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sus
M. TVLLI CICERONIS

PRO PVBLIO SESTIO

ORATIO AD IVDICES

WITH INTRODUCTION
CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
AND INDEXES

BY THE

REV. HUBERT A. HOLDEN, M.A. LL.D

EXAMINER IN GREEK TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
SOMETIME FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE
EDITOR OF CICERO DE OFFICIIS PRO PLANOIO ETC.

THIRD EDITION

3Lonion
MACMILLAN AND CO
AND NEW YORK
1889

All Rights reserved

 PA
(o2$|
δ
444
4665
x41^ Ὁ
Printed and stereotyped by C. J. CLAY M.A. and SONS at
the Cambridge University Press
First impression 1883
Second, impression revised 1887
Third impression revised 1889
 PREFACES

IN preparing this edition of Cicero's Sestiana Yl have

followed the same general plan as in the P/anciana
(published in 1881 for the Syndics of the Cambridge
University Press) which has been very favourably
noticed in English and Foreign Reviews.
The speech is not one that is usually read in
English Schools or even Universities, and yet it
is full of interest. It contains some passages, espe-
cially those about M. cATO (c. xxvm) and about
the different kinds of statesmen, as fine as anything
we have in Roman oratory; and there is much
historic interest in the lively sketch of the state
of political parties at one of the most thrilling
periods. In short, it is a specimen of the writer's
best style, *natural, direct, vivid, powerful, tremulous
with life and energy, perfect in form, genuinely Latin,
yet penetrated with the Greek feeling for finish and
clearness, as Professor Nettleship well describes it
vi

in à recent Article in the Fortnightly Review, where

he institutes à comparison between the style of Cicero
and that of Catullus. 1
A. scholar who is second to none in his intimate
knowledge of Cicero's Latinity, Mr James S. Reid,
Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, has kindly
read the proof sheets and furnished the remarks
distinguished by his initials J. S. R.
LONDON
June 1883

In revising the Second Edition I have consulted

the Essay by Martin Hertz entitled Zur Kritik von
Ciceros Rede für Sestius (Leipzig 1881); also the edd.
of C. F. W. Müller, of Halm-Laubmann, Berlin
1886 and of Bouterwek, Gotha 1883.
LONDON
September 1887

The Third Edition has been carefully revised and

corrected throughout.
LONDON
August 1889

H. A. HOLDEN
 CONTENTS

PAGE
INTRODUCTION . ὁ ^ e ix—xxxii
Oratio pro Sestio : : e δ 1-—78
Exordium ὃ 1—8 2 » ,
Propositio 8 8—8 5 d ὸ
Confirmatio ὃ 6—895 . ? 3—46
Refutatio 896—8 185, y 471—617
Digressio $8136—8 143 . à 67—71
Peroratio ὃ 144—8 147 . 71—18
NorEs 175—259
APPENDIX ON THE TEzxT . 263—976
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 271—219
INpEx I ὃ 280—289
INpDEx I] . : 290—313
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 INTRODUCTION |
(4FTER HALM)

$1. WrirrH the suppression of the Catilinarian

conspiracy M. Tullius Cicero had attained the zenith
of his politieal career. The hope which he in-
dulged, that together with the eternal gratitude of
his fellow-citizens he had secured for himself real
influence in the future course of public events, proved
at the end of his consulship to be null and void. For
at the close of his year of office he was about to address
the people on the occasion of resigning his authority,
when one of the tribunes Q. Caecilius Metellus
Nepos refused him leave to speak to the assembly,
saying that he who had condemned Roman citizens to
death without à hearing ought not to have a hearing
himself! As the tribune would only allow him to
take the usual oath that he had done his duty, the
consul swore with a loud voice that he alone had pre-
served the Commonwealth from ruin?; and the people
confirmed the truth of his statement with loud accla-
mations and escorted him home from the Forum with
1 Qic. ep. ad fam. v 2 8 qui ín alios animadvertisset. in-
dicta causa, dicendi ipsi potestatem fieri nom oportere.
? Plutarch Cie. e. 28 ὥμνυεν oU τὸν πάτριον ἀλλ᾽ ἴδιόν τινα kal
καινὸν ὅρκον, Dion Cass. 37, 38, Cic. or. in Pis. c. 3.
ic. INTRODUCTION
unusual demonstrations of respect. Though not only
Cicero, but other prominent members also of the
senatorial party, such as the intrepid Q. Lutatius
Catulus? and the stubborn hero M. Porcius Cato,
must have experienced in the time which followed
similar attacks and calumnies, the senate succeeded
in maintaining a decided preponderance until the con-
sulship of Gaius Julius Caesar, their vigorous pro.
ceedings against the Catilinarians having given them
a fresh lease of authority and influence.

| $2. By his election to the Consulship fors.c. 59

Caesar was a step nearer to the accomplishment of
his long-cherished grand project of raising himself to
supreme power as the champion of the popular party.
Pompeius, who was angry with the senate because
they delayed the confirmation of his arrangements in
Asia after his victory over Mithridates and the assign-
ment of the lands which he had promised his soldiers,
was shortsighted enough to play into the hands of
Caesar. "The latter succeedéd in effecting a reconcilia-
tion between Pompeius and the wealthy and powerful
Crassus, who had quarrelled in their consulship and
had never been friends since. He won them over by
the argument that their mutual hostility could not
but enhance the influence of such men as Cicero and
Cato; while an union of interests on the contrary
would reduce their opponents to insignificance. What-
ever secret projects were entertained by them indi-
vidually, the three were united in the determination
3 His death in the year ».c. 60 was a heavy loss to the party
of the optimates.
 INTRODUCTION xi

to obtain the overthrow of the aristocratical party

(optimates) by all means in their power.

$3. The first result of this coalition was the pass-

ing of Caesar's land bill (lex agraria) in spite of the
resistance of the senate; and its adoption exposed
the weakness of the party of the optimates. "The
other laws also which Caesar had carried during his
consulship, whether unaided or by the agency of his
instrument the tribune P. Vatinius, served more or
less to circumscribe and still further weaken the power
of the optimates. 'The control which the senate exer-
cised over the provinces of the Consuls was abolished.
In defiance of the /ex Sempronia, which restricted the
oecupation of a province to a single year, Caesar
obtained from the people, by means of a rogation
of Vatinius, the government of Cisalpine Gaul to-
gether with Illyricum, with a force of three legions,
for five years; and the senate, fearing lest he should
extort from the people whatever else it attempted to
withhold, anticipated them by extending his commis-
sion to Gallia Transalpina. Meanwhile Caesar pro-
vided against the reversal of his measures by pro-
curing the election of two creatures of his own to
the Consulship for the year z.c. 58, viz Aulus
Gabinius, and L. Calpurnius Piso whose daughter
Calpurnia he had recently married.

$4. Butthe opposite party had not yet surren-

dered all hope of subverting the paramount influence
of the triumvirate. An attempt to annul the acts of
the preceding year was made by the praetors for the
xii INTRODUCTION

year B.C. 58, C. Memmius* and L. Domitius, in con-

junction with C. Antistius, tribune of the people:
M. Cato made a great outcry about the tyrannical con-
duet of the three confederates: Cicero finally, after
the vain efforts made to detach him from the cause
of the optémates, although he had taken but little
part in polities during the year B.c. 59, was con-
stantly giving expression to his discontent with the
wretched condition of public affairs; To qbviate
these storms and secure from attack the laws and
ordinances of Caesar, some of which were threatened
with reversal because they had been enacted in viola-
tion of the customary forms, it was of primary im-
portance that Cato and Cicero should be got rid of.
They were the two most dangerous opponents in the
senatorial party; the first, because he made no secret
of his conviction as to the nullity of all the Julian
laws and was a man to act as he thought, the second,
because of his eloquence. "The execution of the mea-
sures resolved on against these two men was com-
mitted to the clever but dissolute Publius Clodius,
who commanded the rabble of Rome and was the
most likely person to plunge the state, already un-
settled, into fresh and still deeper troubles.

$5. P. Clodius. Pulcher, à member of the

ancient and noble family of the Claudii, began his
career in B.C. 70 when he served with his brother
Appius under their brother-indaw L. Lucullus in the
Mithridatie war. Disappointed ambition led him
while in Asia into mutinous attempts, which ended
* See n. to 8 40, 1. 30.
 INTRODUCTION xiii

in his betaking himself to his other brother-in-law

Q. Marcius Rex, proconsul of Cilicia, by whom he was
entrusted with the command of his flotilla. —Clodius
fell into the hands of the pirates, who however re-
leased him without ransom through fear of Pompeius.
It was on this occasion that Ptolemaeus, the rich
king of Cyprus, gave him. mortal offence by offering
only two talents as his ransom: for which niggardli-
ness he paid dearly, for when Clodius became tribune
in B.C. 58, he brought forward a law to deprive him
of his kingdom and reduce Cyprus to a Roman
province* On his return to Rome in s.c. 65 he
arraigned Catilina for extortion (repetundarwm) in
his government of the province of Africa: but Cati-
lina bribed his accuser and judge and escaped.

$ 6. In private life Clodius had already been

guilty of all sorts of excesses, and at the close of
B.C. 62, the year of his quaestorship, he committed
an act of sacrilege, which is especially memorable be-
cause it gave rise to that bitter enmity between him-
self and Cicero, which was fraught with such important
consequences to both and to Rome itself. In the pro-
secution of an intrigue with Caesar's wife Pompeia, he
ventured to disguise himself as a dancing-girl and steal
into Caesar's official residence in the Sacra Via, at the
time when the mysteries of the Bona Dea, at which
the presence of men was strictly forbidden, were being
celebrated there; but he was detected in the act*.
5 Bee 8 57, Appian B. C. ix 23, Strabo xiv 6 8 6.
$ 8 116 ἐπ coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur, C.
Plutarch Cic. c. 28 λαβὼν ἐσθῆτα kal σκευὴν ψαλτρίας.
xiv INTRODUCTION

The senate", upon the matter being laid before them,

referred it to the pontifical college, who pronounced it
an offence against religion and declared that Clodius
ought to be put on his trial and it was therefore
resolved to propose a bill (rogatio) to the Popular
Assembly for regulating the trial. 'The consuls moved
for the appointment of an extraordinary tribunal, in
which the éudéces should be selected by the Praetor
himself, and not, as usual, by lot. But the bill was
defeated through the influence of the party of Clodius,
the senate, on the recommendation of Hortensius, yield-
ing at length to the proposal of the tribune Q. Fufius
Calenus that he should be tried by an ordinary jury
taken from the three decuriae iudicum and not by ἃ
special jury selected by the Praetor. Clodius was
then arraigned by P. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, but
acquitted, by means of bribery and intimidation, by
a majority of thirty-one to twenty-five. Cicero had
the courage to appear as ἃ witness, asserting that
he had seen Clodius in his own house on the very
day of the religious ceremony, three hours before he
pretended to have been at Interamna (T'rnmi) about
ninety miles from Rome.

87. Eager to wreak his vengeance upon Cicero,

Clodius now sought to arm himself with more formid-
able power by becoming a tribune of the people. For
this purpose it was necessary that he should be
adopted into a plebeian family; as he was swé iwris,
i.e. of full age and not in the power of his father, who
was dead, this adoption could only be effected by the
7 fee or. p. Mil. $ 18, ep. ad Att. 1 12—106.
 INTRODUCTION xv

procedure called adrogatio in the Comitim Curiata

under the presidency of a Pontifex. Repeated at-
tempts were made by the tribune Gaius Herennius
to get this brought about, but unsuccessfully, At
last Cicero in his speech in defence of Gaius Antonius
Hybrida, his colleague in the consulate, happened to
give offence to Caesar by some political allusion, and
within three hours after the delivery of the speech,
Clodius became the adopted son of P. Fonteius and
was converted from a patrician into a plebeian, This
happened at the end of the year s.c. 59*.

88. In spite of this unfriendly act, Caesar per-

severed in his endeavours to conciliate Cicero, whom
he had no desire to ruin but only wished to humiliate
and deprive of the power of doing mischief in future.
He offered him a /ibera legatio and one, of his own
lieutenancies, which after much hesitation Cicero
finally declined and thereby gave great offence to
Caesar? He also offered to maké him one of the
8 Cic. or. de dom. sua 8 41: hora fortasse sexta diei questus
sum in iudicio, cum C. Antonium collegam meum defenderem,
quaedam de re publica quae mihi visa sunt ad illius miseri
causam pertinere. |Haec homines improbi ad quosdam viros
fortis longe aliter atque a, me dicta erant detulerunt. .Hora nona
illo ipso die tu es adoptatus. Hence the allusion in or. p. Sest.
8 16 legum sacratarum catenis solvit subito; Long Rom. Rep.
III p. 4138 f.
9 ep, ad Att. 11 18, 3: a Caesare valde liberaliter invitor in
legationem illam, sibi ut sim legatus, atque etiam libera legatio
voti causa datur: or. de prov. cons: 8 41 consul ille egit eas
768, quarum me participem esse voluit : quibus ego si minus
adsentiebar, tamen illius mihi iudicium gratum esse debuit. Me
ille ut quinqueviratum acciperem rogavit; me in tribus sibi
xvi INTRODUCTION

five commissioners!" (quinque viri) for carrying out

the agrarian law which was passed in that year, but
this offer also he refused.
$9. With the assistance of the regents, Clodius
succeeded in obtaining the tribunate and entered upon
his office on the ἸΟ of December s.c. 59. On
the last day of this year he treated the consul M.
Bibulus in the same manner as the tribune Metellus
had treated Cicero on a former occasion when laying
down his office, by preventing him from addressing
the people when he came forward to take the usual
oath that he had done his duty and with the inten-
tion of saying something on the state of public affairs.
He then proceeded to execute his projected plan of
revenge against Cicero, strengthened by a party which
he had formed for himself among the people, the
knights and even the senate itself, for Cicero had
made himself many enemies by his arrogance and by
the unbridled license of his tongue and love of satire,
and was generally more feared than loved".

S 10. To attain this object and to conciliate the

good will of different parties Clodius had enacted
coniunctissimis consularibus esse voluit: mihi legationem, quam
vellem, quanto cum honore vellem detulit. Quae ego omnia mon
ingrato animo sed, obstinatione quadam sententiae repudiavi.
10 ep. ad Att. x1 19, 4.
Ἢ Dio Cass. 88,12, 4 ἐλπίσας αὐτὸν ῥᾳδίως, ἅτε kal διὰ φό-
βον μᾶλλον ἢ δι᾽ εὔνοιαν ἰσχύοντα, καθαιρήσειν, Plutarch (Cic. c.
24---28) has given the same testimony about his vanity and un-
ruly tongue and the enemies that he made by his sarcastie
remarks.
 INTRODUCTION xvii

several laws which caused them one and all to regard

him in the light of à benefactor. By the abrogation
of the /ex Aelia Fwfia" he removed the check upon
tumultuous assemblies of the people, and so facilitated
the carrying of future measures; by a lex frwmen-
taria? for the relief of the poor citizens of Rome he
won the favour of the people; by his /ex censoria,
which did not wholly abolish but only circumscribed
the power of the Censors, he gratified many members
of senatorial and equestrian standing; finally, by the
restoration of the old guilds and street-clubs (collegia
compitalicia) which had been done away with, and the
creation of new ones which might easily assume a
political character, he formed for himself a sort of
praetorian cohort, which enabled him to carry by force
measures which he failed to secure by legal means.

8 ll. As soon as the artful agitator had thus

prepared the way for his attack on Cicero, he came
forward with a rogation to this effect, that whoever
had caused ἃ Roman burgess to be put to death with-
out & regular trial and formal sentence should be
punished with banishment", The bill, though it did
not expressly name Cicero, was clearly aimed at him.
For although it was in fact a condemnation of the
whole Senate, inasmuch as they in B.c. 63 had given
the consuls extraordinary power, and were guilty of
1? See n. on c. 15.
13 $ 55.
14 $ 55; Intr. to or. p. Plancio p. xxxv.
15 ut qui civem Romanum indemnatum interemisset, ei aqua
et igni interdiceretur Vell. Paterc. 11 45, 1; see also Dio Cassius
38 c. 14 ff.
ET. h
xviii INTRODUCTION

the judicial murder of the 5th December 8. c. 63, still

it was Cicero who had denounced the conspirators in
the senate, voted for their condemnation and delivered
them to execution; and therefore he was responsible
for the fatal decree.

$12 Assoon as he perceived that the rogation

was primarily aimed against himself, instead of assum-
ing the bold front of conscious innocence, Cicero at
once took guilt to himself and without awaiting the
progress of events, while it was yet uncertain whether
the bill would be carried or not, assumed the garb of
one accused, put off his senatorial dress and went
about in that of ἃ knight'^, soliciting the support and
sympathy of all who had influence, both friends and
enemies. He was the more hopeful of success inas-
much as there was no lack of strong demonstrations
in his favour",

$13. The Equites assembled on the Capitol and

some of them went as deputies to the Consuls and the
senate to beg their interposition in Cicero's favour;
and the deputation was joined by the senators
Q. Hortensius and Gaius Curio. L. Ninnius, the
tribune who all along supported Cicero, had urged
the people to put on mourning, as though a great
calamity had befallen the state; the senate also
passed a resolution for doing the same as the rest of
the city, and did not resume their ordinary dress
until forbidden by a special edict of both the consuls
to comply with their own resolution.
16 See n. on$ 26. 17 Dion Cassius 38, 16.
 INTRODUCTION xix

$ 14. But the opposite party adopted violent

measures against these proceedings; Clodius would
not allow Ninnius to address the people on behalf of
Cicero; Gabinius, the consul, forbade the deputation
from the Equites to approach the senate, and even
banished one of them, L. Lamia, who had shown par-
tieular attachment to Cicero, two hundred miles from
the city. He abused Hortensius and Curio for hav-
ing been present at the gathering of the Equites on
the Capitol, and taken part in the deputation. Clo-
dius went still further ; he made the delegates appear
at the assembly of the people on the pretence that he
would allow them to speak, and exposed them when
there to rough usage at the hands of his hired gang".

$15. Some days afterwards Clodius held ἃ meet-

ing of the people outside the Pomerium in the
Cireus Flaminius, in order to obtain the opinion of
Caesar who was ewm mperio. 'The consul Piso was
also there. He had been prevented by indisposition
from taking part in the proceedings of the last few
days, after Cicero, agains& whom he had hitherto
shown no hostility, had with indignant disdain rejected
his advice to leave Rome. Being asked by Clodius
what he thought of the proposed rogation, Piso
18 Cic, says 8 27 deprecatores salutis meae operarum suarum
gladiis et lapidibus obiecit: οἵ, also or. de domo sua 8 54 cum
608, qui in conventu virorum bonorum verba de salute mea fecerant,
adesse iussisti, eorumque advocationem manibus ferro lapidibus
discussisti, tum profecto ostendisti vim tibi maxime displicere;
Dion Cassius says 38, 16 eis το πλῆθος εἰσαγαγὼν πληγαῖς διά
τινων προπαρεσκευασμένων αὐτοὺς συνέκοψεν.
19 Dio Cass. 38 c. 16 ff.
^9
xx INTRODUCTION

answered that no such savage or cruel measure pleased

him, in which indirect reply he seems to have referred
to the punishment of Lentulus and the other con-
spirators. Gabinius was asked the same question and
his answer was still more impetuous, for he declared
that it was revolting to him not only that any one
should put citizens to death without trial and judg-
ment, but that he should bring disgrace upon the
senate and the Equites. When the tribune appealed
to Caesar also to declare his opinion, he condemned
the illegal proceedings against Lentulus and his asso-
ciates, but did not approve of the penalty proposed by
the bill of Clodius for what had been done. He said
that his opinion about the execution of the conspira-
tors was known to all (he had voted against their
capital punishment); stil it appeared tc him an
irregular proceeding that such a law as that of Clodius
should be enacted for acts now past.

S 16. Clodius was satisfied with this indirect

recommendation, 'The most powerful member of the
iriumvirate had publicly pronounced the proceedings
against Lentulus to be a violation of the laws. Crassus,
through his son Publius, made some show of aiding
Cicero, but he himself went with the crowd. Pom-
peius indeed did promise his help to Cicero; but when
it came to action, he made first one and then another
pretext, kept out of the way and left him in the
lurch. So deserted and betrayed on all sides Cicero
became alarmed, and guided chiefly by the advice of
Cato and Hortensius, who feared that a civil war
might arise from an attempt at armed resistance, deter-
 INTRODUCTION xxi

mined to leave Rome, although he had not yet been

impeached.

$17. On the very same day on which he fled

from Rome, the rogation of Clodius received the sanc-
tion of the people, under which the consuls Piso and
Gabinius received the reward of their services, the
former the province of Macedonia with Achaia, the
latter the rich province of Asia, in defiance of the
lez Sempronia", On this day also Clodius presented
to the Comitia a privilegiwm in the natureof a bill
of pains and penalties directed against Cicero, by
which bill he was interdicted the use of fire and
water". The original bil named no limits to the
interdiet, but this was corrected before the bill was
enaeted and the interdict was limited to 400 miles
from Rome?, Within these limits Cicero could not
remain, nor could any man harbour him in his house.
lt was in fact banishment from Italy. Not a night
was suffered to elapse after the decree was passed,
?)? or, p. Sest. 8 53, or. de dom. sua 8 δῦ quid? cum
Gabinio Syria dabatur, Macedonia Pisoni, utrique infinitum
imperium, ingens pecunia, ne tum quidem vis erat? By. à new
rogation Gabinius received at a later period permission to ex-
change Cilicia for the more lucrative province of Syria; see n.
to 8 55.
?! de domo sua 8 47.
?? ep. ad Att. 111 4. There is no evidence that the former
bill of Clodius, which was directed against any person who had
. put or should put to death a Roman citizen without trial, was
ever enacted. "The enactment would have been useless, for the
object of Clodius was only to drive Cicero away and that was
effected by the second bill which contained his namq and no
other. Long Rom. Rep. ru p. 457.
xxii INTRODUCTION
before Cicero's property was seized by his unrelent-
ing enemies: his house on the Palatine was reduced
to ashes and on part of its site a temple to the god-
dess Libertas was consecrated. The villa at Tuscu-
lum, his favourite retreat on which he had spent
so much, was plundered, and the furniture and orna-
ments were carried off to the neighbouring villa of
the consul Gabinius. Cicero even says that his
children were sought for the purpose of being mur-
dered?. There was à clause in the bill to prevent
either the senate or the people from repealing the law**.

$18. In the same year, soon after Cicero's exile,

Marcus Cato also was removed from Rome, his pro-
posed honourable mission, as quaestor with the rank
of praetor, to Cyprus having been confirmed by the
popular vote, "The object was to annex that king-
dom, which as well as Egypt had fallen to the
Romans by the testament of Alexander II but had not
like Egypt bought off the Roman annexation, and to
strip its king Ptolemaeus of the crown-treasure and
bring it to Rome. Cato was at the same time com-
missioned to restore certain exiles to Byzantium and
to settle the complicated municipal affairs of that city,
for it was Clodius' object to keep him from Rome as
long as he could during his tribunate*^,

?3 p. Sest. $ 54.
?4 ep. ad Att. i11 15, 6. This prohibitive clause was to the
effect that no motion should be made and nothing said about
Cicero's restoration.
25. See cc. 28 and 29: and ep. Mommsen ARom. Hist. Vol. 1v «
-

p. 50, p. 160, p. 217 f.

 INTRODUCTION xxiii

$19. Clodius had worked in the interest of the

three regents only so long as his desire of revenge
against his enemies remained unsatisfied. When these
had been removed out of his way, he employed the
-—

very power, which he owed to the confederates, as a

weapon of offence against them. He had the hardi-
hood to engage in & dispute with the regent of the
commonwealth on a question of little moment; and
the variance soon became a formal feud, which con-
verted Clodius iuto an implacable foe. This deter-
mined Pompeius to form a closer union with the
senate and to agitate for the recall of his arch-enemy
Cicero?" Caesar at first would not hear of it, but he
gave his consent at last, when he found that the tur-
bulent tribune at the close of his year of office had
the presumption even to declare the Julian laws null
and void because of their informality ".
8. 20. But through the vehement opposition of
the party of Clodius and the street fights in which he
36 Dion 89, 6 says of B.c. 57: ταῦτα μὲν ἐν τῇ Γαλατίᾳ ἐγέν-
ero. Πομπήιος δὲ ἐν τούτῳ τὴν κάθοδον τῷ Κικέρωνι ψηφισθῆναι
διεπράξατο. ὃν γὰρ διὰ τοῦ Ἰζλωδίου ἐξεληλάκει, τοῦτον ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν
ἐκεῖνον ἐπανήγαγεν" οὕτω Tov τὸ ἀνθρώπειον δι᾽ ὀλίγου τε
ἔστιν ὅτε μεταβάλλεται, καὶ ἀφ᾽ ὧν ὠφεληθήσεσθαί τινες ἢ καὶ
βλαβήσεσθαι νομίζουσι, τὰ ἐναντιώτατα ἀντιλαμβάνουσιν. |Cp. p.
Sest. 8 67 and also or. de domo sua 8 66.
27 or. de domo sua ὃ 40: tua denique omnis actio posterior-
ibus mensibus fuit, omnia, quae C. Caesar egisset, quod, contra
auspicia essent acta, per senatum. rescindi oportere: quod, si
fieret, dicebas te tuis umeris me custodem urbis in urbem rela-
turum, Still Quintus Cicero, before Caesar gave his consent,
was obliged to give some assurances in the name of his brother
of his politieal doings, on which subject several intimations
are found in his letters, Mommsen Rom. Hist. Vol. 1v p. 312.
xxiv | INTRODUCTION
engaged with his armed battalions of gladiatorial slaves
and rufüans the matter was put off until the second
half of the following year. The first proposal of
the tribune L. Ninnius on June 1l m.c. 587? for the
exile's recall, which passed the senate, as well as that
put forward by the eight tribunes on the 29th of
October?, was nullified by the opposition of the tri-
bune Aelius Ligus. But on the 1st of January n.c. 57
the consul P. Cornelius Lentulus proposed Cicero's
restoration in the senate without any opposition from
his colleague Q. Caecilius Metellus, who was no longer
hostile to Cicero but had at last become reconciled to
him chiefly out of regard to Pompeius?

$21. All the more determined were the measures

of Clodius in opposition, and now that he was a pri-
vate man, he sought to make up for his loss of power
by the open employment of arms. The resolution of
the 1st of January? was hindered by delay and fraud,
and on the 25th of the same month, the great day
which was fixed for the decision of the popular assem-
bly about the case, the tribune Q. Fabricius, who had
undertaken to propose the bill (rogatio), occupied the
?3 8 08. Cf. Introd. to or. p. Planeio p. xrr.
9 $ 69 f.
3? Dion Cassius 38, 7 states expressly that he had declared
himself on Cicero's side for the first time in the course of this
year. He remarks that the contest between the two hostile
parties had been all the more stubborn in 8.0. 57, because
both had a Consul at their head: οὗτοί re οὖν ἐπὶ πλέον ἢ
πρίν, ἅτε kal ἡγεμόνας τοὺς ὑπάτους ἔχοντες, kal ol ἄλλοι
οἱ ἐν τῇ πόλει διαστάντες πρὸς ἑκατέρους ἐθορύβουν.
31 8 79 ff.
 INTRODUCTION XXV

| place: of meeting before daylight?: but his opponents

were there still earlier with armed men and slaves and
ΟῚ some gladiators? belonging to the praetor Appius
ὴ Clodius, and forming the body-guard of his brother
& Sextus, by help of whom he managed to inspire terror
everywhere. Fabricius was attacked; some of his
^, party were killed and many were wounded; amongst
7 others Cicero's brother Quintus.

8 22. Ona subsequent occasion P. Sestius as tri-

| bune of the plebs appeared in the temple of Castor to
stop some proceedings of the consul Metellus (obnun-
| pavit consuli), which he could legally do. Trusting
| to the sanctity of his office he had come unprotected ;
4 but Clodius and his band taking advantage of the
4 opportunity attacked the tribune with swords, Penn
ji

g of the wooden partitions in the Forum and clubs;

| and he fell with more than twenty wounds under the | |
7 blows of his enemies and only escaped with his life
7 because they thought he was killed, It was now
4 time for Sestius to look after his own safety, and it
4 was not until he had suffered this violence, that he
7 protected himself by keeping ἃ force which enabled
him to resist any attack?'; his colleague also T. An-
" nius Milo collected a band of gladiators; it was the
] preponderance which these bands obtained at last over
4 tne hired gangs of Clodius, which made the restora-
tion of Cicero possible?, A resolution of the senate
32 o. 85, 33 Dion Cass. 39, 7.
M. o, 87. 35 co, 38, 39, 42.
36 Velleius 2, 45, Dion Cassius 39 e. 8 καὶ τέλος μονομά-
Xovs τινὰς kal αὐτὸς (Milo) καὶ ἄλλους τῶν τὰ αὐτὰ ol βουλο-
xxvi INTRODUCTION

which was carried with only one dissentient voice,

was brought before the burgesses by the two consuls
and confirmed by them in the comitia centuriata on
the 4th of August, B.C. E.

$23. The city continued to be disturbed by riots

even after the return of Cicero. On the twelfth of
November Clodius attempted to take possession of
and burn Milo's house in the Germalus, and Milo
was compelled to bring an action against him for
disturbance of the peace under the lex Plautia de vi.
Clodius made vigorous efforts to obtain the aedileship,
in the hope of eluding by this means the process with
which he was threatened. He could not be brought
to trial before the election to the aedileship was
decided, on the ground that the quaestors^, whose
duty it was to determine the ?ud?ces by lot, were not
yet appointed, and the consul Metellus Nepos forbade
the praetor to admit any prosecution before the jurors
were appointed. Now, as the election of aediles pre-
ceded that of the quaestors, Milo saw himself com-
pletely powerless, until it could be held, for the
punishment of Clodius or the protection of Clodius'

μένων ἀθρούσας és χεῖρας τῷ Κλωδίῳ συνεχῶς ἤει xal σφαγαὶ κατὰ

|
4
f
3
πᾶσαν ὡς εἰπεῖν τὴν πόλιν ἐγίγνοντο. Ὃ οὖν Νέπως φοβηθεὶς |
πρός τε τοῦ συνάρχοντος καὶ πρὸς τοῦ Πομπηίου τῶν τε ἄλλων
τῶν πρώτων μετεβάλετο καὶ οὕτως ἥ τε γερουσία κατελθεῖν τὸν
Κικέρωνα τοῦ Σπινθῆρος ἐσηγησαμένου προεβούλευσε, καὶ ὁ δῆμος
ἀμφοτέρων τῶν ὑπάτων ἐσενεγκόντων ἐψηφίσατο. ᾿Αντέλεγε μὲν γὰρ
πρὸς αὐτοὺς Κλώδιος, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκείνῳ τε ὁ Μίλων ἀντέκειτο ὥστε
μηδὲν βίαιον δρᾶσαι καὶ τῷ νόμῳ ἄλλοι τε καὶ ὁ Πομπήιος συνεῖ-
πον, ὥστε πολὺ κρείττους αὐτοὺς γενέσθαι.
3 Dion Cass. 39. 7 quoted in note on 89 1. 18.
 INTRODUCTION xxvii

enemies: so he got his men together and prepared

to repel force with force.

$24. Clodius was still powerful enough through

the influence of his friends to carry his election as
eurule Aedile, but not until the twenty-second of
January B.C. 56, owing to the long postponement of
the comitia in the consulate of Cn. Cornelius Lentulus
Mareelinus and L. Marcius Philippus. The first
thing that he did was to commence a prosecution
before the people against Milo, whose tribunate had
ended on the tenth of December nB.c. 57, for disturb-
ing the publie peace (de v?, quod gladiatores adhi-
bwisset, w£ rogationem posset de Cicerone perferre"),
ie. he laid a charge against him for committing the E; À |
very same offence which he was himself guilty o£ | "m
and for which he had been prosecuted by Milo. This i)
—he did, not because he hoped to bring :Milo to justice, )
^but because he wished to furnish his opponents with

38 diem dicit et accusavit de vi Milonem, 8 95. The reason

why he brought this charge before the popular assembly is
probably because on the 2nd of February the iudices had not
yet been named in consequence of the long postponement of
the election of magistrates.. This will explain a passage in
Dion who remarks 39, 19 ὁ γὰρ Κλώδιος ὅπως ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἀποροίη
(Pompeius) οὐκ εἴα τὸν φρατριατικὸν νόμον ἐσαχθῆναι (i.e. he
would not allow the lez curiata de imperio to be passed, with-
out which no court of justice could be constituted, and which
was essential because it conferred the imperium and the auspi-
οἷα (Liv. v 52, 15, Cic. de leg. agr. 1x1 8 30): πρὶν γὰρ ἐκεῖνον re-
θῆναι, οὔτ᾽ ἄλλο τι τῶν σπουδαίων ἐν TQ κοινῷ πραχθῆναι οὔτε
δίκην οὐδεμίαν ἐσαχθῆναι ἐξῆν.
89. Schol. Bob. ad or. p. Mil. $ 40.
xxviii INTRODUCTION

sometbing to do, and so to find further occasion for

annoying their supporters and friends.

ὃ 25. The charges which were brought against

P. Sestius on the lOth of February z.c. 56, at the
instigation of Clodius*, were equally malicious. He
was charged with bribery (de ambitu) by Gnaeus
Nerius, and on the same day by one M. Tullius Albi-
novanus with a breach of the peace (de vi) under the
lex Plautia of s.c. 89, because he had gone about as
tribune with armed bands disturbing: the public
tranquillity*. Of the first charge nothing further is
known; Cicero is concerned only with the second.
Though there had been some little unpleasantness
between himself and Sestius, who seems to have been
a man of sullen and unpopular manners and fancied
himself neglected or not sufficiently requited by Cicero
for the part he took in his restoration, Cicero, having
heard of his indisposition, went in person to his house
and offered him his services ^. On the following day,
February llth, he seized the opportunity to predispose
the public favourably towards Sestius with à view to

40 or, in Vatin. 8 41.

4 p. Sest. $ 78 hic iam de ipso accusatore quaero, qui P.
Sestium queritur cum multitudine in tribunatu et cum praesidio
magno fuisse, and ὃ 84 homines, inquit, emisti, coegisti,
parasti.
42 ep. ad Quint. fr. 11 3, 5; a. d. 111 Id. Febr. Sestius ab
indice On. Nerio Papinia de ambitu est postulatus, et eodem die
a quodam M. Tullio de vi. Iserat aeger. Domum, ut debuimus,
ad eum statim venimus eique nos totos tradidimus ;idque fecimus
praeter hominum opinionem, qui nos ei iure suscensere putabant,
ut humanissimi gratissimique et ipsi et omnibus videremur.
(δ.
 INTRODUCTION xxix

his subsequent defence of him, in a speech (no longer

extant) on behalf of L. Calpurnius Bestia, who was
aceused of electoral corruption when a candidate for
the praetorship in the preceding year^. Cicero ex-
toled his services in protecting his client, when he
was attacked by the followers of Clodius in a street
contliet and wounded in the temple of Castor.

$26. Itis uncertain whether the trial of Sestius

took place before M. Aemilius Seaurus, to whom
Cicero appeals twice (8. 101 aud 8 116), in the course
of his speech. The jury was composed of senators,
knights and £ribuni aerari», in equal proportions ac-
cording to the /ex Awrelia, (udiciaria, passed by Cotta
in B.C. 70. The principal witnesses against the de-
fendant were L. Gellius Publicola, a stepson of
L. Marcius Philippus consul m.c. 91, and P. Vati-
nius^, the notorious tribune of n.c. 59, one of Caesar's
tools, against whose credibility as a witness Cicero
delivered a smart invective in his extant speech, in
Vatiniwm, testem, 4nterrogatio, which formed an inter-
lude in the process. Pompeius gave his laudatio of
the accused as did also a deputation from Capua*.
The case was defended by the two first orators of the
5$ ibid. $ 6; a. d. πὶ id. Febr. dizi pro Bestia de ambitu
apud praetorem Cn. Domitium in foro medio maximo conventu,
incidique in. eum locum in dicendo, cum Sestius multis in templo
Castoris volneribus acceptis subsidio Bestiae servatus esset. Hic
προῳκονομησάμην quiddam εὐκαίρως de iis, quae in. Sestium ap-
parabantur crimina, et eum ornavi veris laudibus, magno assensu
omnium,
44 or, p. Sest. $ 110 ff., and $ 122 ff,
55 ep. ad fam. 1.9, 7.
XXX INTRODUCTION

day Q. Hortensius and M. T. Cicero, and also by M.

Crassus and L. Licinius Calvus". 8.27. According
to his usual custom, where other advocates were em-
ployed with him, Cicero spoke last", but he did
not concern himself with any charges in particular;
these had been dealt with already by Hortensius* and
others. Cicero's object is rather to present an outline
of the life and character of his client^, the most
important period of which was his tribunate, in such
a manner as to bring before the notice of the court
every circumstance the consideration of which might
influence their judgment.

ὃ 28. In this point of view the historical survey

of the career of Sestius forms the gist of the whole
speech. But, as it was necessary to have some ac-
quaintance with the riotous and turbulent proceedings
of the previous year B.C. 57, in order to be able to
form a correct estimate of the claims to his country's
gratitude which Sestius had established in his tribu-
nate, Cicero launches into a digression (from ὃ 15 on-
wards) concerning his services, in order that he might

46 Arg. Schol. Bob. p. 292 ed. Orelli causam plurimi defen-:

derunt, in quis fuit Q. Hortensius, M. Crassus, L. Licinius
Calvus, partibus inter se distributis, quas in agendo tuerentur.
4 88. Cf. Intr. to or. p. Planc. p. xx, Reid Intr. to or. p.
Sulla p. 33.
48 ἃ 8, ὃ 5 singulis criminibus ceteri responderunt.
4 8 δ᾽ dicam ego de omni statu Sestii...contendamque, si
modo id consequi potero, ut in hac confusa atque wniversa
defensione mhil a me, quod ad vestram quaestionem, mihil
quod ad reum, nihil quod ad rem publicam pertineat, praeter-
missum 6886 videatur.
 INTRODUCTION xxxi

at the same time introduce the narrative of his own

banishment and vindication of his own behaviour,
which had been stigmatized by some as cowardly.
He returns in $ 71 to his proper subject which is
continued unto ὃ 95. ὃ 29. But before the conclusion
of his speech (peroratio ὃ 144), the orator in c. 45 ff.
introduces a still longer episode, containing a kind
of political dissertation on the nature and position of
the *caste' (natio) of optimates (to use an expression
of Vatinius), on which some sneering reflections had
been made by the prosecutor, and he glorifies them as
the true friends of the people and protectors of their
country, in contrast with the selfish and tyrannical
demagogues (populares). With this episode the orator
very adroitly interweaves an account of his own glo-
rlous restoration, in answer to the remarks which the
prosecutor had made about it and the way in which it
had been accomplished, and thus an admirable finish
is given to the preceding description of his exile.
The episode, it is true, has the appearance of being
brought in somewhat violently and spun out to a
disproportionate extent, but this defect, if it is ἃ
defect, may be excused in consideration of the orator's
brilliant description. It may be assumed also that
this part of the speech was not fully elaborated until
after delivery.

$30. The trial lasted with interruptions until the

fourteenth of March, when Sestius was acquitted as
we learn from a letter of M. T. Cicero to his brother
Quintus 11 4: Sestius moster absolutus est pridie Id.
Mart. et, quod vehementer 4nterfuit rei publicae nullam
xxxii INTRODUCTION

videri 4n eius mod causa dissensionem, esse, omnibus

sententiis absolutus est. Illud, quod {ἰδὲ curae saepe
esse intellexeram, me cui iniquo relinqueremus vitupe-
randi locum, qui mos ingratos esse diceret, misi illius
perversitatem. quibusdam 4n rebus quam, humanissime
Jerremus, scito hoc mos 4n. eo Vwdicio consecutos esse, ut
ommwm gratissimi Vudicaremwr. Nom. defendendo
moroso homini cwmvwlatissime satis fecimus, et quod
ille maoime cupiebat, Vatiniwm, à quo palam oppug-
nabatwur, arbitratu nostro concidimus, dis hominibusque
plaudentibus. Quin. etiam. Paulus noster, cwm. testis
productus esset àn Sestiwm, confirmavit se nomen Vatinii
delatwrwm, s Macer Licinius cunctaretur ; et Macer ab
Sestii subselliis surrexit ac se illà non defuturum adfir-
mavit. Quwid quaeris? homo petulans et audae valde
perturbatus debilitatusque discessit.
 M. TULLI CICERONIS

PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO

AD IUDICES.

