2018).
● The text is rewritten in your own words.
● The meaning of the text did not change.
● The source is cited correctly according to APA in-text citation rules.

Paraphrasing tips
The five steps to paraphrasing may seem straightforward, but writing an idea in a
different way than the published version can be difficult. These are four tricks you
can apply to help you do so.
1. Start your first sentence at a different point from that of the original source.
2. Use synonyms (words that mean the same thing).
3. Change the sentence structure (e.g. from active to passive voice, simple to
compound or complex, etc.).
4. Break the information into separate sentences.

We have applied these four tips to the example below:

Original quote:
“But the hearing was about more than Facebook; it exposed a critical turning
point as the power, sophistication and potential exploitation of technology
outpaces what users, regulators or even its creators expected or seem
prepared to handle” (Roose & Kang, 2018, para. 11).
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 Paraphrased version:
The hearing made it apparent that the expectations of creators, regulators and
users have been rapidly eclipsed by technology in general, not only Facebook.
Such technologies now extend beyond what these parties are able to manage,
due to their immense influence, potential for exploitation and sophistication
(Roose & Kang, 2018, para. 11).

1. Start your first sentence at a different point from that of the original source.
In the example, you can see that we started by introducing the context (the
hearing) followed by the last part of the original sentence: the expectations of
creators, regulators and users. In fact, the key pieces of information are mentioned
in a completely different order.
2. Use as many synonyms as possible.
Synonyms are words or phrases that mean the same thing. Our example uses
several synonyms:
● “exposed a critical turning point” → “made it apparent”
● “outpaces” → “rapidly eclipsed”
3. Change the sentence structure.
For example, if the sentence was originally in the active voice, change it to
passive. The active voice is when a sentence is led by the subject (the thing doing
the action). When the object (the thing receiving the action) leads the sentence,
that sentence is written in the passive voice.
● “Technology outpaces what users, regulators or even its creators
expected” → “The expectations of creators, regulators and users have
been rapidly eclipsed by technology”
4. Break the information into separate sentences.
Although paraphrasing will usually result in a word count roughly the same as an
original quote, you may be able to play with the number of sentences to make the
text different. In this example, one long sentence was broken into two. The
opposite could also be the case, i.e. if the original quote is composed of two
sentences, you may be able to combine the information into one.

Source: Courtney Gahan (October 31, 2019) How to paraphrase sources.

Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/.
Retrieved July 25, 2020. Scribbr.

Formats in summarizing and paraphrasing

1. Idea Heading Format

The summarized idea comes before the citation.
Example: Bench marking is a useful strategy that has the potential to help
public officials improve the performance of local services (Folz, 2004;
Ammons, 2001).

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 2. Author Heading Format
The summarized idea comes after the citation. The author’s name/s is/are
connected by an appropriate reporting verb.
Example: The study of Kabilan, Ahmad and Abidin (2010) shows that the students
perceived FB as an online environment to expedite language learning, specifically
English. Donmus (2010) asserts that educational games on FB fecundate the
learning process and make students’ learning environment more engaging.
3. Date Heading Format
The summarized idea comes after the date when the material was published.
Example: In their 2004 study on the impact of participatory development
approach, Irvin and Stansbury argue that participants can be valuable to the
participants and the government in terms of the process and outcomes of
decision making.

Source: Marian A. Habla (Jul 23, 2017). Basics in summarizing. Retrieved

from https://www.slideshare.net/marian10788/basics-of-summarizing.
Retrieved July 25, 2020.

II. ACTIVITIES
A. Practice Tasks
Task 1: Instructions. Read and analyze the given related literature below and
identify the main concept and its purpose. Write your answers in the table.

Based on the literature on science education, instructional characteristics are

associated with student achievement. The strongest instructional recommendation
was observed for instruction that emphasized laboratory inquiry or activity. Laboratory
inquiry was associated with higher and more equitable achievement among students
even if they were of different demographic profiles (Von Secker and Lissits,1999). A
number of studies have traced that the engagement of students with science concepts
and experimental procedures are some of the evidence of successful achievement in
Science. (Campbell, Kaundda, Allie,Buffler and Lubben,2000).

MAIN CONCEPT PURPOSE

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 Task 2: Instruction. Using your output in Practice Task 1, construct a one (1)-
paragraph synthesis of the given related literature.

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Task 3: Instructions. Search and choose two (2) related literature which you
are interested in. Get the title, objective, respondents and significant findings. Then,
construct a one (1)-paragraph synthesis of the details that you have gathered.

Related Literature 1

Title of Study

Objective

Respondents

Significant
Findings

Related Literature 2

Title of Study

Objective

Respondents

Significant
Findings

Synthesis:
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 B. Assessment
Summarize the given related literature below. A rubric will be used in assessing
your output.