I. Siquis antea, iudices, mirabatur quid esset quod 1

pro tantis opibus rei publicae tantaque dignitate imperii
nequaquam satis multi cives forti et magno animo
invenirentur, qui auderent se et salutem suam in dis-
σι erimen offerre pro statu civitatis et pro communi liber-
tate, is|ex|hoc tempore miretur potius, si quem bonum
et fortem civem viderit,quam si quem aut timidum aut
sibi potius quam rei publicae consulentem. Nam ut
omittatis de unius cuiusque casu cogitando recordari,
10 uno aspectu intueri potestis eos, qui cum senatu, cum
bonis omnibus rem publicam adflictam excitarint et
latrocinio domestico liberarint, maestos, sordidatos, reos
de capite, de fama, de civitate, de fortunis, de liberis
dimicantis ; eos autem, qui omnia divina et humana
15 violarint vexarint, perturbarint everterint, non solum
alacris laetosque volitare, sed etiam fortissimis atque
optimis civibus periculum moliri, de se nihil timere.
In quo cum multa sunt indigna, tym nihil minus est 2
ferendum, quam quod iam non per latrones suos, non
20 per homines egestate et scelere perditos, sed per vos
nobis, per optimos viros optimis civibus periculum
inferre conantur, et, quos lapidibus, quos ferro, quos
^w He ΐ 1
 2 M. TULLI CICERONIS

facibus, quos vi manu copiis delere non potuerunt, hos

vestra auctoritate, vestra religione, vestris sententiis se
oppressuros arbitrantur. Ego autem, iudices, quoniam
qua voce mihi in agendis gratiis commemorandoque
eorum, qui de me optime meriti sunt, beneficio esse 5
utendum putabam, ea nunc uti cogor in eorum periculis
depellendis, iis potissimum vox haec serviat, quorum
opera et mihi et vobis et populo Romano restituta est.
9 IIl. Etquamquam a Q. Hortensio, clarissimo viro — |
atque eloquentissimo, causa est P. Sesti perorata nihil- 10
que ab eo praetermissum est, quod aut pro re publica
conquerendum fuit aut pro reo disputandum, tamen
adgrediar ad dicendum, ne mea propugnatio ei potissi-
mum defuisse videatur, per quem est perfectum, ne
ceteris civibus deesset. Atque ego sic statuo, iudices, 15
a me in hae causa atque hoc extremo dicendi loco
pietatis potius quam defensionis, querellae quam elo-
quentiae, doloris quam ingenii partis esse susceptas.
4 Itaque, si aut acrius egero aut liberius, quam qui ante
me dixerunt, peto ἃ vobis ut tantum orationi meae 20
eoncedatis, quantum et pio dolori et iustae iracundiae |
concedendum putetis. Nam neque officio coniunctior
dolor ullus esse potest quam hic meus susceptus ex ]
hominis de me optime meriti periculo, neque iracundia
magis ulla laudanda est quam mea inflammata eorum s5
scelere, qui cum omnibus meae salutis defensoribus
5 bellum esse sibi gerendum iudicaverunt. Sed quoniam
singulis criminibus ceteri responderunt, dicam ego de
omni statu P. Sesti, de genere vitae, de natura, de
moribus, de incredibili amore in bonos, de studio con- 30
servandae salutis communis atque otii contendamque,
si modo id consequi potero, ut in hac confusa atque
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88 2—1 3
universa defensione nihil à me quod ad vestram
quaestionem, nihil quod ad reum, nihil quod ad rem
publicam pertineat, praetermissum esse videatur; et
quoniam in gravissimis temporibus civitatis atque in
σι ruinis eversae atque adflictae rei publicae P. Sesti tri-
bunatus est ἃ Fortuna ipsa collocatus, non adgrediar
ad illa maxima atque amplissima prius quam docuero
quibus initiis ac fundamentis haec tantae summis in
rebus laudes excitatae sint.
10 IIL Parente P. Sestius natus est, iudices, homine,
ut plerique meministis, et sapiente et sancto et severo :
qui cum tribunus plebis primus inter homines nobilissi-
mos temporibus optimis factus esset, reliquis honoribus
non tam uti voluit quam dignus videri. Eo &uctore
15 duxit honestissimi et spectatissimi viri, C. Albini,
filiam, ex qua hic est puer et nupta iam filia. Duobus
his gravissimae antiquitatis viris sic probatus fuit, ut
trique eorum et carus maxime et iucundus esset.
Ademit Albino soceri nomen mors filiae, sed caritatem
ilius necessitudinis et benevolentiam non ademit.
Hodie sic hunc diligit, ut vos facillime potestis ex hac
vel adsiduitate eius vel sollicitàdine et molestia iudi-
care, Duxit é£erum uxorem patre vivo, optimi et 7
calamitosissimi viri filiam, L. Scipionis. Clara in hoc
P. Sesti pietas exstitit et omnibus grata, quod et
Massiliam statim profectus est, ut socerum videre
consolarique posset fluctibus rei publicae expulsum,
in alienis terris iacentem, quem in maiorum suorum
vestigiis stare oportebat, et ad eum filiam eius ad-
duxit, ut ille insperato aspectu complexuque si non
omnem, at aliquam partem maeroris sui deponeret,
maximis praeterea adsiduisque officiis et illius de
12:8
 4 M. TULLI CICERONIS l
nam, quoad vixit, et filiae solitudinem sustentavit.
Possum multa dicere de liberalitate, de domesticis
officiis, de tribunatu militari, de provinciali in eo
magistratu absti&entia; sed mihi ante oculos obver-
satur rei publicae dignitas, quae me ad sese rapit, haec 5
8 minora relinquere hortatur. Quaestor hic C. Antoni,
collegae mei, iudices, fuit sorte, sed societate consilio-
rum meus. Impedior non nullius officii, ut ego inter-
iretor, religione, quo minus exponam, quam multa
.P. Sestius, cum esset cum collega meo, senserit, ad 10
me detulerit, quanto ante providerit. Atque ego de
Antonio nihil dico praeter unum, numquam illum
ill summo timore ac periculo civitatis neque com-
munem metum omnium nee propriam non nullorum
de ipso suspicionem aut infitiàndo tollere aut dissimu- 16
lando $edáre voluisse. (In quo collega sustinendo atque
moderando si meam in illum indulgentiam coniunctam
cum summa custodia rei publicae laudare vere solebatis,
par prope laus P. Sesti esse debet, qui ita suum con-
sulem observavit, ut et ili quaestor bonus et bonis 20
omnibus optimus civis videretur.
9 IV. Idem, cum illa coniuratio ex latebris atque
ex tenebris erupisset palamque armata volitaret, venit
cum exercitu Capuam, quam urbem propter plurimas
belli opportunitates ab illa impia et scelerata manu ss
temptari suspicabamur: OC. Mevulanum, tribunum
militum Antoni, Capua praecipitem eiecit, hominem
perditum et non obscure Pisauri et in aliis agri Gallici
partibus in illa coniuratione Versatum. Idemque C.
Marcellum, cum is non Capuam solum venisset, verum 80
etiam se quasi armorum studio in maximam familiam
coniecisset, exterminandum ex illa urbe curavit. Qua
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88 1—12 5

de causa et tum conventus ille Capuae, qui propter

salutem illius urbis consulatu conservatam meo, me
unum patronum adoptavit, huic apud me P. Sestio
maximas gratias egit, eb hoc tempore eidem homines
5 nomine commutato coloni decurionesque, . fortissimi
atque optimi viri, beneficium P. Sesti testimonio
declarant, periculum decreto suo deprecantur. Recita, 10
quaeso, L. Sesti, quid decrerint Capuae decuriones, ut
iam puerilis tua vox possit aliquid significare inimicis
10 vestris, quidnam, cum se cónióbofarit, effectura esse
videatur. DEOURIONUM DECRETA. Non recito decretum
officio aliquo éXpressum vicinitatis aut clientelae aut
hospitii publici aut ambitionis aut commendationis
gratia, sed recito niefnóriam perfüneli periculi, praedi-
16 cationem amplissimi beneficii, vocem officii praesentis,
testimonium prü&teriti temporis. Atque illis tempori- 11
bus isdem, cum iam Capuam metu Sestius liberasset, τὰ ὁ
urbem senatus atque omnes boni d preliéhsis atque ^ τ᾿
oppressis domesticis hostibus me duce ex periculis
20 maximis extraxissent, ego litteris P. Sestium Capua
aféeéssivi eum illo exercitu, quem tum secum habebat.
Quibus hie litteris lectis ad urbem confestim incredibili
celeritate advolavit. Atque ut illius temporis. atroci-
tatem recordari possitis, audite litteras et vestram
?5 memoriam ad timoris praeteriti oogitationem excitate.
LITTERAE CICERONIS CONSULIS
Vv. (Hoc adventu P. Sesti tribunorum plebis novo-
rum, qui tum extremis diebus consulatus mei res eas,
quas gesseram, ὙΠ cupiebant, reliquaeque coniura-
30 tionis impetus et conatus sunt retardati. Ac postea- 12
quam est intellectum, M. Catone tribuno plebis, fortis-
simo atque optimo civi, rem publicam defendente, (per
 6 M. TULLI CICERONIS
"ge ipsum senatum populumque Romanum sine militum
praesidio tueri facile maiestate sua dignitatem eorum,
qui salutem communem fericulo suo defendissent,
Sestius cum illo exercitu summa celeritate C. Antonium
consecutus est, iiic eégó quid praedicem, quibus hic οι

rebus consulem quaestor ad rem gerendam excitarit,

quos séulos admoverit homini studioso fortasse
victoriàe, sed tamen nimium (cofnxírátiém Martem belli
casumque metuenti? Longum est ea dicere, sed hoc
breve dicam: Si M. Petrei non excellens animus et 10
amor rei publicae, non praestans in re publica virtus,
non summa auctoritas apud milites, non mirificus üsüs
in re militari exstitisset, neque adiutor ei P. Sestius
ad excitandum Antonium, cohortandum, accusandum,
impellendum fuisset, datus illo in bello esset hiemi 15
locus neque umquam Catilina, cum e pruina Appennini
οἷ atque e nivibus illis emersisset atqu (aestatem. integram
^-manetus Italiae callis e& pastorum s bula praeoecupare
Oqopisset, sine multo sanguine: aq sine totius Italiae
13 vástitate miserrima éóncidisset. Hunc igitur animum 90
attuli& ad tribunatum, P. Sestius, ut quaesturam
Macedoniae ielinquam et aliquando ad haee piópióra
veniam. Quamquam non est omittenda singularis illa
integritas provincialis, euius ego nuper in Macedonia |...
vidi vestigia non pressa leviter ad eXigui práedicl- ss
tionem temporis, sed fixa ad memoriam illius provinciae
sempiternam ;—verum haec ita praetereamus, ut tamen
intuentes et respectantes relinquamus: ad tribunatum,
qui ipse ad sese iam dudum vocat et quodam modo
absorbet orationem meam, contento studio cursuque 30 .
veniamus.
14 3 VI. De quo quidem tribunatu ita dictum est ἃ
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8 12—165 T

Q. Hortensio, ut eius oratio non defensionem modo

videretur criminum continere, sed etiam memoria dig-
nani iuventuti (rei publicae &iipesséildae) auctoritatem
disciplinamque praescribere. Sed tamen, quoniam tri-
5 bunatus totus P. Sestiínihil aliud nisi meum nomen
causamque sustinuit, necessario mihi de isdem rebus
esse arbitror si non subtilius disputandum, at certe
dolentius deplorandum. Qua in oratione si asperius
in quosdam homines invehi vellem, quis non conce-
10 deret ut eos, quorum sceleris furore violatus essem,
vocis libertate persütifigérem ἢ Sed agam moderate et
huiüs potius tempori serviam quam dolori meo : si qui
occulte a salute nostra diésélitiunt, [abeant Ft qui
fecerunt aliquid aliquando atque eidem nunc tacent et
15 quiescunt, Rr Quoque Mihiüs obliti; si qui ὅθ offerüht,
ἐν üntur, quoad ferri poterunt, perferemus, neque
quemquam offendet oratio mea, nisi qui $e'ita obéulerit,
,"utin eum non invasisse, sed incucurrisse videamur.
7"Sed necesse est, ante quam de tribunatu P. Sesti 15
20 dicere incipiam, me totum superioris anni rei publicae

VII. f Fuerat ille annus iam in re publica, iudices,

2; cum in magno motu et multorum timore intentus esf
arcus in me unum, sicut vulgo ignari rerum loqueban-
tur, re quidem in universam rem publicam, Ghductione
ad plebem furibundi hominis ac perditi, mihi irati,
sed multo acrius otii et communis salutis inimici.
80 Hune vir clarissimus mihique ímultis repugnantibus,
amicissimus, Cn. Pompeius, omni cautione, foedere,
ex$ecFátione devinxerat nihil in tribunatu contra me
(«ὦ Q re ola okw-
 8 M. TULLI CICERONIS

esse facturum : quod ille nefarius, ex omnium scele-

rum collüvione natus, parum se foedus violaturum
arbitratus est, nisi ipsum cautorem alieni periculi suis
16 propriis periculis terruisset. Hane taetram imma-
nemque beluam vinectam auspiciis, alligatam more 5
maiorum, constrictam legum sacratarum éhtenis solvit
subito lege curiata consul, vel, ut ego arbitror, eXo-
ratus vel ut non nemo putabat, mihi iratus, ignarus
quidem certe et imprudens impénüentium tantorum
scelerum et malorum. Qui tribunus plebis felix in 10
evertenda re publica fuit, nullis suis nervis—qui enim
in eius modi vita nervi esse potuerunt hominis fraternis
flagitiis, sororiis stupris, omni inaudita libidine exsan-
17 guis i—sed fuit profecto quaedam illa rei publicae
fortuna fatalis, ut ille caecus atque amens tribunus pl. 15
nancisceretur—quid dicam? consules ? Hocine ut ego
nominé*appellem eversores huius imperii, perditores
vestrae dignitatis, hostes bonorum omnium, qui ad
delendum senatum, adiligendum equestrem ordinem,
exstinguenda omnia iura atque instituta maiorum se 20
ilis fascibus ceterisque insignibus summi honoris
atque imperii ornatos esse arbitrabantur. Quorum;
per deos immortales! si nondum scelera vulneraque )
inusta rei publicae vultis recordari, vultum atque in*
cessum animis intuemini; facilius eorum facta occur- 25
rent mentibus vestris, si ora ipsa oculis propostiritis.
18 VIII Alter unguentis affiuens, cAliibistrata coma,
despiciens conscios stuprorum ace veteres vexatores
aetatulae suae, puteali e& faeneratorum gregibus infla-
— tus, ἃ quibus compulsus olim, ne in Scyllaeo illo aeris 30
alieni tamquam [in] fretu ad columnam adhaeresceret,
in tribunatus portum perfugerat, contemnebat equites
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO & 15—30 9
Romanos, minitabatur senatui, venditabat se operis
atque ab iis se ereptum, ne de ambitu causam diceret,
praedicabat ab isdemque se (etiam invito senatu|pro-
vinciam sperare dicebat ; eamque nisi adeptus esset, se
5 incolumem nullo modo fore arbitrabatur. Alter, o di 19
boni! quam taeter incedebat, quam trüculentus, quam
terribilis ajéetu ! Unum aliquem te ex barbatis illis,
exemplum imperii veteris, imaginem antiquitatis, colu-
men rei publicae diceres intueri. Vestitus aspere nos-
10 tra hac purpura plebeia ac, paene fusca, capillo ita
horrido, αὖ Capua, in qua ipsa tum imaginis ornandae
causa duumviratum gerebat, Seplasiam sublaturus
videretur. Nam quid ego de supercilio dicam, quod
tum hominibus non supercilium, sed pignus rei publi-
15 cae videbatur? Tanta erat gravitas in oculo, tanta
contractio frontis, ut illo supercilio annus ille niti
tamquam vade videretur. Erat hic omnium sermo: 20
* Est tamen rei publicae wis iim firmumque su
subsidium;
habeo quem opponam ΠΣ ΕΣ τὴ atque eaeno; vultu
20(me dius fidius) collegae sui libidinem lévitaééttiitio
franget; habebit senatus in hunc annum quem sequa-
tur; non deerit auctor et dux bonis'. Mihi denique
homines praecipue gratulabantur, quod habiturus
essem contra tribunum plebis furiosum et audacem
25 cum amicum et adfinem, tum etiam fortem et gravem
consulem.
IX. Atque eorum alter fefellit neminem. Quis
enim clavum tanti imperii tenere et gubernacula rei
publicae Óractare in maximo cursu ac fluctibus posse
30 arbitraretur hominem emersum subito ex diuturnis
tenebris lustrorum ac stuprorum, vino, ganeis, lenoci-
niis adulteriisque confectum, eum is praeter spem in
 10 M. TULLI CICERONIS

altissimo gradu alienis opibus positus esset, qui non

modo tempestatem impendentem intueri teitüléhtus,
21 sed ne lucem quidem insolitam aspicere posset ? Alter
multos plane in omnis partis fefellit: erat enim homi-
num opinioni nobilitate ipsa, blanda "conciliatricula, e

commendatus. Omnes boni semper nobilitati favemus,

et quia utile est rei publicae nobiles homines esse
dignos maioribus suis, et quia valet apud nos claroru
hominumet bene de re publica meritorum memoria
etiam mortuoruri. Quia tristem semper, quia tacitur-
num, quia subhorridum atque incultum videbant, et
quod erat eo nomine, ut ingenerata familiae frugalitas
videretur, favebant, gaudebant et ad integritatem
maiorum spe sua hominem vocabant materni generis
22 obliti Ego autem——vere dicam, iudices,
— tantum
esse in homine sceleris, audaciae, crudelitatis, quantum
ipse cum re publica sensi, numquam putavi: nequam
esse hominem et levem et [falsa opinione] errore homi-
num ab adulescentia commendatum sciebam. Etenim
animus eius vultu, flagitia parietibus tegebantur; sed 20
haec obstructio nec diuturna est neque obducta ita, ut
curiosis oculis perspici non possit.
. X. "Videbamus genus vitae, desidiam, inertiam:
inclusas eius libidines, qui paulo propius accesserant,
intuebantur; denique etiam sermo hominis ansas dabat,
23 quibus reconditos eius sensus tenere possemus. Lau-
dabat homo doctus philosophos nescio quos neque
eorum tamen nomina poterat dicere, sed tamen eos
laudabat maxime, qui dicuntur praeter ceteros esse
auctores et laudatores voluptatis: cuius et quo tem- 30
pore et quo modo non quaerebat; verbum ipsum
omnibus animi et corporis partibus devorarat; eos-
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88 20—95 1]
demque praeclare dicere aiebat s&piéntis omnia sua
causa facere, rem publicam. capessere hominem bene
sanum non oportere, nihil esse piéaestabilius otiosa
vita, plena et conferta voluptatibus; eos autem, qui
5$ dicerent dignitati esse serviendum, rei publicae consu-
lendum, officii rationem in omni vita, non éd modi
esse ducendam, adeunda pro patria pericula, vulnera
excipienda, mortem oppetendam, vaticinari atque insa-
nire dicebat. Ex his assiduis eius cotidianisque ser- 24
10 monibus et quod videbam, quibuscum hominibus in
interiore parte aedium viveret, et quod ita domus ipsa
fumabat, ut multa eius tsermonis indicia redolerent,
statuebam sic, boni nihil ab illis "iugis exspectandum,
mali quidem certe nihil pertimescendum. Sed ita est,
15 iudices: Ut, si gladium parvo puero aut si imbecillo
seni aut debili dederis, ipse impetu suo nemini noceat,
sin ad nudum vel fortissimi viri corpus accesserit,
possit acie ipsa et ferri viribus) vulnerare: 8.6, cum
hominibus enervatis atque exsanguibus consulatus
20(tamquam gladius)esset datus, qui per se pungere ne-
minem umquam potuissent, ii summi imperii nomine
armati nudatam rem publicam contrucidarunt. Foedus
fecerunt cum tribuno plebis palam, ut ab eo provincias
acciperent, quas i vellent, exercitum et pecuniam,
5 quantam vellent,δὰ lege, 'si ipsi prius tribuno plebis
adflictam et oliiatfiotam rem publicam tradidissent.
Id autem foedus meo sanguine dotuin) sanciri posse
dicebant. Qua re patefacta—neque enim dissimulari 25
tantum scelus poterat nec latere— p?omulg&ánütur uno
80 eodemque tempore Pógatiókes ab eodem tribuno de
mea pernicie et de provineiis consulum nominatim,
XI. ic/tum senatus sollicitus, vos, equites Ro-
 12 M. TULLI CICERONIS

mani, excitati, Italia cuneta permota, omnes denique

omnium generum atque ordinum cives summae rei
.publieae à consulibus atque a summo imperio peten-
dum esse auxilium arbitrabantur, cum illi soli essent
p aeter furiosum illum tribunum duo rei publicae ὅ
türbines, qui non modo praecipitanti patriae non sub-
venirent, sed eam nimium tarde concidere maererent.
Flagitabatur ab eis cotidie cum querellis bonorum
omnium, tum etiam precibus senatus, ut meam cau-
sam susciperent, agerent aliquid,denique ad senatum 10
referrent: non modo negando, sed etiam inridendo
amplissimum quemque illius ordinis insequebantur.
26 Hic subito cum incredibilis in Capitolium multitudo
ex tota urbe cunctaque Italia convenisset, vestem
mutandam omnes meque iam omni ratione privato 15
consilio, quoniam publicis ducibus res publica careret,
defendendum putarunt. Erat eodem tempore senatus
in aede Concordiae, quod ipsum templum repraesenta-
bat memoriam consulatus mei, cum fles" universus
ordo eiüéinnitum consulem orabat; ; nam alter ille 20
horridus et severus cosa o se domi continebat. Qua
ium superbia caenum illud ac labes amplissimi ordinis
preces et clarissimorum civium lacrimas repudiavit,
me ipsum ut contempsit helluo patriae! nam quid ego
* patrimonii ! dicam, quod ille totum, quadivis quaestum 25
faceret, amisit? Venistis ad senatum, vos, inquam,
equites Romani et omnes boni veste mutata, vosque
pro meo capite ad pedes lenonis impurissimi proiecistis,
cum, vestris precibus ab latrone illo repudiatis, vir
incredibili fide, magnitudine animi, constantia, L. 80
Ninnius, ad senatum de re publica rettulit, senatusque
frequens vestem pro mea salute mutandam censuit.
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO S 25—29 — 13
EIL..0. diem/illum, -iudioos; fdilidtum senatui bo- 27
nisque omnibus, rei publicae luctuosum, mihi ad
domesticum maerorem gravem, ad posteritatis memo-
riam gloriosum ! Quid enim quisquam potest ex omni
5 memoria sumere inlustrius, quam pro uno cive et
bonos omnis privato consensu et universum senatum
publico consilio mutasse vestem! quae quidem tum
mutatio non deprecationis est causa facta, sed luctus.
Quem enim deprecarere, cum omnes essent sordidati
10 cumque hoc satis esset signi esse improbum, qui mutata
veste non esset1 (Hac mutatione vestis facta tanto in
luctu civitatis) omitto quid ille tribunus omnium rerum
divinarum humanarumque praedo fecerit, qui adesse
nobilissimos adulescentes, honestissimos equites Roma-
15 nos, deprecatores salutis meae iusserit eosque operarum
suarum gladiis et lapidibus obiecerit: de consulibus
loquor, quorum fide res publica niti debuit; Exanima- 28
tus evolat ex senatu, non minus perturbato animo
atque vultu, quam si annis ante paucis in creditorum
20 conventum incidisset ; advocat contionem, habet ora-
tionem talem consul, lsalodi numquam Catilina victor
habuisset: errare homines, si etiam tum senatum ali-
quid in re publica posse arbitrarentur ; equites vero
Romanos daturos illius diei poenas, quo me consule
25 cum gladiis in clivo Capitolino fuissent: venisse tem-
pus eis, qui in timore fuissent—coniuratos videlicet
dicebat—ulciscendi sw. Si dixisset haec solum, omni
supplicio esset dignus; nam oratio ipsa consulis perni-
ciosa potest rem publicam labefactare: quid fecerit
80 videte. L. Lamiam, qui cum me ipsum pro summa 29
familiaritate, quae mihi cum patre eius erat, unice
diligebat, tum pro re publica vel mortem oppetere
 14 M. TULLI CICERONIS

cupiebat, in contione relegavit edixitque, ut ab urbe

abesset milia passuum ducenta, quod esset ausus pro
civi pro bene merito civi, pro amico, pro re publica
deprecari.
XIIL Quid hoe homine facias aut quo civem 5
importunum aut quo potius hostem tam sceleratum
reserves? qui, ut omittam cetera, quae sunt ei cum
collega immani impuroque coniuncta atque communia,
hoc unum habet proprium, ut ex urbe expulerit, rele-
garit non dico equitem Romanum, non ornatissimum 10
atque optimum virum, non amicissimum rei publicae
civem, non illo ipso tempore una cum senatu et cum
bonis omnibus casum amici reique publicae lugentem,
sed civem Romanum sine ullo iudicio ut edicto ex
30 patria consul eiecerit. Nihil acerbius socii et Latini 15
ferre soliti sunt quam se, id quod perraro accidit, ex
urbe exire a consulibus iuberi. Atque illis tum erat
reditus in suas civitates ad suos Lares familiaris et
in illo communi incommodo nulla in quemquam propria
ignominia nominatim cadebat. Hoc vero quid est!0
exterminabit civis Romanos edicto consul a suis dis
penatibus, expellet ex patria, deliget quem volet,
damnabit atque eiciet nominatim ? Hic, si umquam
vos eos, qui nunc estis, in re publica fore putasset, si
denique imaginem iudiciorum aut simulacrum aliquod 25
futurum in civitate reliquom credidisset, umquam
ausus esset senatum de re publica tollere, equitum
Romanorum preces aspernari, civium denique omnium
novis et inauditis edictis ius libertatemque pervertere?
91 Etsi me attentissimis animis, summa cum benipuitate 30
auditis, iudices, tamen vereor ne quis véstfüm forte
miretur, quid haec mea oratio tam longa aut tam alte
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8$ 29—33 15

repetita velit aut quid ad P. Sesti causam eorum, qui

ante huius tribunatum rem publicam vexarunt, delícta
pertineant. Mihi autem hoc propositum est ostendere,
omnia consilia P. Sesti mentemque totius tribunatus
s hanc fuisse, ut adflictae et perditae rei publicae
quantum posset edéfetur. Ac si in exponendis
vulneribus illis de me ipso plura dicere videbor, ΤΠ Ὁ ἫΝ
citote, Nam et ilam meam cladem vos: et omnes
boni maximum esse rei publicae vulnus iudicastis, et
19 P. Sestius est reus non suo, sed meo nomine; qui cum
omnem vim sui tribiiiatus in mea salute consumpserit,
necesse esbí meam causam praeteriti temporis cum
huius praesenti defensione esse coniunctam.
XIV. Erat igitur in luctu senatus; squalebat 32
15 civitas publico consilio veste mutata ; nullum erat Ita-
᾿ς liae municipium, nulla colonia, nulla praefectura, nulla
Romae societas vectigalium, nullum collegium aut con-
cilium aut omnino aliquod commune consiliüm, quod
tum non honorificentissime de mea salute decrevisset :
. 20 cum subito edicunt duo consules, ut ad suum vestitum
senatores redirent. Quis umquam consul senatum
ipsius decretis párére prohibuit, quis tyrannus miseros
lugere vetuit? Parumne est, Piso, ut omittam Gabi-
nium, quod tantum homines fefellisti, ut neglegeres
| $5 auctoritatem senatus, optimi cuiusque consilia contem-
neres, rem publicam proderes, consulare nomen adfli-
geres? etiamne edicere audeas, ne maererent homines
meam, suam, rei publicae calamitatem, ne hunc suum
dolorem veste significarent ? Sive illa vestis mutatio
| 80 ad luctum ipsorum sive ad deprecandum valebat, quis
umquam tam crudelis fuit, qui prohiberet quemquam
aut sibi maerere aut ceteris supplicare ? Quid! sua 33
 16 M. TULLI CICERONIS

sponte homines in amicorum periculis vestitum mutare

non solent? pro te ipso, Piso, nemone mutabit? neisti
quidem, quos legatos non modo nullo senatus consulto,
sed etiam repugnante senatu tibi tute legisti? Ergo
hominis desperati et proditoris rei publicae casum luge- 5
bunt fortasse qui volent: civis florentissimi benevo-
lentia bonorum et optime de salute patriae meriti peri-
eulum coniunctum cum periculo civitatis lugere se-
natui non licebit? Eidemque consules, si appellandi
sunt consules, quos nemo est quin non modo ex 10
memoria, sed etiam ex fastis evellendos putet, pacto
iam foedere provinciarum, producti in circo Flaminio
in contionem ab illa furia ac peste patriae, maximo
cum gemitu vestro illa omnia, quae tum contra me
contraque rem publicam agebantur, voce ac sententia 15
sua comprobaverunt. |
XV. Isdemque consulibus sedentibus atque inspec-
tantibus lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent,ne quis obnun-
tiaret, ne quis legi intercederet, ut omnibus fastis diebus
legem ferri liceret, ut lex Aelia,lex Fufia ne valeret; qua 20
una rogatione quis est qui non intellegat universam rem Ih
Ap
7p| ς.

84 publicam esse deletam? Isdemque consulibus inspec-

tantibus servorum dileitus habebatur pro tribunali
Aurelio nomine collegiorum, cum vicatin homines
conscriberentur, decuriarentur, ad vim ad manus, ad »5
caedem ad direptionem incitarentur. Isdemque con-
sulibus arma in templum Castoris palam comportaban-
tur, gradus eiusdem templi tollebantur, armati homi-
nes forum et contiones tenebant, caedes lapidationes-
que fiebant, nullus erat senatus, nihil reliqui magis- 80
iratus, unus omnem omnium potestatem armis et
latrociniis possidebat non aliqua vi sua, sed, cum duo
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8$ 393—37 17

consules à re publica provineiarum fbeder retraxisset,

* H H« "ce .

insultabat, dominabatur, aliis pollicebatur, terrore ac

| metu multos, plures etiam spe et promissis tenebat.
|. Quae cuti essent eius modi, iudices, cum senatus duces 35
nullos ac pro ducibus proditores aut potius apertos
hostes haberet, equester ordo reus a consulibus citare-
tur, Italiae totius auctoritas repudiaretur, alii nomina-
tim relegarentur, alii metu et periculo terrerentur, arma
essent in templis, armati in foro, eaque non silentio
|0 consulum dissimularentur, sed et voce et sententia com-
| probarentur; eum omnes urbem nondum excisam et
| eversam, sed iam captam: atque oppressam videremus:
| tamen his tantis malis tanto bonorum studio, iudices,
restitissemus, sed me alii metus atque aliae curae sus-
|16 picionesque moverunt.
XVI. Exponam enim hodierno die, iudices, om- 36
nem rationem facti et consili mei neque huic vestro
| tanto studio audiendi nec vero huic tantae multitudini,
quanta mea ?nemoria numquam ullo in iudicio fuit,
20 deero. Nam si ego in causa tam bona tanto studio
senatus, consensu tam incredibili bonorum omnium,
|. tam parato, tota denique Italia ad omnem contentio-
| nem expedita, cessi tribuni pl, despicatissimi hominis,
furori, contemptissimorum consulum levitatem audaci-
" amque pertimui, nimium me timidum, nullius animi,
nullius consilii fuisse confiteor. Quid enim simile fuit 37
in Q. Metello? cuius causam etsi omnes probabant,
tamen neque senatus publice neque ullus ordo proprie
| neque suis decretis Italia cuncta susceperat. Adsuam
|$» enim quandam magis ille gloriam quam ad porépicuam
Salutem rei publicae respexerat, cum unus in legem
per vim latam iurare noluerat: denique videbatur ea
H. 2
 18 M. TULLI CICERONIS
condicione tam fortis fuisse, ut cum patriae caritate
constantiae gloriam coMiüütáret. Erat autem res ei
cum exercitu C. Mari invicto, habebat inimicum C.
Marium, conservatorem patriae, sextum iam illum
consulatum gerentem; res erat cum L. Saturnino, e

iterum tribuno pl., vigilante homine et in causa populari

si non moderate, at certe populariter abstinenterque
versato. Cessit, ne aut victus a fortibus viris cum de-
decore caderet aut victor multis et fortibus civibus rem
38 publicam orbaret, Meam causam senatus palam, eques-
ter ordo acerrime, cuncta ltalia publice, ommes boni
proprie etixeque susceperant, Eas res gesseram, qua-
rum non unus auctor, sed dux omnium voluntatis fuis-
sem, quaeque non modo ad singularem meam gloriam,
sed ad communem salutem omnium civium et prope
gentium pertinerent; ea condicione gesseram, ut meum
factum semper omnes praestare tuerique deberent.
XVII. Erat autem mihi contentio non cum
victore exercitu, sed cum operis conductis et ad
diripiendam urbem concitatis; habebam inimicum 20
non C. Marium, terrorem hostium, spem subsidium-
que patriae, sed duo importuna prodigia, quos eges-
tas, quos aeris alieni magnitudo, quos levitas, quos
39 improbitas tribuno plebis constrictos addixerat; nec
mihi erat res cum Saturnino, qui, quod a se quae-
store Ostiensi pef ighiotiiniam ad principem et sena-
tus et civitatis, M. Scaururi, rem frumentariam
translatam sciebat, dolorem suum magna contentione
animi per&éqüébatur, sed cum scurrarum locupletium
scorto, cum sororis adultero, cum stuprorum sacerdote,
cum venefico, cum testamentario, cum sicario cum
latrone ; quos homines si, id quod facile factu fuit et El
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8$. 91—40 — 19

quod fieri debuit, quodque a me optimi et fortissimi

cives flagitabant, vi armisque superassem, non verebar,
. me quis aut vim vi depulsam répirehenderet aut perdi-
torum civium vel potius domesticorum hostium mortem
5 maereret. Sed me illa moverunt: Omnibus in contio-
. nibus illa furia clamabat se, quae faceret contra salu-
tem meam, facere auctore Cn. Pompeio, clarissimo viro
mihique et nunc et/ quoad 1ícuit amicissimo, M. Cras-
. Sus, quocum mihi omnes erant amicitiae necessitudines,
10 vir fortissimus, ab eadem illa peste infestissimus esse
meis fortunis praedicabatur; C. Caesar, qui a me
nullo meo merito alienus esse debebat, inimicissimus
esse meae saluti ab eodem cotidianis contionibus dice-
batur. His se tribus auctoribus in cótíifliis capiendis, 40
16 adiutoribus in re gerenda esse usurum dicebat; ex
quibus unum habere exercitum in Italia maximum;
duo, qui privati tum essent, et praeesse et parare, si
. vellent, exercitum posse idque facturos esse dicebat.
|. Nee mihi ille iudicium populi nec legitimam aliquam
20 contentionem nec disceptationem aut causae dictionem,
sed vim, arma, exercitus, imperatores, castra denun-
tiabat.
XVIII. Quid ergo? inimici oratio, vana prae-
sertim, tam improbe in clarissimos. viros vóiiétta me
E Me vero non illius oratio, sed eorum. taci-
turnitas, in quos illa oratio tam improba conferebatur;
| qui tum, quamquam ob alias causas tacebant, tamen
| hominibus omniá'timentibus tacendo loqui, non infi-
| tiando confiteri videbantur. Illi autem aliquo tum
30 timore perterriti, quod acta illa atque omnis res anni
. superioris labefactari a praetoribus, infirmari a senatu
, atque ἃ principibus civitatis putabant, tribunum popu-
2—9
 -20 M. TULLI CICERONIS

larem a se alienare nolebant suaque sibi propiora: esse

41 pericula quam mea loquebantur. Sed tamen et Crassus
a consulibus meam causam suscipiendam esse dicebat
et eorum fidem Pompeius implorabat neque se priva-
tum publice susceptae causae defuturum esse dicebat ; 5
quem virum studiosum mei, cupidissimum.rei publicae
conservandae domi meae certi homines ad eam rem
positi monuerunt ut esset cautior, eiusque vitae a me
insidias apud me domi positas esse dixerunt, atque .
hanc eius βαδριαἰότιθαι aliilitteris mittendis, alii num- 10
tiis, alii córám ipsi excitaverunt, ut ille, cum a me
certe nihil timeret, ab illis, ne quid meo nomine moli-
rentur, sibi cavendum putaret. Ipse autem QCaesar,
quem maxime homines ignari veritatis mihi esse ira-
tum putabant, erat ad portas, erat cum imperio; erat 1
in Italia eius exercitus inque eo exercitu(ipsius tribuni
plebis inimici mei) fratrem praefecerat,
42 XIX. Haec ergo cum viderem—neque enim erant
occulta—, senatum, sine quo civitas stare non posset,
omnino de civitate esse sublatum, consules, qui duces 20
publici consilii esse deberent, perfecisse, ut per ipsos
publicum consilium funditus tolleretur, eos, qui pluri-
mum possent, opponi omnibus contionibus, falso sed
formidolose tamen, auctores ad perniciem meam, con-
tiones haberi cotidie contra me, vooom pro ime'mem
pro re publica neminem mittere, inténéa signa legio-
num existimari cervicibus ac bonis vestris falso, sed
putari tamen, coniuratorum copias veteres et effusam
illam ae superatam Catilinae importunam manum
novo duce et insperata commutatione rerum esse reno- 80
vatam:—haec cum viderem, quid agerem, iudices?
Scio enim tum non mihi vestrum studium, sed meum
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO ὃ 40—45 21

prope vestro defuisse. Contenderem contra tribunum 48

plebis privatus armis ? Vicissent improbos boni, fortes
inertis; interfectus esset is, qui hac una medicina sola
potuit ἃ rei publicae peste depelli: quid deinde? quis.
5 reliqua praestaret? cui denique erat dubium, quin ille
sanguis tribunicius, nullo praesertim publico consilio
profusus, consules ultores et defensores esset habitu-
. rus! cum quidam in contione dixisset aut mihi semel
pereundum aut bis esse vincendum. Quid erat bis vin-
10 cere? id profecto, ut, cum amentissimo tribuno plebis
|. Si decertassem, cum consulibus ceterisque eius ultor-
ibus dimicarem. Ego vero, vel si pereundum fuisset 44
| 86 non accipienda plaga mihi sanabilis, illi mortifera
. qui imposuisset, semel perire tamen, iudices, maluissem
15 quam bis vincere. Erat enimillaalteraeiusmodi conten-
|. tio, ut neque victi neque victores rem publicam tenere
possemus. Quid, si in prima contentione vi tribunicia
victus in foro cum multis bonis viris concidissem!?
Senatum consules, credo, vocassent, quem totum de
. $0 civitate delerant; ad arma vocassent, qui ne vestitu
quidem defendi rem publicam glsent; à tribuno plebis
post interitum mewm, dissedissent, qui eandem horam
meae pestis eb suorum praemiorum esse voluissent.
XX. Unum enim mihi restabat illud, quod forsi- 45
36 tan nonnemo vir fortis et acris animi magnique
dixerit: '*Rvestitisses, repugnasses, mortem pugnans
oppetisses. De quo te, te, inquam, patria, testor et
v0S, penates patriique dei, me vestrarum sedüim tem-
plorumque causa, me propter salutem meorum civium,
80 quae mihi semper fuit mea carior vita, dimicationem
eaedemque fugisse. Etenim si mihi in aliqua nave
cum meis amicis naviganti hoc, iudices, accidisset, ut
 22 M. TULLI CICERONIS

multi ex multis locis praedones classibus eam navem

se oppressuros minitarentur, nisi me unum sibi dedi-
dissent, si id vYéctórés negarent ac mecum simul
interire quam me tradere hostibus mallent, iecissem
ipse me potius in profundum, ut ceteros conservarem, σι

quam illos mei tam cupidos non modo ad certam mor-

- tem, sed in magnum vitae discrimen adducerem. Cum
vero in hanc rei publicae navem ereptis senatui guber-
naculis fluitantem in alto tempestatibus seditionum ac — .
discordiarum armatae tot classes, nisi ego essem unus 10 |
deditus, iipopteuten viderentur, cum proscriptio, caedes,
direptio denüftidretur, cum alii me suspicione periculi
sui non defenderent, alii vetere odio bonorum incita-
rentur, alii inviderent, alii obstare sibi me arbitra-
rentur, alii uleisci dolorem aliquem suum vellent, alii 15
rem ipsam publicam atque hune bonorum statum
otiumque odissent et ob hasce causas tot tamque varias
me unum deposcerent, depugnarem potius cum summo
non dicam exitio, sed periculo certe vestro liberorum-
que vestrorum, quam id, quod omnibus impendebat, 0 ;
unus pro omnibus susciperem ac subiremἢ
47 .J XXI. 'Victi essent improbi' At cives, a£ armis,
at ab eo privato, qui sine armis etiam consul rem
publicam conservarat. Sin victi essent boni, qui super-
essent! nonne ad servos videtis rem publicam ven- »5 |
turam fuisse? ΑἹ mihi ipsi, ut quidam putant, fuit
mors aequo animo oppetenda? Quid tum ? mortemne
fugiebam? An eratres ulla, quam mihi magis optandam
putarem? aut ego illas res tantas in tanta impro-
borum multitudine cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non 80
exilium ob oculos vdialbaturt, |non haec denique a
me tum tamquam fata in ipsa re gerenda canebantur?
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88 45—48 23

An erat mihi in tanto luctu meorum, tanta diiun-

ctione, tanta acerbitate, tanta spoliatione omnium
rerum, quas mihi aut natura aut fortuna dederat, vita
retinenda? tam eram rudis, tam ignarus rerum, tam
5 éxpérfs consili aut ingenii? nihil audieram, nihil
A! Lie “5 . .* . . * . .

videram, nihil ipse legendo quaerendoque cognoveram,

nesciebam vitae brevem esse cursum, gloriae sempiter-
num; eum esset omnibus definita mors, optandum
esse ut vita, quae necessitati deberetur, patriae potius
10 donata quam reservata naturae videretur? nesciebam
inter sapientissimos homines hanc contentionem fuisse,
ut alii dicerent animos hominum sensusque morte
restingui, alii autem tum maxime mentes sapientium
ae fortium virorum, cum ex corpore excessissent, sen-
tire ac vigere ? quorum alterum fugiendum non esse,
earere sensu, alterum etiam optandum, meliore esse
sensu, Denique cum omnia semper ad dignitatem 48
rettulissem nec sine ea quicquam expetendum esse
homini in vita putassem, mortem, quam etiam virgines
20 Athenis regis, opinor, Erechthei filiae pro patria con-
tempsisse dicuntur, ego vir consularis tantis rebus
gestis timerem ? praesertim cum eius essem civitatis,
ex qua C. Mucius solus in castra Porsenae venisset
eumque interficere jrópósita sibi morte)conatus esset:
ex qua P. Decius primum pater, post aliquot annos
patria virtute praeditus filius se ac vitam suam
instructa acie pro salute populi Romani victoriaque
devovisset: ex qua innumerabiles alii partim adipis-
cendae laudis, partim vitandae turpitudinis causa
mortem in variis bellis aequissimis animis oppetissent:
in qua civitate ipse meminissem patrem huius M.
Crassi, fortissimum virum, ne videret victorem vivus
 24 M. TULLI CICERONIS
a
inimicum, eadem sibi manu vitam exhausisse, qua
mortem saepe hostibus obtulisset.
49 XXII. Haec ego et multa alia cogitans hoc vide-
bam, si causam publicam mes mors pérémissét, nemi-
nem umquam fore, qui auderet suscipere contra im- σι

probos cives salutem rei publicae. ltaque, non solum

si vi interissem, sed etiam si morbo exstinctus essem,
fore putabam ut exemplum rei publicae conservandae
mecum simul interiret. Quis enim umquam (me a
senatu populoque Romano tanto omnium bonorum 10
studio non restituto, quod certe, si essem interfectus,
accidere non potuisset, ullam rei publicae partem cum
sua minima invidia auderet attingere? Servavi igitur
rem publicam discessu meo, iudices: caedem a vobis
liberisque vestris, vastitatem, incendia, rapinas meo
dolore luctuque depuli et unus bis rem publicam ser-
vavi, semel gloria, iterum aerumna mea, Neque enim
in hoc me hominem esse infitiabor umquam, ut me
optimo fratre, carissimis liberis, fidissima coniuge,
vestro conspectu, patria, hoc honoris gradu sine dolore
caruisse glórier. Quod si fecissem, quod a me bene-
ficium haberetis, cum pro vobis ea, quae mihi essent
vilia, reliquissem ἢ Hoc meo quidem animo summi
in patriam amoris mei signum esse debet certissimum,
quod, cum abesse ab ea sine summo dolore non possem,
hune me perpeti quam illam labefactari ab improbis
90 malui Memineram, iudices, divinum illum virum
atque ex isdem quibus nos salibus natum ad salutem
huius imperii, C. Marium, summa senectute, cum vi
prope iustokim armorum profugisset, primo senile 80
corpus paludibus occultasse demersum, deinde ad in-
fimorum ac tenuissimorum hominum Minturnensium
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO $9 48—52 ὃ
misericordiam eonfugisse ; inde navigio péfparvo, cum
omnis portus terrasque fugeret, in oras Africae desert-,
issimas pervenisse. Atque ille vitam suam, ne fmultüs
esset, ad incertissimam spem et ad rei publicae fatum
| &reservavit: ego, qui, quem ad modum multi in senatu
me absente dixerunt, periculo rei publicae vivebam,
quique ob eam causam consularibus litteris de senatus
sententia exteris nationibus commendabar, nonne, si
meam vitam deseruissem, rem publicam prodidissem?
.3oin qua quidem nune me restituto vivit mecum simul
|J exemplum fidei publicae. Quod si immortale retinetur,
quis non intellegit immortalem hanc civitatem futu-
| rami »
XXIII Nam externa bella regum, gentium, 51
(d nationum iam pridem ita exstineta sunt, ut praeclare
eum iis agamus, quos pacatos esse patiamur ; denique
ex bellica vietoria non fere quemquam est invidia
civium consecuta; domesticis malis et audacium ci-
.4 vium consiliis saepe est resistendum, eorumque peri-
30 culorum est in re publica retinenda medicina ; quam
omnem, iudices, perdidissetis, si meo interitu senatui
populoque Romano doloris sui de me declarandi potes-
tas esset erepta. bre re moneo vos, adulescentes,
atque hoc meo iure praecipio, qui dignitatem, qui rem
35 publicam, qui gloriam spectatis, ne, si quae vos ali-
quando necessitas ad rem publicam contra improbos
civis defendendam vocabit, segniores sitis et recorda-
tione mei casus a consiliis fortibus refugiatis. Primum 59
non est periculum, ne quis umquam incidat in eius
|380 modi consules, praesertim si erit iis id quod debetur
persolutum. Deinde numquam iam, ut spero, quis-
quam improbus consilio et auxilio bonorum se oppug-
 26 M. TULLI CICERONIS
nare rem publicam dicet (illis tacentibus| nec armati
exercitus terrorem opponet togatis; neque erit iusta
causa ad portas sedenti imperatori quare suum ter-
rorem falso iactari opponique patiatur. Numquam
denique erit tam oppressus senatus, ut ei ne suppli-
candi quidem ac lugendi sit potestas, tam captus
equester ordo, ut equites Romani a consule relegentur.
Quae cum omnia atque etiam multo alia maiora, quae
consulto praetereo, accidissent, videtis me tamen in
meam pristinam dignitatem brevi tantum tempore
doloris interiecto rei publicae voce esse revocatum.
908. XXIV. Sed ut revertar ad ilud, quod mihi in
hac omni est oratione prépositum, omnibus malis illo
anno scelere consulum rem publicam esse confectam,
primum illo ipso die, qui mihi funestus fuit, omnibus
bonis luctuosus, cum ego me e complexu patriae con-
spectuque vestro eripuissem et metu vestri periculi,
non mei, furori hominis, sceleri, perfidiae, telis minis-
que cessissem patriamque, quae mihi erat carissima,
propter ipsius patriae caritatem reliquissem ; cum
meum illum casum tam horribilem, tam gravem, tam
repentinum non solum homines, sed tecta urbis ac
templa lugerent, nemo vestrum forum, nemo curiam,
nemo lucem aspicere vellet: illo, inquam, ipso die,
die dico? immo hora atque etiam puncto temporis
eodem mihi reique publicae pernicies, Gabinio et
Pisoni provincia rogata est. Pro dei immortales
custodes et conservatores huius urbis atque imperii,
quaenam illa in re publica monstra, quae scelera
vidistis! Civis erat expulsus is, qui rem publicam ex
senatus auctoritate cum omnibus bonis defenderat, et
expulsus non alio aliquo, sed eo ipso crimine. Erat
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88 52—55 27

autem expulsus sine iudicio, vi, lapidibus, ferro, ser-

vitio denique concitato ; lex erat lata fasto ae relicto
foro|et sicariis servisque tradito et ea lex, quae ut ne
ferretur, senatus fuerat veste mutata, Hac tanta per- 94
5 turbatione civitatis ne noctem quidem consules inter
meum interitwm et suam praedam interesse passi
sunt: statim me perculso ad meum sanguinem haurien-
dum et(spirante etiam re publica|ad eius spolia detra-
henda advolaverunt. Omitto gratulationes, e ulas,
10 partitionem aerarii, beneficia, spem, promissa, prae-
dam, laetitiam paucorum in luctu omnium; vexabatur
uxor mea, liberi àd necem qu&érebühtur, gener, et
Piso gener, a Pisonis consulis pedibus supplex reicie-
batur, bona diripiebantur eaque ad consules defere-
15 bantur, domus ardebat in Palatio; consules epula-
bantur. Quodsi "meis incommodis laetabantur, urbis
tamen periculo commoverentur.
XXV. Sed ut à mea causa iam recedam, reli- 05
quas illius anni pestes recordamini—sic enim facil.
20lime perspicietis, quantam vim omnium remediorum
a magistratibus proximis res publica desiderarit—,
legum multitudinem, cum earum, quae latae sunt,
tum vero, quae promulgatae fuerunt. Nam latae
quidem sunt consulibus illis—tacentibus dicam!
?5immo vero etiam approbantibus, ut censoria notio
et gravissimum iudicium sanctissimi magistratus de
re publica tolleretur ; ut collegia non modo illa vetera
contra senatus consultum restituerentur, sed ab uno
gladiatore innumerabilia alia nova conscriberentur;
30 ut (remissis &enis et trienti us| quinta prope pars vecti-
galium tolleretur; ut Gabinio pro illa sua Cilicia,
quam sibi, si rem publicam prodidisset, pactus erat,
 28 M. TULLI CICERONIS.

Syria daretur et (uni helluoni bis de eadem re delibe-

randi|et rogata lege potestas per novam, legem fieret
provinciae commutandae.
ὃ — XXVI. Mitto eam legem, quae omnis iura reli-
gionum, auspiciorum, potestatum, omnis leges, quae σι

sunt de iure et de tempore legum rogandarum, una

rogatione delevit; mitto omnem domesticam labem:
etiam exteras nationes illius anni furore cotíQássatas
videbamus. Lege tribunicia Matris Magnae Pessi-
nuntius ille sacerdos expulsus et épolt&tus ditirdotio est 10
táktüfnque sanctissimarum atque antiquissimarum reli-
gionum venditum pecuniag
ἴδηαι Brogitaro, impuro
homini atque indigno illa religione, praesertim cum eam
sibi ille non colendi, sed violandi causa adpetisset; ap-
pellati reges ἃ populo, qui id numquam ne a senatu 15
quidem postulassent; reducti exsules Byzantium con- '
demnati tum, cum indemnati cives e civitate eiciebantur.
07 RexPtolomaeus, qui, si nondum erat ipse a senatu
Socius appellatus, erat tamen fÍírater eius regis, qui,
cum esset in eadem causa, iam erat a senatu societatis 20
et amácitiae honorem consecutus, erat eodem genere
eisdemque maioribus, eadem vetustate societatis,
denique erat rex, si nondum socius, at non hostis;
paeatus, quietus, frükus imperio populi Romani regno
paterno atque avito regali otio perfruebatur: de hoc 26
nihil eogitante, nihil suspicante, [eisdem operis suf. |
ffáptum ferentibus|est rogatum, ut sedens cum pur-
pura οὐ sceptro et illis insignibus regiis práeconi pub-
lico sübiceretur et imperante populo Romano, qui
etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit, rex 86
amicus nulla iniuria commemorata, nullis rebus repe-
titis cum bonis omnibus publicaretur.
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8 55—59 29

XXVII. Multa acerba, multa turpia, multa tur- 58

bulenta habuit ille annus: tamen illi sceleri, quod in
me illorum immanitas edidit, haud scio an recte hoc
proximum esse dicamus, Antiochum Magnum illum
σι maiores nostri magna belli contentione terra marique
superatum intra montem Taurum regnare iusserunt:
Asiam, qua illum multarunt, Attalo, ut is regnaret
| . in ea, condonaverunt. Cum Armeniorum rege Tigrane
| . grave bellum nuper ipsi diuturnumque gessimus, cum
, 1 ille iniuriis in socios nostros inferendis bello prope
nos lacessisset. Hic et ipse per se vehemens hostis
fuit et acerrimum hostem huius imperii Mithridatem
| pulsum Ponto opibus suis regnoque defendit, et ab
L. Lucullo, summo viro atque imperatore, repulsus,
, 1 animo tamen hostili cum reliquis suis copiis in pris-
lina mente mansit, Hunc Cn. Pompeius, eum in
suis castris supplicem abiectum vidisset, erexit atque
insigne regium, quod ille de suo capite abiecerat,
reposuit et certis rebus imperatis regnare iussit, nec
| 9) minus et sibi et huic imperio gloriosum putavit con-
, Stitutum à se regem quam constrictum videri. ex 59
|. gitur Armenivus, qui et ipse hostis fuit populi Ro-
| mani et acerrimum hostem in regnum recepit, qui
conflixit, qui signa contulit, qui de imperio paene
, $5 certavit, regnat hodie et amicitiae nomen ac societatis,
quod armis violarat, id precibus est consecutus: ille
Oyprius miser, qui semper amicus, semper socius fuit,
de quo nulla umquam suspicio durior aut ad senatum
&ut ad imperatores adlata nostros est, vivus, ut aiunt,
. 80 est et videns cum victu ac vestitu suo publicatus. En,
cur ceteri reges stabilem esse suam fortunam arbi-
trentur, cum hoc illius funesti anni prodito exemplo
 .30 M. TULLI CICERONIS

videant per tribunum aliquem et sescentas operas

se fortunis spoliari et regno omni posse nudari ! |
60 XXVIIL At etiam eo negotio M. Catonis splen- —
dorem maculare voluerunt ignari,quid gravitas, quid |
integritas, quid magnitudo animi, quid denique virtus Q
valeret, quae in tempestate saeva quieta est et
lucet in tenebris et pulsa loco manet tamen atque
haeret in patria splendetque per sese semper neque
alienis umquam sordibus obsolescit. Non illi ornandum
M. Catonem, sed relegandum, nec illi committendum 10
illud negotium, sed imponendum putaverunt, qui in
contione palam dixerint linguam se evellisse M.
Catoni, quae semper contra extraordinarias potestates
libera fuisset. ^Sentient, ut spero, brevi tempore,
manere libertatem illam, atque hoc etiam, si fieri 15
potuerit, esse maiorem, quod cum consulibus illis
M. Cato, etiam cum iam desperasset aliquid auctori-
tate sua profici posse, tamen voce ipsa ac dolore
pugnavit et post meum discessum iis Pisonem verbis
flens meum et rei publicae casum vexavit, ut illum 20
hominem perditissimum atque impudentissimum paene
61iam provinciae paeniteret. * Cur igitur rogationi
paruit?! Quasi vero ille non in alias quoque leges,
quas iniuste rogatas putaret, iam ante iurarit! Non
offert se ille istis temeritatibus, ut, cum rei publicae 25
nihil prosit, se civi rem publicam privet. Consule
me cum esset designatus tribunus plebis, obtulit in
discrimen vitam suam: dixit eam sententiam, cuius
invidiam capitis periculo sibi praestandam videbat;
dixit vehementer; egit acriter, ea quae sensit prae 80
se tulit; dux, auctor, actor rerum illarum fuit, non
quo periculum suum non videret, sed in tanta rei
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO ὃ. 59—64 31
publicae tempestate nihil sibi nisi de patriae periculis
cogitandum putabat.
XXIX. Consecutus est ipsius tribunatus. Quid 62
ego de singulari magnitudine animi eius ac de in-
5 credibili virtute dicam ἢ Meministis illum diem, cum
templo a collega occupato, nobis omnibus de vita eius
viri et civis timentibus, ipse animo firmissimo venit
in templum et clamorem hominum auctoritate, impe-
tum improborum virtute sedavit. Adiit tum peri-
10 culum, sed adiit ob eam causam, quae quanta fuerit,
iam mihi dicere non est necesse. At si isti Cypriae
rogationi sceleratissimae non paruisset, haereret illa
nihilo minus rei publicae turpitudo; regno enim iam
publieato de ipso Catone erat nominatim rogatum.
1; Quod ille si repudiasset, dubitatis quin ei vis esset
adlata, cum omnia acta illus anni per unum illum
labefactari viderentur? Atque etiam hoc videbat, 63
quoniam illa in re publica macula regni publicati
maneret, quam nemo iam posset eluere, quod ex malis
20 boni posset in rem publicam pervenire, id utilius esse
per se conservari quam per alios Atque ille, etiam
. 8i alia quapiam vi expelleretur illis temporibus ex hac
| urbe, facile pateretur. Etenim qui superiore anno
senatu caruisset, quo si tum veniret, me tamen socium
25 suorum in re publica consiliorum videre posset, is
aequo animo tum, me expulso et meo nomine cum
universo senatu, tum sententia sua condemmata, in
hae urbe esse posset? Ille vero eidem tempori, cui
nos, eiusdem furori, eisdem consulibus, eisdem minis,
30insidiis, periculis cessit, Luctum nos hausimus ma-
iorem, dolorem ille animi non minorem.
XXX. His de tot tantisque iniuriis in socios, 64
 «

82 M. TULLI CICERONIS
X

in reges, in civitates liberas consulum querella esse

debuit: in eius magistratus tutela reges atque exterae
nationes semper fuerunt. Ecquae vox umquam est
audita consulum ?Quamquam quis audiret, si maxime
queri vellent? De Cyprio rege quererentur, qui me
civem nullo meo crimine patriae nomine laborantem
non modo stantem non defenderunt, sed ne iacentem
quidem protexerunt? Cesseram, si alienam ἃ me
plebem fuisse voltis, quae non fuit, invidiae ; si com-
moveri omnia videbantur, tempori; si vis suberat,
armis; si societas magistratuum, pactioni; si peri-
65 culum civium, rei publicae. Cur, cum de capite civis
—non disputo cuius modi civis—et de bonis proscriptio
ferretur, cum et sacratis legibus et duodecim tabulis
Sanctum esset, ut ne cui privilegium inrogari liceret
neve de capite nisi comitiis centuriatis rogari, nulla
vox est audita consulum, constitutumque est illo anno,
quantum in illis duabus huius imperii pestibus fuit,
iure posse per operas concitatas quemvis civem
nominatim tribuni plebis concilio ex civitate extur-
66 bari? Quae vero promulgata illo. anno fuerint, quae
promissa multis, quae conscripta, quae sperata, quae
cogitata, quid dicam? Qui locus orbi terrae iam
non erat alicui destinatus? cuius negotii publici
cogitari, optari fingi curatio potuit, quae non esset
attributa atque discripta? quod genus imperii aut
quae provincia, quae ratio aut flandae aut conflandae
pecuniae non reperiebatur? quae regio orave terrarum
erat latior ,in qua non regnum aliquod statueretur!
quis autem rex erat, qui illo anno non aut emendum
Sibi, quod non habebat, aut redimendum, quod habe-
bat, arbitraretur?! quis provinciam, quis pecuniam,
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88 64—68 93

quis legationem a senatu petebat? Damnatis de vi

restitutio, consulatus petitio ipsi illi populari sacerdoti
. eomparabatur. Haec gemebant boni, sperabant im-
|». probi, agebat tribunus plebis, consules adiuvabant.
“δ XXXI Hie aliquando, serius quam ipse vellet,
On. Pompeius invitissimis iis, qui mentem optimi ac
fortissimi viri suis consiliis fictisque terroribus a defen-
sione meae salutis averterant, excitavit illam suam
non sopitam, sed suspicione aliqua retardatam consue-
19 tudinem rei publicae bene gerendae, Non est passus
ille vir, qui sceleratissimos civis, qui acerrimos hostis,
qui maximas nationes, qui reges, qui gentis feras
atque inauditas, qui praedonum infinitam manum, qui
etiam servitia virtute victoriaque domuisset, qui omni-
15 bus bellis terrà marique compressis imperium populi
Romani orbis terrarum terminis definisset, rem pub-
lieam everti scelere paucorum, quam ipse non so-
lum consiliis, sed etiam sanguine suo saepe servasset :
accessit ad causam publicam, restitit auctoritate sua
2) reliquis rebus, questus est de praeteritis. Fieri quae-
dam ad meliorem spem inclinatio visa est. Decrevit 68
senatus frequens de meo reditu Kalendis Iuniis, dissen-
tiente nullo, referente L. Ninnio, cuius in mea causa
numquam fides virtusque contremuit. ^ Intercessit
8 Ligus iste nescio qui, additamentum inimicorum
meorum. Res erat et causa nostra eo iam loci, ut
erigere oculos et vivere videretur. Quisquis erat, qui
aliquam partem in meo luctu sceleris Clodiani atti-
gisset, quocumque venerat, quod iudicium cumque
» subierat, damnabatur: inveniebatur nemo, qui se suf-
fragium de me tulisse confiteretur. Decesserat ex
Asia frater meus magno squalore, sed multo etiam
H. 3
 c

84. M. TULLI CICERONIS

maiore maerore: huic ad urbem venienti tota obviam

civitas cum lacrimis gemituque processerat. Loque- -
batur liberius senatus; concurrebant equites Romani;
Piso ille, gener meus, cui fructum pietatis suae neque
ex me neque à populo Romano ferre licuit, a propin- ot

quo suo socerum suum flagitabat; omnia senatus

reiciebat, nisi de me primum consules rettulissent.
69 XXXII. Quae cum res iam manibus teneretur, |
et cum consules provinciarum pactione libertatem
omnem perdidissent, qui, cum in senatu privati, ut de 10
me sententias dicerent, flagitabant,legem illi se Clodiam
timere dicebant; cum hoc non possent iam diutius
sustinere, initur consilium de interitu Cn. Pompei.
Quo patefacto ferroque deprehenso ille inclusus domi
tam diu fuit, quam diu inimieus meus in tribunatu. i5
De meo reditu octo tribuni promulgaverunt. Ex quo
intellectus est non mihi absenti crevisse amicos, in
ea praesertim fortuna, in qua non nulli etiam, quos
esse putaveram, non erant, sed eos voluntatem semper
eandem, libertatem non eandem semper habuisse, Nam
ex novem tribunis, quos tune habueram, unus me
absente defluxit, qui cognomen sibi ex Aeliorum
imaginibus adripuit, quo magis nationis eius esse quam
70 generis videretur. Hoc igitur anno magistratibus
novis designatis, cum omnes boni omnem spem melioris
status in eorum fidem convertissent, princeps P. Len-
tulus auctoritate ac sententia sua, Pisone et Gabinio
repugnantibus, causam suscepit tribunisque plebis octo
referentibus praestantissimam de me sententiam dixit.
Qui eum ad gloriam suam atque ad amplissimi bene-
fiii gratiam magis pertinere videret causam illam
integram ad suum consulatum reservari tamen rem
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8$ 68—72 35

talem per alios citius quam per se tardius confici

malebat.
XXXIII. Hocinterim tempore P. Sestius, iudices 71
designatus £ribwnus iter ad C. Caesarem pro mea salute
5 suscepit. Quid egerit, quantum profecerit, nihil ad
causam (equidem existimo, si ille, ut arbitror, aequus
nobis fuerit, nihil ab hoc profectum; sin iratior, non
multum); sed tamen sedulitatem atque integritatem
hominis videtis. Ingredior iam in Sesti tribunatum;
40 nam hoc primum iter designatus rei publicae causa
|. suscepit: pertinere et ad concordiam civium putavit
et ad perficiundi facultatem, animum Caesaris a causa
non abhorrere. Abiitille annus: respirasse homines
videbantur nondum re, sed spe rei publicae recupe-.
1 randae. Exierunt malis ominibus atque exsecrationi-
bus duo vulturii paludati. Quibus utinam ipsis evenis-
sent ea, quae tum homines precabantur! neque nos
]
provinciam Macedoniam cum exercitu neque equitatum
in Syria et cohortis optimas perdidissemus. Ineunt 72
20 magistratum tribuni plebis; qui omnes se de me
promulgaturos confirmarant; ex iis princeps emitur
ab inimicis meis is, quem homines in luctu inri-
dentes Gracchum vocabant, quoniam id etiam fatum
civitatis fuit, ut illa ex vepreculis extracta nitedula
rem publieam conaretur adrodere. Alter vero, non
ille Serranus ab aratro, sed ex deserto Gavii Oleli rure
& Galatis Gaviis in Calatinos Atilios insitus, subito
nominibus in tabulas relatis nomen suum de tabula
sustulit, Veniunt Kalendae Ianuariae. Vos haec me-
o lius scire potestis, equidem audita dico, quae tum
frequentia senatus, quae exspectatio populi, qui con-
cursus legatorum ex Italia cuncta, quae virtus, actio,
9—2
 36 M. TULLI CICERONIS ||
gravitas P. Lentuli consulis fuerit, quae etiam collegae
eius moderatio de me: qui cum inimicitias sibi mecum
ex rei publicae dissensione susceptas esse dixisset, eas
se patribus conscriptis dixit et temporibus rei publicae
permissurum. ; 5
73 . XXXIV. Tum princeps rogatus sententiam L.
Cotta dixit id, quod dignissimum re publica fuit, nihil
de me actum esse iure, nihil more maiorum, nihil |
legibus; non posse quemquam de civitate tolli sine
iudicio; de capite non modo ferri sed ne iudicari 10
quidem posse nisi comitiis centuriatis; vim fuisse
ilam, flammam quassatae rei publicae perturbato-
rumque temporum; iure iudiciisque sublatis, magna
rerum permutatione impendente declinasse me paulum
et spe reliquae tranquillitatis praesentis fluctus tem- 15
pestatemque fugisse: quare, cum absens rem publicam
non minus magnis periculis quam quodam tempore |
praesens liberassem, non restitui me solum, sed etiam
ornari a senatu decere. Disputavit etiam multa pru-
denter, ità de me illum amentissimum et profligatissi- 20.
mum hostem pudoris et pudicitiae scripsisse quae scrip-
sisset, lis verbis, rebus, sententiis, ut, etiam si iure
esset rogatum,. tamen vim habere non posset: qua re
me, qui nulla lege abessem, non restitui lege, sed
74 revocari senatus auctoritate oportere. Hunc nemo s5
erat quin verissime sentire diceret. Sed post eum
rogatus Cn. Pompeius adprobata laudataque Cottae
sententia dixit sese otii mei causa, ut omni populari
concitatione defungerer, censere ut ad senatus auctori-
tatem populi quoque Romani beneficium erga me
adiungeretur. Cum omnes certatim aliusque alio gra-
vius atque ornatius de mea salute dixisset fieretque
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8 12—16 97

sine ulla varietate discessio, surrexit, ut scitis, Atilius

hie Gavianus ;nec ausus est, cum esset emptus, inter-
cedere: noctem sibi ad deliberandum postulavit. Cla-
mor senatus, querellae, preces, socer ad pedes abiectus.
5 Ille se adfirmare postero die moram nullam esse faétu-
rum. Creditum est; discessum est. Illi interea delibe-
ratori merces longa interposita nocte duplicata est.
Consecuti dies pauci omnino Ianuario mense, per quos
senatum haberi liceret, sed tamen actum nihil nisi de
10 me,
XXXV. QCum omni mora, ludificatione, calumnia 75
senatus auctoritas impediretur, venit tandem in conci-
lio de me agendi dies, viri Kal. Febr. Princeps roga-
tionis, vir mihi amicissimus, Q. Fabricius, templum
1 aliquanto ante lucem occupavit. Quietus eo die Ses-
tius, is qui est de vi reus; actor hic defensorque causae
meae nihil progreditur, consilia exspectat inimicorum
, meorum. Quid?illi, quorum consilio P. Sestius in
iudicium vocatur, quo se pacto gerunt? Cum forum,
20 comitium, curiam multa de nocte armatis hominibus
ac servis plerisque occupavissent, impetum faciunt in
Fabricium, manus adferunt, occidunt nonnullos, vul-
nerant multos. Venientem in forum, virum optimum 76
et constantissimum, M. Cispium, tribunum plebis, vi
E" caedem in foro maximam faciunt, univer-
sique destrictis gladiis e& cruentis in omnibus fori par-
| tibus fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum
, meique amantissimum, oculis quaerebant, voce posce-
. bant, Quorum ille telis libenter in tanto luctu ao
» desiderio mei non repugnandi, sed moriendi causa
, eorpus obtulisse& suum, nisi suam vitam ad spem mei
| reditus reservasset, Subiit tamen vim illam nefariam
|
 4 !

.38 M. TULLI CICERONIS |

eonseeleratorum latronum et, cum ad fratris salutem 8,

populo Romano deprecandam venisset, pulsus e rostris
in comitio iacuit seque servorum et libertorum corpori-
bus obtexit vitamque tum suam noctis et fugae prae-
77 sidio, non iuris iudiciorumque defendit. ^Meministis
tum, iudices, corporibus civium Tiberim compleri,
eloacas refarciri, e foro spongiis eflingi sanguinem, ut
omnes tantam illam copiam et tam magnificum appara-
tum non privatum aut plebeium, sed patricium et
praetorium esse arbitrarentur.
XXXVI. Nihil neque ante hoc tempus neque
hoc ipso turbulentissimo die criminamini Sestium.
* Atqui vis in foro versata est, Certe: quando enim
maior? lapidationes persaepe vidimus, non ita saepe,
sed nimium tamen saepe gladios: caedem vero tan-
tam, tantos acervos corporum exsiructos, nisi forte
illo Cinnano atque Octaviano die, quis umquam in
foro vidit ? Qua ex coneitatione animorum ?Nam ex
pertinacia aut constantia intercessoris oritur saepe
seditio culpa atque improbitate latoris commodo aliquo
oblato imperitis aut largitione; oritur ex concertatione
'magistratuum ; oritur sensim ex clamore primum,
deinde aliqua discessione contionis; vix sero et raro
ad manus pervenitur: nullo vero verbo facto, nulla
contione advocata, nulla /a£« lege concitatam noctur-
78 nam seditionem quis audivit? An veri simile est, ut
civis Romanus aut homo liber quisquam cum gladio in
forum descenderit ante lucem, ne de me ferri pateretur,
praeter eos, qui ab illo pestifero ac perdito civi iam
pridem rei publicae sanguine saginantur? Hic iam de
ipso accusatore quaero, qui P. Sestium queritur cum
multitudine in tribunatu et cum praesidio magno fuisse,
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8& 76—80 . 389

num illo die fuerit? Certe non fuit. Victa igitur est
causa rei publicae et victa non auspiciis, non inter-
cessione, non suffragiis, sed vi, manu, ferro. Nam si
obnuntiasset Fabricio is [praetor] qui se servasse de
6 càelo dixerat, accepisset res publica plagam, sed eam,
quam acceptam gemere posset ; si intercessisset collega
Fabricio, laesisset rem publicam, sed rei publicae
iure laesisset. Gladiatores tu novicios, pro exspectata
aedilitate suppositos, cum sicariis e carcere emissis ante
| 10lucem immittas? magistratus templo deicias 0caedem
| maximam facias! forum purges? et, cum omniavi et
armis egeris, accuses eum, qui se praesidio munierit,
| non ut te oppugnaret, sed ut vitam suam posset defen-
dere?
(35 XXXVII. Atqui ne ex eo quidem tempore id egit 79
Sestius, αὖ à suis munitus tuto in foro magistratum
gereret, rem publicam administraret. Itaque fretus
| sanctitate tribunatus, cum se non modo contra vim et
| ferrum, sed etiam contra verba atque interfationem
, 30 legibus sacratis esse armatum putaret, venit in templum
| QOastoris, obnuntiavit consuli: cum subito manus illa
Clodiana, in caede civium saepe iam victrix, exclamat,
incitatur, invadit; inermem atque imparatum tribunum
alii gladiis adoriuntur, alii fragmentis saeptorum et
5 fustibus; & quibus hic multis vulneribus acceptis ac
debilitato corpore et contrucidato se abiecit exanimatus
neque ulla alia re ab se mortem nisi opinione mortis
| depulit. Quem cum iacentem et concisum plurimis
| vulneribus extremo spiritu exsanguem et confectum
($9 viderent, defetigatione magis et errore quam miseri-
cordia et modo aliquando caedere destiterunt. Et 80
|
|
causam dicit Sestius de vi? quid ita? Quia vivit. At
 40 M. TULLI CICERONIS

id non sua culpa; plaga una illa extrema defuit, quae

si accessisset, reliquum spiritum exhausisset, Accusa
Lentidium ; non percussit locum ; male dic Titio,
Sabino homini Reatino, cur tam temere exclamarit
. occisum. Ipsum vero quid accusas ? num defuit gladiis? 5
num repugnavit !num, ut gladiatoribus imperari solet,
ferrum non recepit?
XXXVIIIL |An haecipsa vis est, non posse emori?
an illa, quod tribunus plebis templum cruentavit ? an
quod, cum esset ablatus primumque resipisset, non se 10
referri iussit ? Ubi est crimen ? quid reprehenditisἢ
81 Hic quaero, iudices : Si illo die gens ista Clodia, quod
facere voluit, effecisset, si P. Sestius, qui pro occiso
relictus est, occisus esset, fuistisne ad arma ituri? j
Ἱj|

fuistisne vos ad patrium illum animum maiorumque i5 |

virtutem éxcitaturi ? fuistisne aliquando rem publicam
a funesto latrone repetituri? an etiam tum quiesceretis,
eunctaremini, timeretis, cum rem publicam a facinoro-
sissimis sicariis et a servis esse oppressam atque con-
culeatam videretis? Cuius igitur mortem ulcisceremini, 20
si quidem liberi esse et habere rem publicam cogitaretis,
de eius virtute vivi quid vos loqui, quid sentire, quid
cogitare, quid iudicare oporteat, dubitandum putatis1
82 At vero ipsi illi parricidae, quorum ecfrenatus furor
alitur inpunitate diuturna, adeo vim facinoris sui 25
perhorruerunt, ut, si paulo longior opinio mortis Sesti
fuisset, Gracchum ilum suum transferendi in nos
criminis causa occidere cogitarint. Sensit rusticulus
non incautus—neque enim homines nequam. tacere
potuerunt—,suum sanguinem quaeri ad restinguendam 80
invidiam facinoris Olodiani: mulioniam paenulam
adripuit, cum qua primum Romam ad comitia venera;
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO ὃ 80—84 41

messoria se corbe contexit. Cum quaererent alii

Numerium, alii Quintium, gemini nominis errore
servatus est, Atque hoc scitis omnes, usque adeo
hominem in periculo fuisse, quoad scitum est Sestium
δ vivere, Quod ni esset patefactum paulo citius quam
vellem, non illi quidem morte mercennarii sui trans-
ferre potuissent invidiam in quos putabant, sed acerbis-
simi sceleris infamiam grato quodam scelere minuissent.
Ae si tum P. Sestius, iudices, in templo Castoris 83
10 animam quam vix retinuit edidisset, non dubito quin,
| si modo esset in re publica senatus, si maiestas populi
Romani revixisset, aliquando statua huic ob rem pub-
licam interfecto in foro statueretur. Nec vero illorum
quisquam, quos a maioribus nostris morte obita positos
16 in illo loco atque in rostris conlocatos videtis, esset P.
Sestio aut acerbitate mortis aut in rem publicam animo
praeponendus, qui cum causam civis calamitosi, causam
amici, causam bene de re publica meriti, causam senatus,
causam Italiae, causam rei publicae suscepisset, cumque
30 auspiciis religionique parens obnuntiaret, quod senserat,
luce palam a nefariis pestibus in deorum hominumque
conspectu esset occisus sanctissimo in templo, sanctis-
sima in causa, sanctissimo in magistratu. Eius igitur
vitam quisquam spoliandam ornamentis esse dicet,
26 cuius mortem ornandam monumento sempiterno puta-
|. retis ?
XXXIX. 'Homines'! inquit *emisti, co8gisti, 84
parasti.—dQuid uti faceret? senatum obsideret! civis
indemnatos expelleret? bona diriperet? aedis incende-
|80 ret? tecta disturbaret? templa deorum immortalium
inflammaret! tribunos plebis ferro e rostris expelleret?
provincias, quas vellet,quibus vellet, venderet? reges
 42 M. TULLI CICERONIS

appellaret ? rerum capitalium condemnatos in liberas

civitates per legatos nostros reduceret? principem
civitatis ferro obsessum teneret? Haec ut efficere
posset, quae fieri nisi armis oppressa re publica nullo
modo poterant, idcirco, credo, manum sibi P. Sestius
et copias comparavit. *At nondum erat maturum;
nondum res ipsa ad eius modi praesidia viros bonos
compellebat? Pulsi nos eramus, non omnino ista
manu sola, sed tamen non sine ista: vos taciti maere-
85 batis. Captum erat forum anno superiore, aede Castoris 10 |
temquam arce aliqua a fugitivis occupata: silebatur. ὦ
Omnia hominum cum egestate tum audacia perditorum
clamore concursu, vi manu gerebantur: perferebatis.
Magistratus templis pellebantur, alii omnino aditu ae ἡ
foro prohibebantur: nemo resistebat. Gladiatores ex 15 |
praetoris comitatu comprehensi,in senatum introducti, |
confessi, in vincla coniecti a Milone, emissi a Serrano :
mentio nulla. Forum corporibus civium Romanorum
constratum caede nocturna: non modo nulla nova
quaestio, sed etiam vetera iudicia sublata. Tribunum 20.
plebis plus viginti vulneribus acceptis iacentem mori-
bundumque vidistis: alterius tribuni plebis, hominis—
dicam enim quod sentio et quod mecum sentiuntomnes, |
—divini, insigni quadam, inaudita, nova magnitudine
animi, gravitate, fide praediti, domus est oppugnata 25 |
ferro facibus exercitu Clodiano.
86 XL. Ettu hoc loco laudas Milonem et iure laudas.
Quem enim umquam virum tam immortali virtute
vidimus? qui nullo praemio proposito praeter hoc, quod
iam contritum et contemptum putatur, iudicium bono- 36
rum, omnia pericula, summos labores, gravissimas
contentiones inimicitiasque suscepit; qui mihi unus
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8 84—88 48

ex omnibus civibus videtur re docuisse, non verbis, et

quid oporteret ἃ praestantibus viris in re publica fieri
et quid necesse esset: oportere hominum audacium
eversorum rei publicae sceleri legibus et iudiciis resis-
5 tere;|si leges non valerent, iudicia non essent, si res
|J publica vi consensuque audacium armis oppressa tene-
retur, praesidio et copiis defendi vitam et libertatem
necesse esse. Hoc sentire prudentiae est, facere fortitu-
dinis, et sentire vero et facere perfectae cumulataeque
10 virtutis. .Adiit ad rem publicam tribunus pl Milo— 87
|. (de cuius laude plura dicam, non quo aut ipse haec dici
quam existimari malit aut ego hunc laudis fructum
praesenti libenter impertiam, praesertim cum verbis
consequi non possim, sed quod existimo, si Milonis
| 15 causam. accusatoris--voce-conlaudatam-probaro, vos in
nested
sant An
ΡΣ

hoe erimine parem Sesti causam existimaturos) adiit

ImurTT Annius ad causam rei publicae sic, ut civem
patriae recuperare vellet ereptum. Simplex causa,
constans ratio, plena consensionis omnium, plena con-
20 cordiae. Collegas adiutores habebat: consulis alterius
summum studium, alterius animus paene placatus: de
praetoribus unus alienus: senatus incredibilis voluntas,
equitum Romanorum animi ad causam excitati, erecta
Italia. Duo soli erant empti ad impediendum; qui si
2; homines despecti et contempti tantam rem sustinere
non potuissent, se causam, quam susceperat, nullo
labore peracturum videbat. Agebat auctoritate, agebat
consilio, agebat per summum ordinem, agebat exemplo
bonorum ae fortium civium ; quid re publica, quid se
3) dignum esset, quis ipse esset, quid sperare, quid maiori-
bus suis reddere deberet, diligentissime cogitabat.
XLI, Huie gravitati hominis videbat ille gladiator 88
 44 M. TULLI CICERONIS
se, si moribus ageret, parem esse non posse: ad coti- |
dianam caedem, incendia, rapinas se cum exercitu suo
contulit; domum oppugnare, itineribus occurrere, vi
lacessere et terrere coepit. Non movit hominem summa
gravitate summaque constantia; sed quamquam dolor ὅ
animi, innata libertas, prompta excellensque virtus
fortissimum virum hortabatur, vi vim oblatam, prae-
sertim saepius, ut frangeret et refutaret, tanta moderatio
fuit hominis, tantum consilium, ut contineret dolorem
neque eadem se re ulcisceretur, qua esset lacessitus, 10
sed illum tot iam in funeribus rei publicae exsultantem
ac tripudiantem legum, si posset, laqueis constringeret.
89 Descendit ad aceusandum. |Quis umquam tam proprie
rei publicae causa, nullis inimicitiis, nullis praemiis, .
nulla hominum postulatione aut etiam opinione id eum 15 |
umquam esse facturum? Fracti erant animi hominis ; hoc
enim accusante pristini illius sui iudicii turpitudinem
desperabat. Ecce tibi consul, praetor, tribunus plebis
nova novi generis edicta proponunt, ne reus adsit, ne
citetur, ne quaeratur, ne mentionem omnino cuiquam 20
iudicum aut iudiciorum facere liceat! Quid ageret vir
ad virtutem, dignitatem, gloriam natus vi sceleratorum
hominum conroborata, legibus iudiciisque sublatis?
Oervices tribunus plebis privato, praestantissimus vir
profligatissimo homini daret, an causam susceptam 25
&biceret, an se domi contineret? οὖ vinci turpe
putavit et deterreri et latere; perfecit ut, quoniam
sibiin ilum legibus uti non liceret, illius vim neque
in suo neque in rei publicae periculo pertimesceret.
90 XLIIL Quo modo igitur hoc in genere praesidii 30 -
comparati accusas Sestium, cum idem laudes Milonem?
An qui sua tecta defendit, qui ab aris, focis ferrum
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO ὃς 88—92 45

flammamque depellit, qui sibi licere volt tuto esse in

foro, in templo, in curia, iure praesidium comparat:
qui volneribus, quae cernit cotidie toto corpore, monetur
ut aliquo praesidio caput et cervices et iugulum ac
5 latera tutetur, hunc de vi accusandum putas? Quis 91
enim nostrum, iudices, ignorat ita naturam rerum
tulisse, ut quodam tempore homines nondum neque
naturali neque civili iure descripto fusi per agros ac
dispersi vagarentur tantumque haberent, quantum
ΠΟ manu ac viribus per caedem ac vulnera aut eripere
aut retinere potuissent? Qui igitur primi virtute et
consilio praestanti exstiterunt, ii perspecto genere
humanae docilitatis atque ingenii dissipatos unum in
loeum congregarunt eosque ex feritate illa ad iustitiam
15 atque ad mansuetudinem transduxerunt. Tum res ad
communem utilitatem, quas publicas appellamus, tum
conventicula hominum, quae postea civitates nominatae
. sunt, tum domicilia coniuncta, quas urbis dicimus,
invento et divino iure et humano moenibus saepse-
20 runt. Atque inter hane vitam perpolitam humanitate 92
et illam immanem nihil tam interest quam ius atque
vis. Horum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum.
"Vim volumus exstingui: ius valeat necesse est, id est
iudicia, quibus omne ius continetui. Iudicia displicent
25» aut nulla sunt: vis dominetur necesse est. Hoc vident
omnes: Milo et vidit et fecit, ut ius experiretur, vim
|? Boiler Altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vin-
^ — ceret ;altéro usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia
vinceretur. Eademque ratio fuit Sesti, si minus in
80 acecusando—neque enim per omnis fuit idem fieri
necesse—, at certe in necessitate defendendae salutis
suae praesidioque contra vim et manum comparando.
 46 M. TULLI CICERONIS

99 . XLIIL Ο di immortales! quemnam ostenditis

exitum nobis! quam spem rei publicae datis? quotus
quisque invenietur tanta virtute vir, qui optimam
quamque causam rei publicae amplectatur, qui bonis
viris deserviat, qui solidam laudem veramque quaerat! 5
eum sciat duo illa rei publicae paene fata, Gabinium et
Pisonem, alterum haurire cotidie ex pacatissimis atque
opulentissimis Syriae gazis innumerabile pondus auri,
bellum inferre quiescentibus, ut eorum veteres inliba-
tasque divitias in profundissimum libidinum suarum 10
gurgitem profundat; villam aedificare in oculis omnium
tantam, tugurium ut iam videatur esse illa villa, quam
ipse tribunus plebis pictam olim in contionibus explica-
bat, quo fortissimum ac summum civem in invidiam
94 homo castus ac non cupidus vocaret: alterum 'Thracibus 15
ac Dardanis primum pacem maxima pecunia vendidisse,
deinde, ut illi pecuniam conficere possent, vexandam
eis Macedoniam et spoliandam tradidisse ;eundemque
bona creditorum civium Romanorum, cum debitoribus
Graecis divisisse, cogere pecunias maximas ὃ Dyrra- 20
chinis, spoliare Thessalos, certam Achaeis in annos
singulos pecuniam imperavisse neque tamen ullo in
publico aut religioso loco signum aut tabulam aut orna-
mentum reliquisse; illos sic inludere, quibus omnesup-
plicium atque omnis iure optimo poena debetur; reos 26
esse hos duos, quos videtis. Omitto iam Numerium,
Serranum, Aelium, quisquilias seditionis Clodianae;
sed tamen hi quoque etiam nune volitant, ut videtis,
nec, dum vos de vobis aliquid timebitis, illi umquam
de se pertimescent. 30
906 — XLIV. Nam quid ego de aedile ipso loquar, qui — |
etiam diem dixit et accusavit de vi Milonem? Neque
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88 93-——97 47

hic tamen ulla umquam iniuria adducetur, ut eum tali

virtute tantaque firmitate animi se in rem publicam
fuisse paeniteat: sed qui haec vident adulescentes,
| quonam suas mentes conferent? Ille, qui monumenta
/$ publica, qui aedis sacras, qui domos inimicorum suo-
rum oppugnavit, excidit, incendit, qui stipatus semper
sicariis, Saeptus armatis, munitus indicibus fuit, quo-
rum hodie copia redundat, qui et peregrinam manum
facinerosorum concitavit et servos ad caedem idoneos
1) emit et in tribunatu carcerem totum in forum effudit,
volitat aedilis, aceusat eum, qui aliqua ex parte eius
furorem exsultantem repressit; hic, qui se est tutatus
sic, αὖ in privata re deos penatis suos, in re publica
iura tribunatus atque auspicia defenderet, accusare
15$ eum moderate, a quo ipse nefarie accusatur, per senatus
auctoritatem non est situs. Nimirum hoc illud est, 9θ
quod de me potissimum tu in accusatione quaesisti quae
esset nostra «natio optimatium"; sic enim dixisti. Rem
quaeris praeclaram iuventuti ad discendum nec mihi
30 difficilem ad perdocendum; de qua pauca, iudices,
dicam: et, ut arbitror, nec ab utilitate eorum qui
audient, nec ab officio vestro nec ab ipsa causa P.
Sesti abhorrebit oratio mea.
XLV. Duo genera semper in hac civitate fuerunt
2; eorum, qui versari in re publica atque in ea se excel-
lentius gerere studuerunt: quibus ex generibus alteri
| se populares, alteri optimates et haberi et esse volue-
| runt. Qui ea, quae faciebant quaeque dicebant, multi-
| tudini iucunda volebant esse, populares, qui autem ita
[30 se gerebant, ut sua consilia optimo cuique probarent,
| optimates habebantur. .*Quis ergo iste optimus quis-
que'? Numero, si quaeris, innumerabiles (neque enim
97
Ι
 48 M. TULLI CICERONIS

aliter stare possemus); sunt principes consilii publici,

sunt, qui eorum sectam sequuntur, sunt maximorum
ordinum homines, quibus patet curia, sunt municipales
rusticique Romani, sunt negotii gerentes, sunt etiam
libertini optimates. Numerus, ut dixi, huius. generis 5
late et varie diffusus est, sed genus universum, ut tol-
latur error, brevi circumscribi et definiri potest. Om-
nes optimates sunt, qui neque nocentes sunt nec
natura improbi nec furiosi nec malis domesticis impe-
diti. Est igitur, ut ii sint, quam tu *nationem' appel-
lasti, qui integri sunt et sani et bene de rebus domesti-
cis constituti. Horum qui voluntati, commodis, opini-
onibus in gubernanda re publica serviunt, defensores
optimatium ipsique optimates gravissimi et clarissimi
98 cives numerantur et principes civitatis. Quid est
igitur propositum his rei publicae gubernatoribus, quod
intueri et quo cursum suum derigere debeant? Id
quod est praestantissimum maximeque optabile omni-
bus sanis et bonis et beatis, cum dignitate otium. Hoc
qui volunt, omnes optimates, qui efficiunt, summi viri
"et conservatores civitatis putantur. Neque enim
rerum gerendarum dignitate homines ecferri ita con-
venit, ut otio non prospiciant, neque ullum amplexari
otium, quod ἘΞ a dignitate.
XLVI. »"Huius autem otiosae dignitatis haec fun-
damenta sunt, haec membra, quae tuenda principibus
et vel capitis periculo defendenda sunt; religiones, aus-
picia, potestates magistratuum, senatus auctoritas,
leges, mos maiorum, iudicia, iuris dictio, fides, provin-
99 ciae, socii, imperii laus, res militaris, aerarium.
Harum
rerum tot atque tantarum esse defensorem et patronum
magni animi est, magni ingenii magnaeque constantiae.
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88 97—101 49