Body image issues have been widely associated with social media usage, particularly
in young women. The relation between media depictions and body image concerns is well-
established; a meta-analysis by Grabe, Ward and Hyde (2008) concluded that exposure to
mass media is linked to body image dissatisfaction among women. However, in an era of
rapidly changing digital technologies, the mass media paradigm is no longer adequate for
understanding how people engage with images, and the findings of older studies like this one
may not be generalizable to younger generations. In light of this changing landscape,
researchers have become increasingly interested in the specific effects of social media.
Perloff (2014) theorizes that the interactive aspects of social media may influence its
impact on body image, and mentions that young women are among the most active social
media users. Several empirical studies have focused on Facebook usage in adolescent girls
(Tiggermann & Slater, 2013; Meier & Gray, 2014) and in young adult women (Smith, Hames,
& Joiner, 2013; Fardouly et al., 2015; Cohen, Newton-John & Slater, 2017), while a systematic
review by Holland and Timmerman (2016) confirmed a relationship between social networking
and body image for both women and men.
Across these studies, there is consistent evidence that body image issues are
influenced not by social media usage in general, but by engagement with the visual and
interactive aspects of these platforms. Nonetheless, there is a lack of robust research on more
highly-visual social media (HVSM) such as Instagram and Snapchat that have gained more
recent popularity among younger generations.

Source: Shona McCombes. June 25, 2020. How to write a literature review. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/. Retrieved July 25, 2020. Scribb

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IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. Cited literature and studies are adequate and
relevant to the research problem.
2. Related literature and studies are recent (five
years ago to present year of the study)
3. Foreign literature, studies, literature and local
studies are present.

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 4. Synthesis of the reviewed literature and
studies is well-organized, concise (not too
long nor too short) and is based on the
researchers’ logical analysis of the cited
materials.
5. The sources of the cited literature and studies
are appropriately acknowledged and or
credited.
6. Proper format and mechanics are observed.
7. Correct grammar is observed.
Score
Adapted with revision:
University of San Jose Recoletos (2016). Research Rubric for Final
Oral Defense. Retrieved from
https://usjr.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Form-5b-Research-
Rubrics-Final-Oral-Defense.pdf

V. ANSWER KEY
A. Practice Tasks
Task 1
Answers may vary.
Task 2
Answers may vary.
Task 3
Answers may vary.

B. Assessment
Answers may vary.

VI. REFLECTION/COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS
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VII. REFERENCES
Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017). Contextualized Module on
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion. Camarines Sur Division.

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 Gahan, C. (2019). How to paraphrase sources. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Scribbr.
Habla, M. A. (Jul 23, 2017). Basics in summarizing. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/marian10788/basics-of-summarizing. Retrieved July 25,
2020.
Kim, YS. (2018). The importance of literature review in research writing
Retrieved from https://owlcation.com/humanities/literature_review. Retrieved July 21,
2020.
Lyons, K. (2020). How to write a literature review. Retrieved from
https://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
Concordia University Library.
McCombes, S. (2020). How to write a literature review. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Scribbr.
Pubrica.com (2019). The importance of literature review in research writing.
Retrieved from https://medium.com/@pubricahealthcare/the-importance-of-literature-
review-in-research-writing-67f5af941650. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
Quizizz. Quiz on Literature Review. Retrieved from
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5de451e8644873001bc86394/review-of-related-
literature. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Taylor,C. What is Synthesis? University of Manitoba. Retrieved from:
https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/nursing/students/What_is_synthesis.pdf
University of San Jose Recoletos (2016). Research Rubric for Final Oral Defense.
Retrieved from https://usjr.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Form-5b-Research-
Rubrics-Final-Oral-Defense.pdf. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
Upstate Library (June 2, 2020). Literature Review: Purpose of a Literature Review.
Retrieved from https://uscupstate.libguides.com/c.php?g=627058&p=4389968.
Retrieved July 20, 2020.

Prepared by:
JESSICA BOLALIN-RUBI, SHS Teacher II
Altamarino-Clasio HS, SDO Cam. Sur
BELINDA T. NELLASCA, Master Teacher I
Calabanga National HS, SDO Cam. Sur

Quality Assured by:

FE F. PERALTA, Principal II
Bula NHS, SDO Cam. Sur
EDNA B. ALADANO, Principal II
Gov. Mariano E. Villafuerte HS, SDO Cam. Sur
PRECIOSA R. DELA VEGA, EPS I
SDO Camarines Sur
JEANETTE M. ROMBLON
EPS English SDO Masbate City
Layout Artist:
MARY JANE S. SAN AGUSTIN, Teacher III
Fundado ES, SDO Camarines Sur

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