Etenim in tanto civium numero magna multitudo est

eorum, qui aut propter metum poenae peccatorum
suorum conscii novos motus conversionesque rei pub-
licae quaerant, aut qui propter insitum quendam ani-
5 mi furorem discordiis civium ac seditione pascantur,
aut qui propter implicationem rei familiaris communi
incendio malint quam suo deflagrare. Qui cum auc-
tores sunt et duces suorum studiorum vitiorumque
nacti, in re publica fluctus excitantur, ut vigilandum
Ὁ sit iis, qui sibi gubernacula patriae depoposcerunt,
enitendumque omni scientia ac diligentia, ut conserva-
tis iis, quae ego paulo ante fundamenta ac membra esse
| dixi, tenere cursum possint et capere otii illum portum
et dignitatis. Hane ego viam, iudices, si aut asperam 100
5 atque arduam aut plenam esse periculorum aut insidi-
arum negem, mentiar; praesertim cum id non modo
intellexerim semper, sed etiam praeter ceteros senserim.
XLVII. ^Maioribus praesidiis et copiis oppugnatur
res publiea quam defenditur, propterea quod audaces
) homines et perditi nutu impelluntur et ipsi etiam
| sponte sua contra rem publicam incitantur; boni nescio
quo modo tardiores sunt et principiis rerum neglectis
ad extremum,ipsa denique necessitate excitantur, ita .
ut nonnumqubm cunctatione ac tarditate, dum otium
5 volunt etiam |sine dignitate retinere, ipsi utrumque
. amittant. Propugnatorés autem rei publicae qui esse 101
| voluerunt, si leviores sunt, deseiscunt; si timidiores,
. desunt A permanent ill soli atque omnia rei publicae
| causa perferunt, qui sunt tales, qualis pater tuus, M.
| Scaure, fuit, qui a C. Graccho usque ad Q. Varium
seditiosis omnibus restitit, quem numquam ulla vis, ullae
| minae, ulla invidia labefecit gyaut qualis Q. Metellus,
H. 4
 ov
c

50 M. TULLI CICERONIS

patruus matris tuae, qui cum florentem hominem in

populari ratione, L. Saturninum, censor notasset cum-
que insitivum Gracchum contra vim multitudinis inci-
tatae censu prohibuisset cumque in eam legem, quam
non iure rogatam iudicarat, iurare unus noluisset, de 5
civitate maluit quam de sententia demoverjWétut, ut
vetera exempla, quorum est copia digna huius imperii
gloria, relinquam neve eorum aliquem, qui vivunt,
nominem, qualis nuper Q. Catulus fuit, quem neque
periculi tempestas neque honoris aura potuit umquam
de suo cursu aut spe aut metu demovere. ῤ
12 XLVIII. Haee imitamini, per deos immortalis,
qui dignitatem, qui laudem, qui gloriam quaeritis!
Haec ampla sunt, haec divina, haec immortalia; haec
fama celebrantur, monumentis annalium mandantur,
posteritati propagantur. Est labor, non nego; peri-
cula magna, fateor;
*mültae insidiae sünt bonis'
verissime dictum est; sed te
'íd, quod multi invídeant multique éxpetant, inscítiast,'
inquit,
*póstulare, nísi laborem sámma cum cura écferas.'
Nollem idem alio loco dixisset, quod exciperent improbi
cives: |
*óderint, dum métuant.
103 Praeclara enim illa praecepta dederat oxentuti Sad
tamen haec via ac ratio rei publicae capessendae olim
erat magis pertimescenda, cum multis in rebus multi-
tudinis studium ac populi commodum ab utilitate rei
publieae discrepabat Tabellaria lex ab L. Cassio fere-
batur. Populus libertatem agi putabat suam. Dissentie-
bant principes et in salute optimatium temeritatem mul-
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO & 101—105 51
titudinis et tabellae licentiam pertimescebant. ^Agra-
riam Ti. Gracchus legem ferebat. Grata erat populo;
| fortunae constitui tenuiorum videbantur. Nitebantur
contra optimates, quod et discordiam excitari videbant,
8 et, cum locupletes possessionibus diuturnis moverentur,
| spoliari rem publicam propugnatoribus arbitrabantur.
— Frumentariam legem C. Gracchus ferebat. Iucunda res
| plebei; vietus enim suppeditabatur large sine labore.
- Repugnabant boni, quod et ab industria plebem ad
I0 desidiam avocari putabant et aerarium exhauriri vide-
bant. XLIX. Multa etiam nostra memoria, quae con-
| sulto praetereo, fuerunt in ea contentione, ut popularis
cupiditas a consilio principum dissideret. func iam 104
| nihil est, quod populus a delectis principibusque dis-
E. nec flagitat rem ullam neque novarum rerum
est cupidus et otio suo et dignitate optimi cuiusque et
| universae rei publicae gloria delectatur. Itaque ho-
| mines seditiosi ac turbulenti, quia nulla iam largitione
populum Romanum concitare possunt, quod plebes
0 perfuncta gravissimis seditionibus ac discordiis otium
| amplexatur, 3conductas habent contiones neque id
agunt ut ea dicant aut ferant, quae illi velint audire,
qui in contione sunt, sed pretio ac mercede perficiunt,
ut quidquid dicant, id illi velle audire videantur.
Num vos existimatis Gracchos aut Saturninum , aut 105
quemquam illorum veterum, qui populares habebantur,
ullum umquam in contione habuisse conductum? Nemo
habuit; ipsa enim largitio et spes commodi propositi
sine mercede ulla multitudinem concitabat. Itaque
temporibus illis qui populares erant, offendebant illi
| quidem apud gravis et honestos homines, sed populi
| iudiciis atque omni significatione florebant. His in
4—93
 |
.δ2 M. TULLI CICERONIS : |
theatro plaudebatur, hi suffragiis quod contenderant
consequebantur, horum homines nomen, orationem,
vultum, incessum amabant, Qui autem adversabantur |
ei generi, graves et magni homines habebantur; sed |
valebant in senatu multum, apud bonos viros pluri-5
mum; multitudini iucundi non erant, suffragiis offen-
debatur saepe eorum voluntas; plausum vero etiam
si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset
pertimescebat. .Àc tamen, si quae res erat maior,
idem ille populus horum auctoritate maxime commo- 10.
vebatur.
.106 L. Nune, nisi me fallit, in eo statu civitas est,
ut, si operas conductorum removeris, omnes idem de
re publica sensuri esse videantur. Etenim tribus locis
significari maxime populi Romani iudicium ae volun-
tas potest, contione, comitiis, ludorum gladiatorumque
consessu. ^Quae contio fuit per hos annos, quae
quidem esset non conducta sed vera, in qua populi
Romani consensus perspici non posset?; Habitae sunt
multae de me a gladiatore sceleratissimo, ad quas 20
nemo adibat incorruptus, nemo integer; nemo illum
foedum vultum adspicere, nemo furialem vocem bonus
audire poterat, Erant illae contiones perditorum
^ 107 hominum necessario turbulentae. Habuit de eodem
me P. Lentulus consul contionem; concursus est
populi Romani factus; omnes ordines, tota in illa |
contione Italia constitit. Egit causam summa cum
gravitate copiaque dicendi tanto silentio, tanta adpro-
batione omnium, nihil ut umquam videretur tam .
populare ad populi Romani aures aecidisse. Productus 8
est ab eo Cn. Pompeius, qui se non solum auctorem
meae salutis, sed etiam supplicem populo Romano
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 85 105—110 53

praebwit. kiuius oratio ut semper gravis et grata in

contionibus fuit, sic contendo numquam neque elo-
quentia eam neque incunditate fuisse maiore. Quo 108
silentio sunt auditi de me ceteri principes civitatis!
& quos idcirco non appello hoc loco, ne mea oratio, si
minus de aliquo dixero, ingrata, si satis de omnibus,
|]
I

I
| infinita esse videatur. Cedo nune eiusdem illius in-
imiei mei de me eodem ad verum populum in campo
l
|
|
|
Martio contionem ! quis non modo adprobavit, sed
9 non indignissimum facinus putavit illum non dicam
loqui, sed vivere ac spirare? quis fuit qui non eius
voce maculari rem publicam seque, si eum audiret,
scelere adstringi arbitraretur?
LI. "Venio ad comitia, sive tagiscmplatm placet 109
sive legum. Leges videmus saepe ferri multas. Omitto
eas, quae feruntur ita, vix ut quini, et ii ex aliena
tribu, qui suffragium ferant, reperiantur. De me,
quem tyrannum atque ereptorem libertatis esse dicebat
| illa ruina rei publicae, dicit se legem tulisse. Quis est
- se, cum contra me ferebatur, inisse suffragium
confiteatur! cum autem de me eodem ex senatus
consulto comitiis centuriatis ferebatur, quis est qui
non profiteatur se adfuisse et suffragium de salute mea
tulisse! Utra igitur causa popularis debet videri,
in qua omnes honestates civitatis, omnes aetates,
omnes ordines una consentiunt, an in qua furiae
concitatae tamquam ad funus rei publicae convolant ?
An, sicubi aderit Gellius, homo et fratre indignus, 110
viro clarissimo atque optimo consule, et ordine eques-
)tri cuius ille ordinis nomen retinet, ornamenta con-
fecit, id erit populare? *Est enim homo iste populo
| Romano deditus) Nihil vidi magis; qui, cum eius
 -54 M. TULLI CICERONIS

adulescentia in amplissimis honoribus summi viri,

L. Philippi vitrici, florere potuisset, usque eo non
fuit popularis, ut bona solus comesset. Deinde ex
impuro adulescente et petulante, posteaquam rem
paternam ab idiotarum divitiis ad philosophorum re-
eulam perduxit, Graeculum se atque otiosum putari
voluit, studio litterarum se subito dedidit. Nihil
satiabant eum libelli, pro vino etiam saepe oppignera-
bantur; manebat insaturabile abdomen, copiae deficie-
bant. Itaque semper versabatur in spe rerum no-
varum; otio et tranquillitate rei publicae consenes-
cebat.
LII. Eocquae seditio umquam fuit, in qua non
ille princeps ? ecqui seditiosus cui ille non. familiaris?
ecquae turbulenta contio cuius ille non concitator?
cui bene dixit umquam bono? bene dixit? immo
quem fortem et bonum civem non petulantissime est
insectatus? qui, ut credo, non libidinis causa, sed,
111 ut plebicola videretur, libertinam duxit uxorem. Is
de me suffragium tulit, is adfuit, is interfuit epulis
et gratulationibus parricidarum. In quo tamen est
me ultus, cum illo ore inimicos est meos saviatus:
qui quasi mea culpa bona perdiderit, ita ob eam
ipsam causam est mihi inimicus, quia nihil habet.
Utrum ego tibi patrimonium eripui, Gelli, an tu
comedisti? quid, tu meo periculo, gurges ae vorago
patrimonii, helluabare, ut, si ego consul rem publicam
contra te et gregalis tuos defendissem, in civitate esse
me nolles? Te nemo tuorum videre volt, omnes
aditum, sermonem, congressum tuum fugiunt; te
sororis filius Postumius, adulescens gravis senili iu-
dieio, notavit, cum in magno numero tutorem liberis
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO $$ 110—114 . 55
non instituit. Sed latus odio et meo et rei publicae
nomine, quorum ille utri sit inimicior nescio, plura
dixi, quam dicendum fuit, in furiosissimum atque
egentissimum ganeonem, llluc revertor: eontra me 112
5 cum est latum capta urbe atque oppressa, Gellium,
Firmidium, Titium, eiusdem modi furias illis mer-
cennariis gregibus duces et auctores fuisse, cum ipse
lator nihil ab horum turpitudine, audacia, sordibus
abhorreret. At cum de dignitate mea ferebatur, nemo
10 sibi nec valetudinis excusationem nec senectutis satis
iustam [ullam] putavit; nemo fuit, qui se non rem
publicam mecum simul revocare in suas sedes arbi-
traretur.
LIII. Videamus nune comitia magistratuum. 118
35 Fuit conlegium nuper tribunicium, in quo tres minime,
vehementer duo populares existimabantur. Ex iis,
qui populares non habebantur, quibus in illo genere
conductarum contionum consistendi potestas non erat,
duo à populo Romano praetores video esse factos; et,
20 quantum sermonibus vulgi et suffragiis intellegere
potui, prae se populus Romanus ferebat, sibi illum in
tribunatu Cn. Domiti animum constantem et egregium
et Q. Anchari fidem ac fortitudinem, etiam si nihil
agere potuissent, tamen voluntate ipsa gratum fuisse.
2; lam de C. Fannio quae sit existimatio, videmus; quod
iudicium populi Romani in honoribus eius futurum
Sit, nemini dubium esse debet. Quid? populares illi 114
duo quid egerunt? Aliter, qui tamen se continuerat,
tulerat nihil, senserat tantum de re publica aliud
3) atque homines exspectabant, vir et bonus et innocens
et bonis viris semper probatus, quod parum videlicet
| intellexit in tribunatu, quid vero populo probaretur,
|i
|]
 56 M. TULLI CICERONIS
et quod illum esse populum Romanum, qui in con-
tione erat, arbitrabatur, non tenuit eum locum, in
quem, nisi popularis esse voluisset, facilime perve-
nisset. Alter, qui ita se in populari ratione iactarat,
ut auspicia, legent Aeliam, senatus auctoritatem, con-
sulem, «collegas, bonorum iudicium nihili putaret,
aedilitatem petivit cum bonis viris et hominibus primis,
sed non praestantissimis opibus et gratia : tribum suam
non tulit, Palatinam denique, per quam omnes illae
pestes vexare rem publicam dicebantur, perdidit ; nec
quicquam ilis comitiis quod boni viri vellent misi
repulsam tulit. Videtis igitur populum ipsum, ut ita
dicam, iam non esse popularem, qui ita vehementer
eos, qui populares habentur, respuat, eos autem, qui ei
generi adversantur, honore dignissimos iudicet.
115 LIV. 'Veniamus ad ludos: facit enim, iudices,
vester iste in me animorum oculorumque coniectus, ut
mihi iam licere putem remissiore uti genere dicendi.
Comitiorum et contionum significationes sunt non-
numquam vitiatae atque corruptae ; theatrales gladia-
toriique consessus dicuntur omnino solere levitate non
nullorum emptos plausus exilis et raros excitare, Ac
tamen facile est, cum id fit, quem ad modum et a
quibus fiat et quid integra multitudo faciat, videre.
Quid ego nune dicam, quibus viris aut cui generi
civium maxime plaudatur? Neminem vestrum fallit.
Sit hoc sane leve, quod non ita est, quoniam optimo
cuique impertitur; sed, si est leve, homini gravi leve
est; el vero, qui pendet rebus levissimis, qui rumore et,
ut ipsi loquuntur, favore populi tenetur et ducitur, :
plausum immortalitatem, sibilum mortem videri ne-
116 cesse est. Ex te igitur, Scaure, potissimum quaero,
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO SS 114—118 57

qui ludos apparatissimos magnificentissimosque fecisti,

ecquis istorum popularium tuos ludos adspexerit, ecquis
se theatro populoque Romano commiserit. Ipse ille
maxime ludius ,non solum spectator, sed actor et
σι àcroama, qui omnia sororis embolia novit, qui in
coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur, nec tuos ludos
adspexit in illo ardenti tribunatu suo nec ullos aiios
nisi eos, a quibus vix vivus effugit. Semel, inquam, se
ludis homo popularis commisit omnino, cum in templo
le Virtutis honos habitus esset virtuti Gaique Mari,
conservatoris huius imperii, monumentum municipi
eius et rei publicae defensori sedem ad salutem prae-
buisset.
LV. Quo quidem tempore quid populus Romanus 117
1 sentire se ostenderet, utroque in genere declaratum
est: primum cum audito senatus consulto rei ipsi
atque absenti senatui plausus est ab universis datus;
deinde, cum senatoribus singulis spectatum e senatu
redeuntibus; cum vero ipse, qui ludos faciebat, consul
20 adsedit, stantes ei manibus passis gratias agentes et
lacrimantes gaudio suam erga me benevolentiam ac
misericordiam declararunt. At cum ille furibundus
incitata illa sua vaecordi mente venisset, vix se populus
Romanus tenuit, vix homines odium suum a corpore
35 eius impuro atque infando represserunt; voces quidem
et palmarum intentus et maledictorum .clamorem
omnes profuderunt. Sed quid ego populi Romani 118
animum virtutemque commemoro, libertatem iam ex
diuturna servitute dispicientis, in eo homine, cui tum
80 petenti iam aedilitatem ne histriones quidem coram
sedenti pepercerunt? Nam cum ageretur togata,
* Simulans ', ut opinor, caterva tota clarissima concen-
 58 M. TULL1 CICERONIS .
tione in ore impuri hominis imminens contionata
est:
*huie, Tite,
tua póst principia atque éxitus vitiósae vitae—
sedebat exanimatus, et is, qui antea cantorum convicio 5
contiones celebrare suas solebat, cantorum ipsorum
vocibus eiciebatur. Et quoniam facta mentio est
ludorum, ne illud quidem praetermittam, in magna
varietate sententiarum numquam ullum fuisse locum,
in quo aliquid a poé&ta dictum cadere in tempus nos- 10
trum videretur quod aut populum universum fugeret
119 aut non exprimeret ipse actor. Et quaeso hoc loco,
iudices, ne qua levitate me ductum ad insolitum genus
dieendi labi putetis, si de poétis, de histrionibus, de
ludis in iudicio loquar. LVI. Non sum tam ignarus,
iudices, causarum, non tam insolens in dicendo, ut omni
ex genere orationem aucuper et omnis undique floscu-
los carpam atque delibem. Scio quid gravitas vestra,
quid haec advocatio, quid ille conventus, quid dignitas
P. Sesti, quid periculi magnitudo, quid aetas, quid 50
honos meus postulet. Sed mihi sumpsi hoc loco doctri-
nam quandam iuventuti, qui essent optimates, In ea
explicanda demonstrandum est non esse popularis om-
nis eos, qui putentur. Id facillime consequar, si universi
populi iudicium verum et incorruptum et si intimos 25
120 sensus civitatis expressero. Quid fuit illud, quod recenti
nuntio de illo senatus consulto, quod factum est in
templo Virtutis, ad ludos scaenamque perlato consessu
maximo summus artifex et me hercule semper partium
in re publica tam quam in scaena optimarum flens et 80
recenti laetitia et mixto dolore ae desiderio mei egit ad
populum Romanum multo gravioribus verbis meam
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8$ 118—122 59

causam, quam egomet de me agere potuissem ?Summi

enim poétae ingenium non solum arte sua, sed etiam
dolore exprimebat. Qua enim vi
* quí rem publicám. certo animo adiüverit
5 státuerit steterít cum Achivis '—
vobiscum me stetisse dicebat, vestros ordines demon-
strabat: revocabatur ab universis—
*re dubia
háut dubitarit vítam offerre néc capiti pepércerit:'
| 10 haec quantis ab illo clamoribus agebantur! cum iam 121
| omisso gestu verbis poétae et studio actoris et exspec-
tationi nostrae plauderetur:
*síámmum amicum, sümmo in bello—
nam illud ipse actor adiungebat amico animo et fortasse
1 οι homines propter aliquod desiderium adprobabant:
*sümmo ingenio praéditum !'
LVII. Iam illa quanto cum gemitu populi Romani
ab eodem paulo post in eadem fabula sunt acta !
*O pater!'...
30 Me, me ille absentem ut patrem deplorandum putabat,
quem Q. Catulus, quem multi alii saepe in senatu pa-
trem patriae nominarant. Quanto cum fletu de illis
nostris incendiis ac ruinis, cum patrem pulsum, patriam
adflictam deploraret, domum incensam eversamque,
25 sic egit, ut, demonstrata pristina fortuna cum se con-
vertisset:
*haec ómnia vidi inflámmari
fletum etiam inimicis atque invidis excitaret! Pro di 122
immortales! quid? illa quem ad modum dixit idem!
|80 quae mihi quidem ita et acta et scripta videntur esse,
ut vel a Q. Catulo, si revixisset, praeclare posse dici vide-
rentur; is enim libere reprehendere et accusare populi
 60 M. TULLI CICERONIS
nonnumquam temeritatem solebat aut errorem sena-
tus:
* o íngratifici Argívi, inmunes Gráiiinmemores bénefici "ἢ
Non erat illud quidem verum ; non enim ingrati, sed
miseri quibus reddere salutem,a quo acceperant,non 5
liceret, nec unus in quemquam umquam gratior quam
in me universi; sed tamen illud scripsit disertissimus
poéta pro me, egit fortissimus actor, non solum opti-
mus, de me, cum omnis ordines demonstraret, sena-
tum, equites Romanos, universum populum Romanum 10
accusaret:
*éxulare sínitis, sistis pélli, pulsum pátimini.'
Quae tum significatio fuerit omnium, quae declaratio
voluntatis ab universo populo Romano in causa
hominis non popularis, equidem audiebam, existimare 5
μου

123 facilius possunt, qui adfuerunt. |LVIII Et quoniam

hue me provexit oratio, histrio casum meum totiens
conlacrimavit, cum ita dolenter ageret causam meam,
ut vox eius illa praeclara lacrimis impediretur; neque
poetae, quorum ego semper ingenia dilexi, tempori meo 20
defuerunt ; eaque populus Romanus non solum plausu,
sed etiam gemitu suo comprobavit. Utrum igitur haec
Aesopum potius pro me aut Accium dicere oportuit, si
populus Romanus liber esset, an principes civitatis?
Nominatim sum appellatus in Bruto: 25
*Tállius, qui lfbertatem cívibus stabilíverat.'
Miliens revocatum est. Parumne videbatur populus
Romanus iudicare, id a me et ἃ senatu esse constitu-
tum, quod perditi cives sublatum per nos crimina-
124 bantur? Maximum vero populi Romani iudicium 80
universi consessu gladiatorio declaratum est. ^ Erat
enim munus Scipionis, dignum et eo ipso et illo ὦ.
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO & 122—126 61

Metello, cui dabatur. Id autem spectaculi genus erat,

quod omni frequentia atque omni genere hominum
celebratur, quo multitudo maxime delectatur, In hunc
consessum P. Sestius, tribunus plébis, cum ageret nihil
σι aliud in eo magistratu nisi meam causam, venit et se
populo dedit, non plausus cupiditate, sed αὖ ipsi
inimiei nostri voluntatem universi populi viderent.
Venit, ut scitis, ἃ columna Maenia. Tantus est ex
omnibus spectaculis usque à Capitolio, tantus ex fori
1eo cancellis plausus excitatus, ut numquam maior con-
sensio aut apertior populi Romani universi fuisse ulla
in causa diceretur. Ubi erant tum illi contionum 125
moderatores, legum domini, civium expulsores ? aliusne
est aliquis improbis civibus peculiaris populus, cui nos
“πὸCt offensi invisique fuerimus ?

ΠΧ, Equidem existimo nullum tempus esse fre-

quentioris populi quam illud gladiatorium neque con-
tonis ullius neque vero ullorum comitiorum. Haec
igitur innumerabilis hominum multitudo, haec populi
Romani tanta significatio sine ulla varietate universi,
cum illis ipsis diebus de me actum iri putaretur, quid
declaravit nisi optimorum civium salutem et dignita-
tem populo Romano earam esse universo ? At vero 126
ille praetor, qui de me non patris, avi, proavi, maiorum
25 denique suorum omnium, sed Graeculorum instituto
contionem interrogare solebat, * velletne me redire,
et, cum erat reclamatum semivivis mercennariorum
vocibus, populum Romanum negare dicebat: is, cum
cotidie gladiatores spectaret, numquam est: conspec-
|90 tus, cum veniret. Emergebat subito, cum sub tabulas P
subrepserat, ut mater te appello? dicturus videretur.
Itaque illa via latebrosior, qua spectatum ille veniebat,
 62 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Appia iam vocabatur. Qui tamen quoquo tempore
conspectus erat, non modo gladiatores, sed equi ipsi
127 gladiatorum repentinis sibilis extimescebant. Videtisne
igitur quantum intersit inter populum Romanum et
contionem 1 dominos contionum omni odio populi σι
notari? quibus autem. consistere in operarum contioni-
bus non liceat, eos omni populi Romani significatione
decorari!
Tu mihi etiam M. Atilium Regulum commemoras,
qui redire ipse Carthaginem sua voluntate ad sup- 10
plicium, quam sine iis captivis, & quibus ad senatum
missus erat, Romae. manere maluerit, et mihi negas
optandum reditum fuisse per familias comparatas et
homines armatos ?
LX. Vim scilicet ego desideravi, qui, dum vis 1
fuit, nihil egi, e& quem, si vis non fuisset, nulla res
128 labefactare potuisset. Hune ego reditum repudiarem,
qui ita florens fuit, ut verear, ne qui me studio gloriae
putet idcirco exisse, ut ita redirem? Quem enim
umquam senatus civem nisi me nationibus exteris 20
commendavit! cuius umquam propter salutem nisi
meam senatus publice sociis populi Romani gratias
egit! De me uno patres conscripti decreverunt ut,
qui provincias cum imperio obtinerent, qui quaestores
legatique essent, salutem et vitam custodirent. In s5
una mea causa posí Romam conditam factum est, ut
litteris consularibus ex senatus consulto cuneta ex.
Italia omnes, qui rem publicam salvam vellent, convo-
carentur. Quod numquam senatus in universae rei
publicae periculo decrevit, id in unius mea salute con- 89
servanda decernendum putavit. Quem curia magis
requisivit? quem forum luxit? quem aeque ipsa tri-
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO $$126—130 68
bunalia desideraverunt !Omnia discessu meo deserta,
horrida, muta, plena luctus et maeroris fuerunt. Quis
est Italiae locus, in quo non fixum sit in publicis
monumentis studium salutis meae, testimonium digni-
tatis1
LXI. Nam quid ego illa de me divina senatus 129
consultà commemorem? vel quod in templo lovis
Optinii Maximi factum est, cum vir is, qui tripertitas
orbis terrarum oras atque regiones tribus triumphis
adiunetas huie imperio notavit, de scripto sententia
dicta mihi uni testimonium patriae conservatae dedit;
cuius sententiam ita frequentissimus senatus secutus
est, αὖ unus dissentiret hostis idque ipsum tabulis
publieis mandaretur ad memoriam posteri temporis
sempiternam ; vel quod est postridie decretum in
euria populi ipsius Romani et eorum, qui ex muni-
cipiis convenerant, admonitu, ne quis de caelo ser-
varet, ne quis moram ullam adferret; si quis aliter
fecisset, eum plane eversorem rei publicae fore idque
senatum gravissime laturum, et ut statim de eius facto
referretur. Qua gravitate sua cum frequens senatus
non nullorum scelus audaciamque tardasset, tamen
illud addidit ut, si diebus quinque, quibus agi de me
potuisset, non esset actum, redirem in patriam dignitate
omni recuperata.
LXII. JDecrevit eodem tempore senatus ut iis, 190
qui ex tota Italia salutis meae causa convenerant,
agerentur gratiae atque ut idem, ad res redeuntes ut
venirent, rogarentur. Haec erat studiorum in mea
salute contentio ut ii, qui a senatu de me rogabantur,
eidem senatui pro me supplicarent. Atque ita in his
rebus unus est solus inventus, qui ab hac tam impensa
 64 M. TULLI CICERONIS

voluntate bonorum palam dissideret, ut etiam Q.

Metellus consul, qui mihi vel maxime ex magnis
contentionibus rei publicae fuisset inimicus, de mea
salute rettulerit. Qui excitatus cum summa auctori-
tate senatus, tum. P. Servili dévina quadam gravitate 5
dicendi, cum ille omnis prope ab inferis evocasset
Metellos et ad illius generis, quod sibi cum eo com-
mune esset, dignitatem propinqui sui mentem a Clo-
dianis latrociniis reflexisset, cumque eum ad domestici
exempli memoriam et ad Numidici illius Metelli 10
casum vel gloriosum vel gravem convertisset, conla-
' erumavit vir egregius ac vere Metellus totumque se
P. Servilo dicenti etiam tum tradidit, nec illam
divinam gravitatem plenam antiquitatis diutius homo
eiusdem sanguinis potuit sustinere et mecum absens 15
131 beneficio suo rediit in gratiam. Quod certe, si est
aliqui sensus in morte praeclarorum virorum, cum
omnibus Metellis, tum vero uni viro fortissimo et
praestantissimo civi gratissimum fratri suo fecit, socio
laborum, periculorum, consiliorum meorum. 20
LXIII. -Reditus vero meus qui fuerit, quis ig-
norat? quem ad modum mihi advenienti tamquam
totius Italiae atque ipsius patriae dextram porrexerint
Brundisini; cum ipsis Nonis Sextilibus idem dies
adventus mei fuisset reditusque natalis, idem caris- 25.
simae filiae, quam ex gravissimo tum primum desiderio |
luctuque conspexi, idem etiam ipsius coloniae Brundi-
sinae, idem, ut scitis, [aedis] Salutis; cumque me domus
eadem optimorum et doctissimorum virorum, M.
Laeni Flacci et patris et fratris eius, laetissima acce- 80
pisset, quae proximo anno maerens receperat etsuo prae-
sidio periculoque defenderat. Cunctae itinere toto urbes
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8$ 190—133 65

Italiae festos dies agere adventus mei videbantur, viae

multitudine legatorum undique missorum celebraban-
tur, ad urbem accessus incredibili hominum multitudine
et gratulatione florebat, iter a porta, in Capitolium
ὅ ascensus, domum reditus erat eius modi, ut summa
in laetitia illud dolerem, civitatem tam gratam tam
miseram atque oppressam fuisse. |
Habes igitur, quod ex me quaesisti, qui essent 182
optimates. Non est'natio,ut dixisti: quod ego verbum
40 agnovi; est enim illius, a quo uno maxime P. Sestius
se oppugnari videt, hominis eius, qui hanc 'nationem'
deleri et concidi cupivit; qui C. Caesarem, mitem
hominem et a caede abhorrentem, saepe increpuit,
saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum
15 haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum. Nihil profecit
| de universis: de me agere non destitit; me oppug-
navit primum per indicem Vettium, quem in contione
de me et de clarissimis viris interrogavit. In quo
iamen eos civis coniunxit eodem periculo et crimine,
0 ub a me inierit gratiam, quod me cum amplissimis et
fortissimis viris congregavit.
LXIV. Sed postea mihi nullo meo merito, nisi 138
quod bonis placere cupiebam, omnis est insidias scele-
ratissime machinatus. Ille ad eos, a quibus audiebatur,
25 cotidie aliquid de me ficti adferebat; ille hominem
. mihi amicissimum, Cn. Pompeium, monebat, ut meam
domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret; ille se sic ^
cum inimico meo copularat, ut illum meae proscrip-
tionis, quam adiuvabat, Sex. Clodius, homo iis dig-
30 nissimus quibuscum vivit, tabulam, sese scriptorem
esse diceret; ille unus ordinis nostri discessu meo,
luetu vestro palam exsultavit. De quo ego, cum
H. δ
 66 M. TULLI CICERONIS

cotidie rueret, verbum feci, iudices, numquam neque

putavi, cum omnibus machinis ac tormentis, vi, exer-
citu, copiis oppugnarer, de uno sagittario me queri
convenire. Acta mea sibi ait displicere. Quis nescit?
qui legem meam contemnat, quae dilucide vetat;
gladiatores biennio, quo quis petierit aut petiturus sit,
184 dare? In quo eius temeritatem satis mirari, iudices, non
queo. Facitapertissimecontra legem; facitis, qui neque
elabi ex iudicio iucunditate sua neque emitti gratia po-
test nequeopibus et potentia leges ac iudicia perfringere. 10
Quae res hominem impellit ut sittam intemperans? [Tste
nimia gloriae cupiditate] Familiam gladiatoriam, credo,
nanetus est speciosam, nobilem, gloriosam. Norat
studia populi, videbat clamores et concursus futuros. |
Hae exspectatione elatus homo flagrans cupiditate i51
gloriae tenere se non potuit, quin eos gladiatores
induceret, quorum esset ipse pulcherrimus. Si ob
eam causam peccaret pro recenti populi Romani in
se beneficio populari studio elatus, tamen ignosceret
nemo: cum vero ne de venalibus quidem homines 20 |
electos, sed ex ergastulis emptos nominibus gladiatoriis
ornarit et sortito alios Samnitis, alios provocatores
fecerit, tanta licentia, tanta legum contemptio nonne
135 quem habitura sit exitum pertimescit? Sed habet
defensiones duas: primum *Do' inquit * bestiarios: »5
lex scripta [est] de gladiatoribus'. Festive! Accipite
aliquid etiam acutius. Dicet se non gladiatores, sed
unum gladiatorem dare et totam aedilitatem in munus |
hoe transtulisse. Praeclara aedilitas! unus leo, du- |
centi bestiarii. "Verum utatur hae defensione: cupio 80.
eum suae causae confidere; solet enim tribunos plebis
appellare et vi iudicium disturbare, cum diffidit.
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88$ 133—137 67

Quem non tam admiror, quod meam legem contemnit

hominis inimici, quam quod sie statuit, omnino consu-
larem legem nullam putare. Caeciliam Didiam, Li-
ciniam luniam contempsit. Etiamne eius, quem sua
5 lege et suo beneficio ornatum, munitum, armatum solet
gloriari; C. Caesaris legem de pecuniis repetundis
non putat esse legem ἢ Et aiunt alios esse, qui acta
Caesaris rescindant, cum haec optima lex et ab illo
socero eius et ab hoc adsecula neglegatur! LXV. Et
10 cohortari ausus est accusator in hae causa vos, iudices,
ut aliquando essetis severi, aliquando medicinam adhi-
beretis rei publicae. Non ea est medicina, cum sanae
parti corporis scalpellum adhibetur atque integrae;
carnificina est ista et crudelitas: ei medentur rei pub-
15 licae, qui exsecant pen aliquam tamquam strumam
civitatis.
Sed ut extremum habeat aliquid oratio mea, et ut 136
ego ante dicendi finem faciam quam vos mei tam
attente audiendi, concludam illud. de optimatibus
20 eorumque principibus ac rei publicae defensoribus,
vosque, adulescentes, et qui nobiles estis, ad maiorum
vestrorum imitationem excitabo, et qui ingenio ac
virtute nobilitatem potestis consequi, ad eam ratio-
nem, in qua multi homines novi et honore et gloria
los floruerunt, cohortabor. Haee est una via, mihi cre- 187
| dite, et laudis et dignitatis et honoris, a bonis viris
sapientibus et bene natura constitutis laudari et diligi,
nosse discriptionem civitatis a maioribus nostris sapien-
tissime constitutam, qui cum regum potestatem non
[3 tulissent, ita magistratus annuos creaverunt, ut con-
Silium senatus rei publicae praeponerent sempiternum,
deligerentur autem in id consilium ab universo populo
5—2
 .68 M. TULLI CICERONIS

aditusque in ilum summum ordinem omnium civium

industriae ac virtuti pateret, Senatum rei publicae
custodem, praesidem, propugnatorem conlocaverunt;
huius ordinis auctoritate uti magistratus et quasi
ministros gravissimi consilii esse[voluerunt] ; senatum
autem ipsum proximorum ordinum splendore con-
firmari, plebis libertatem et commoda tueri atque
augere voluerunt.
i 138 LXVI. Haec qui pro virili parte defendunt, opti-
mates sunt, cuiuscumque sunt ordinis; qui autem
praecipue suis cervicibus tanta munia atque rem
publicam sustinent, hi semper habiti sunt optimatium
principes, auctores et conservatores civitatis. Huic
hominum generi fateor, ut ante dixi, multos adver-
Sarios, inimicos, invidos esse, multa proponi pericula,
multas inferri iniurias, magnos esse experiundos et
subeundos labores: sed mihi omnis oratio est cum
virtute, non cum desidia, cum dignitate, non cum
voluptate, cum iis, qui se patriae, qui suis civibus,
qui laudi, qui gloriae, non qui somno et conviviis et
delectationi natos arbitrantur. Nam si qui voluptati-
bus ducuntur et se vitiorum inlecebris et cupiditatium
lenociniis dediderunt, missos faciant honores, ne attin-
gant rem publicam, patiantur virorum fortium labore
189 se otio suo perfrui. Qui autem bonam famam bono-
rum, quae sola vere gloria nominari potest, expetunt,
alis otium quaerere debent et voluptates, non sibi.
Sudandum est iis pro communibus commodis, adeundae
inimicitiae, subeundae saepe pro re publica tempes-
tates: cum multis audacibus, improbis, non numquam
etiam potentibus dimicandum. Haec audivimus de
clarissimorum virorum consiliis et factis, haec accepimus,
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8& 197—141 69

haec legimus. Neque eos in laude positos videmus,

qui incitarunt aliquando populi animos ad seditionem,
aut qui largitione caecarunt mentes imperitorum, aut
qui fortis et claros viros et bene de re publica meritos
in invidiam aliquam vocaverunt. Levis hos semper
nostri homines et audaces et malos et perniciosos civis
putaverunt. Αὐ vero qui horum impetus et conatus
represserunt, qui auctoritate, qui fide, qui constantia,
qui magnitudine animi consiliis audacium restiterunt,
l0 hi graves, hi principes, hi duces, hi auctores huius
dignitatis atque imperii semper habiti sunt. -
LXVII. Ac ne quis ex nostro aut aliquorum 140
praeterea casu hanc vitae viam pertimescat, unus in
hac civitate, quem quidem ego possum dicere, prae-
15 clare vir de re publica meritus, L. Opimius, indignis-
sime concidit: cuius monumentum celeberrimum in
foro, sepulerum desertissimum in litore Dyrrachino
relictum est. Atque hune tamen flagrantem invidia
propter interitum C. Graechi semper ipse populus
Romanus periculo liberavit; alia quaedam civem
egregium iniqui iudicii procella pervertit. Ceteri vero
aut,repentina vi perculsi ac tempestate populari, per
populum tamen ipsum recreati sunt atque revocati,
aut omnino invulnerati inviolatique vixerunt, At
vero ii, qui senatus consilium, qui auctoritatem bono-
rum, qui instituta maiorum neglexerunt et imperitae
aut concitatae multitudini iucundi esse voluerunt,
omnes fere rei publicae poenas aut praesenti morte
aut turpi exsilio dependerunt. Quod si apud Athe- 141
30 niensis, homines Graecos, longe a nostrorum hominum
gravitate diiunctos, non deerant qui rem publicam
contra populi temeritatem defenderent, cum omnes,
|
 40 M. TULLI CICERONIS

qui ita fecerant, e civitate eicerentur, si Themistoclem

illum, conservatorem patriae, non deterruit a re publica
defendenda nec Miltiadi calamitas, qui illam civitatem — |
paulo ante servarat, neque Aristidi fuga, qui unus -
omnium iustissimus fuisse traditur, si postea summis .
eiusdem civitatis virij quos nominatim appellari non
est necesse, propositis tot exemplis iracundiae levita-
tisque popularis tamen suam rem publicam illam de-
fenderunt: quid nos tandem facere debemus, primum
in ea civitate nati, unde orta mihi gravitas et magni- 10 -
tudo animi videtur, tum in tanta gloria insistentes,
ut omnia humana leviora videri debeant, deinde ad
eam rem publicam tuendam adgressi, quae tanta
dignitate est, ut eam defendentem occidere optabilius 1
sit quam oppugnantem rerum potiri? 15
142 LXVIII. Homines Graeci, quos antea nominavi,
inique à suis civibus damnati atque expulsi, tamen,
quia bene sunt de suis civitatibus meriti, tanta hodie
gloria sunt non in Graecia solum, sed etiam apud nos
atque in ceteris terris, ut eos, a quibus illi oppressi 20 ὁ
sint, nemo nominet, horum calamitatem dominationi
illprum -omnes anteponant. Quis Karthaginiensium
pluris fuit Annibale consilio, virtute, rebus gestis, qui
unus cum tot imperatoribus nostris per tot annos de
imperio et de gloria decertavit? Hune sui cives e 25.
civitate eiecerunt; nos etiam hostem litteris nostris et
143 memoria videmus esse celebratum. Qua re imitemur
nostros Brutos, Camiillos, Ahalas, Decios, Curios, Fa- |
bricios, Maximos, Scipiones, Lentulos, Aemilios,innu-
merabiles alios, qui hanc rem publicam stabiliverunt: 30
quos equidem in deorum immortalium coetu ac numero
repono. Àmemus patriam, pareamus senatui, consu-
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO δ 141—145 τὶ

lamus bonis; praesentis fructus neglegamus, posteri-

tatis gloriae serviamus; id esse optimum putemus,
quod erit rectissimum; speremus quae volumus, sed
quod acciderit feramus: cogitemus denique corpus
σι virorum fortium magnorumque hominum esse mortale,
animi vero motus et virtutis gloriam sempiternam;
neque, hane opinionem si in illo sanctissimo Hercule
consecratam videmus, cuius corpore ambusto vitam
eius et virtutem immortalitas excepisse dicatur, minus
1eo existimemus eos, qui hanc tantam rem publicam suis
consiliis aut laboribus aut auxerint aut defenderint
aut servarint, esse immortalem gloriam consecutos.
LXIX. Sed me repente, iudices, de fortissimorum
et clarissimorum civium dignitate et gloria dicentem
et plura etiam dicere parantem horum adspectus in
ipso cursu orationis repressit. Video P. Sestium, meae
salutis, vestrae auctoritatis, publicae causae defen-
Sorem, propugnatorem, actorem reum; video hune
praetextatum eius filium oculis lacrimantibus me in-
| 80 tuentem ; video T. Milonem, vindicem vestrae libertatis,
Ϊ
|

|
custodem salutis meae, subsidium adflictae rei pub-
lieae, exstinctorem domestici latrocinii, repressorem
|

caedis cotidianae, defensorem templorum atque tec-

torum, praesidium curiae, sordidatum et reum; video
| 95 P. Lentulum, cuius ego patrem deum ac parentem
statuo fortunae ac nominis mei et fratris liberorumque
nostrorum, in hoec misero squalore et sordibus; cui
superior annus idem et virilem patris et praetextam
populi iudicio togam dederit, hunc hoc anno in hac
| 80 toga rogationis iniustissimae subitam acerbitatem
pro patre fortissimo et clarissimo cive deprecantem.
Atque hie tot et talium civium squalor, hie luctus, 145
 12 M. TULLI CICERONIS

hae sordes susceptae sunt propter unum me, quia me

defenderunt, quia meum casum luctumque doluerunt,
quia me lugenti patriae, flagitanti senatui, poscenti
Italiae, vobis omnibus orantibus reddiderunt. Quod
tantum est in me scelus? quid tanto opere deliqui illo e

die, cum ad vos indicia, litteras, confessiones communis

exitii detulij, cum parui vobis? Ac si scelestum est
amare patriam, pertuli poenarum satis: eversa domus
est, fortunae vexatae, dissipati liberi, raptata coniunx,
frater optimus, incredibili pietate, amore inaudito 10
maximo in squalore volutatus est ad pedes inimicissi-
morum; ego pulsus aris, focis, deis penatibus, dis-
tractus a meis carui patria, quam, ut levissime dicam,
corpore texeram: Ppertuli crudelitatem inimicorum,
140 scelus infidelium, fraudem invidorum. Si hoe non 16
est satis, quod haec omnia deleta videntur reditu
meo, multo mihi, multo, inquam, iudices, praestat in
eandem illam recidere fortunam quam tantam impor-
tare meis defensoribus et conservatoribus calamitatem.
An ego in hae urbe esse possim his pulsis, qui me 20
huius urbis compotem fecerunt. Non ero, non potero
esse, iudices; neque hic umquam puer, qui his lacrimis,
qua sit pietate, declarat, amisso patre suo propter me,
me ipsum incolumem videbit nec, quotienscumque
me viderit, ingemescet ac pestem suam ac patris sui se 25
dicet videre. Ego vero hos in omni fortuna, quae-
eumque erit oblata, complectar: nec me ab iis, quos
meo nomine sordidatos videtis, umquam ulla fortuna
divellet; neque eae nationes, quibus me senatus com-
mendavit, quibus de me gratias egit, hunc exsulem so
propter me sine me videbunt.
147 . Sed haec di immortales, qui me suis templis adveni-
 PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 8$ 145—147 73

entem receperunt stipatum ab his viris et P. Lentulo

consule, atque ipsa res publica, qua nihil est sanctius,
vestrae potestati, iudices, commiserunt. Vos hoc
iudicio omnium bonorum mentes confirmare, impro-
5 borum reprimere potestis, vos his civibus uti optimis,
vos me reficere et renovare rem publicam. Qua re vos
obtestor atque obsecro, ut, si me salvum esse voluistis,
eos conservetis, per quos me recuperavistis.
 1S

NOTES

$$1,2. Exordium
|
| The object of the Exordium is to arouse the interest and
awaken the sympathy of the jury : Cicero accordingly points
out the momentous issues at stake im the present trial. *It
ought mot? he says *to be a matter of surprise if there be a
dearth of men willing to risk their lives for the public good and
tranquillity, when they see the melancholy position o which
those who have so nobly rescued their country from the party of
disorder are reduced by their adversaries! persecution. The
worst part of it is that these men are mow with a full sense
of personal security actually relying on the courts of justice to
enable them to commit injustice by effecting the ruin of the true
and loyal citizens, against whom their hired ruffians and despe-
radoes have so far been employed in vain. I am bound by the
ties of duty and gratitude to do all in my power to defend the
objects of these iniquitous attacks, and especially Sestius, who
was one of the most active in promoting my recall from exile.

CHAPTER I.
P.1,81,1.1. quid esset quod] *what was the reason that
considering the great resources of the state (from which merito-
rious citizens might expeet rewards) and the grandeur of our
empire' (under which they might expect to attain to glory and
honour). si quis] so εἴτις
Ξε ὅστις, cf. 8 14 1. 15.
1.3. forti et magno animo] abl. of quality: Roby Sch. Gr.
$,502, Kenn. p. 399. Cf. $ 45 non nemo vir fortis et acris
animi magnique.
l. 4. invenirentur] for the tense see Madv. Gr. $ 383,
Kenn. p. 483, note to Cic, de off. 11 811. 1, and for the mood
Roby Gr. $8 1680, 1680. qui auderent] subj. because in
& consecutive clause, and in sympathy with (invenirentur.
16 PRO P. SESTIO $$ 1—2
se et salutem suam] ὃ 48 se ac vitam suam, or. p. Caelio 8 57
cui 8e, cui salutem suam credidit. in discrimen offerre]
8 61 obtulit in discrimen vitam suam, cf. or. p. Balb. 8 25
se in vitae discrimen inferret, or. p. Arch. 8 14 ín dimicationes
86 obicere.
l 5. statu civitatis] *our constitution;' cf. or. p. Sulla
8 88 statum orbis terrae, ὃ 68 status reipublicae mazime iu-
dicatis rebus continetur, or. p. Cael. ὃ 70 quae lex ad statum
patriae, ad. salutem omnium pertinet, p. Mur. $ 24 omnia, quae
sunt in imperio et statu civitatis, or. p. Flacc. 8 8 ut totum
reip. statum in hoc uno iudicio positum esse putetis.
1.6. ex hoc tempore] * henceforward,' *now and hereafter,
not *aecording to the temper of the times, 'as some take it to
mean. Halm and Müller read hoc tempore. bonum] in
political sense, *loyal,'*patriotie, *well-disposed. See index
8. v. and note on de off, 11 $35 1. 7.
l 8. sibi consulentem] an egoist,' selfish person,' opp.
to bonum i.e.rei p. comsulentem, *patriotic, On the par-
tieiple used adjectively see my note on Cic. de off. τὶ $ 11
1, 28, Madvig Gr. 8 425 b.
ut omittatis cogitando recordari] not a parenthetie final
clause (Kenn. Gr. p. 458), but a limitative clause —-*ut non
recordemini,' *without having to call up in imagination. See
n. on $8 291. 7. On the use of the word cogitatio to express
our *imagination,' fancy, see Nügelsb. lat. Stil. 8 8, 1, who
quotes or. p. Mil. 8 79 fingite animis—liberae enim sunt mos-
trae cogitationes et quae volunt, sic intuentur, ut ea cernimus
quae videmus : fingite cogitationeimaginem huius conditionis
meae : or. pro Balb. 8 47 existat ergo ille vir parumper cogita-
tione vestra, quoniam re non potest, ut conspiciatis eum menti-
bus, quem iam oculis mon potestis. On the ablative gerund,
almost an equivalent here to the present participle, cf. or. pro
Balb. 8 9: quem provinciae nostrae castiorem...aut speramdo
umquam aut optando cogitaverunt, i.e. *have imagined either
in their hopes or dreams' as Mr Reid translates it.
l. 10. eos, qui—excitarint] *men who have combined with
the senate and all loyal people in raising our country from her
low estate and freeing it from brigandage within her borders,
alluding to the lawless and riotous proceedings of the hired
supporters of Clodius (Ciodiani). Cf. 8 144 where Milo is
called exstinctor domestici latrocinii, and or. in Pis. 8 11
where the temple of Castoris spoken of as castellum forensis
latrocinii,ib.S8 25, pro Sull. 8 70 ad civile latrocinium
natum. Excitare properly means 'to raise, 'set on his legs
one who has been thrown down,' Gr. ὀρθῶσαι πεσόντα Or
 NOTES 71
κείμενον. Comp. de orat. 11 $8 124 mon dubitavit excitare reum
consularem, ib. 8 195 excitavi maestum ac sordidatum senem.
Hence metaphorically, *to restore to one's former position,'
*reinstate. For another meaning of excitare see below $ 5 1.9.
l 12, sordidatos] such as P. Lentulus (see on ἃ 144),
reos, such as Sestius and Milo; s. Intr. $824. Ramsay or.
p. Cluent, $ 18 has ἃ good note on the meaning of sordidatus.
1.13. de capite] their civil status.' See n. on Cic. de off. 118
501.24. Caputis specialised by what follows, viz. fama, civi-
tas, fortunae, liberi, for capitis diminutio entailed on ἃ man
exile, the sacrifice of property, and separation from his family
(S 7), and consequently loss of the patria potestas.
l 14. dimicantis—volitare] observe the change of con-
struction from the predieative accusative of the participle to
the infinitive in the two periods, which is to be explained
partly by the distanee of volitare from the verb on which it
depends, partly because the inf. expresses the activity ex-
hibited by, the participle rather the personal condition of, the
party concerned. Of. Livy xx1 33, 2.
1, 15. violarint vexarint, perturbarint everterint] notice
how the words go in pairs, an arrangement of which Cicero is
partieularly fond; see my note on de off. τσ 8 64 1. 4, Reid on
de amic. $ 17.
l. 16. volitare conveys the idea of à mischievous errand,
*to flutter, bustle about;' cf. 8 9 cum illa coniuratio palam
armata volitaret, S 94 1. 28, or. in Pis. 88 Sextum Clodium
ludos facere et praetextatum volitare passus es, or. in Cat.
II ὃ 5 quos video volitare in foro, ib. ὃ 15 in armis volitare.
1.17. de se nihil timere] 'to have no fears about them-
selves,' although, as he says $ 94 1. 24, iis omne supplicium atque
omnis iure optimo poena debetur. ΟΡ. 8 94 1. 29 nec dum vos de
vobis aliquid timebitis, illi umquam de se pertimescent.
82,118. in quo]—n qua re. multa] i.e. multa alia.
l. 19. latrones] 'hired fighters :' Gr. λάτρις.
1. 20. scelere] 'villany,' * profligacy,' the primary meaning
of the word, as in 88 4, 14, 22, 53, 86, 145. Cp. or. pro Rosc.
Am, ὃ 8, 8 17. perditos] so $ 85 hominum cum egestate tum
audacia perditorum, pro Mur. 8 86 lacrimis ac maerore per-
ditos. vos nobis] observe the pointed eollocation of the
pronouns,
1.21. optimis civibus] *most loyal citizens,' ὃ 1 1. 6.
P.2,1. 1. vi manu] cf. 88 34, 78, 85, 92. hos] not eos,
because especial reference is made to Sestius and Milo, who
18 PRO P. SESTIO & 2—5
are present in court: cf. hunc $ 90 and 8 144, and hi graves
etc. 8 1839, qui—hi 8 138.
l 2. auctoritate] 'through the moral weight of your judi-
eial decision. religione] *through the obligation of your
oath,' which gives a sanctity to your verdict.
1.3. ego autem, iudices, qua voce utendum putabam cet.]
Halm in ed. 1 adopted Hotoman's reading quia before qua
voce, Which is found in the Bernese wss, but not in P; but,
when Madvig pointed out that Cicero would at least have
written quoniam and not quia, in his later editions he substi-
tuted quoniam. I am inclined to agree with Madvig that
neither quia nor quoniam is required ; the sentence eís potissi-
mum vox haec serviat (i.e. servire debet) he thinks is genuine,
in confirmation of the previous ea nunc uti cogor. Bake and
Hirschfelder and Halm in his fifth edition omit the clause
altogether, Wesenberg would read depellendis, iis potissimum
wt voz haec serviat. Mr Reid is strongly in favour of quam-
quam, ihe drift being 'although I speak under regrettable
circumstances, still etc."
l 5. beneficio] *favour, meaning his own restoration.
l.6. periculis] frequently used of the danger threatened
by criminal charges, with reference to the grave penalties
ineurred in ease of conviction. See Reid n. on p. Arch. $ 18.

δὲ 3—5. Propositio
Hortensius has made a very complete defence of Sestius and
left little or nothing additional to be said; but I should be
ungrateful, if I did mot exert my voice om behalf of one who is
placed in his present position because of the leading part he
took in my recall, and I claim the consideration and indulgence
of the court, if in the course of my defence I give expression
somewhat freely to my sentiments of just indignation against his
persecutors. I shall begin with a general sketch of his character
and life, up to the time when he became tribune of the people,
that you may be in, possession of full data for determining the
question of his guilt or innocence.
CHAPTER ΠΤ
83,1. 9. ἃ Q. Hortensio—perorata est] (has been last
dealt with by Hortensius. See Introd. $27. In publie trials
there was ordinarily only one leading counsel, assisted by
subscriptores, for the impeachment; for the defence there
were several (usually four) eounsel-in-chief, all called patroni.
The arrangement was that each speaker should reply to a
single charge (Brut. 8 207 sqq.); the last speech was called
peroratio: cf. Brut. 8 127 exstat eius peroratio, qui epilogus
 NOTES 19
dicitur: qui tanto in honore pueris mobis erat, ut eum etiam
edisceremus. |See Intr. to or. p. Plancio p. xx.
1. 11, pro re publica] (on behalf of,' *in the interest of
the state,' ἃ stronger expression than de re p.: cp. de Orat. II
8 198 pro republica queri. Pro and de are opposed in $ 130.
l.15. atque ego sic statuo] * withal, indeed, I go 80 far as
tosay. See Nügelsb. lat. Stil. 8 193, 2, c.
1. 16. hoc extremo dicendi loco] Cic. was particularly
famous for his power of working on the feelings of the iudices ;
hence where other advocates were employed with him, he
usually spoke last, as in the Speeches for Balbus and Sulla.
Of. orat. ὃ 180 quid ego de miserationibus loquor? quibus eo
sum usus pluribus, quod, etiam si plures dicebamus, perora-
tionem (*the final speech?) mihi tamen omnes relinquebant; in
quo ut viderer excellere non ingenio sed dolore adsequebar, Brut.
: 8190 Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, perorandi locum,
ubi plurimum pollet oratio, semper tibi relinquebat.
Ll 17. pietatis] *affection,' *gratitude.' Cf. or. p. r. Deiot.
8 30 sed quamvis ingrate et impie mecessitudinis momen re-
pudiaretis, or. p. Planc. S 80 quid est pietas misi voluntas
grata in parentis?
8 4,1. 19. acrius, * more passionately ; liberius, * more
frankly, *with a great dealof freedom of speech, not so strong a
word as asperius: cf. or. p. Plane. ὃ 33 'asperius? inquit
* locutus est aliquid, aliquando, immo fortasse liberius.
1.22, [putetis is attracted to concedatis. J.8. &.] officio
coniunctior, *more eonformable to duty, or. p. Planc. 8 25
rogatio officio coniuncta mazime, de off. 1 ὃ 6 praecepta
coniuncta naturae, i.e. frational.' The abl. with cum is some-
times used for the dative, but rarely without cum, see 8 8 1. 15.
. 85,1. 28. de omni statu] i.e. de omni Sestii condi-
tione et vivendi agendique ratione, *on his political
position and eireumstances.' moribus] *charaeter.'
1, 80. de studio conservandae sal.] ' about his zealous con-
servatism.' Of. 8 15 1. 29 hominíis,..otii et communis salutis
inimici, for the opposite character.
1, 32. confusa defensione] *indiscriminate,' *comprehen-
sive and general vindication' which takes in all, without enter-
ing into a particular discussion of specific, charges. For this
meaning of confundere 566 note on de off. 1 8 95 1. 34, 11 $ 10
l. 8, and ef. Tusc. 1 $823 cuperem equidem utrumque, si posset ;
sed est difficile confundere, i.e. utrumque coniungere,
* to combine the two," de or. τι 8 177 ut re distinguantur, verbis
80 PRO P. SESTIO 8& 5—6
confusa esse videantur, i.e. * passing one into the other. [Cf.
de legg. 1 886 quae fuse olim disputabantur, ea nune articu-
latim distincta dicuntur, Àc, 11 $ 47 generatim )( confuse
loqui. 3. 8. Β.] See Intr, 8 27.
P.3,1. l. ad vestram quaestionem, whether Sestius is
guilty or not; ad reum, what concerns his character.
1. 5. ruinis] *overthrow, not 'ruins.' eversae atque
adflictae] ' ruined and down-trodden:' ef. or. p. Rosc. Am. ὃ 33
ut ommes occisus perdiderit atque afflizerit, ep. ad Att.
τι 10, 2 perditum afflictumq ue, Phil. xiv 14.
1.6. & Fortuna] [the ancients understood by Fortune *an
inserutable divine agency, 'as we do by *Providence.' 3. s. R.]
l 8. haec] for this form of the nom. fem. pl. see n. on de
off. 1 8 152 1. 9. tantae laudes] such glorious achieve-
ments! as those he accomplished when quaestor and tribune
of the plebs (summis in rebus).
1.9. excitatae] 'raised,' *erected, * built up,' the word is
suggested by fundamentis, being properly applied to the erection
of ἃ building, as in Livy xxix 18 ad aliquantum altitudinis ez-
citata erant maenia, xvi 18 postquam turres excitari vide-
runt. ltis used figuratively de fin. 1v 8 18 principiis autem a
natura datis amplitudines quaedam bonorum ezcitabantur.

δὲ 6—95. Confirmatio
88 6—13. First part of the Confirmatio. Cicero has
divided what he had to say on the innocence of Sestius into three
sections, between the second and third of which a long digression
is interposed. Inthe first Section he gives a sketch of his client's
personal history before his appointment to the tribumate, his
parentage, marriage, his amiable qualities and domestic virtues,
in particular his exemplary discharge of his duties as military
tribune (88 6, 7); the services which he rendered, as quaestor to
Gaius Antonius Hbrida, Cicero's colleague in. the Consulship,
(1) in watching his conduct during and. after the conspiracy of
Catiline, and informing Cicero of the enemy's movements and
forestalling his treasonable designs, (2) in relieving Capua, the
head-quarters of the gladiators, from alarm at attempts of the
conspirators, (3) in hastening with his army to Rome, when fresh
comumotions were feared from the attacks of the mewly elected
tribunes of the people and the partisans of the conspirators upon
Cicero's acts during the remainder of the term of his Consulship,
(4) in urging Antonius, who had mo inclination to fight with
Catiline, to force him to the necessity of a battle (S8 8—12). His
upright administration as proquaestor in Macedonia $ 13.
 NOTES 8l

OHAPTER III
$6,1 11, sancto] 'morally pure.'
1.12. primus] ' returned first among those elected with him,'
ef. or. de imp. Cn. Pomp. 8 2 ter praetor primus cunctis
centuriis renuntiatus sum.
1.13. temporibus optimis] because in bad times, when the
tribunate was not always attained by honourable means nor
as ὃ reward of merit, i& was not necessarily a distinction to be
elected.
l. 14. eo auctore] i.e. de consensu patris, because as
long as he was filius familias and. subject to the patría potestas,
the father's consent was necessary to his son's contracting 8
justum matrimonium, |Justinian Inst. 110 : iustas nuptias inter
se cives Romani contrahunt, qui secundum praecepta legum
colunt; masculi quidem puberes, feminae autem viripotentes,
sive patres familias sint sive filii familias ; dum tamen, si filii
familias sint,c ons enswum habeant parentum, quorum in potes-
tate sunt. So Halm understands the words, but H. A. Koch
lakes it to mean *by his advice, on the ground that it would
not have been any partieular act of pietas in Sestius to perform
what was a necessary duty for him as a filius familias. See
p. 227.
l.15. spectatissimi] * most esteemed."
l. 16. hicest puer] because the defendant's son L. Sestius
(below 8 9, ep. ad fam. x111 8, 1) had been brought into court with
8 view to moving the compassion of the judges, cf. $ 10, 8 144.
117. gravissimae antiquitatis] «of old-fashioned manners
and extreme dignity;' $ 19 imago antiquitatis, 8 180 illam
divinam gravitatem, plenam antiquitatis, or. p. Caec. 8 28
exemplar religionis antiquae, Aul. Gell. rv 14 decretum
tribunorum visum est gravitatis antiquae plenum, or. pro
Babir. Post. 8 27 P. Rutilius documentum fuit hominibus
|| mostris virtutis, antiquitatis, prudentiae, Plin. ep. v 15 ez-
emplar antiquitatis, ib. τι 1, 7 exemplar aevi prioris. See
my n. to or. p. Planc. 8 45 1. 11.
1l 18. earus, as son and son-in-law ; iucundus, because of
his amiable personal qualities. The two words form a standing
couple in Cicero; ef, Brut. 8 10 homines mihi cari itaque
iucundi ut cet., or. p. Sull 8 62 carus utrisque atque
iucundus.
l. 19. ademit soceri nomen] the name which he bore so
|. long as the marriage with his daughter lasted. A dissolution ot
, marriage by death or divorce involved a corresponding severance
x1 e
-82 PRO P. SESTIO & 6—8
of the ties of affinitas, as is evident from or. p. Cluent. 8 33
apud Dinaeam, quae twm (during her husband's life) ei mulieri
socrus erat, ibid. 8 190 divortia atque af finitatum discidia, de
orat.18 24 venisse eodem, socer eius qui fuerat, Q. Mucius
dicebatur. C. F. Hermann quotes Julius Pollux Onom. 11 6
τὸ μὲν γένος ἡμῖν ὁμοῦ τῇ γενέσει σύνεστι kal οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτε παύε-
ται, ἡ δὲ συγγένεια (affinitas) καιρῷ. τε ἄρχεται καὶ νόμῳ
παύεται" νόμῳ γὰρ ὥσπερ συνίσταται γάμος, οὕτω καὶ λύεται"
λυθέντος γὰρ ἅπαξ τοῦ γάμου καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα τὰ διὰ τὸν γάμον
συναπέρχεται.
1, 21. hodie] i.e. vel hodie *even now,' *even at the
present day,' 8 59, 8 95, 8 142. sic hunc diligit, ut...potestis
iudicare] we should say *you may judge how fond he is of .
him ;' cf. or. p. Planc. ὃ 28 Macedonía sic eum diligit, ut iudicant —
hi principes civitatem suarum, where see my n.
l. 22. adsiduitate]—-assidua praesentia in iudicio,
*attendance in court, or. p. Plane. $ 27 l. 31 qualem hunc
putent, assiduitate testimonioque declarant. The friends of à
defendant (advocati) sat in court (aderant) during a trial to give
the weight of their influence, or. p. Plane. $8281, 3. —molestia]
* vexation,! * annoyance,' * dejection.'
$7,128. optimi et calamitosissimi] *so excellent and yet
so unfortunate withal, or. p. Planc. 8 102 miserrimus et optimus.
[calamitas refers especially (as συμφορὰ in Gr. orr. often
Ξεἀτιμία) to civil disability resulting from conviction in 8
court of justice : cf. my note on or. p. Sull. 8 15 1. 17 σ. s. &.]
l. 24. L. Scipionis] à Marian, who when consul with his .
colleague C. Norbanus in s.c. 88 was defeated at the battle οὗ
Tifata by Sulla and deserted by his own soldiers. He died an
exile at Marseilles. Mommsen Hist. of Rome 111 p. 350 ed. 1a.,
Plutarch Sull. c. 28, Appian b.c. 1 80—86.
in hoc] * in regard to him" (Scipio), *in his ease' or *person;?! .
clara exstitit] *showed itself in the most beautiful light; .
omnibus grata, *which met with universal recognition.'
l 26. Massiliam] it was to Marseilles that Milo went after
the murder of Clodius. [As the towns having ius exilii with
Rome were absorbed, Roman exiles had to go further and
further afield. At first Tibur was the common resort, then .
Naples, atlast Marseilles. 5. s. 5.7
1, 27. fluctibus rei p.] during the Marian civil war, 8 99. ]

1, 28, in alienis terris iacentem— stare] alienae terrae is

opposed to maiorum vestigia i.e. sedes maiorum, and íacen- | Ἷ

tem means 'stranded' with reference to the metaphor of à N

Ll

f
 NOTES 83
shipwreck. Op. 8 42,8 64, and my n. to or. p. Planc. 8 71 1.
25, $ 811. 17, Nàgelsb. lat. Stil. $ 127, 1. Fabri on Liv. xx1 41
compares Pindar Nem. 6, 15 ἔχνεσιν ἐν Πραξιδάμαντος ἑὸν πόδα
νέμων.
1, 80, si non omnem, at aliquam partem] *if not all, at
least some portion (measure)' Op. $57 sí nondum socius, at
non hostis, S8 14, 87 sí non—at certe, ὃ 9281 minus—at certe,
8 57 si non—at tamen, 866 Munro on Catullus p. 126.
1.32. offüciis] *services. Oficium (opificium) is properly
an act done from motives of friendship or relationship.
P.4,1.1. filiae solitudinem] i. e. separation from her father.
1. 2, possum-——dicere—sed] *I might say, only,' cf. or. in
Verr. 1 8 125 possum sexcenta decreta perferre—v erum, or.
p. Caelio 8 53 possum dicere...possum etiam illa...perquirere,
possum omnis latebras suspicionum peragrare dicendo...8ed haec,
Virg. Georg. 1 176 and below 8 12 1. 9 n. Cf. Demosth. πόλλ᾽ ἂν
ἔχων εἰπεῖν. domesticis] *in private life")( publicis.
1.3. de tribunatu militari] Ascon. schol. on Cic. Verr. 1
e. 10: tribunorum militarium duo genera : primum eorum,
qui rufuli dicuntur : hi in exercitu creari solent: alii comi-
tiati, qui Romae comitiis designantur. 'The military tribunes
of the legiones quattuor primae, which were designated for
regular active service, were chosen at the comitia tributa. See
JDict. of Antiq. pp. 502, 503.
de provinciali abstinentia] cf, integritas provincialis ὃ
13, Cic. ep. ad fam. v 19, 1 provinciale officium: 566 5. 5. R.'s
note p. 277. in eo magistratu] the word magistratus shews
that the offiee was one to which the people elected: οἵ. Sall.
En 68, 4 tribunatum militarem à populo petit (Marius)
.. deinde ab eo magistratu etc.
1. δ. ad sese rapit] 8 13 1. 28 ad tribunatum qui ipse ad
8686 iam dudum vocat...veniamus. minora, 'less important."
l 6. relinquere hortatur] à very rare construction for ut
relinquam. |Zumpt Gr. 8 616. [Draeger Hist. Synt. gives one
ex. from Cic. de inventione, I have not noted any other in Cic.
W 8. R.]
$8,1.7. collegae mei] Gaius Antonius H ybrida was
consul with Cicero m.c. 63. ^ sorte] the Quaestors had to draw
lots for their provincia quaestoria in the Temple of Saturn on
the nones of December,
l 8, impedior non nullius oífcii religione] By religio
oficiiis meant *respect for the special obligation imposed upon

6—2
84 PRO P. SESTIO 8& 8—9
him of allegiance to his colleague'. "The expression occurs also
or. p. Sull, ὃ 10, Verr. 11 $82, v8 35. The use of non nullus
in the singular is not uncommon; cf. or. Phil. 1 8 11 ποῖ
mullo eius officio, x1 8 20 tua culpa non nulla, de am. 8 80
opinione non nulla, or. p. Mur. $ 37 rumore non nulio, or. p.
Mil. 8 11 »on nulla apud bonos gratia. ut ego interpre-
tor] ' according to my view of the matter,' $ 12 1. 5.
1.10. cum esset cum collega meo] ' when attached to, in
attendance on, my colleague.! On the apparently harsh re-
petition of cum 8ee Reid or. p. Sull. 8 16 1. 24.
senserit] because of the connexion of Antonius with the
party of Catiline; quam multa is to be taken with the third
member also of the sentence quanto ante (—multo or tanto
ante) providerit, Koch would read aliquanto ante, compar-
ing de off. 1 $ 81 futura aliquanto ante constituere.
l 11. atque] 'and $0,'*accordingly, Hand Turs. p. 175,
Nügelsb. 8 193, 2, b, Draeger H. S. 8 315 3e, Lewis-Short Dict.
p. 190* 8, 111 1.
l. 183. illo timore ac periculo] à temporal ablative, see
note on de off. 111 $ 114 1. 22 periculo mortis diffugissent, and
ep. below8 54 hac tanta perturbatione civitatis.
1, 15. ipso] see Madvig n. on Cic. de fin. τι ὃ 98, p. 297 ed.
2. infitiando] Manutius compares a verse from Accius
quoted by Cie. or. in Pis. 8 82 mumquam istam imminuam
curam infitiamndo tibi; cf. also or. p. red, in sen. 8 33 num-
quam infitiando suspicionem minuerunt. tollere— sedare]
or. Phil, τὸ $8 46 quanta mala sedavi vel potius sustuli.
dissimulando] by pretending to know nothing about the plans
of the conspirators.
1. 16. sustinendo atque moderando] 'checking and con-
iroling. Cp. de am. c. 17 est prudentis sustinere ut cursum
sic àmpetum benevolentiae, ep. ad Att. xi11 21, 8 susténeas equos.
1, 17. coniunctam cum] 'never disconnected from, 8 4
1.22. Cf. or. in Pis. c. 2: ego Antonium collegam, cupidum pro-
vinciae, multa in rep. molientem, patientia atque obsequio meo
mitigavi. Cicero had given up to him the province of Mace-
donia which had fallen to his own lot.
l 18. vere] *rightly, or. p. Plano. $ 48.
1, 20. observavit] in a double sense * paid respect to,'
and '*kept his eye upon;' cf. ep. ad fam. vir 27, 1 ego te in
consulatu observaram, ep. ad Quint. fr. 111 9, 5 me ab eo ita
observatum scio, ut eius ista odia non sorbeam solum sed etiam
concoquam. On ita—ut limitative, see Kenn. Gr. p. 458.
 NOTES 85
bonus] since the Consul should stand to his Quaestor in
the relation of parent (parentis loco), div. in Caecil. 8 61.
l 21. optimus] most patriotic, note on $1 1. 6, $8 2 1. 21.
Sestius reconciled his duty to his consul with his duty to the
State.

CHAPTER IV
8 9, 1. 22, idem] *also,' Kenn. Gr. p. 284.
1. 28. volitaret] cf. 8 1 1. 16. The reference is to the events
of Nov. 7 B.c. 602, when Cic. delivered his first speech against
Catiline, who thereupon rushed out of the senate to join Man-
lius in Etruria. The senate had decreed, upon the news of
his arrival in the camp of Manlius, Antonius cum exercitu
Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbi praesidio sit.
1. 25. opportunitates] Cic. de leg. agr. ir 8 90: quibus
omnibus bellis Capua...opportunissimam se mobis praebuit
et ad bellum instruendum et ad exercitus ornandos et tectis ac
sedibus suis recipiendos.
1.26. temptari] in military sense.
l. 28. non obscure] cf. or. in Pis. 8 5 interitum urbis non
obscure sed palam molientem, |Pisauri]'at Pisaurum,' atown
on the Adriatie, on the great Flaminian road between Fanum
Fortunae and Ariminum. Τὺ was founded as a Roman colony
in B.c. 184, at the same time as Potentia in Picenum, Liv.
xxxIx c. 44. ager Gallicus was the strip of sea-coast north of
Picenum, formerly occupied by the Galli Senones, but at this
time reckoned a part of Umbria.
l. 29. inilla coni. versatum] 'implicated in that conspiracy.'
C. Marcellum] probably the same Gaius Marcellus as the
one spoken of by Orosius v1 6: motus etiam in Paelignis ortus
a Marcellis patre et filio, per L. Vettium proditus, patefacta
Catilinae coniuratione quasi succisa radice compressus est, et de
utroque per Bibulum in Paelignis, per Ciceronem in Bruttiis
vindicatum est. idemque, 'and so also he.'
l 91. in familiam coniecisset] 'had placed himself in,
become a member of, a band of gladiators. Capua was the
head-quarters of the gladiators! sehools. Sallust Cat. 30:
itemque decrevere (senatores) ut gladiatoriae familiae
Capuam et in cetera municipia distribuerentur pro cuiusque
opibus. The word familia, in its primary meaning, properly
embraced the entire body of free persons, clients and slaves,
under the patriarchal rule of the paterfamilias. In time the
meaning was divided, applying (1) either to & group of kins-
86 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 9—10
folk having & common name—as Metellus, Scipio, Cicero,
Caesar; (2) to a body or gang of slaves, as here.
quasi armorum studio] i.e. *on the pretence that he wished
to learn the use of arms (ὁπλομαχία)᾽ [or *as though from a taste
for armed spectacles. 5. s. &.] So of Cethegus (or. in Cat. 3,
10), se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse.
P.5,1.1. conventus] Capua, which in the year 8. c. 338
had obtained the Roman civitas sine suffragio, was punished
for its defection in the second Punic war by its dissolution as
& political community, and its population deprived of all the
rights belonging to i$ as such; and all jurisdiction was placed
in the hands of ἃ praefectus sent annually from Rome.
Liv. xxv1 16 ceterum habitari tantum tamquam urbem Capuam
frequentarique placuit; corpus mullum civitatis nec senatus nec
plebis concilium mec magistratus esse; sine concilio publico,
sine imperio multitudinem, mullius rei inter se sociam, ad con-
sensum, inhabilem fore, Cic. de leg. agr. 11 ὃ 89 maiores Capuam
receptaculum aratorum, nundinas rusticorum, cellam atque hor-
reum Campani agri esse voluerunt. Now as such a place was
ealled conciliabulum, so its united inhabitants were called
conventus not populus or civitas. "This state of things con-
iinued until 8.0. ὅθ, when, upon the motion of the consul
Caesar, a colony was led to Capua; therefore at the time of
the delivery of this speech (hoc tempore) the Capuans were
coloni with a senate (decuriones) and two chief magistrates
(duumviri 8c. iuri dicundo ὃ 19). Vell. Paterc. 11 44 in hoc
consulatu Caesar legem tulit, ut ager Campanus plebei divide-
retur, suasore legis Pompeio. Ita circiter xx milia civium eo
deducta et ius civitatis restitutum post annos circiter cLir, quam
bello Punico ab Romanis Capua in formam praefecturae redacta
erat; cp. Caesar B. Civ. 1 14, 4 dilectumque colonorum qui
lege Iulia Capuam deducti erant habere instituunt; gladia-
tores, quos ibi Caesar in ludo habebat, circum familias com-
ventus Campaniae custodiae causa, distribuit, where, it will be
observed, conventus is used in a different sense, viz. that of *a
district.
1. 2. me unum patronum adoptavit] See Prof. Mayor's
note to or. Phil. τὶ 8 107 1. 19. Strictly they had no right to
choose a patronus at all, being & multitudo ad consensum in-
habilis, but in practice the rule had long since been neglected.
We learn from Cicero's speech against Piso $ 25 that the
voted him also a gilded statue: quorum Capuae te praetezta-
tum nemo adspexit, qui non gemeret desiderio mei: cuius com-
$ilio cum universam remp., tum illam ipsam, urbem meminerant
esse servatam. Me inaurata statua donarant; me patro-
num unum asciverant etc. He lays stress upon unum be-
 NOTES 87
eause as ἃ rule states had more than one patronus. [Cic.
perhaps was thinking of the tres patroni usual in colonies,
where the tres viri coloniae deducendae usually became the first
patroni. 3. 8. R.]
1. 8. P. Sestio] possibly a gloss upon huic.
1. 7. deprecantur]-—
Gr. παραιτοῦνται: See my n. on Or. p.
Plane, ὃ 102.
$10,1. 8. L.Sesti] the son mentioned 8 6 1l. 16.
l 9. inimicis vestris] 'the enemies of your family, as
Verr. 1v $8 81 de vestris monumentis i.e. vestrae familiae.
aliquid significare] *give some small preliminary intima-
tion.' aliquid, adverbial accusative *in some degree,' * to some
extent')(nihil. Hand Tursell. 1 p. 258.
1 10. quidnam...effectura esse videatur] * what in the
future it is likely to accomplish."
l 11. non recito decretum—vicinitatis] *the resolution
which I read is not one forced from them by some obligation of
neighbourliness,' the genitive of relation; see n.on or. p. Planc.
8 72 1. 4, and cf. div. in Caec. 8$ 14, or. p. Mur. $ 73 officium
necessitudinis, *the obligation arising from my close connexion
with them. On the meaning of officium see above 8 32, and
for vicinitas cf. or. p. Planc. $8 22 laudanda est vel etiam amanda
vicinitas. ΑΒ Sestius was vicinus or patronus or hospes con-
ventus Campanorum, ihere was almost a moral compulsion that
he should not be refused a /audatio. [These laudationes
were notoriously merely formal and hardly ever refused. ΑΒ
io their value cf. or. p. Flacc. ὃ 36. 37. 5. &.] The primary
negative clause falls into two groups; the first tripartite period
assigns the (possible but not real) motive, which might spring
from a duty of the Campanians to Sestius; the second, such a
one as would detract from the importance of the decree.
l. 18. ambitionis] from secondary considerations, personal
interest ; commendationis gratia, for the purpose of commend-
ing Sestius to the judges, which often enough happened, and
in this case was only a subordinate aim. Aut before ambitionis
belongs to non recito *nor such an one as, etc.': with ambi-
tionis—gratia we must understand the general notion factum
by the figure zeugma from expressum.
1, 14, memoriam perfuncti periculi] *a record of danger
surmounted, Zumpt Gr. 8 632.
1, 15. vocem officii praesentis] *the expression of present
gratitude,' in opp. to testimonium praeteriti temporis, cf. 8 91
causam praeteriti temporis—praesenti defensione.
88. PRO P. SESTIO 8 11—12
$11, L 16. atque]—kal πρός, *and furthermore? Hand
Turs. 1 p. 484, Nügelsb. lat. Stil. 8 193 2, c, see above 8 3 1. 15.
1.19. ex periculis extraxissent] Ter. Hec. v 4, 35 me ez
quanta aerumma ezirazeris; ὃ stronger word than eripere,
usually employed in this sense; there is no other ex. in Cic, of
ezxtrahere., | domesticis, *internal, )( externis, cf. Cic. de off.
11 ὃ 28,
l. 22. quibus hic litteris lectis] Ellendt in an exhaustive
note to Cic. de or. 1 38 p. 98 ff. shows that this repetition of
the antecedent noun in the relative clause is borrowed from
the laws and juridical formulae, where accuracy was necessary,
as in our English Acts of Parliament. He adds that most of
the words with which it is found so repeated are terms of likely
occurrence in law documents, such as causa, edictum, dies,
foedus, fundus, lex, iudicium, locus, maleficium, mensis. Τὸ is
especially frequent in Caesar. "The position of hic is perhaps
due to the fondness of the Latin language for placing pronouns
in juxtaposition. See Nügelsb. lat. Stil. $ 97 b, and cf. below
8 12 1. 5. incredibili celeritate] Kenn. Gr. p. 399.
1. 23. advolavit]$ 541. 9. temporis atrocitatem] ' reign
of terror.'
1, 24. recordari] n. on or. p. Planc. 8 69 1. 22.
1. 25. praeteriti temporis—de praeterito tempore. Of.
or. p. Arch. 8 14 cogitatione hominum ezcellentium.

CHAPTER V
l.27. tribunorum plebis novorum] especially Q. Metellus
Nepos and L. Calpurnius Bestia.
l. 28. extremis diebus] the tribunes of the people entered
on their office on the 10th of December, [and the three weeks
which elapsed till the new consuls entered on office were gene-
rally the stormiest of the year for Roman politicians. ' J. 5. &.]
1. 29. vexare]-inceusare, 'to attack;' cf. below ἃ 60.
coniurationis] abstract for concrete; cf. or. in Cat. 1 $ 13.
1. 380. impetus et conatus] cf. 8 139 1. 7.
812,1.31. Catone] the celebrated Cato of Utica, who on
hearing that Q. Metellus was a candidate for the tribuneship,
hastened to Rome in order that he might become a candidate
also himself and so oppose his measures. See n. to $ 62.
l 82. civi]the usual form of the ablative in Cicero, though
cive also is found, as in 8 144 1. 81: so angui, avi, bili, imbri,
orbi; See n. to or. p. Planc. $ 511. 32.
 NOTES 89
P.6,1.1. per se ipsum] it is better to take ipsum with
the subject senatum. See Kenn. Gr. p. 288 and of. $ 13 1. 29.
l 3. periculo suo] *at risk to themselves,' abl. of attend-
ant cireumstanees, Roby Gr. 11 1242, Madv. Gr. 8 277, Zumpt
Gr. 8 646.
1. 5. hic ego quid praedicem] cf. 8 8 ut ego interpretor,
$ 16 ut ego arbitror, ὃ 17 hocine ut ego nomine appellem.
hic] —hooc 1060, ' at this point."
l.6. consulem quaestor] observe the juxtaposition of con-
trasted words. ad rem gerendam] *to give battle.
1.8. mnimium...metuenti] latenter significat Antonium non
alienum a coniuratis fuisse, qui a pugna prorsus abhorreret. MAN.
communem Martem belli casumque] *the fortune and
chances of war.' Mars was called communis *neutral,! because
he favoured sometimes one, sometimes the other side, Hence
the epithet ἀλλοπρόσαλλος which Homer applies to "Apys,
and ξυνὸς to ᾿Ενυάλιος, 1]. 18, 309. Cf. or. p. Mil. 8 56 adde
casus, adde incertos exitus pugnarum M artemque communem,
or. Phil. x 8 20, Liv. xvii 14, Verr. v ὃ 132, ep. ad fam. vr 4,
l cum omnis belli Mars communis et cum semper incerti
exitus proeliorum sint. In the de orat. 111 ὃ 167 speaking of the
figure metonymy he says: gravis est modus (traductionis atque
immutationis) im ornatu orationis et saepe sumendus, ex quo
genere haec sunt, Martem belli esse communem, Cererem
pro frugibus, Liberum appellare pro vino. Observe that belli
is to be taken also with casum ; cf. Liv. σαὶ 31, 5 quod belli
casus ferunt Marsque communis.
l 9. longum est] 'it would be ἃ long business;' Roby
sch. Gr. 8 643, Kenn. Gr. p. 336, Madv. Gr. $ 848 obs. 1, Zumpt
Gr.8 520. Οἱ. 8 17 note on the use of possum.
hoc breve dicam] *make only this brief remark,' Parad.
vr 35 illud et breve et confitendum est, or. p. Cluent. 8 164
quam brevia responsu, cf. Verg. Àen. 1 941 Longa est iniuria.
1, 10. M. Petrei] Hie eodem bello Antonii legatus fuit,
quem praemiserat cum exercitu ad edendam dimicationem;
eum ipse consul retardari pedum valetudine videretur, re
autem vera hostibus congredi nollet. scHor.
animus et amor rei p.] of. or. in Verr. τι 9 117 sí me ani-
mus atque amor in rem p....mom hoc facere coegisset, or. p.
Flacco $ 103 qui tum animus L. Flacci! qui amor in patriam ?
1, 11, inre publica] sc. gerenda, “ in official activity, oi
military as well as eivil achievements in the publie service.
90 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 12—14
l 12. auctoritas] *personal weight," *influence.' miri-
fieus usus] * extraordinary experience, [Petreius was one of
the old soldier class of the type of Labienus. 5. 5. Β.] Sallust,
Cat. e. 59 6 quod amplius annos triginta tribunus aut praefectus
aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria 4n exercitu fuerat.
1. 14, accusandum] taking to task," *reproving' 8 122 1. 31,
1. 15. datus esset hiemi locus] ie. bellum hiemi ces-
sisset, hiemis interventu interruptum esset, *winter
would have had free course, and the pursuit of Catiline
would have been interrupted, because he could not under thexe
cireumstanees have been dislodged e pruina Appennini atque e
nivibus illis, while in the south he was pressed hard by the
army of Antonius, and in the north his passage to Gaul was
opposed by Q. Metellus Celer, who (Sall. Cat. c. 57) sub ipsis
radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat in Galliam
properanti. But had Catiline been fortunate in obtaining the
exact time of the year for military operations (aestas) and in
becoming master of the passes of the Apennines leading to
Italy and of the shepherds' huts, his destruction in any case
would have been at the expense of much bloodshed. The
battle of Pistoria, in which Catiline fell fighting against Petreius,
aecording to the calculation of Ideler (Handb. der Chronologie
11 p. 111) is to be placed in the month of February s.c. 62.
l 16. e pruina Appennini] or. in Cat. τὶ ὃ 23 quo autem
pacto illi Appenninuum atque illas pruinas ac nives perferent?
l 17. mivibus illis] *those terrible snow-fields.' aesta-
iem integram] 'the entire summer:' or. de prov. cons. 8 17
annus integer. Karsten conj. integer i.e. nondum bello
lacessitus.
1. 18. Italiae callis] regiones silvestris e& montosas a Cam-
paniae tergo mare superum versus sitas. Cf. Liv. xxii 14, 8
nos hic pecorum modo per aestivos saltus deviasque callis
ezercitum ducimus conditi mubibus silvisque.
pastorum stabula] Liv. 1 4, 9 mec in stabulis mec ad
pecora segnes i.e. neither at home nor in the chase. From
these half-wild shepherds Catiline might have got a considerable
contingent for his band of followers. Cf. or. in Cat. ri ὃ 14:
idem decretum est in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitamdos
pastores Apuliam esse attributam erat indicatum. [It is
important to note that these are the ergastula ; cf. or. p. Mur.
8 84, Flor. 2, 9, 11 and Brut. ep. ad Cic. x1 13, 2, quoted by
Wirz in Neue I. for 1875. 3. 8. &.]
l. 20. vastitate] *desolation.' ^ concidisset] * would have
collapsed,' *fallen powerless. See Mayor on Phil. r1 ἃ 107.
 NOTES 91
$ 13,1. 20. igitur] resumptive, $ 32 1. 14, n. to or. p.
Planc. $ 36 1. 12.
l 21. ut—relinquam] *'to pass over, a parenthetioc final
clause, Kenn. Gr. p. 458, de off. 111 8 94 1. 8.
1. 22. Macedoniae] whither he followed his former consul
Antonius Hybrida. ^ aliquando] *at length and high time too,'
or. p. Plane. ὃ 33 1. 4, 8 861. 12. propiora] * more recent."
l. 24, integritas provincialis] 8 7 provincialem ...abs-
tinentiam. nuper] when Cicero was staying as an exile at
Thessalonica in the summer of n.c. 58.
1. 25. pressa] the more usual expression is imprimere
vestigia, as in orat. 8 12, or. p. Caec. 8 76, or. Phil. xii 8 30:
but in Verr. 1v $ 58 we find aliquo leviter presso vestigio.
1.97. ita—ut tamen etc.] in a limitative or restrictive sense,
see above ἃ 8 1. 20. Transl.: “ποὺ without many ἃ backward
glance
l. 29. ipse ad sese] see above 8 121. 1.
1. 30. absorbet orationem] sweeps it away as in ὃ whirl-
pool, i.e. admits no dallying with other questions. Cp. delegg.
II $ 9: vim istius caelestis legis explana, si placet, ne aestus
mos consuetudinis absorbeat et ad sermonis morem usitati
trahat, Brut. 8 282 sed hunc quoque absorbuit aestus quidam
insolitae adulescentibus gloriae.
contento] i. q. intento )( remisso, *eager,' *intent,' cf.
or. p. Mur. $ 33, Tusc. 11 8 54 ut onera contentis corporibus
facilius feruntur, remissis opprimunt, ib. 8 57 tormenta contenta
atque adducta vehementius, ib. plaga missa contentius.

CHAPTER VI
P. 7, 814,1. 3. auctoritatem disciplinamque rei p. capes-
sendae] “ὃ model gystem of politics,' *a pattern and lesson, how
men should work in publie life.! Cie. is fond of such boasts
about the useful end which speeches serve: see below ἃ 96,
8 119, or. Phil. r1 8 20, ep. ad Att. 11 1, 3, Tusc. 1 8 5.
l.4. tribunatus totus P. Sesti] we should say * P. Sestius
throughout his tribunate.'
l 5. nihil aliud nisi—sustinuit] 'did nothing else but
support. ' On the elliptic phrase nihil aliud nisi see my n.
on or. p. Plano. ὃ 641. 21. nomen] 'name;, i.e. reputation,
honour 88 a citizen ($ 144), not materially different from causa.
1.6. de rebus—deplorandum] Cf. or. p. Flacc. 28 querendum
est et deplorandum de omni accusationis iniquitate, Verr. 111
45 de istius improbitate deplorare.
92 PRO P. SESTIO $$ 14—15
l. 8. dolentius] 'with somewhat of indignation. 51
Mee * if I were inclined, which I am not. Μαᾶν. Gr. 8 350
, Obs. 1.
l 10. sceleris furore] for furioso scelere to balance
vocis libertate —liber& voce.
l 11, perstringerem] 'reprimand,' *censure,' lit. *graze,'
* wound slightly :' ep. or. p. Planc. 8 33, or. p. Sull. 8 46 nemo
umquam me tenuissima suspicione perstrinzit, quem non per-
culerim. [Note the subtle contrast between violatus and per-
stringerem. 5. 5.5.1] lMbertas— παρρησία, 'freedom of speech,'
a meaning it often bears in Cic. and Tacitus.
1.12 Rhuius potius tempori serviam quam dolori meo] “1
wil minister to my client's exigence rather than gratify my
own resentment, [I will rather do what I can for his interests,
than satisfy my own desire for vengeance' (Long).] For the
first meaning of servire cp. de orat. 1 ὃ 250 voci servire, i.e. as
Ellendt explains it facere quae voci prosint s. curare
ut iuvetur, ep. ad fam. xiv 2 valetudini servire, Brut. 8 242
multorum vel honori vel periculo servire; forthe second, or.
de prov. cons. 8 2 non parebo dolori meo, nom iracundiae
serviam. Forthe meaning of tempus see n. on ὃ 123.
l. 14. aliquid aliquando] aliquis is frequently used with
such kindred words for the sake of emphasis or rhetorical effect:
cf. or, p. Plane. 8 35 ego quia dico aliquid aliquando, de
orat. 1 ὃ 99 non despero fore aliquem aliquando, orat. ὃ 144
docendo aliquid aliquando. See Hand Turs. 1 p. 251.
atque eidem nunc] * whereas they now on the other hand? On
this use of idem to point a contrast between two statements or
actions see n. on de off. 11 ὃ 144 1. 13 and cf. 8 90 1, 31.
l. 15. si qui] The sí is without its conditional force: so
in Gr. εἴτινες often-oírwes. 56 offerunt] in opp. to incidunt,
said of & spontaneous, soughít-for encounter, more closely
defined by the following verb insectantur, which, however,
some editors consider a gloss.
l. 18. invasisse] intentionally. incucurrisse] involun-
tarily, aceidentally ; Nàgelsb. lat. Stil. 8 129.

$8 15— 35. The Second part of the Confirmatio, con-

taining an account of the acts of Sestius in his tribunate, pre-
faced by a summary of the political events of the memorable
year 9.0, 58, beginning with the act, which was the source of all
ensuing mischief, viz. the adoption im the preceding year of
P. Clodius, the enemy of Cicero but still more of his country,
intoa plebeiam house, im order that he might qualify for the
 NOTES 93
tribunate. He had pledged his word solemnly to Pompeius that,
when tribune, he would not take any measures against Cicero ;
but not content with breaking his promises, he. must meeds
threaten Pompeius himself (815). The fatal consequences to the
state of the election of P. Clodius to the tribunate and. his success
in securing the countenance and assistance of the two consuls,
Aulus Gabinius and. L. Calpurnius Piso, in his revolutionary
projects (8 17); Cic. paints the character of these two men in the
blackest colours, representing them as a disgrace to their ofüce,
and as ready to sacrifice the empire itself to their lusts and
pleasures ; the former he describes as a professed rake, so despe-
rate in his fortunes that he had mo other resources or hopes of
subsistence but from the plunder of the republic; of the latter he
says, that while affecting the mien and garb of a philosopher, he
got the credit of being a patriot and. reviver of the ancient dis-
cipline, while he was in reality ὦ mere sot and voluptuary (8 18—
8 24).
Clodius secured these two sellers of their country by offering
to procure for them by a special grant of the people select and
lucrative provincial governments, instead of letting them take
their chance by lot as usual (88 24, 25), consequently the general
protest against the billof Clodius affecting Cicero himself, and
the appeal of the better sort to the consula to interfere om his
behalf, was treated by them with the utmost derision :whereupon
the people showed their sympathy with Cicero by putting on
mourning as a, mark of respect. The senate itself when assembled
in the temple of Concordia condescended with suppliant entreaties
to implore the intervention of Gabinius, the only consul present,
only to meet with a rude and. insulting reception from him; and
that august body passed a resolution for changing their dress
with the rest of the citizens in token of mourning (8$ 25—27).
Gabinius! angry address to the people and denunciation of the
senate and. equites, and, his irregular and. arbitrary exercise of
power in banishing ome of them, L. Aelius Lamia, for his
distinguished zeal amd activity in Cicero's service (88 29—931).
(Apology to the jury for this lengthy narrative, which Cicero
$hows mot to be irrelevant to the case of Sestius (S 31)): the
illegal assumption of power by the consuls im forbidding the
senate to comply with their own Tesoluiion amd enjoining
them to resume their ordinary dress, and their scandalous conduct
in sacrificing the state by aiding and abetting Clodius in all his
designs and voting for his lawless measures (88 32—835).
815,1. 20. superioris anni] the year which preceded the
íribunate of Sestius, consequently s.c. 58, when Piso and Ga- ᾿
binius were consuls : see Introd. $ 28. On the double genitive
dependent upon the same word see n. to or. p. Planc. 8 66 1. 17
and cf. 8 31 1. 12.
.94 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 15—16
l. 291. naufragium] used first in its usual sense, then with
conligere in its collective sense, “086 fragments, shattered
remains of the wrecked ship of the state, just as in the Greek
word ναυάγιον both meanings are united, so that in quo conli-
gendo—in cuius fragmentis conligendis.
reficienda] 'restoring,' cf. Tac. Ann. vi 17 sic refecta
Jides.
1. 22. facta, dicta, consilia] * actions, words and thoughts,'
& climax ascending from the outer to the inner.

CHAPTER VII
1. 24, fuerat ille annus iam in re p. cum—.] viz, the year
B.C, ὅθ in which Clodius' adoption into a plebeian family took
place, which was the beginning of Cicero's troubles. See ep.
ad Att. 1x 5, 2. fuerat—praecesserat. Gee cr. n.
l 27. quidem] adversative, as ὃ 16, 8 24, see n. on de
Plane. 8 75 1. 14, and cf. de or. 1 ὃ 144 haec accendi arte pos-
sunt, inseri quidem ab arte non possunt, 'The phrase re quidem
is as common as re quidem vera. So re autem (re tamen) or.
p. Caec. $ 59, Vell. Paterc. τὶ 6, 4) alternates with re autem
vera.
1. 28. furibundi hominis] P. Clodius, adopted by the
plebeian P. Fonteius, s, Intr. 8 7. mihi irati] s. Intr. ὃ 6.
1.29. otii] *peace' )( belli: de off, 1 $ 77 1. 26. com-
munis salutis inimici] on the use of the adjective as & sub-
stantive see my n. on Cic. de off. 111 ἃ 96 1. 31, 8 117 1. 4,
Madvig Gr. ὃ 247 b obs, 1, Zumpt Gr. $ 410. Cf. 8 124 1. 6.
l 31. Cn. Pompeius] ep. ad Att. 11 20, 2 Clodius adhuc
máhi denuntiat periculum, P ompeius adfirmat non esse pericu-
lum, adiurat ; addit etiam se prius occisum iri ab eo quam me
violatum iri: ibid. τι 22, 2 cum hoc (Clodio) Pompeius vehe-
menter egit, cum diceret im summa se perfidiae et sceleris im-
famia fore, si mihi periculum crearetur ab eo, quam ipse ar-
masset, cum plebeium fieri passus esset; fidem recepisse sibi et
ipsum et Appium de me; hanc si ille non servaret, ita laturum
ut omnes intellegerent nihil sibi antiquius nostra amicitia fuisse.
omni cautione] *every kind of security, both in promise
and in writing. foedere] * compact,' * covenant,'
1.32. exsecratione] “8 solemn oath with an imprecation,
if broken,' or. in Verr. v 8 104, Sallust Cat. 22, 2 cum post ez-
secrationem omnes degustavisset. devinxerat] * en-
gaged, laid under obligation, to give his word *mnihil 4n tribu-
 NOTES 95.
natu etc.; om the omission of the subject before facturum,
because of the preceding accusative hunc cf. or, in Mil. $ 52
hunc prae se tulisse illo die Roma, exiturum, See Zumpt Gr.
8 605, Madvig Gr. 8 401, Mayor on Philipp. 11 ὃ 49 1. 2, Reid
on or. p. Sull. 8 391. 4, Acad. 1 $ 18 ed. 2.
P. 8,1.1. quod] to betaken with foedus.
nefarius] used substantively like sceleratus and other ad-
jectives; see above 1. 29. ex omnium scelerum conluvione
natus] “ἃ monster compounded of all sorts of abomination
and crime. Manutius compares or. in Pis. c. 9 animal ex
nefariis stupris, ez civili eruore, ex omnium scelerum importuni-
tate et flagitiorum impuritate conceptum.
1.2, parum-nisi] *he is not satisfied — unless, * not
enough—but he must also. Cf. below 8 32, or. p. Rosc. Àm.
849 ut parum miseriae sit quod, aliis coluit, non sibi, nisi
etiam quod, omnino coluit, crimini fuerit, Liv. xxxviu 54, 9
parum fuisse non laudari pro rostris P. Africanum, post mor-
tem, nisi etiam accusaretur, v1 40, 18 parum est, si, cuius pars
tria adhuc mulla, fuit, in partem eius venis, nisi partem pe-
tendo totum traxeris ? Plin. Paneg. 60 parum est ut in curiam
venias, nisi et convoces.

1. 8. eautorem alieni periculi] i.e. Pompeium, qui mihi

& Clodio eavere voluerat. Cautor is qui alteri peri-
culum eavet, * one who protects another,' * champion, not as
it is explained in Lewis-Short's Dictionary, *surety,'*bail) [Mr
Reid doubts its genuineness and thinks it probably a gloss on
the original word.] suis propriis periculis] ' dangers to him-
self exclusively.'
1. 4. terruisset] Intr. 8 19 and n. on 8 691, 14.
8. 160,1. ὅ. vinctam auspiciis] Cicero gives a detailed state-
ment on this subject in his speech de domo sua c. 14, in which
he seeks to prove that the adoption of Clodius was invalid, and
&ecordingly all that Clodius as tribune carried through must be
regarded as illegal: $37 bears especially upon this: quae maior
calumnia est quam. venire imberbem, adulescentulum, bene val-
entem ac maritum (Fonteius was barely 20 years old at the
time), dicere se filium senatorem populi Romani sibi velle adop-
tare: id autem scire et videre omnis, non ut ille filius instituatur,
sed ut, si e patriciis exeat, tribumus plebis fieri possit, idcirco
adoptari? neque id obscure; mam adoptatum emancipari statim,
ne sit eius filius qui adoptarit. Cur ergo adoptabat? probate
genus adoptionis; iam ommium sacra interierint, quorum cus-
todes vos esse debetis; iam patricius memo relinquetur...Ita
populus Romamus brevi tempore meque regem sacrorum meque
96 PRO P. SESTIO 8 16—17
Jlamines nec Salios habebit nec ex parte dimidia reliquos sacer-
dotes neque auctores centuriatorum. et curiatorum comitiorum;
auspiciaque populi Romani, sí magistratus patricii
creati mom sint, intereant necesse est, cum interrez nullus
$it, quod et ipsum patricium esse et a patriciis prodi mecesse
est.
l.6. more maiorum] not lege, because the transfer of a
patrieian into the position of a plebeian was, Prog contrary
io usage, not absolutely forbidden by law.
legum sacratarum] certain laws, a breach of which en-
tailed sacratio capitis, that is, caused the offender to be
declared sacer, and liable to be slain by any one with impunity.
Fest. p. 318 sacratae leges sunt quibus sanctum est, qui quid
adversus eas fecerit, sacer alicui deorum sit cum familia pe-
cuniaque. Sunt qui esse dicant sacratas, quas plebes iurata
in monte sacro sciverit. ΟΡ. Cic. de off. x11 8111 1. 16. It was
ὃ lez sacrata which enacted that the tribunes must be chosen
exclusively from the plebs, and therefore Clodius, being by
birth ὦ patrician, was ineligible, until he had been adopted
into a plebeian family. solvit] sc. his vinclis.
1.7. subito] s. Intr. 8 7 note 9.
lege curiata] *by a decree of the patrician curiae, whose
consent was necessary, when a patrician wished to leave his
gens. consul] i.e. Caesar, not in his capacity of consul, but
as pontifex maximus. 'The Comitia curiata in cases of arrogatio
(v. Aul. Gell. N. A.v 19) were held pro collegio pontificum, i. e.
by the Pontifex as representative of the whole collegium, who
had to examine the grounds for the transfer and to preserve
the sacra gentis. See 5. s. ns note p. 277.
vel exoratus...vel iratus] cef. or. de prov. eons. 8 42 tra-
duxit ad plebem inimicum meum, sive iratus mihi quod
me secum ne in beneficiis quidem videbat posse comiungi, sive
ezoratus. Caesar appears to have taken offence at some-
thing which Cic. said at the trial of Gaius Antonius.
1. 8. non nemo putabat]*somebody supposed. [The wss
point rather to putarit *will be likely to think.' 5. 8. &.]
l 9. quidemc-——-certe] * but in any case, see n. to $ 151, 27.
imprudens]—-non providens, * not expecting.
l 10. tribunus plebis]-— cum tribunus pl. esset, δήμαρχος ὧν,
* when tribune of the people,' Cf. $ 47 1. 23.
l 11. nullis suis nervis] more forcible than non aliqua vi
sua (8 341. 32), because Cic. represents him also as hominem
libidinibus em ervatum. The opposition follows in the clause
 NOTES 97
sed, fuit profecto etc., which is tantamount to sed auxilio consu-
lum. For nervi cp. or. p. Sull. $ 24, p. Cael. 8 80, de off. 11 $ 36.
.1, 12. fraternis flagitiis, *by scandalous intercourse with
his own brothers and sisters, upon which the Scholiast re-
marks: et Appius Claudius maior matu infamis in eundem
Clodium fuerat et soror Clodia, ut saepe iam dizimus. Lucullus
Swore in open court to one case of incest: other accounts
impute to him even incest with all his three sisters (ep. ad fam.
1 9, 15 illa furia muliebrium religionum qui non pluris fecerat
Bonam Deam quam tris sorores) ;hence Cic. speaks of sororíis
Stupris designedly instead of stuprís cum sorore. Stupra and
Jlagitia are frequently coupled in this sense, as Verr. 1 8 14,
$ 62, 11 8 110, 1v 8$ 20, 71, 83, 102 etc., de harusp. resp. 8 43.
l 13. sororiis stupris] Clodius had three sisters, the eldest
of whom married Q. Marcius Rex, cons. s.c. 68, the second
was the quadrantaria and βοῶπις of Cie. or. p. Caelio c. 26.
She married Q. Metellus Celer, cons. 5.0. 60; the third Clodia
was the wife of L. Lucullus, cons, s.c. 74. inaudita] an
allusion to his profanation of the sacra Bonae Deae; see Intr.
86. exsanguis] ep. ὃ 24 cum hominibus enervatis atque
ezxsanguibus consulatus tamquam gladius esset datus,
817,1.14. quaedam] de off. 1 8 95 1. 29.
1.15. fatalis] cf. 872 quoniam id etiam fatum civitatis fuit.
caecus atque amens] a combination of the metaphorical with
the natural expression, like caecus ac demens in Afranius (Nonius
p. 124), caeci atque improvidi, Q. Curt. vir e. 46, below ὃ 23
vaticinari atque insanire, ὃ 98 homo castus ac non cupidus, eto.
l. 16. quid dicam ?—
consules ?] [émravóp0cc:s] de Gabinio
et Pisone, magis eos reip. hostes quam consules iudicando,
quoniam haec dignitas plus animo quam habitu censeatur.
SCHOL, So or. in Vat. 8 18 sedentibus in templo mon consulibus,
sed. proditoribus huius civitatis ac pestibus. hocine ut ego
nomine appellem, *can I be expected to eall?' For ut of an
impossible supposition put interrogatively, cp. Zumpt 8 609,
Madv. Gr. $ 353 obs., Roby 8 1708, Kenn. p. 438 8 194, 4);
pro Plane. 8 31 pater ut in iudicio capitis obesse filio debeat,
Tusce. 11 $ 42 egone ut te interpellem, Liv. rv 2, 12 illine ut
impune concitent finitima bella, Ter. Phorm. τι 1, 8 hicine ut
& nobis tantum argenti auferat, Hor. 11 Sat. 5, 18 utne tegam
spurco Damae latus ?
1.18. vestrae dignitatis, “γοῦν judicial dignity, * conside-
ration due to you as judges ;" cp. 8 18 ab eís se ereptum, ne de
ambitu causam diceret, praedicabat. perditores| see cr. n.
1.19. delendum] see n. to 8 44 quem totum de civitate
delerant. On the circumstance see c. 11 and c, 25 f,
[1
Η. T
.98 PRO P. SESTIO & 17—18
ad adfligendum, 'for the purpose of humiliating.! He
alludes to the treatment of L. Lamia, 8 26, 8 29.
1.21. insignibus] besides the fasces, which were the chief
outward badges of distinction of the consuls, hence called illis,
the rest were the sella curulis, the toga praetexta, and the
gpaludamentum in time of war, or. p. Cluent. $ 154, or. pro Rab.
Post. $ 16, Ramsay Rom. Antiq. p. 137, Rich Comp. Lat. Dict.
p. 199.
[summi honoris atque imperii: summus honos is one de-
signation for the consulate, summum imperium another; and
ihe two are put together after Cicero's favourite fashion.
J. 8. &.] See n. on de off. 1 8 26.
1. 283. si nondum-—-voltis recordari, *to which I must
bring you later on in my speech. He proceeds to describe
their external appearance.
l 24. vultum atque incessum] cf. Τὰν. Sat. i1 17 qui
vultu morbum incessuque fatetur, Philipp. xix 4 ora vobis
eorum ponite ante oculos et maxime Antoniorum, incessum,
aspectum, vultum. So Sallust says of Catiline 15, 5: citus
modo, modo tardus incessus.

CHAPTER VIII
$18,1. 27. alter] 1.6. Gabinius.
unguentis adfluens] cp. or. in Pis. 8 25 Gabinium si vi-
dissent duumwirum vestri illi wungwuentarii, citius agnovissent.
Erant illi compti capilli et madentes cincinnorum fimbriae...
dignae Capua sed, illa vetere, or. post red. in senat. $ 12, or.
in Cat. 11 ὃ 5, where Catiline's companions are spoken of as
qui nitent unguentis, ib. $10 unguentis obliti. See Becker's
Gallus p.378. calamistrata] * with the marks of the curling
tongs (calamistrum) on his hair.' Cf. Verg. Aen. xix 99 crinis
vibratos calido ferro murraque madentis.
l. 28. stuprorum] quae ipse in flore aetatis (aetatula)
passus erat. Cf. de har. resp. 8 42 where he says of Clodius:
qui post patris mortem primam illam aetatulam suam ad
seurrarum locupletium libidines detulit.
l.29. puteali] the puteal Libonis, or Seriboniamum, was ἃ
monument at the east end of the Forum, so called from its re
semblance to a well-mouth, enclosing a spot held to be sacred
&ccording to the augural superstitions (fulguritum). lt was
near the arch of Fabius and the site of the praetor's tribunal,
which will account for its association with usurers (faeneratores),
LI
 NOTES . 99
since this class of creditors would have frequent recourse to the
jurisdiction of the praetor (Hor. Sat. 11 0,84). It was altogether
distinct from the putealof the Comitium opposite the Curia
Hostilia. See Nichols, TÀe Roman Forum, pp. 127—9.
inflatus] according to Halm swollen with anger against,'
joined with ἃ dative after the analogy of offensus (8 125), in-
census alicui; comp. Liv. vr 18, 5 his simul inflatus exacer-
batusque; but it seems better to take it as the ablative * over-
bearing, bloated with pride, because of."
1. 81. fretu] à heteroclite form for freto, see Verr. v 8 169.
ad Columnam] sc. Maeniam, which was the tribunal of the
triumviri capitales, for the trial of the lowest malefactors, see
n.on$ 124, Ramsay, R. A. p. 17. There is also an allusion to
the columna in the fretum Siculum, called here Scyllaeum
fretum, which the inhabitants of Hhegium had erected, ἡ
ἱΡηγίνων στυλίς, & large tower-like erection put up in honour of
Poseidón, mentioned in inscriptions. .A similar one stood on
Pelorum, the opposite Sicilian headland (Strabo rrr 5, 5 p. 171:
ἔθος γὰρ παλαιὸν ὑπῆρχε τὸ τίθεσθαι τοιούτους ὅρους, καθάπερ
οἱ Ῥηγῖνοι τὴν στυλίδα ἔθεσαν τὴν ἐπὶ τῷ πορθμῷ κειμένην,
πυργίον τι, καὶ ὁ τοῦ Πελώρου λεγόμενος πύργος ἀντίκειται ταύτῃ
τῇ στυλίδι). adhaeresceret] in a double sense for naufra-
gium faceret and proscriberetur. |Siripped of metaphor the
whole passage would have run thus: ne aere alieno obrutus ad
columnam Maeniam proscriberetur. "Iransl. *for fear he should
Stick fast on the Pillar (i.e. be posted as & defaulter on the
Maenian column) in that dangerous whirlpool of debt.'
. 1, 82, in tribunatus portum] or. p. red. in sen. 8 11 qui
nisi in aram tribunatus confugisset, neque vim praetoris
nec multitudinem creditorum nec bonorum proscriptionem effugere
potuisset. Quo in magistratu nisi rogationem de piratico bello
tulisset, profecto egestate et improbitate coactus piraticam ipse
Jecisset, On the descriptive genitive tribunatus see n. on de
off. 111 8 101 1. 32, Kenn, Gr. p. 413. Gabinius protected him-
Self against his creditors by getting the tribunate, for they
eould not trouble him during his year of office.
P.9, 1. 1. venditabat se, *ingratiated himself with:* cp.
ep. ad Att. vixi 16 8 1 quomodo se venditant Caesari, Liv. 1i
95, 5 se plebi venditare. [It may be ablative: *gave himself
airs on the strength of his hired ruffians.' 5. 5. &.] operis]
the proletarians who could be hired for any purpose; so 88 27,
98, 59. Cf. or. p. Flacc. 8 97 operae facessant, servitia sileant.
1.2. de ambitu] ep. ad Quintum fr. 12 8 15 remp. funditus
amisimus, adeo ut C. Cato, adulescens nullius consilii, sed tamen
civis Romanus et Cato, viz vivus effugerit, quod, cum Ga-
1—2
-100 PRO P. SESTIO 83 18—20
binium de ambitu vellet postulare neque praetores diebus
aliquot adiri possent vel potestatem sui facerent, in contionem
escendit et. Pompeium privatum dictatorem appellavit. After
his return from the province Gabinius was accused of several
crimes against the state, and amongst them the second time de
ambitu or illegal canvassing at some election, and being found
guilty de repetundis or iaking money from king Ptolemaeus
Auletes when he was defended by Cicero, was obliged to go
into exile, from which he did not return until s.c. 49, ep. ad
Quint. fr, 111 3; 1v 16.
1. 8. invito senatu, *in defiance of the senate,! which
according to the lez Sempronia, passed by Gaius Gracchus in
B.C. 128, had to assign to the future Consuls before their
election the provinces which they were to govern after the
expiration of their term of office. How Gabinius came to have
ihe province which he coveted, will be seen from c. 55.
1. 5. incolumem fore, *would escape bankruptcy; or.
Phil. 11 8 4 £u nec solvendo eras mec te ullo modo misi eversa
re p. fore incolumem putabas, or. Cat. 11 ὃ 18 neque enim isti
qui possessiones habent alia ratione ulla salvi esse possunt,
1.6. as regards their pecuniary relation. [Is not the reference
rather io condemnation in à eriminal trial? Incolumis
and calamitas are often contrasted. σ. 5. &.]
819,1. 5. alter] ie. Piso.
1.6. taeter, *offensive,' *loathsome,' illuviosus et foetidus.
᾿Αλουσίαν et illuviem affectabat, ut philosophus crederetur;
ef, Arist. Nub. v. 836: ἀπεκείρατ᾽ οὐδεὶς πώποτ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἠλείψατο,
οὐδ᾽ els βαλανεῖον ἦλθε λουσόμενος. —ABR.
1.7. "barbatis] Plin. nat. hist. vir 59 8 211 ἐπ Italiam ez
Sicilia venere tonsores post Romam conditam a. ccccLiu (B.C.
801), adducente P. Titinio Mena, ut auctor est Varro; antea
intonsi fuere, —Primus omnium radi cotidie instituit Africanus
sequens. Cp. or. p. Cael. $33 aliquis mihi ab inferis excitandus
est ex barbatis illis; non hac barbula, qua ista delectatur, sed
illa horrida, quam in statuis antiquis atque imaginibus videmus,
or. p. Mur. $ 26, de fin. 1v $ 62, Hor. Od. 11 15, 11 intonsi
Catonis, Ovid Fast. v1 264 intonsi Numae, Iuv. xv1 31 dignum
barba dignumque capillis maiorum, where see Mayor's n.
1. 8. imaginem antiquitatis, “86 type, pattern of the old
regime; see n. to 8 6. columen] prop. *gable, pillar,' hence
*prop, *stay; Hor. Od. ir 17, 4 mearum grande decus
columenque rerum.
l 10. purpura] on the edge of the tunica and as a border
of the praetexta, the white upper garment; great luxury was
 NOTES 101
displayed in the choice of the most costly and brilliant purple
stuffs, as appears from the or. p. Caelio (8 77), who had been
taunted by his prosecutor amongst other things with purpurae
genus. By mostra haec plebeia is meant the common homely
sort, which was more violet and inclined to black, in contrast
with the Tarentina which was of & deeper red, and the still
more costly Tyria, which at that time had become fashion-
&ble. Plutarch Cato min. 6, 2 ἐπεὶ πορφύραν ἑώρα τὴν kara-
κόρως ἐρυθρὰν kal ὀξεῖαν (dibapham 56.) ἀγαπωμένην, αὐτὸς ἐφόρει
τὴν μέλαιναν, i.e. fuscam et obtusam. See 7. s. n. p. 277.
1.11, Capua...Seplasiam sublaturus] ie. prohibiturus
ne in eo vico unguenta venderentur (Abrami): cp. or.
Verr. 1v $ 98 Agrigento signum sustulisti, S 112 Henna
simulacrum Cereris sustulerit, Roby Gr. 11 ὃ 1258, Madv. Gr.
8 262, Kenn. Gr. 8 158.
l 12. duumviratum] see n. to 8 9. It was not unusual
for distinguished Romans to hold magistracies in municipia
anü coloniae, but here Cic. is taunting Piso with vanity as if
his object were to embellish his future imago with grander
titles. It was only curule magistrates that had the jus
imaginis. Seplasiam] the fashionable street in Capua, where
hairdressers and perfumers had their shops: or. in Pis. 8 24
incessus Seplasia dignus et Capua.
l 13. nam quid—dicam] nam indicates not, as usually,
the reason of what precedes, but the reason why what precedes
did not include what is now added: cf. $ 26 1. 20,8 95 1. 31
and see note on de off, 11 $ 47.
1.14. pignus rei p.] cf. ep. ad Att. 1 19, 8 ut nos duo quasi
pignora reip. retineri videremur.
1, 16. supercilio, *haughtiness, *sternness, cf. or. in
Pis. $ 1 oculi, supercilia, frons, voltus denique totus, qui
sermo quidam. tacitus mentis est, hic in fraudem homines im-
pulit, decepit, fefellit, induxit, ὃ 20 neque hercule ego super-
cilium twum fugi, neque tam fui timidus ut frontis tuae
mubeculam......pertimescerem, ὃ 10, de prov. cons. 8 8, ὃ 17.
annus...tamquam vade] see cr. n.
E 1, 18, tamen, 'after all, though the other consulis
50 a .

l 19. habeo quem opponam, *I have a 8et-off against that

vile and shameful fellow, 8 26 caemum illud ac labes.
Labes (Gr. λώβη, Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 872) “ὃ disgrace,'
not as Abrami takes it, *one who causes ruin. See Lewis-
Short s.v. p. 1023 a, b. caeno] Plaut. Pseud. 1 3, 132
.102 PRO P. SESTIO 83 20—21
(366). Of. lutum Mil. gl. 11 8, 54 (325), Truc. 1v 4, 1, Most.
v 2, 45.
1. 20. me dius fidius, “ by the god of truth ! most certainly !'
see L. S. Diet.s.v. vultu *by his mere look'; cf, nutu 8 100.
l. 22. auctor et dux] 8 38, 8 61, 8 112, $ 139.
l 25. adfinem] for at that time his daughter Tullia was
married to her first husband C. Piso Frugi, the excellent
son-in-law whom Cic. lost by death shortly before his return
from exile, and who was related to the consul L. Piso. Cf.
or. p. red. in sen. ὃ 17 tu misericors me adfinem tuum, quem
comitiis tuis praerogativae primwm custodem praefeceras, quem
Kal. Jan. tertio loco sententiam rogaras, inimicis Tei publicae
tradidisti.

CHAPTER IX

1,27. alter] Gabinius.

. 1l 238. clavum] properly *the tiller' or handle of the
rudder, hence the *rudder' or *helm' itself: Enn. Ann. v 472
ed. Vahlen, ut clavum rectum teneam navimque gubernem,
Quint. 2, 17, 24 dum clavum rectum teneam. gubernacula
tractare] *ío handle the government, cf. Aesch, S. ec. Th.
1.3 οἴακα νωμᾷν, or. pro Rosc. Am, $ 51 qui omni tempore ad
gubernacula reip. sedere debebant, de orat. 1 8 46 repelli a
gubernaculis civitatum, Liv. rv 3, 17 ad gubernacula
reip. accedere. The word in this sense is generally found in
the plural. For tractare cf. Tac. Ann. 1167 qui regnum interim
tractaret,
1 29. in maximo cursu ac fluctibus, * when at full speed
&nd when the waves run very high, i.e. in stormy times.
1. 31. lI1ustrorum, *'dens,; *haunts of vice) Lustra
* significant lacunas lutosas, quae sunt in silvis aprorum cubilia:
& qua similitudine hi, qui in locis abditis et sordidis ventri
et desidiae operam dant, dicuntur in lustris vitam agere.
(Fest. Pomp. Paul. p. 120 Muell.) Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 91 quod
in lustris comedim, Cic, Phil. xri 11, 24.
1. 82. confectum, *used up,' *worn out, Liv. xxin 45, 2
vino et scortis omnibusque lustris per totam hiemem confectos,
or, Phil. 11 8 6 vino lustrisque confectam.
P.10,1.1. alienis opibus, *by the aid of others,' ie. of
Caesar, Pompeius and Crassus, Pompeius was bound to him
because of his rogatio de bello piratico; see n. to $ 18 1, 32.
 NOTES . 103
4,

non modo tempestatem...sed ne lucem quidem] i. q. ne

lucem quidem—nedum tempestatem. If both clauses
have a common predicate, to which the negative belongs, and
the predicate stands in the last clause, the negation which lies
in ne—quidem may be referred to the whole, so that we have in
the first clause only non modo instead of non modo mon. Cf.
'8 45 and see Madvig Gr. 8 461 b, Zumpt Gr. ὃ 724 b, Kenn.,
Gr. p. 326 b, n. 50, Cic. de off. 111 8 77 1l. 34. "Translate:
*who, sot as he was, was so far from able to see the coming
Storm, that he could not even look at the light of day which
'was so strange to him." tempestatem impendentem intueri]
*to perceive the signs of a coming storm,' which is the proper
business of a skilfulpilot. temulentus, (because he was drunk.
1. 3. lucem insolitam] Cie. de fin. 11 8 28 : nolim enim mihi
Jingere asotos, qui de conviviis auferantur crudique postridie
se rursus ingurgitent ; qui solem, ut aiunt, nec occidentem
umquam viderint nec orientem.
8 21,1. 4. in omnis partis] i. q. ex omni parte *'in
all respects, *on all sides, de off.r$ 7, cf. Nügelsb. lat. Stil.
8 67, 3.
l.5. opinioni, *the good opinion, div. in Caec. 8 71 de quo
nulla wnquam opinio fuit. blanda conciliatricula] * which
woosS 8o persuasively, Nágelsb. ὃ 117, 2: cp. de nat. deor. 1 ὃ 77
non vides quam blanda conciliatriz sit natura? For the
allusion ef. or. in Pis. 8 1 obrepsisti ad honores commendatione
fumosarum imaginum. ^ boni, * we patriots.'
l 6. nobilitati favemus, *are partial to high birth. Cf.
or. p. Plane. $ 18 1. 10 omnes qui nobilitati favent.
1, 11. subhorridum cet., ' roughish,! 8 19 1. 11.
l 12. eo nomine] i.e. because his name was Piso, it was
believed he must also be a homo frugi, since the most illus-
írious of the Pisones were both frugi and were ealled Frugi.
Nomen must be understood here of the cognomen of the
familia, as or. in Verr. rv 25 8 57: nimirum ut hic (Verres)
momen suwm comprobavit, sic ille (L. Piso Frugi) cognomen.
familiae] dative after ingenerata.
1.18. gaudebant] Halm suggests that this word is an
interpolation, because this reading sins against the canon of
Madvig that in an enumeration of three persons or things only
que, not et ac or atque, may be used alone between the last two.
* Ciceronem, ubi tria membra coacervet, aut repetita coniune-
tione uti aut extremo quoque loco omittere aut que ponere.'
Ep. ad Or. p. 39. See also Opuso. 1 p. 332 ff., Gr. 8 434 obs.
1, Zumpt Gr. ἃ 783, Perhaps favebant—gaudebant may be
 104 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 21—23
7. ^

considered as forming one clause, to which et vocabant is ap-

pended.
et ad integritatem maiorum spe sua vocabant] they hoped
he would be as honest as his ancestors.
l 14. materni generis] his mother was of Gaulish descent.
Of his father's father-in-law Cic. says in & fragment of his
speech against Piso: Insuber quidam fuit, idem mercator et
praeco: is cum Romam cum filia venisset, adulescentem nobilem
Caesoninum, hominis furacissimi filium, wusus est appellare,
filiam conlocavit, Cf. orin Pis. $ 53 where he calls him bracatae
cognationis dedecus, ib. ὃ 62 where he speaks of his grandfather
as Mediolanensis praeco, * a public crier at Milan.'
$22,1. 15. vere dicam] see cr. n. to or p. Planc. 8 24 1. 17
p. 209.
l. 16. in homine] emphatically for Zn eo, *in the man, as
1.25 sermo hominis and 853,8 88, $889. Homo and vir are often
used for ille and is, and so res for íd, s. Fabri on Liv. xxr 4, 8,
Kühner ad Tusce. Disp. 1 ἃ 49, Kritz ad Sall. Iug. c. 70 p. 377.
Sceleris cet.] genitive of divided indefinite whole after tantum,
Madv. Gr. 8 215 b, Zumpt Gr. 8 432, Roby 11 ὃ 1296 (b).
]. 17. cum re publ. sensi, *I felt in common with the state."
numquam putavi, *I never should have thought,' Germ,
ich hütte nie geglaubt, Gr. οὐδέποτ᾽ ἤλπισα (Arist. Av. v. 956).
Cp. de off. 1 8 81 with note, Sallust Iug. x1 7 quod verbum in
pectus Iugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit,
de imp. Pomp. 8 25 quantum incolumis numquam est ausus
optare, i.e. *never would have dared/ nequam sciebam]
*though I certainly did know he was a rogue."
1. 18. errore, *misconception,' *delusion.! Falsa opinione
seems to be a gloss on errore which has crept into the text.
1.19. ab adulescentia commendatum, *from his youth
onwards,' or perhaps *by his youth ;' ep. ep. ad fam. xir 10, 1
satis enim commendatum tibi eum arbitrabar ab ipso more
maiorum; or. p. Sull. 8 71 intellegetis unum quemque eorum
prius ab sua vita quam vestra. suspicione esse damnatum, where
Mr Reid notes that the ablative with ab after a passive
verb is only found in the best Latin, when the noun is capa-
ble of being personified.
1 20. animus eius voltu—tegebantur, *his mind was con:
cealed in his face, his scandalous acts by the walls of his
house. Of. or. de pr. cons. 8 8 lateant libidines eius illae tene-
bricosae, quas fronte et supercilio, nom pudore et temperanti
contegebat, animusτα*his true, real feelings.' .
 NOTES | 105
1. 21, obstructio, *barrier,' *screen,' i.e. dissimulatio in
reference to voltus : obducta * drawn in front of, * interposed.'
l 22, curiosis, *inquisitive.'

CHAPTER X
l 923, desidiam, *deficiency of energy, inertiam, *in-
capacity to do anything useful:' the deses does not make use
of the power which he has, the iners has none.
1, 24. inclusas, *confined, i.e. secret. paulo propius] in
aedes ipsius. MAN.
1. 25. sermo hominis] above 1. 16, see cr. n.
ansas—quibus—tenere possemus, *handles to enable us to
apprehend his inmost sentiments.' .msa in the metaph. sense
of *occasion,' *opportunity' (— Gr. Aag), is rare in class. Latin.
Cicero uses it in or. p. Plano. 8 84 si locus habet reprehensionis
ansam aliquam, or. p. Caecin. 8 17 ansam retinere omnium
controversiarum, de am. 8 59 quo plures det sibi tamquam ansas
ad reprehendendum, where the metaphor is qualified by tam-
quam. Tenere is used as appropriate to ansas.
8 23, 1. 27. nescio quos] spoken contemptuously, and
perhaps also to avoid the appearance of learning. neque
eorum tamen nomina poterat dicere] * without however being
&ble to tell their names. Hence in the speech in Pison. 837 he
addresses him as Epicure noster, ex hara producte, non ez schola.
Piso had for a companion (or. in Pis. 8 68 est quidam Graecus
qui cum isto vivit) khe Epicurean Philodemus.
1, 30. auctores] i.e. doctores, *teachers,! *professors,'
the founders and representatives of the doctrine that pleasure
(voluptas, ἡδονή) is the summum bonum. "The Cyrenaics and
Epicureans are meant.
euius] 50. voluptatis; for with Epicurus mere sensual
pleasure did not pass for the summum bonum, but that com-
fortable calmness of soul, in which free from sorrow and fear
and all exciting emotions (ἀταραξία) he lived in unmolested
enjoyment. 830. he says in ὃ letter preserved by Diogenes
Laértius x $ 181: ὅταν οὖν λέγωμεν ἡδονὴν τέλος (1.6, summum
bonum) ὑπάρχειν, οὐ τὰς τῶν ἀσώτων ἡδονὰς καὶ τὰς ἐν ἀπολαύσει
κειμένας λέγομεν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράτ-
τεσθαι κατὰ ψυχήν.
quo tempore] sc. percipiendae. A passage in the speech
against Piso $ 68 furnishes ἃ comment on this; see also or,
p. red. in sen. $814. Reid suggests cuius de tempore et modo.
106 PRO P. SESTIO 88 23—94
1, 31. verbum ipsum] sc. voluptatis.
1.32. omnibus animi et corporis partibus] The substan-
tive with which omnibus agrees is not found in the best wss.
The most probable supplement iis viribus or partibus. Cf, or.
p. red. in sen. 8 14 eos qui disputent...ín omni parte corporis
semper oportere aliquod gaudium delectationemque versari, ep.
ad Att. i11 7, ὃ ad te plura scriberem, nisi mihi dolor meus cum
omnis partis mentis...ademisset. The allusion is illustrated by
a passage in the speech against Piso $ 69: itaque admissarius
iste, simul atque audivit voluptatem a philosopho tanto opere
laudari, sic suos sensus voluptarios ommis incitavit...ut mon
magistrum virtutis, sed auctorem libidinis a se illum inventum
arbitraretur.
devorarat, *had devoured,' i.e. accepted with eagerness
&nd greedily, ep. ad Att. v113, 2 illos libros devorasti, 116, 10
Regis hereditatem spe devorarat, Plaut, Asin. τι 8, ὅθ mea
dicta devorate, Poen. v 2, 9 quam orationem hanc aures dulces
devorant! Of. Shakesp. Oth. 1 8, 150 and with a greedy
ear devour up my discourse.
P.11,1.1; sua causa facere, *act in their own interest,'
selfishly, in opposition to rei publicae consulere (8 1), since
Epicurus, in pursuance of his motto * λάθε βιώσας, taught that
it behoves the wise man not πολιτεύεσθαι — rem publicam
capessere *to meddle with polities, nor Tvpavvevew (Diog.
Laért. 10, 119). What to him a life ἀπολίτευτος —otiosa was,
would by many be misrepresented as a life plena voluptatum.
Cp. ep. ad fam. (Trebat. vir 12, indicavit mihi Pansa meus
Epicureum te esse factum. Sed quonam modo ius civile defendes,
cum omnia tua causa facias, non civium; ib. $ 2 quis bonus
'est qui facit nihil nisi sua causa? Quid fiat porro populo
Ulubrano, si tu statueris πολιτεύεσθαι non oportere? ; de fin. 1, τι,
l 2. bene sanum] Horat. Sat. 1 3, 61 pro bene sano
ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus, ib. 9, 4& mentis
bene sanae.
1.4. plena et conferta voluptatibus] i.e. when crammed
full of delights, Tusc. 111 8 44 confertus voluptatibus, de
fin. 11 8 64 vita conferta voluptatum omnium varietate.
eos autem cet.] as the Stoics, Academics and Peripa-
teties, who wished their pupils to be πρακτικοί. Cie. de fin.
ri ὃ 68: cum ad tuendos conservandosque homines hominem
matum esse videamus, consentaneum est huic naturae, ut sapiens
velit gerere et administrare rempublicam, Hor. Epist. 1 1, 16
with Orelli's note.
5, dignitati] a fitting position in public life.
 NOTES 107
l 6. rationem—ducendam] i.q. habendam, *that we must
take account of, *pay regard to: cf. ep. ad fam. vir 3, 1
malim
... quam salutis meae rationem ducere, or. p. Sext.
Rose. Am. 8 128 non ullius rationem sui commodi ducit,
or. in Verr. 11 8 129 qui mon tam caeli quam caelati argenti
rationem duceret, ib. 111 $8126 debere eum aiebat suam quoque
rationem ducere.
1.7. adeunda]-subeunda, below8 62, Tusc. 11 $ 58 illa
pericula adeuntur in proeliis, de fin. τὶ ἃ ὅθ adeunda sunt
saepe pericula decoris honestatisque causa. vulnera excipienda]
Tusc. v ὃ 79 ita. propugnant ut vulnera ezcipiant, Quintil.
v1 8, 75 ostendenti vulnus ore exceptum. Similarly we find
plagas and metaph. impetum, vim, pericula, invidiam ez-
cipere.
1.8. vaticinari, *to rave, *dote, *talk idly and quix-
otically,' like an enthusiast, ep. ad fam. τὶ 16, 6 sed ego fortasse
vaticinor et haec omnia meliores habebunt exitus, We find
hariolari used in ἃ similar sense by Plautus and Terence. On
the combination of vaticinari and insanire see n. to ὃ 17,
l. 15.
8 24, l. 12. sermonis] we should have expected sonie
word, as Halm suggests, like sordium, caeni (—sordidae vitae)
or disciplinae as suggested by Koch, who reads nidoris.
1.13. ab illis nugis, *those triflers:;' ep. ad Att, vi 3, 5
amicos habet meras nugas.
l 14. quidem certe] see n. to 8 15 1. 27. sed ita est]
8 115 sit hoc sane leve : quod non ita est, de orat. τι $ 85 quod
non est ita. Observe that ut is correlative to sic 1. 18.
l 15. imbecillo ae debili, *infirm and disabled.
l 17. sin] does not stand in opposition to dederis, but to
the conditional sentence implied in ipse —8si nullis nisi suis
ipsius viribus utatur, “οὗ himself, by his own effort he
could not harm anybody, but if he approached an unarmed
man, he mighí inflie$ à wound by the mere sharpness of the
weapon."
1. 20. qui per se pungere neminem τι. potuissent, *who
of themselves would never have had the power to inflict 8,
scrateh on the skin of a single individual! ^Comntrucidarunt
— karékavov * cut to pieces:' cf. 8 79. — Observe the chiasmus
pungere neminem—Tremp. contrucidarunt.
1, 28. tribuno pl] P. Clodius. provincias] see 8 55,
8 71, 8 93 and Introd. $ 18, and cf. or. p. red. ad Quir. $8 18 cum
108 PRO P. SESTIO 88 24—26
duo consules, empti pactione provinciarwm, auctores se
inimicis reip. tradidissent.
l. 24. exercitum et pecuniam] for their proconsular govern-
ment; see or. in Pis.8 37 habebas exercitum tantum, quantum
tibi non senatus aut populus Rom. dederat, sed. quantum tua
libido conscripserat : aerarium exhauseras etc.
125. ealege si, *on condition that.'
l. 26. constrictam] *bound hand and foot, so that it
could not stir.
1.27. [ictum cannot be taken with Halm hypothetically
for si ictum esset, as the conclusion of the league was
not hypothetical F. W. Schmidt Neue I. 1875 p. 490 pro-
poses actutum. I think ictum spurious. 5. 5. Ββ.7] Tr. *when
struck.'
meo sanguine sanciri posse, 'might be ratified by the shed-
ding of my blood, in lieu of sacrificing some animal. Cf. or.in
Pis. ὃ 28 tu scilicet homo religiosus et sanctus foedus, quod. meo
sanguine in pactione provinciarum iceras (sanzeras ?), frangere
noluisti, or. post red. ad Quir. 8 18, cum omnia cum omnibus
foedera reconciliatione gratiarum s amguine meo sancirentur,
Liv. xxuir 8, 11 iam ego sanguine Hannibalis sanciam Roma-
num foedus, xxv 16, 6 misi imperatoris capite ac sanguine
foedus cum hostibus sanzisset.

825,1. 30. rogationes] 8 53, Introd. 8 17.

1.31. de provinciis consulum nominatim] or. de dom. 8 24
provincias consularis...extra ordinem, sine sorte nominatim
dedisti non consulibus sed rei publicae pestibus. "The word re-
fers only to de provinciis consulum, for the first bill of Clodius
did not mention Cicero by name, but was directed against all
who had put Roman citizens to death without a trial.

CHAPTER XI
1, 32. hic tum, *thereupon, *in these circumstances,'
Hand Turs. ix p. 79, Lewis-Short, Dict. p. 853 5B rr. vos,
equites Romani] Cic. addresses those of the iudices who were
of equestrian rank as in $ 26. In $ 145 he appeals to those
of them who were senators.
P.12,1.2. summae rei publicae...auxilium, * aid to the
state in its most vital interests, in its supreme danger. See
my n. to or. p. Planc. 8 521. 25. Cf. or. in Cat. ru 13 consului
de $umma re publica quid fieri placeret, or. p. Rose. Am,
 NOTES 109
8148 summa res publica in huius periculo temptatur, Verg.
Aen, 11 322 quo res summa, loco ?
1.3, asummo imperio] sc. consulari,
1. 4. cumessent, *although or whereas they were.
1. 5. duo rei p. turbines] or. de dom. sua8 137 £u, procella
patriae, turbo ac tempestas pacis atque otii.
1.6. praecipitanti] inirans, — ruenti, or. p. Sull.$ 1
praecipitante re p., ἃ 81 reip. praecipitanti subveni.
1. 7. concidere] see n. to 8 79.
1.8. bonorum, *patriots, *conservatives) See δου 8 1
l. 6.
1.9. ut meam causam susciperent] $411. 2. Crassus a
consulibus meam causam suscipiendam esse dicebat, or. in
Pis. 8 77 ut causam publicani susciperetis, ut ad senatum refer-
retis.
1.10. agerent aliquid cet.] *should not be passive, in short
Should submit some definite measure to the senate, that they
might have an opportunity of giving expression to their sen-
timents on the subject of Clodius! actions. Cf. or. in Pis. $ 29
ecquis audivit non modo actionem aliquam aut relationem,
sed. vocem omnino aut querellam tuam.
1. 11. non modo negando sed etiam inridendo— inseque-
bantur, *set them down, snubbed them not only with ἃ fiat
refusal, but with raillery.' Cf. ep. ad Att. xiv 14, 5 homines
benevolos grave est insequi contumelia, or. p. Cluent. 8 24
clamore hominem ac minis insequi, or. p. Sull. $ 81 vitae eius
turpitudinem non insequebantur. Koch's suggestion asper-
nabantur ($ 30) or ludificabantur i8 superfluous.
l 18, in Capitolium cet.] see or. p. Planc. 8 87, Introd.
8 13.
8 26, l 14. [tota urbe cunctaque Italia: Cic. seems to
affect cunctus with names of countries, or. p. Arch. 8 4 cuncta
Graecia, Brut.$ 32. 23.8. n.] vestem mutandam] ὃ 27 1. 7.
l 15. omni ratione] i.e. eventually even with armed
resistance. privato consilio] *by some measure inde-
pendently of the executive.
l 16. quoniam
— careret] — quoniam—carere videbant,
Madv. Gr. 8 357 a, Kenn. Gr. 8 209.
[l. 17. senatus, *a meeting of the senate,' as in the phrase
8enaium dare alicui. 3.8. R
110 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 26—27
1.18. 1n aede Concordiae] in the cella of which on the
bth of Dec. ».c. 63 the Senate pronounced its decree for the
execution of the Conspirators: or. Phil. τὶ 8 19 cum in hac
cella Concordiae, in qua me consule salutares sententiae
dictae sunt, quibus ad hanc diem vizimus, cum gladiis homines
collocati stent. repraesentabat] *realised' or *revived.
l 19. universus ordo] sc. equitum, as represented by
their deputies. Cf. Dion Cass. 38, 16 οἵ re ἱππεῖς συνελ-
θόντες ἐς τὸ Καπιτώλιον πρέσβεις ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ πρός τε τοὺς
ὑπάτους καὶ τὴν γερουσίαν.. ἔπεμψαν, καὶ ὁ Νίννιος τά τε ἄλλα
αὐτῷ συνήρετο, καὶ τὴν ἐσθῆτα τῷ πλήθει, ὡς καὶ ἐπί τινι κοινῇ
συμφορᾷ, μεταβάλλειν παρήνεσε" καὶ πολλοὶ τοῦτο καὶ τῶν βουλευ-
τῶν" kal οὐ πρότερόν γε μετεβάλλοντο, πρὶν τοὺς ὑπάτους σφίσι διὰ
προγραφῆς ἐπιτιμῆσαι. flens] * with tears, rhetorically for
*in pathetie tones."

1. 20. cincinnatum] ie. Gabinius; cf. 8 18 calamistrata

coma. nam alter ille] *for as to that other consul (Piso).
On this elliptical use of nam, cf. 8 95 1. 31, 8 129 1. 6 and see
n. on de off. 11 ὃ 47, or. p. Planc. 8 21 1. 18.

l 21. horridus]S$ 21 1.11. consulto se domi continebat,

*stayed at home on purpose,' according to Dion Cassius 38, 16
because he was unwell, cf. or. in Pis. 8 18, Intr. 8 15.
l. 22. caenum illud ac labes] 8 20 1. 19.
l 25. patrimonii] sc. helluonem. quod ille totum]
see n. to 8 11 1. 22.
quamvis quaestum faceret, *notwithstanding his filthy
trade, 8 18 1. 28, or. post red. in sen. $ 11 qui cum suam rem
non minus strenue quam postea publicam confecisset, egestatem et
luxuriem domestico lenocinio sustentavit. Cf. Aesch. c.
Timarch. $ 94 ἀποθαυμάζων οὖν περιέρχεται kal τερατευόμενος
κατὰ τὴν ἀγορὰν εἰ ὁ αὐτὸς πεπόρνενταί τε καὶ τὰ πατρῷα
κατεδήδοκεν.
1. 26. venistis ad senatum] see cr. n. 4 ἃ senatum, not in
senatum, because the deputation were not allowed to enter,
Introd. 8 14.

1. 29. latrone] $11. 14.

LA OL Ninnius] ὃ 68 1. 23, or. p. red. in sen. $ 8 qui non
multo post dicessum meum me universi revocavistis, referente L.
Ninnio, fortissimo atque optimo viro; quem habuit ille pestifer
annus et mazime. fidelem et minime timidum, si dimicare eet
isset, defensorem salutis meae, ep. ad Att. 111 23.
 NOTES . 111
1. 31. de re publicà rettulit, “ brought before the senate
for discussion the state of public affairs in general,' which was so
serious as to appear to require a vestis mutatio. As the consul
had refused the relatio, the tribune of the plebs exercised his
right of proposing the subject for debate, a right which he
possessed together with that of holding the senate (vocatio
senatus).
1. 82, vestem—mutandam censuit] or. p. Planc. 8 291. 22,
$871.18. When the senate, as & mark of sorrow, passed a
resolution to change their dress, this consisted in the magis-
irates laying aside their official garb, the toga praetexta, the
rest of the senators changing the latus clavus or broad vertical
stripe of purple in front of their tunic for the angustus; while
ihe Equites discontinued wearing their tunica angusticlavia
&nd gold ring and the rest of the citizens probably wore the
toga pulla. [The Senate not unfrequently passed these resolu-
iions when publie affairs seemed serious, Liv. Epit. ov cum
Gaii Catonis tribuni plebis intercessionibus comitia, tollerentur,
senatus vestem mutavit, J. 8. R.]

CHAPTER XII

ΟΡ, 13. 827,1.1. funestum] because the senate as well as

himself had suffered a fatal blow; 8 53 illo ipso.die, qui mihi
funestus fuit, bonis omnibus luctuosus.
1, 2. ad domesticum maerorem gravem, *with regard
io' is expressed with adjectives by ad, when mention 18
made of something external to the subject, in reference to
| which the judgment is expressed, Madvig Gr. 8 253 obs., Kenn.
- Gr. p. 294, Roby Gr. 11 1209, Zumpt 8 206, n. to Cic. de off
|. 1X1$501. 25, and add to the examples there quoted Cic. de orat.
18 118 ad memoriam firmi atque diuturni, or. in Cat. 111 $ 19
insignis a.d deformitatem puer, de nat. deor. 11 ὃ 62 ad rationem
sollertiamque praestantior, or. in Verr. τι 8 58 ad speciem
magnifico ornatu, ad, sensum cogitationemque acerbo, de leg. 1t
13, 33 multa ad weritatem admirabilia, x11 8, 19 insignis ad
deformitatem. ;
l 4. ex omni memoria sumere, “00 choose from all
history:! sumere— eligere, as in Verr. ΠῚ $8 104 unum annum
eligam...8umam annum tertium, or. p. Rosc, Am. 8 47 verum
homines notos sumere odiosum est,
l 5. pro uno cive] [ἔξω τοῦ πράγματος] quidem videtur
illorum temporum memoriam recensere; sed. plurimum ad
praesentem defensionem P. Sestii valet; quippe si omnes
ordines statim post expulsum Ciceronem de eius reditu labora-
112 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 27—29
runt, non íantum excusatione sed laude dignus videbitur
Sestius, qui praesidiis, quibuscumque posset, enisus sit ut
P. Clodii conspiratio vinceretur. SCHOL.
l.7. quae quidem] the quidem serves to give greater promi-
nence to the relative: * yet this change of raiment.'
non deprecationis causa] [When the senate resolved
vestem mutandam pro (*in defence of?) mea salute, it was trying
to secure Cic. by its authority and not by deprecatio; only the
Equites were deprecatores salutis suae, 3. 8. R.]
1.9. quem deprecarere, *with whom should one intercede?
ie. when all were intercessors except the improbi who would
alone be without mourning. On this use of the conjunotive see
Kenn. Gr. p. 3839 τι x. omnes] 8 32 1. 15. sordidati]
* shabbily dressed,' $ 1 1. 12, 8 144 1. 24.
1.10. signi] gen. after the quantitative adverb satís, Kenn.
p. 419. esse improbum] indef. subject. qui mutata veste
non esset] ihe non-change of raiment, a closer definition of
hoc, khe subject of satis esset signi. 80 in Greek ὃς ἂν is used
for ἐάν τις, above 8 11. 1, For the abl. see Roby Gr. 11 $ 1232,
Madv. Gr. 8 272, 8 287 obs. 2.
l 12. [omitto quid, an ellipse of dicere not uncommon after
omitto; cf. or. p. Balb. 8 48 omitto quantis ornamentis popu-
lum affecerit. 3.8. &.] rerum divinarum...praedo] see $ 56.
1. 18. adesse iusserit—arcessiverit *summoned,' see Intr.
$ 14.
l 15. deprecatores salutis meae, *intercessors for my
Safety; cf. or. p. Planc. 8 102 1. 24 deprecatorem fortunarum
tuarum. Elsewhere deprecator takes the genitive not as here of
the thing which it is sought to secure but of that which it
is desired to avert by praying, as in or. p. Flacco $81 miseriarum
deprecatorem. On the meaning of deprecor see my n. to
or. p. Planc. $ 102 1. 30. operarum] $ 38 1. 1.
1,16. obiecerit] Intr. note 21.
828,1. 19. quam si—incidisset] i.e. quam fuisset, si inci-
disset, & eommon form of ellipsis: cf. Liv. xx1 2, 6 haud alio
quam 8i evasisset vultu, xxii 22 18 acta per eundem ordinem,
quo 8i Carthaginiensium nomine sic ageretur, sc. quo acta forent
$1, xx1v 8, 18 suadeo eodem animo, quo 8ὲ stantibus vobis in aciem
armatis repente deligendi duo imperatores essent,—hodie quoque
consules creetis. ^ ante] S 18 1. 28. creditorum conventum]
*meeting of creditors. For another meeting of conventus see
$ 9 1. 1.
 NOTES 113
$ 28, 1. 21. victor] —5i victor fuisset: see above8ὶ161, 10,
8 24 1. 27.
1.22. homines, 'men in general, *the public,' 8 71 1. 13,
8E aliquid )( nihil, 8 10 1. 9, see n. to or. p. Planc.
8 . 4.
l.24. illius diei] the 5th of December Β.σ, 63 (or. p. Flacco
8 102), when the Equites occupied the ascent to the Capitol (clivus
Capitolinus) to protect the senators who were holding a meeting
in the temple of Concord for the condemnation of the Catilina-
rians, Cic, or. Phil τὶ $ 16 1. 23 ed. Mayor, post red. in s. 88
12, 32, Sallust Cat. c. 49 8 4, ep. ad Att. τὶ 18 7 whence we
learn that Atticus was active among the foremost, [There is 8,
eurious comment on this passage in Aulus Gellius N. A. 9, 14,
6 in which he says that Caesellius asserts that Cic. wrote dies
here for diei. 3. s. &.] Mr Reid thinks that qui me (quine
ΜΒ P)isright, the clause qui fuissent being causal.
l 25. cum gladiis—fuissent] 8 82 1. 32.
l. 27. omni supplicio, «every kind of, *every possible
punishment. Cf. below 8 94 quibus omne supplicium atque
omnis iure optimo poena, debetur, ὃ 127 1. 5.
1. 28. ipsa, 'alone.
8 29, 1. 30. L. Lamiam] Cic. ep. ad fam. xr 16, 2 L.
Lamia praeturam petit: hoc ego utor uno omnium plurimum...
nihil mihi eius est familiaritate iucundius. Magno praeterea
beneficio eius magnoque merito sum obligatus ; mam Clodianis
temporibus, cum equestris ordinis princeps. esset proque mea
salute acerrime propugnaret, a Gabinio consule relegatus est, quoa
ante id tempus.civi Romano Romae contigit nemini.
P. 14, l. 1. relegavit] Festus p. 278 Müller: relegati
dicuntur proprie, quibus ignominiae aut poenae causa, mecesse est
ab urbe Roma aliove quo loco abesse lege senatuisve consulto aui
edicto magistratuis (i.e. under the empire, for during the
Republie the magistrates had no right whatever to banish
| eitzens by edict. 3. s. m.], ut etiam Aelius Gallus iudicat.
Relegatio therefore was ἃ milder punishment than exsilium,
beeause the offender was sent only a certain distance from Rome
and usually for a limited time, without incurring capitis
deminutio. Hence Ovid Trist. 11 137 says relegatus, non exsul
dicor in illo (edicto), v 11, 21 ipse relegati, mon exsulis, utitur
in me Nomine.
. 1.2. quod esset ausus, 'ascribing as the cause, that he
dared,' Madv. Gr. 8 357a, Roby Gr. 11 1744.
:. 18. civi] See above 8 111. 32, n. to or, p. Plano.8 51 1. 82,
H. 8
14 PRO P. SESTIO 83 29—31

CHAPTER XIII

1.5. quid hoc homine facias, * what is one to do with such

& fellow as this?" pure subjunctive of the modified question,
Madvig Gr. $ 353, Roby Gr. 8 1610, Kenn. Gr. p. 339, ef. $ 27
1. 9. The dative also is used in this sense after facio and fio,
Madv. Gr. 8 241 obs. 5, 8 267 obs. [The ablative is ἃ sort of
instrumental abl; the dative ἃ sort of dat. commodi.
3.8. ἘΠ
16. quo]-ad quid, importunum, *abominable,' as in 88
88, 42. For the history and meaning of the word see Reid on
or, p. Sull. $ 66 1. 19, aut quo potius] Verr. nr $ 173:
quae est ergo ista ratio aut quae potius amentia frumentum
improbare id etc.?
l 7. ut omittam] not & final parenthetical clause (8 82
l. 23, Kenn. Gr. p. 458, n. on or. p. Plane. ὃ 25 1l. 26), but à
limitative clause, *under such circumstances that, supposing
that, I do not speak of his other qualities," cf. 8 1 1. 8.
1.8. immani impuroque] cf. de re p. 1 9 cum impuria
atque immanibus adversariis decertantem.
l. 9. expulerit, relegarit] When an enumeration consists
only of two members, Cic., except in certain special cases, never
omits the copula; when there are three or more members, he
either puts et before each member after the first or leaves it out
altogether. See Madvig on de fin. 1v 56 and opusoc. 1 p. 333 sq.,
Reid on de amic, $ 12 l. 7. Henee some editors bracket
relegarit.
l 12. cum bonis omnibus, *with all loyal citizens, see
above $ 11. 6.
1.14. sed ut edicto eiecerit] the ut is an emphatic repetition
of the ut before expulerit, *but that by his edict, I say, etc.'
8 30, 1, 15. socii et Latini] a standing formula for the
designation of the Italian people dwelling out of Rome who
were under the protection of and allied with Rome, de am. $ 12.
[It is à common error to suppose that Latini cannot be described
under the term socii. J. 8. R.]
l 16. perraro] the last time it happened was when Gaius
Graechus had proposed to bestow the franchise on them. The
senate then carried & resolution, on the motion of the consul
Fannius 8.0. 122, permitting the ejection from the city of all |
non-burgesses before the day for the decisive vote. Plutarch C. .
Graech. c. 12, Appian b. c. 1 22, Mommsen's Hist. Rome rr p. -
 NOTES . 115
130 ed. ma. [There.was also a lex of Gaius Papius (n.c. 65?)
eontaining the same provisions respecting all who were not
domieiled in Italy. 75. 8. &.]
l 17. atque] advers. *and yet.' erat, *was open, free.'
l 21. exterminabit]—-exterminare ei licebit, a rhe-
torieal future in a question, which is proposed to the judg-
ment for forming a conclusion : the present subjunctive is used
similarly, as audeas ὃ 321. 27. Cf. Hor. Ep. 1 7, 08 neget ille
mihi ? suis] Kenn. Gr. p. 489.
l. 229. deliget—damnabit] & rhetorical asyndeton for
deligat ut damnet.
1. 283. nominatim] cf. 865, or. p. dom. 8 48 acerbitas Sullani
temporis quid habet, quod maxime sit insigne ad, memoriam
crudelitatis, opinor, poenam im civis Romanos nominatim
sine iudicio constitutam. propria, * personal.
l 24, eos qui nunc estis, *the men you now are,' in the
&bsolute and uncontrolled exercise of your judicial office, . si
denique, 'yes, if.' |
l 25. imaginem iudiciorum] for such an offence would
have been liable to ἃ charge de maiestate. Cf. ep. ad fam. xt
1 ín qua (rep.) nec senatus nec populus vim habet ullam nec leges
ullae sunt wc iudicia, nec omnino simulacrum. aliquod ac
vestigium civitatis. Imago and simulacrum axe the most general
terms for any representation, whether in statuary or paint-
ing: imago (εἰκὼν) being allied to the original, as to a pattern,
by & striking likeness of form: simulacrum (εἴδωλον) being
opposed to the original, as a real being, by a deceptive imitation
of its form; the latter comprehends the whole figure, whereas
the former denotes the copying of the characteristic parts, viz
ihe features,
l.29. ius libertatemque pervertere] as he did by banish-
ing Lamia,

$31,1.32. aut tam alte repetita] aut for et because the

sentence is virtually negative. Cf. $ 100 1l. 15. alte repetita]
* going 80 far back," Cf, or. p. Cluent. ὃ 58 incipit longo et alte
petito proemio respondere, de orat. x11 ὃ 91 quorum haec spectat
| tam longa et tam alte repetita oratio, de leg. 18 18 alte et a
capite repetis quod quaerimus, de rep. 1v 4, 4 ita sunt alte
repetita fundamenta quaedam verecundiae.
P. 15, l. 1. ad P. Sesti causam] See the scholiast's observa-
tion on 8 2711, 5, and also Intr, 8 28.
12, ante huius tribunatum] because Gabinius was consul
| the year before the tribunate of Sestius,
8—2
 316 PRO P. SESTIO 8 31—32
' 1 8. hoc—ostendere] the infinitive is epexegetic of hoc,
as in ἃ 82 1. 8.
. 1. 4. mentem, ' policy, *aim,''purpose.' Cf.ep. ad fam. x
18, 6 quae mens eum à tanta gloria avocarit, xix 14, 4."
l. 6. mederetur] cf, 8 51 horum periculorum est in republica
retinenda medecina.
: 1, 7. ignoscitote] - 566 Reid on or. p. Balb. 8 17 1. 22. 'The
forms of the imperative in -to, -tote convey asomewhat stronger
&nd more formal command or eníreaty than the ordinary
forms. The attempt to distinguish tenses in the imperative
forms is quitefutile. plura-*more than enough, * too much.
l. 10. non suo sed meo nomine] i.e. not because he is
.echargeable with any offence personally, but because he has
been mixed up.with my coneerns. Cf. $64 me civem nullo
meo crimine sed patriae nomine laborantem, 8 146 1. 28.
l 11, [omnem vim: would Cic. bring the idea of force
here into connexion with Sestius! action? For omne wà read
omne ius. 3J. S. R.] in mea salute consumpserit] so or. p.
Plane, $8 73 ut omme studium meum in Cn. Plancii honore
consumer em.
1. 12. meam causam praeteriti temporis] cf. $ 15 1. 20
totum superioris anni rei publicae naufragium, or. p. Mur. 88
^ hominis amplissimi...causam tanti periculi.

CHAPTER XIV
8 32, l. 14. igitur] resumptive, see n. on or. p. Plane.
$36 l. 12. . erat in luctu] an example of the figure μερισμός,
with which we may compare the famous one in or. p. Milone
8. 20, where Cieero is describing (ironically) the general grief
at the death of Clodius. P. Clodii mortem aequo animo nemo
ferre potest: luget senatus, maeret equester ordo, tota civitas
confecta senio est; squalent municipia, adflietantur coloniae;
agri denique ipsi tam beneficum...... eivem desiderant.
squalebat civitas, *the whole state wore a garb of woe.'
Civitas is here identified with the boni cives (ὃ 27), who fol-
lowed the example of the senate (8 26).
l. 16. municipium, colonia, praefectura] the three kinds
of towns with the right of Roman citizenship since the passing
of the lez Iulia B. c. 98; the first was a town governed by its
own laws and magistrates, the second was ἃ settlement in ἃ
conquered eouniry, who retained the rights and privileges of |
 NOTES . 117
Roman citizens, and whose government was an imitation on &
small scale of that at Rome, consisting of ἃ senate (decuriones).
and officers (duumviri) representing consuls; the third was an
Italian eity governed by an officer (praefectus iuri dicundo)
from Rome, nominated annually by the praetor urbanus, and in
some cases elected at the comitia tributa under his presidency.
[Observe that Italiae goes with allthree words. 7. s. m.]
1.17. societas]sc.publicanorum,. Seen.toor. p. Planc.
8241. 5. . conlegium] * club," * guild ;! see my Intr. to or. p.
Plane. ὃ 22. The genuineness of the words aut concilium 15
doubted by some.
l 18. consilium, 'deliberative body, *an assembly for
consultation, whereas concilium applies to any meeting or
gathering of people, for whatever purpose assembled. ΟἹ ali-
quod see n. to 8 281. 22.
45.1, 19. decrevisset, *had already passed the decree, when
ete."
. 1.20. duo consules] 'the two consuls, 8 34 1, 32, or. p.
leg. Man. 8 62. or. in Vatin. ὃ 18, de domo s. 8 9, or. in Verr.
act. 1 $ 29. edicunt-ut-redirent]| du Mesnil legg. τ. p. 78.
l. 22. ipsius decretis]- suis ipsius decretis, as in l. 30
ad, luctum ipsorum. See Madv. ad Cie. de fin. 111 12 8 40 p.
411 ed. 2: *Cicero in infinita oratione ita demum ipse pro
reflexivo ponit, si in ipso homine vel re notanda et ab aliis
separanda momentum orationis est, velut pro Sest. $8 32.
quis tyrannus cet.] Cf. or. in Pis. 8 18 quis hoc fecit ulla
in Scythia tyrannus, wt eos, quos luctu aflceret, lugere mon
sineret? '
l. 28. parumnme est—quod, ' isit not enough that you have
ΒΟ belied, are you not satisfied with having deceived, publie ex-
pectation so greatly that etc. Cf. above 8 15 1. 2, Ter. Phorm.
in 3, 18 (545) parumne est, quod ómnibus mune nóbis suscensét
senec, ni ánstigemus étiam ? On homines fefellisti cf. 8 21 1. 4.
ut omittam] final parenthetical clause, ὃ 29 1. 7, Kenn.
Gr. p. 458, n. on de off. rrr. $ 95.
l 25. auctoritatem, expressed opinion, the technical
expression.
1.20. adfüigeres, 'degraded,' *lowered,' 817 1.19, Brut. $ 47
rem augere posse laudando vituperandoque rursus ad fligere.
1. 27. audeas, *must you presume,' *are you to risk with
impunity, the conjunctive in & question of surprise or dis-
approbation, Madvig Gr. 8 353, Roby Gr. $ 1610, Kenn. Gr. p.
939: cf. $ 30 1. 21, 78 1l. 8. The use of the imperfect mae-
.118 PRO P. SESTIO 83 32—33
rerent after audeas is to be explained by a constructio ad, sen-
sum, the implied meaning being edicere audeas quod edixisti
ne maererent ; we have in fact the same sequence of tenses, as
after an historical present, see above $ 9. Halm ed. 5 suggests
that ediceres may be the true reading for edicere audeas;
Müller inelines to audebas, ihe reading of two Mss.
1. 28. ne hunc] a rhetorical asyndeton for neve, 8 30 1. 22,
l 30. luctum ipsorum]-suum ipsorum luctum, see
above 1. 22.
ad deprecandum] n. on ὃ 27 1. 9.
1. 31. tam crudelis—qui prohiberet] consecutive subj.
with qui ; Kenn. Gr. p. 456.
1.32. sibi maerere] iq. pro se maerere, suam calami-
tatem maerere, *to mourn for themselves, on íheir own
account. Of. Cie. ad Qu. fr. 1 4, 1 sibi pertimuit, Plaut.
Trinum. 1.918 memini mi hi, Liv. xx133, 5 sibi quoque tendente.
ceteris supplicare] not *supplicate others, but *intercede
for, on behalf of, others' — pro ceteris supplicare; thedative
is probably used to balance sibi.
8 33,1. 82, quid 7] sc. aís, censes? *how?' a form of transi-
iion in rhetorical passages, followed immediately by the em-
phatie word of ihe elause, Zumpt Gr. 8 769 obs. 1.
P.16,1 1. periculis] $2 1. 21.
1.2. pro te ipso, Piso, nemone mutabit] an apostrophe to
Piso in his absence, for he was at this time in his province
Macedonia. ΒΥ the use of the future mutabit Cie. intimates
his expectation that Piso on his return may be liable to an
action de repetundis. Of. Ovid ep. ex Ponto rv 3, 29 quid
facis, a demens? cur, si fortuna recedit, |naufragio lacrimas
eripis ipse tuo?
1.3. nullo SCto] abl. of attendant circumstances with adj. as
predicate, Zumpt Gr. $ 646, Madv. Gr. 277, Kenn. Gr. p. 405,
Roby Gr. 8 1242. "The appointment of legati was in the gift
of the pro-consuls and pro-praetors, but required the confirma-
iion of the senate, Cie. charges Vatinius with eonstituting
himself a legatus without such sanction, or. in Vatin. $ 35 ne
hoc quidem senatui relinquebas, ut legati ex eius ordinis auctori-
tate legarentur?
1. 4. legisti] I have adopted Mr Reid's reading for the
vulgate legasti. Madvig and others have suspected legatos.
ergo] introduces the argumentatio excontrario. On the
parataxis or co-ordination of eontrasted clauses see n. to or.
p. Plane. $ 26 1, 5, $ 41 1, 32, $ 142 1. 20.
 NOTES 119
l.5. desperati] qui ut recte agat aut sentiat, sperari non
potest, MAN.

l 6. qui volent] 8 30 1. 22 deliget quem volet.

l 8. coniunctum cum, 'inseparable from,' 8 8 1. 17.

1 9. si appellandi sunt consules] Kenn. Gr. $ 220, viii 3)

p. 475.

l 10. non modo ex memoria sed etiam ex fastis, “1 do

not say from the recollection of men, but even from the records.'
On the usé of non modo—sed etiam see n. to or. p. Plano.
8 781. 19, 881 1l. 19. Cf. or. in Pis. 8 30 hos consules monu
dicam animi hominum, sed fasti ulli ferre possunt? or. de
prov. eons. $ 20 am vero M. ille Lepidus...... non solum me-
moriae testimonio, sed etiam amnalium litteris et. summi .
poetae voce laudatus est? Mr Reid doubts whether certain
examples can be produced of quin immediately followed by a
negative.

l 12, producti] The tribunes of the people had the

privilege alios in concionem producendi and of putting ques-
tions to those whom they introduced and extorting confessions
from them, & right which was used as ἃ powerful means of
agitation. See Intr. $ 15 for the account given by Dion Cassius.
in circo Flaminio] íhe circus constructed in m.c. 220
by the censor Gaius Flaminius Nepos, who fell at the
battle of the Trasimene lake, the same who constructed the
great northern road, named after him via Flaminia. "The
ludi Taurii and Apollinares were frequently held here, and here
also the people and senate sometimes met, when it was neces-
Bary to convene them outside the walls. It was situated in the
distriet lying between the Southern part of the Via Lata or
the modern Corso and the Tiber (not in the modern Píazza
Navona) Burn Rome and the Campagna yp. 313. Clodius
chose it as the place of assembly in order that Caesar who had
then the imperium might be present.
l 13. maximo cum gemitu vestro, 'to your very great
Sorrow,' or. in Verr. 11 1 c. 19 8 49 hunc ipsum abstulit magno
cum gemitu civitatis, below ἃ 46 L 18.
115 agebantur] there is ἃ hiatus in the ws, to eupply
which there have been many conjectures:—/iebant (Wesen-
berg), parabantur (Koch), ferebantur (Orelli), agebantur (Halm,
Müller).
190 PRO P. SESTIO 8 33

CHAPTER XV

8 33,1. 17, sedentibus, *sitting still,' with an implication

of inactivity. Cf. Hor. Ep. 1x 17, 37 sedit, qui timuit.ne non
succederet, Vergil Georg. 111 456 meliora deos sedet omnia
poscens. inspectantibus] Cic. or. in Pis. $ 9 his fundamentis
positis consulatus tui triduo post inspectante et tacente te
à fatali portento reip. lex Aelia et Fufia eversa est.
l 18. lata lex est] quattuor leges reip. perniciosas tulit .
P. Clodius in tribunatu; de annona, ut populo frumentum
gratis daretur; alteram, ut collegia restituerentur; fertiam,
ut infirma censorum potestas esset; quartam hane, de qua .
hie Cicero loquitur; v. infr. c. 25, 26, or. in Pis. c. 5, Dion
Cass. 38 c. 13. μὰν. Introd. 8 10.
ne auspicia cet.] the reference is to the lex Aelia et Fufia,
ofthe time and authors of which we have no exact informa-
tion, except that Cic. tells us that it was passed about 100
years before the consulship of Piso and Gabinius (a.v.c. 695
—9B5.0. 58). Τὸ is doubtful whether there was one law only
or two, the one being supplementary tío the other. One of
the chief provisions of the lex Aelia was, that any of the
superior magistrates should have the right on the days when
ihe eomitia were held to watch the heavens (servare de caelo);
and, if they saw lightning, to report this (obnuntiare) io the
presiding magistrate. The augurs had not this right of spéctio
(or. Philipp. 11 $ 81) but only the magistratus, whose bare an-
nouncemenít to the presiding magistrate that they were engaged
in watching the heavens, se servaturos (or servasse) de caelo,
was enough to make the comitia impossible for the day. "The
object and effect of these laws was to prevent rash and hasty
legislation, by empowering every magistrate to stay proceedings:
hence Cic. speaks of them as propugnacula murique tranquilli-
tatis et otii (or. in Pison. $ 9), and asserts that (or. in Vat. 8 18)
frequently tribunicios furores debilitarunt et represserunt.
The clause ne quis legi intercederet does not point to any new
provision in the lex Aelía; itis only a rhetorical amplification
of the consequence óf obnuntiatio, by which the higher magis-
tratus had obtained a means of repression similar to that which
the tribunes had in virtue of their intercessio. So that the two
clauses together ^ ne quis obnuntiando legi intercederet.
The fourth clause u£ omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret
refers to a provision of the Iex Fufia (if indeed it differed from
the Aelia) which provided that the comitia should not be heid
for legislation on all dies fasti. Clodius probably aimed at
putting the legislative comitia on the same footing in this
 NOTES : 121

respect as the law courts, [Among the dies fasti nom comi-
tiales the most important were the mundinae, which were
especially exeluded because they were the days on which it
was easiest to collect ἃ mob. Hence chiefly the demagogues'
anxiety on this point. 5. S. R.] | ΠΣ 3
l 21. rem p. esse deletam] in the view of the optimate
party. Cf. or. in Vat. 8 28 qui primum eam rem p., quae aus-
piciis inventis constituta est, isdem auspiciis sublatis conarere
evertere: and ἃ 18 quoted in n. to 1. 18.
834. 1.23. [servorum dilectus: it is worth noting that servt
were never excluded from the sacra whether publica or-privata. x nA li, ἢ

J. S. R.] pro tribunali Aurelio, *in front of the Aurelian

tribunal) Cf. or.in Pis.8 11. The gradus Aurelii mentioned
in or. p. Clu. 8 93, or. p. Flacco 8 66, are supposed to have
been ἃ flight of steps leading up to the raised dais of this
Tribunal, which was in the Forum near the Temple of
Castor. 'The whole structure is supposed to have been the
work: of M. Aurelius Cotta, cos. s.c. 74. [Is there not an
allusion to the use of the phrase in the sense *officially'? I
do not think this reference is barred by the addition of
Aurelio. 5. S. R.]
l 24. nomine collegiorum, *asif his object were to form
Sireet-clubs.' "The collegia which were restored by P. Clodius
in m.c. 58, after they had been suppressed by the senate in 8.6.
68, were the compitalicia, such as the inhabitants of the same
compitum formed, connected with the worship of the lares
compitales. lt& was found that the action of such organised
bodies of men could be made very efficient for political
purposes, and threatened disturbances of social order. To
pave the way for their re-introduction, one of the tribunes in
: B.0. 61 endeavoured to celebrate the games connected with
the festival (iudi compitalicii): but he was prevented by
Q. Metellus Celer the consulelect. But three years afterwards
Clodius succeeded in reviving them and three days subsequently
carried his bill de collegiis, restituendis novisque instituendis.
Cicero was for some time under the delusion that he was &
gainer by this enactment, on the ground that he and his friends
might have their hired partisans as well as Clodius. See my
Introd. to or. p. Plàncio (Pitt Press Series) pp. xxxiv, xxxv.
. vieatim, *by síreets, *from street to street. (Cf. or. p.
dom. ὃ 54 cum in tribunali Aurelio conscribebas palam mon
Qodo liberos sed, etiam, servos ez omnibus vicis concitatos.
l. 25. decuriarentur] lit. *were divided into sections of
ten men each, * were organised in military fashion; see n. to
or. p. Plane. 8 45 1. 14, Mommsen de.coll. et sodal. p. 57, de
 129 PRO P. SESTIO 8 34—35
irib. rom. p.11. Cf. or. de dom. s.$ 18 cum desperatis ducibus
decuriatos ac descriptos haberes exercitus perditorum. ad
. vim ad manus, ad caedem ad direptionem] to be taken in pairs
after a fashion of whieh Cic. is fond. See above $ 1 1. 15,
Index Cic. de off. p. 423.
l. 26. isdem consulibus] Halm thinks that some participle
must be supplied such as tacentibus or quiescentibus or coniven-
tibus, corresponding to the two participles sedentibus and íinspec-
tantibus, but perhaps Mr Reid is right in suggesting that it is
ἃ dative of the persons interested, *for these same consuls."
l 27. intemplum Castoris] The templeof Castorand
Pollux was on the South-western side of the Forum Romanum
between the Basilica Sempronia and the Temple of Vesta. It was
first begun by the Dictator Aulus Postumius in 5B.c. 494 after
the battle of the lake Regillus in the Latin War, and dedicated
by his son in 8.0. 484. It was restored (1) by L. Metellus
Dalmatieus in B.c. 119, (2) by Drusus and Tiberius in a.p. 6.
The Temple was often used for meetings of the Senate; and
the flight of steps which led up to it afforded à convenient
place for the delivery of harangues (contiones) to the crowds in
the Forum. Bibulus, when he tried to oppose Caesar who
was speaking here, was thrown down the steps by the mob and
escaped with difficulty. On account of the height of its base-
ment it commanded the Forum and was frequently occupied by
iroops or bodies of insurgents during the Gracchan and Clo-
dian riots. Clodius! mob tried to convert it into a fortress by
pulling down the steps, when the voting upon the leges Clodiae
took place, Cf. below ὃ 85, or. in Pis. $ 11 arma in templo
Castoris, o proditor templorum omnium, vidente te constitue-
bantur ab eo latrone, cui templum illud fuit te consule arz civium
perditorum, receptaculum veterum Catilinae militum, castellum
forensis latrocinii, bustum legum omnium ac religionum, ib. $ 23,
or. de dom. s. 8 54, p. red. in sen. $ 32 aditus templorum erant
non solum praesidiis et manu, verum etiam demolitione sublati,
Dion Cass. xxxvi 6. Burn RKome and the Campagna p. 100
—102, See also note on ἃ 79 1. 20.
1. 29. contiones] Verrius Flaccius ap. Aul. Gell. N. A.
xvi 7, 5 contionem autem tria significare (1) locum sugges-
tumque unde verba fierent, item (2) coetum populi adsistentis,
item (3) orationem ipsam, quae ad. populum diceretur. lapida-
tiones] or. in Pis. 8 23 cum...viri boni lapidibus e foro pelle-
rentur.
1.30. nullus erat, * was obliterated. See Reid on Cic. de
sen.8 74, de off. 1 8 35 1. 20 n. reliqui magistratus] not
the gen. sing. but the nom. pl. with nihil—nihili *of no use,
as predicate, Cf. div. in Caec. ὃ 47 ipse mihil est, nihil
 NOTES 123
potest, ep. ad fam. vr1 27, 2 ín quo aliquid posse vis, te nihil
esse cognosceres, 33, 1 mihil sumus; cf. below 8 114. Reliqui
is in opposition to senatus.
1. 81, armis et latrociniis, *by his armed body of marau-
ders, Cf. or. in Cat. 18 31 si ez tanto latrocinio iste unus
tolletur, or. p. Rose. Am. 8 61, or. in Pis. 8 26.
1, 82, nmonaliqua visua] cf. 8 16 nullis suis nervis.
duo consules] n. to 8 32 1. 20, .
P. 17,1. 1. provinciarum foedere] see Intr. to or. p. Plancio
p. ix and to the present Speech 8 17.
l. 2. insultabat, *behaved insolently;' Liv. τὶ 45, 10
quippe impune se insultaturos, vi 28 hostis, cuius. animos
cunctando auximus, iam minime toleranda superbia insultat:
the following clause terrore ac metu multos tenebat corresponds
to and explains insultabat, dominabatur.
$35, 1. 4. senatus duces nullos haberet] cf. 8 42 consules,
qui duces publici consilii (1.6, senatus) esse deberent.
1. 5. aec pro ducibus] On the adversative use of copula-
tives after a negative see n, to Cic. de off. 1 8 22 1. 32, 8 32
1. 10, 8 100 1. 15.
1. 6. reus citaretur] 8281.23. Cf. or. in Mil. 8 50 tota
denique rea citaretur Etruria.
l.7. Italiae—auctoritas] See on8 32 1. 25. alii nomi-
natim relegarentur| he means L. Lamia. On the rhetorical
plural ef. or. in Pis. $ 23 cum equites Romani relegarentur,
below ἃ 78 magistratus templo deicias, ὃ 54 liberi ad necem
quaerebantur.
l 9. non—sed] for non dieo—sed. silentio dissimula-
rentur] the consuls might have kept silence and so made it
appear that they saw nothing to object to in these proceedings.
They did more, they showed their approbation of them e£ voce
et sententia, * both in their speeches and by their votes."
l 11. excisam] Halm reads exscissam from exscindo,
though most edd. have ezxcisam from ezcido, cf. 8 95 1. 6.
Mr Heid's assertion (de senect. p. 94) that *to raze a city" is
urbem exscindere, not excidere, must surely be as controvertible
a8 his spelling of exscissus, viz. exscisus. What is to be said to
Virgil Aen. r1 637 abnegat excisa vitam producere Troia, xit
762 excisurum urbem minitans, Hor. Od. r11 3, 67 ter pereat
(murus) meis | excisus Argivis? in all of which passages I find
no vv. [l. In Cic. or. Phil. 1v 8 14 the wss read Karthaginem
exciderunt; on the other hand in de off. i 76 im ex-
scindend& Numantia.
194 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 35—37
1, 12. captam atque oppressam] below 8 52 1. 5, 8 112
l. b, ep. ad Att. 1v 6, 2 sí taceo, existimor oppressus et
captus, Liv. τι 23, 2 fremebant se foris...... dimicantis domi
a civibus captos et oppressos esse, de imp. Cn. Pomp. ὃ 33
classis a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est.
l. 18. tamen his tantis malis] a repetition of quae cum
essent eius modi l. 4, due to the length of the sentence.
tanto bonorum studio] ablative of attendant cireumstances with
adjective as predicate, Roby Gr. τὶ 1242, Kenn. Gr. p. 406,
p. 411, above ὃ 121. 8, 8 88 1], 2
1.14, restitissemus, sed me moverunt] 1.4. nisi me mo-
vissent. Cf. Liv. 111 25 et forsitan ad, ultimum impedissent:
sed movus subito ad ditus terror est. So ἀλλὰ is used for ei
μὴ Hom. Il. v 22 οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδέ κεν αὐτὸς ὑπέκφυγε κῆρα μέλαιναν,
ἀλλ᾽ Ἥφαιστος ἔρυτο, Od. 1x 79 καί νύ κεν ἀσκήθης ἱκόμην ἐς
πατρίδα γαῖαν, ἀλλά με κῦμ᾽ ἀπέωσε.
alii metus...aliae curae] see 8 39 sed me illa moverunt etc.

88 36—52. Digressio
Cicero here enters into a long explanation of his motives for '
quitting the field to his enemies, and a justification of himself
against the charge of cowardice.
He had with him, he says, mot only all the best but much
the greatest part of the city, determined to run all hazards and
expose their lives for his safety, and, was more than a match for
all the strength of Clodius and the two consuls ;and 80 far he was
in a better position thanQ. Caecilius Metellus when he volun-
tarily withdrew from the city rather than risk disturbances
(88 35—39). |
But it was the attitude of the triumvirate which alarmed
him: the boast of Clodius that he had their authority for all
that he did was mot contradicted by amy of them, and their
silence was virtually a confession of the truth of his assertions ;
the fact was, they feared the reversal of their acts of the preced-
ing year if they failed to secure the friendship of the powerful
tribune (88 39—40).
The conduct of Pompeius was most discouraging to him, who,
notwithstanding his professions of friendship and. solemn assur-
ances only the year before, had now retired to his Alban villa
from pretended fright at the warnings which the partisans of
. Clodius had whispered into his ear, that his life was threatened
by the machinations of Cicero and. his friends ; Caesar was at
the gates of the city with am army, in which the brother of
Clodius held a command (8 41).
 NOTES 125
. What was Cicero to do in such circumstances 32 If he resolved
on extreme measures and opposed force to force, and one enemy
Clodius, like a second Catiline, whose scattered forces he had
reunited, was got rid of, there were many more behind to be
conquered and to avenge that ememy's death, so that meither
his victory mor his fall would have restored the peace of the
state (S8 42—44). —. He yielded therefore to the mecessity of the
times and, determined to give way before his various ememies
rather than endanger the existence of the state by staying (88 45—
--47)ὴ. Not that he was afraid of death, which indeed would have
been to him rather a boon, but his life was of some consequence to
the state, and to sacrifice it wantonly would. have been a derelic-
tion of duty to his country ; for he could not fail to be recalled,
if he retired for ὦ time, whereas his extinction would have been
as great a triumph to the enemies of order, as his restoration
was to the enemies of disorder, while it was am earnest of future
security, peace and glory to the commonwealth ($88 48—2952).

CHAPTER XVI

$30, 1.16, exponam] here follows ἃ long digression from

e. 16 to c. 23,
l 17. facti et consilii] et consilii quod in eo secutus
sum, only an apparent hysteron proteron. Cf. div. in Caec.
$ 6 quis tandem esset, qui meum factum aut consilium posset
reprehendere? | neque deero] *norshall I fail to respond."
1.18. tanto studio] $ 35 1. 13 n. nec vero, 'and cer-
tainly not,' ie. *much less. Cf. Tusc. v 8 93 secundum genus
cupiditatum, mec ad potiundum diffieile esse censet nec vero ad
carendum.
. 1.22. tam parato] sc. ad agendum, so ready for anything
that my eritical position required. Cf. Planc. ep. ad fam. x 8,
6 habeo provinciam paratissimam et summa contentione ad
officia certantem, or Phil. v ὃ 48 studio paratiore.
l 28. despicatissimi] a stronger word than contemptus, to
which it bears the same relation as * despised' to * despicable.'
The two are*found together or. in Verr. 111 ὃ 98 also ne con-
temptissimi ac despicatissimi esse videamur.
1, 25. nullius animi—fuisse] Kenn. Gr. p. 415 8 168 i11 A 4.
Translate: *that I was spiritless, helpless.'
8 37, 1. 27. in Q. Metello] sc. Numidieo. Cicero frequently
parallels the cireumstances attending his own discessus with
Metellus! voluntary retirement, in order to avoid causing dis-
126 ΡΙῸΟ P. SESTIO 8 371—938
turbances at Róme. See below 8 101, or. p. Plane. 8 89 I. 17,
in Pis. $ 20, or. p. Balbo 8 11, ep. ad fam. 19 $ 16. When, as
tribune in ».c. 100, Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, the
most notable leader of the popular party, carried his law
for the division of the lands in Gaul lately occupied by the
Cimbri (lez Appuleia agraria), there was a clause in it that within
five days after its passing every senator should on pain of
forfeiting his senatorial seat take an oath to faithfully observe
it. Metellus alone, at whom the clause was specially aimed,
refused compliance, preferring to go into voluntary exile. He
was restored however in Β. 6. 99 on the motion of the tribune
Q. Calidius. Of. or. p. Plane. $ 89. [The penal clause was to
supply the lack of previous consent on the part of the Senate:
ihe lez Bantia seems to show that Appuleius had precedents
for his action. 7. 8. R.]
1. 28. proprie, *individually,' )( publice * authoritatively,'
*in the name of the state;' $ 38 1. 11, $ 89 1. 13.
1 30. quandam] serves to modify the statement that in
his conduct he was influenced by selfish motives rather than
pure patriotism, Οἱ, 8 82 1, 8. perspicuam] * manifest.
1. 31. salutem] because the refusal of Metellus alone
could not be of any benefit to the state. respexerat]
See cr. n. in legem iurare] i.e. as explained by Appian
b. civ. 1 29 ἐπομόσαι πεισθήσεσθαι τῷ νόμῳ, iurare se legi
pariturum. [The resolution of the comitia tributa was of
course legally binding upon the Senate, whether it gave its
eonsent beforehand or not, though it was usual to ask the con-
sent. But this law was per vim lata and the Senate would,
Saturninus thought, cancel it unless forced to swear. J. 8. n.]
l 32. per vim latam] 8 61 leges quas iniuste rogatas pu-
tarat, 8101 legem quam non iure rogatam iudicarat.
ea, condicione, * at such a price," *on such terms,' as well as
in the sure expectation that. fuisse, *ío have shewn himself.'
P.18,1.1l, patriae caritate] for he turned his back on his
country as & voluntary exile. Of, ὃ 53 1. 20, de off. τ $ 100
l. 14, or. p. Planc. $ 69 1. 18 n.
1.3. invicto, 'invincible,! see above 1. 23, n. to or. p.
Planc. $ 12 1. 1.
1.4. sextum iam illum consulatum, * who was at that time
serving his sixth consulship.' Cf. Caesar b. G. v 25 tertium
iam hunc annum regnantem inimici eum interfecerunt,
l.7. si non moderate, at certe populariter, *if not without
violence, yet at least in the interest of the people. See n. to
 NOTES 127
8 14 1. 7, or. p. Planc. 8 29 1. 12. abstinenter] quod non
lucrum captarat aut aliorum bona invaserat, ut OClodius,
ERNESTI.
1.9, victor, *if conqueror,' ὃ 28 1. 22.
838,1. 12. proprie] ὃ 37 1l. 28,
l 18. dux] we must understand ín quibus gerendis from
quarum.
l. 17. praestare, *to guarantee, * to take the responsibility
of. Cf. below 843 1. 5, 861 1. 29 cuius invidiam capitis periculo
sibi praestandam videbat, de or. 18 11 3 istam culpam, quam
vereris, ego praestabo, where see Prof. Wilkins! note, ep. ad
Qu. fr. 1, c. 4 8 12 horum non modo facta, sed etiam dicta
omnia, praestanda nobis sunt, or. in Cat. 1v 8 24 habetis eum
consulem qui ..ea quae statueritis...defendere et per se ipsum
praestare possit. See Madvig Opusc. 1 p. 151.

CHAPTER XVII
l 19. operis] operae — operarii in the sense of * hirelings,'
* hired abettors,' is not infrequent in Cic., or. Phil. τ αὶ 12 ut
dicere auderet se publicis operis disturbaturum...domum, ib.
8 22 ut ipse ad operas mercennarias statim protrahatur, ep. ad
Att. 1v 8, 8 facile operas aditu prohibuerunt, above ὃ 18 1. 1,
8. 28 1. 30, Hor. Sat. 11 7, 118 accedes opera agro nona Sabino.
1. 91. terrorem, *object of fear, more frequently used in
the plural in this sense as in Cic. de rep. 18 71 duobus huius
urbis terroribus depulsis, Vell. Paterc. τὶ 4, 5 terrores reip.
(Carthago et Numantia). Cf. Justin τὶ 1, 1 Xerzes, terror
antea gentium.
1. 22, duo importuna prodigia, quos] Cf. Cic. ep. ad fam.
9, 15 primum illa furia muliebrium legionum, qui non pluris
fecerat Bonam D eam quam tres sorores, impunitatem est illorum
sententiis adsecutus, [or.. Verr. 11 8 79 monstrum aut prodigium
qui, Liv. x 1, 8 capita coniurationis caesi, Hor. Od. 1 37, 21
fatale monstrum quae (Cleopatra). So in Greek βρέφος, μειρά-
κιον and the like are often followed by masculine attributes,
Nor does German consistently treat Müdchen, Weib and the
like as neuters. J. 8. R.]
egestas cet.] the first three clauses refer especially to α ἃ-
binius..
1.24. addixerat]i.q.inservitutem tradiderat, 'had made
unwilling slaves, Addico was the technical word used when
28 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 38—39
the praetor *made over or awarded any property to a claimant.
-Hence addictus was said of a debtor who had been given up as
servant or bondman to his creditor. Cf. Hor. Ep. 1 1, 14
mullius addictus iurare in verba magistri, Cic. Tuse, 1r δ, 5
certis quibusdam. ..sententiis quasi addicti...sunt eaque meces-
sitate coacti ut etiam, quae mon eomm soleant, ea cogantur
constantiae causa defendere.
8 39, 1. 25. quaestore Ostiensi, *when he held the pro-
vincia Ostiensis as quaestor. The important colony of Ostia
at the mouth of the Tiber,founded by Ancus Marcius, was made
the station of a Roman fleet in B. c. 217 and was granted peculiar
exemptions on account of its importance to home, which it
furnished with its principal supplies of corn. Τὸ gave its name
to one of the four provinciae quaestoriae into which Italy was
divided. The other three were Calena or Callium (provin-
οἷα tacita et quieta or, p. Mur. 8 18, Tac. Ann, rv. 27); Gallica
(cf. Plutarch Sert. 4, Sueton. Claud. 24); aquaria or Baiana
(or.in Vatin. 812). The provincia Ostiensis was naturally
as Cic. tells us or, p. Mur. 8 18 negotiosa et molesta and there-
fore unpopular (cui, cum quaestores sortiuntur, etiam adclamari
Solet).
1. 26. per ignominiam] i.q. ignominiose: cf. per im-
prudentiam or. p. Plane. 8 31 1. 9, per ridiculum de off. 1 8 134
l. 6 where also see my note. principem—senatus] the sena-
tor whose name was placed first upon the roll of the
Censors bore this title, which was regarded as in the highest
degree honourable, but conferred no power or privilege.
1.27. M. Scaurum] Mareus Aemilius Soeaurus, the
son of highly aristocratic but not wealthy parents, raised himself
to the consulship in s.c. 115 and censorship in s.c. 109. He
was long the chief of the Senate and the political oracle of his
order, and immortalized his name not only as an orator and
author, but also as the originator of some of the principal
public buildings and works, such as the vía Aemilia, executed in
this century. In s.c. 112 he headed an embassy to Jugurtha
and afterwards took the post of. à commander in the African
army sent against him under the consul Lucius Calpurnius
Bestia. The Numidian king obtained favourable terms of
peace by bribing the consul and his legatus, at which the
general indignation was so great that an extraordinary jury-
commission was appointed to investigate the high treason, of
which Seaurus himself, though a party in the guilty transac-
iion, was chosen one of the presidents. "There are many lau-
datory notices of him in Cicero's works, When Lucius Appu-
leius Saturninus was quaestor at Ostia, the charge of the
importation of corn which had fallen to him in the usual
 NOTES 129
way had been withdrawn from him by decree of the senate, not
so much perhaps on aecount of maladministration, as in order
to confer the office upon Seaurus, as one of the heads of the
government party, rather than upon an unknown young man
belonging to none of the ruling families. ^Mortification at this
drove the aspiring man into the ranks of tne opposition, and
as tribune of the people in ».c. 108 he repaid what he had re-
ceived with interest. See Cie. de harusp. resp. $ 48 Satur-
ninwm, quod in annonae caritate quaestorem a sua frumentaria
procuratione senatus amovit eique rei M. Scaurum praefecit,
scimus dolore factum esse popularem. M.ommsen Hist. of Rome
Bk rtv ec. 5, 6, Vol. 111 p. 144 ff. See 7, 8. n. in Add. p. 277.
1. 98. sciebat] in reference to per ignominiam. He knew
that his office was taken from him for no other reason than to
mortify him. dolorem suum...persequebatur] ' was carried
away by his indignation, or “ sought revenge for his vexation.'
l. 29. scurrarum, ποὺ *buffoons' but 'gallants, 'rakes,'
*elegant debauchees, as in de har. resp. 8 42 qui post patris
mortem primam illam aetatulam suam ad Scurrarum locuple-
tium libidines detulit, quorum intemperantia expleta in domes-
ticis est germanitatis stupris volutatus; auct. ad Herenn. 1v
8 14 ubi istum vidit sceurram exhausto rubore, qui se putaret
nihil habere, quod de existimatione perderet, ut ommia sine
famae detrimento facere posset. [Plaut. Trin. 1. 202 wrbami
adsidui cives quos Seurras vocant. J. S. R.]
1l. 380. sororis] the wife of Q. Metellus Celer [or rather
of Lueullus, as evidence had been given concerning her in à
court of justice. 7. S. &.] stuprorum sacerdote, instead of
sacerdote..Bonae Deae (ep. ad Att. 11 4, 2). Below 8 66 1. 2 and
again or. in Pis. 8 89 he calls him the popularis sacerdos.
1.31, venefico] qui Q. Seium Postumum veneno sustulit, ut
eius domum ab heredibus sibi compararet; or. de domo s.ὃ 115
[de har. resp. $30]. aBRAMr. — testamentario] i.q. testamen-
torum subiectore, *forger of wills,' as in de off. 11x 8 73 1. 6.
Cf. or. de har. resp. $ 42 inde cum Murena 86 in Galliam contulit,
in qua provincia mortuorum testamenta conscripsit, pupillos
mecavit, nefarias cum multis scelerum pactiones societatesque
conflavit: unde ut rediit, quaestum illum mazime fecundum
, uberemque campestrem totum ad se ita, redegit, ut homo popularis
fraudaret improbissime populum, idemque vir clemens divisores
omnium tribwum domi ipse suae crudelissima morte mactaret.
. 1.82. facile factu] the same pleonasm of the supine occurs
in de off, 1 $ 71 1. 26, de nat. deor. 111 8 1 difüicile factu.
P.19,1. l. optimi cives] such as L. Lucullus: see Plu-
tarch Luc. c. 31.
H. 9
.130 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 39—40
1.2. non verebar, 'there was no need for me to be afraid." RR
at
Pcr
ce

1.6. illafuria] 8341. 18 ab illa furia ac peste patriae.

1.8. et nunc et (sc. antea) quoad licuit] h. e. et post resti-
tutionem ef illo tempore, quoad licuit vel per Caesarem socerum
vel per fictos terrores, quibus Vatinius et eius index Vettius eius
mentem 8, Cicerone averterant; cf. 88 41, 67, 193. oRELLI.
Cf. or. p. Planc. 8 85 1, 29.
1.9. omnes necessitudines, “811 possible friendly relations:'
cf, or. p. Ligar. $8 21 haec movi ego propter ommes necessi-
tudines, quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone, or. p. Quinet. $ 48
quicum...0mmnes denique causae et mecessitudimes veteres
intercedebant, ep. ad fam, xii 12, 1 quocum mihi ommes neces-
situdines sunt. So above 8 281. 27 omne supplicium, below
$53 omnibus malis, 8 55 omnium remediorum, Caesar b. G.
v 6 omnibus precibus petere, or. p. Planc. $ 26 1. 9.
l. 10. illa peste] 8 34 1. 13.
l.11. C. Caesar cet.] Haec omnia latentes querellae sunt de
Pompeio, Crasso et Caesare, quos non ambigitur partim mani-
festius, partim vero occultius id egisse, ut urbe Tullius eiceretur.
Sed (εὐλαβῶς) quoniam viri potentes sunt, non audet exertius
queri; sed ipsum Clodium alia de illis iactitasse confingit, ut,
quod ex sua persona haberet offensam, sub aliena moderatius
delitescat. SCHOL. [qui ἃ me nullo meo merito alienus
esse debebat, *who was not forced to be my enemy by any
demerit of mine. 0. 8. Β.7: cf. or. de prov. 8 43 accepi iniuriam,
inimicus: esse debui. Alienus is à much weaker expression
than inimicissimus. "The chief reason for their estrangement,
which Cic. here intimates might have been helped, was the
support which Caesar gave to Clodius! adoption into a plebeian
house. See Sueton. Jul. c. 20. On the abl. nullo meo merito,
*no action of mine which would have made such punishment
of me deserved, cf. $ 133 1. 22 and see n. to 8 35 l. 18.

$40,1.14. in consiliis capiendis, ie. de pernicie mea;

in re gerenda, i.e. in me eiciendo. We must understand
in the former clause uti from the usurum esse of the second.

1.16. exercitum in Italia] Caesar remained with his army

in the neighbourhood of Rome, until Clodius had carried his
bill about Cicero and Cato.
l 17. privati )(| armati or cum imperio, as appears
from the old formula from the censoriae tabulae in Varro de
1,1, v1 8 86: omnes Quirites, pedites, armatos privatosque...
voca inlicium huc ad me.
 NOTES | 131
praeesse, absolutely *to have a command, as praeficere
(8 41 1. 17) *to give à command ;' or exercitui is to be under-
stood from ezercitum which follows: cf. 8 95 qui diem dicit
(Miloni) et accusavit de vi Milonem. Praeesse is emphasized
because as privati they could not be duces exercitus, except in
some unconstitutional manner. et parare] Crassus by his
great wealth, Pompeius by his personal influence, as he had
already when ἃ young man by his connexions in Picenum
raised an army of three legions for Sulla.
1. 18. idque facturos, 'and would do s80,'i.e. exercitum
paraturos. On this vicarious use of facere see n. to Cic. de
off. 184 1. 18.
l 19. legitimam— contentionem] in opp. to éudicium
populi, *a law-suit' based on some law, in the court of a magis-
trate, therefore a legal proceeding such as were usual in the
quaestiones perpetuae or *standing commissions. In both of
these iudicia there would be discussions about right (disceptatio)
with pleas and counter-pleas, and the causae dictio, the free
defence against any charges (crimina) that were laid. See
Addenda.
1. 20. disceptationem] see my n. to or. p. Planc. 8 87 1. 30,
de off. 1 $ 34 1. 6, $ 64 1. 10, or. p. Cluent. $ 90 quid? illa tandem
quaestio aut disceptatio aut iudicium fuit ?See 5. 8. R.p. 277.
l.21. vim arma exercitus imperatores castra] duo prima
verba ad ipsum Clodium, tria postrema ad Caesarem [Pompeium
Crassumque] refero. MwawNuTIUS. Cf. or. p. Mil. 8 74 mon in-
iustis vindiciis ac sacramentis alienos fundos sed castris, exercitu,
signis inferendis petebat.

CHAPTER XVIII
1. 28. quid ergo?]see n. on quid tum ἃ 47 1. 27. vana
praesertim] *especially since it was false,' de off. 1 $ 150 1. 13.
; l. 24. coniecta] cf. or. p. Mur. ὃ 73 haec crimina in tuam
nimiam diligentiam coniecta sunt.
1, 25. me vero] Hoc dicit Cicero: *movit me taciturnitas,
quae suspectior esse debebat ob hoe ipsum, quod, ut vos dicitis,
improba erat oratio, cuius a se maculam reicere debuerant.'
MADVIG. taciturnitas] * persistent silence.
l. 26. conferebatur, *was ascribed. See n. on or. p. Planc.
8 35 1. 29, 1. 4.
l 28. tacendo loqui, 'to be eloquent without words. For
this intentional contrast of words, which when strictly used
9—2
-132 PRO P. SESTIO 88 40—42.
eontradiet each other, cf. or. in Cat. 1 8, 21 de te autem, Catilina,
eum quiescunt, probant; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum tacent,
clamant; div. in Caec. 8 21 cur molíint, etiam si taceant,
satis dicunt, p. Sull. 8 82 quorum tacita gravitas...de uno
quoque loquitur; and for the use of the gerund $1 1. 1.

l. 29. aliquo] Cic. lays stress purposely on this word, to

show that their fear was of no great importance. Cf. 8671.9
suspicione aliqua.

1.30. acta, explained sufficiently by the following omnis res,

implies all that Caesar had carried through in his consulship,
especially the leges, as well those which he had himself carried,
as those which he had stamped with his approval. The
Scholiast remarks: *de actis loquitur, quae habuit in consu-
latu Gaius Caesar inauspicato, ut videbatur: qua de re ad-
versus eum egerant in senatu C. Memmius et L. Domitius
praetores, et ipsius Caesaris orationes contra hos exstant,
quibus et sua acta defendit et illos insectatur. Cf. or. in
Pis. c. 32, de prov. cons, c. 18, de dom. s. e. 15.
1.81. a praetoribus] v. Suet. Iul. c. 23 functus consulatu,
C. Memmio Lucioque Domitio praetoribus de superioris amni
actis referentibus, cognitionem senatui detulit: mec illo sus-
cipiente triduoque per irritas altercationes absumpto in pro-
vinciam abiit; et statim quaestor eius in praeiudicium aliquot
criminibus arreptus est. Cf. eundem in Ner. c. 2. MwANUZIO.
infirmari is ἃ softened expression for rescindi.

1, 32. principibus civitatis] he means Caesar's enemies,

M. Bibulus, M. Cato, L. Domitius; also other members
of the optimate party, as L. Cotta, P. Servilius Isauricus,
Q. Hortensius. tribunum popularem] who might through
his influence with the people prove dangerous to them, if out
of vexation he joined the opposite side.

P. 20, 1. 1l. propiora pericula] according to the proverb

tunica propior pallio est. Of. ἔγγιον γόνυ κνήμης Athenaeus 1x
p. 388 e, ἀπωτέρω ἢ γόνυ κνήμα "Theocr. Idyll. xvr 18.
841,1.3. a consulibus] the abl. of the agent instead of
the usual dative after the gerundive, in order to bring the
activity of the subject into greater prominence (Halm), cf.
Draeger Histor. Synt. 1 8 189 p. 468; or perhaps to avoid am-
biguity, as consulibus might be taken for the dative after dice-
bat, see Roby Gr. 8 1146, 1147, Kenn. Gr. 8 141 7, p. 390, Madvig
Gr. $8250 b. Cf. or. de imp. Cn. Pomp. 8 34, or. p. Sull. 8 23,
or. p. Rabir. perd. reo 8 4.
 NOTES 133

1, 5. publice susceptae — si ἃ consulibus suscepía

esset. Mayor on Plin. 11 9841. 15. defuturum] n. to
8 36 1. 20, $ 80 1. 5, 8 101 1. 28.
l. 6. reip. conservandae] 8 49 1. 8.
l 7. domi meae.. positi, '*placed in my house for that
purpose,' i.e. as spies, or. p. domo sua $ 55; also he complains
of his enemies having filled his house with their friends, certi
homines, not merely quidam, but those who were as well known
to his hearers as to the speaker himself, above all Vatinius
$ 1331. 26. Of. or. in Pis. 8 76, or. in Verr. 1v ἃ 103, or. p.
Flaeco $104. It is better to take domi meae with esset cautior.
1.8. αὖ esset cautior, 'that he should be more on his
guard, keep at a greater distance from Cicero's house.
1.9. apud me domi] so Liv. ri: 33, 10 defosso cadavere
domi apud Sestium, Ter. Eun. 1 2, 125 venturum ad me
constituit domum, Hec. v 83, 24 ad me confugere domum.
atque] 'and so.'
1.10. litteris mittendis, *by sending letters.'
l 1l. coram ipsi] especially Vatinius; see below8 133,
and on the whole subject or. in Pis. ὃ 46. For the pleonasm of
the expression cf. Plaut. Pseud. v. 1142 quía ted ipsus coram
praesens praesentem videt.
l 12. meo nomine, (on my account, Of, 8 146 l. 28.
1.14. ignari veritatis] i. q. ignari rerum ὃ 15 1, 26, 8 47
l. 4, * not acquainted with the true state of things."
l.15. erat ad portas] Caesar did not go to the seat of
war until Cicero left Rome, above ὃ 40 1, 16, Plut. vit. Caes.
6514.
1.17. fratrem] Gaius Claudius Pulcher, the second
brother of Publius; see Dict. of Biogr. 1 p. 771a. prae-
fecerat] *had given him ἃ command,! see n. on ὃ 40 1. 17, and
ef. Liv. 37, 41, 1 rex Antipatrum in laevo cornu praeposuit.

CHAPTER XIX
842,1.19. s:are—consistere, Gr. ὀρθοῦσθαι; see n. to
or. p. Plane. 8 71 1. 25, and cf. below ἃ 64 1. 7, 8 97 1. 1, or. in
Verr. 11 1, 7, 20 ut pop. Rom. iudicaret isto absoluto remp. stare ^
non posse.
l1. 20. de civitate] not de re publica (as in 8 30 1. 27, 8 55
1. 26), inasmuch as the senate constituted à special ordo among
the cives ; so in 8 44 1. 20 quem totum de civitate delerant.
.134 PRO P. SESTIO 88 42—43
1. 21. publici consilii] i.e. senatus, *the Council of State,' not
*the policy of the state' (de orat. 18 211). Cf. or. p. Rosc. Am.
8 151 di prohibeant, ut hoc, quod maiores consilium publicum
vocari voluerunt, praesidium sectorum existimetur, ib. $ 153, or.
Phil 1v 8 14 senatum, id est orbis terrae consilium, delere
gestit, ipse (Antonius) consilium publicum nullum habet, liv.
xxri1 2, 4, 22, 2, xxiv 22, 6 senatus inde haberi coeptus est, quod
sicut regnante Hierone mamnserat publicum consilium, ita
post mortem eius ante eam diem mulla de re meque convocati
neque consulti fuerant, 11 28, 11 moderatores publici consilii
circumsistunt, x11 63, 10; vr 6, 15 praesidem huius publici
consilii, or. p. Rabir. perd. reo $ 4 agitur nihil aliud in hác
causa, misi, ut mullum sit posthac in re publica publicum
consiliwm, where however Mr Heitland understands it to
mean *a common" or * state policy' in opp. to the selfish aims
of unserupulous demagogues.
1. 28. opponi omnibus contionibus, *were paraded before
all public assemblies—falsely, it is true, but nevertheless so as
io inspire alarm—as those who sanctioned my destruction.
On the meaning of oppono cf. 8 52 nec armati exercitus terrorem
opponet togatis. falso sed formidolose tamen] we should
expect falso illos quidem or falso quidem; but cf. Ovid Fast. τι
203 porta vacat culpa; sed tamen omen habet, or. in Pis. 8 27
collegit ipse se viz, sed collegit tamen. We sometimes find
omnino or scilicet in lieu of quidem, ἃ 74 1. 8, 8 84 1. 8.
1.24. ad perniciem] *with a view to my ruin. Cf. $12
adiutor ad excitandum Antonium, ὃ 116 sedem ad salutem.
l 25. vocem mittere, *to utter a syllable: cf. Liv. xxx
12 si captivae apud dominum vocem supplicem mittere licet.
l 26. intenta ... cervicibus ... vestris, * were aimed at,
threatened, your necks:' or. p. Mil. $ 36 actionem perduel.
lionis intenderat (which Purton wrongly translates *had laid
an impeachment for high treason'"), de orat. r ἃ 42 singulae —
"
—

familiae litem tibi intenderent, or. p. Rosc. Am, 8 7 pericu-

lum quod in omnis intenditur.
l 28. coniuratorum copias veteres] Cic. regarded Clodius
as ἃ second Catiline or as ultor Catilinae, who had reunited
the arch conspirator's broken forces: cf. or. in Pis. $ 11 cui
(Clodio) templum Castoris fuit arx civium perditorum, recepta-
culum veterum Catilinae militum, ib. 8 16 quod maius iudicium
exspectatis, nihil inter vos et Catilinam interfuisse, quam quod
eandem illam manum ez intermortuis Catilinae reliquiis conci-
tastis ? effusam ac superatam, scattered and vanquished.'
Orelli, Dobree, Wesenberg, Eberhard, objecting unreasonably to
the combination of these participles, would read fusam ac dissi-
 NOTES 135
patam; but cf, de leg. agr 11 $ 89 effusis ac dissupatis fructibus
vestris, [or. p. Deiot. 8 11 perturbatus est, ut audivit omnis con-
sularis, cunctum senatum, totam Italiam esse effusam. 5. 8. R.]

1.30. commutatione r., *change in the position of affairs.'

1. 81. quid agerem, * what was I to do?' Madv. Gr. 8 858,
Zumpt Gr. ἃ 530, Kenn. Gr. p. 339 r1 x.
1.32, meum prope vestro defuisse] quod iis pro ipsius
salute contra Clodium pugnare cupientibus non permisit; v.
ep.ad fam. 19. μὰν. Cf. above 8 36 1. 30, or. p. Plane. ὃ 86
dixisti non auxilium mihi sed me auzilio defuisse, ὃ 89 hisce
ego auziliis salutis meae si idcirco defui, quia nolui dimicare,
fatebor, id quod vis, non mihi auxilium sed me auxilio defuisse
etc. 8.665. 8. Β. in Addenda p. 277.
P.21,843,1.2. privatus armis] ὃ 40 1. 17, or. p. Planc.
8 881. 8 arma quae privatus P. Scipio ceperat. vicissent—
interfectus esset] for si vicissent—, si interfectus esset; for the
suppression of si in conjunctive protasis cf. Hor. Sat. r. 3, 15
deciens centena, dedisses huic parco,...quinque diebus mil erat
in loculis, Cic. de off. τις $ 75 1. 10, Kenn. Gr. p. 473, Roby
Gr. 11 $ 1552, Zumpt Gr. $ 780. The apodosis is contained in
quid deinde? etc. (I doubt whether sí is omitted ; Cic. means
*In that case the well.affected would have overcome the dis-
affected ;' the following words interfectus—depelli seem to fall
in with this interpretation better than with the other. 5. 5. R.]
fortes inertis] Liv. xxir 60, 17 mi strictis gladiis fortissimi
inertes summovissent, Cic. in Cat. 11 8 10 hoc qui ferre possit,
inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiari? Hor. ep 1 5, 17
ebrietas ad, proelia trudit inertem. Iners combines the notion
of cowardly remissness with that of stolid indifference.

1.3. hac una medicina sola] cf. below ὃ 130 unus est solus
inventus, qui etc., or. in Pis. 8 96 cives Rom., qui in eis locis
negotiantur, te unum solum...hostem venisse senserunt. |Unus
does not exclude others but gives prominence to one in partieu-
lar, whereas solus excludes all others.
1, 4. a rei publicae peste depelli] i.e. a peste rei p. infe-
renda, 'from bringing ruin on the state.' Of. de or. 1 8 8
fluctibus qui per nos a, communi peste depulsi in nosmet ipsos
redundarent. - quid deinde, sc. factum esset,
1. 5. praestaret] see n. on $ 38 1. 16.

l 6. sanguis tribunicius] cum tribunus plebis esset sacro-

Sanctus. ABRAMI.
136 PRO P. SESTIO 88 43—45
1.8. quidam] according to the Scholiast Piso or Gabinius.
But Cie. would probably have mentioned them by name, if it
had been either of them or Clodius.
1.9. quid erat bis vincere] cf. or. p. Planc. 8 88 1. 2.
1.11, si decertassem] *if I should suceeed in bringing the
struggle to an end.' ceteris ultoribus] Caesar, Pompeius
and Crassus are meant.
8 44,1. 12. vel si pereundum fuisset, *even if I had fore-
seen, that I should be annihilated.' Cic. is here speaking not
of physieal but of politieal extinction. This did not come
about, but he received only ἃ plaga sanabilis, because his exile
was followed by restitutio, which in return brought defeat upon
Clodius and his party.

l. 18. ae non, *and not rather. See n. to or. p. Planc. 8

61 1. 11, 8 70 1. 7, $8 71 1. 12.
l 15. illa altera] sc. cum consulibus. MANUZIO.
l. 16. ut possemus] epexegetic of eius modi. victi—
Si victi essemus, because the state would have fallen into
the hands of & few; victores, because it would have been
brought to the verge of ruin. rem publicam tenere] de or.
1 8 38 quod nisi fecisset, rempublicam, quam nunc viz tenemus,
iam diu nullam haberemus.
l. 17. quid...si concidissem] for quid factum esset, si con-
cidissem? .For concido see n. on ὃ 25 1l. 7. prima for priore.
l. 19. credo] ironically. de civitate delerant] see n. on
8 17 and 8 42 1. 20.
l. 20. ad arma vocassent] Halm ed. 4 has vocarent and
ealls attention to the change of tense from the pluperfect to the
imperfect conjunctive which he considers to be a coniunctivus .
dubitativus of the past, * they would have called,' * were they to
call) In the fifth edition he gets rid of vocarent altogether and
substitutes concitassent. See cr. n. [Changes from pluperfect
io imperfect are not so very uncommon, cf. or. p. Sull. $ 36.
À remarkable passage is Propert. 1 17, 19—23 sepelissent—
&taret...donasset—poneret...clamasset. |Cf. 8 47 1. 24 victi essent
—superessent. 5. 8. R.] ne vestitu quidem] 8 32.
l. 21. sissent] i.q. sivissent, ὃ 122 exsulare sinitis, sistis
pelli.
l 22. eandem horam] see n. ío ὃ 53 1. 25. praemi-
orum] ὃ 34.
 NOTES 137

OHAPTER XX
845,1.24. enim] must mean *certainly,' *no doubt," unless
it be a dittography of unwm. Halm in his earlier editions
altered it into etiam, but reverts to the wss reading in ed. 5;
Keil reads tamen.
l.26. dixerit] potential: Kenn. Gr. 8 94 r1 (»).
restitisses] —resistere debuisti, *you should have made
resistance, jussive past as in $ 54 comuoverentur, See n. to
p. Planc. 8 72 1. 6, Madv. ad Cic. de fin. 8 36 p. 208, Zumpt Gr.
$8 529 n., Madv. Gr. 8 351 c, obs. 4. Of. Ov. Trist. 1v 3, 84
tristis es: indignor quod sim tibi causa doloris; mom es, at
amáisso coniuge digna fores i.e. digna esse debebas, Verr. rrt
8 195 quid facere debuisti ?...quod. superaret pecuniae, rettu-
lisses, ib. 1x1 8 57 quid debuit praetor facere ? non in eum, qui
accepisset, animadvertisset. Mr Reid has a note upon or.
p. Sulla 8 25 in which he points out that subjunctives of this
class are merely parts of elliptic propositions, where the protasis
is suppressed. "The words restitisses, repugnasses are taken by
some editors to be an octonarius verse from some old tragedy or
comedy. Τῇ so, we must write, says Halm, reppugnasses on the
analogy of reddo, redduco, reccido, rellatum, relligio, relliquiae.
See Lachmann on Lucretius p. 281 and 808.
l.27. de quo, (in regard to this; “85 to this; see above
S 2 1. 18, n. to Cic. de off. 1 8 47 1. 20, $ 82 1. 35.
1. 28. penates patriique dei, *ye household gods and gods
of our fathers. The term Penates includes all the deities
worshipped at the domestic hearth and in this sense com-
prehends the Lares or the departed spirits of ancestors, who
were worshipped as tutelary gods. .Dei patrii (πατρῷοι or πάτριοι)
are those worshipped by all members of a place, state or nation
in common (whence they are called ἐγχώριοι, πολιοῦχοι, ἐγγενεῖς)
as their tutelary gods. "The Penates may be included in the dei
patrii; there were publici Penates as well as publici Lares, see
Ramsay R. A. p. 821. See Hand on J. F. Gronovii Diatr. ad
Stat. Vol. 1 p. 449. |Cf. or. p. Sull. 8 86 quamobrem vos, dei
patrii atque penates, qui huic urbi atque imperio praesidetis
...festor, Liv. 1 47 4 dei penates patriique. vestrarum
sedum—causa] ne homines nefarii vestris templis sceleratas
faces inferrent. Max.
l 30. carior] or. in Cat. 18 27 patria quae mihi vita mea
multo est carior.
l. 31. si mihi...accidisset...si id vectores negarent] au
example of ἃ conditional clause subordinate to ἃ primary con-
 TR
an;
ii
138 PRO P. SESTIO 88 45—47
ditional clause, where we should insert a copulative particle in
Some cases 80 as to make it ἃ coordinate clause. The si of the
secondary clause may be best translated *in ease that. See n.
to Cic. de off. nr 8 30 1. 9, Madv. ad Cic. de fin. p. 328 ed. 2,
who quotes as instances or. p. Rosc. Am. 8 2, ep. ad fam. xii
26, 8, Verr. 1v 8 10, de imp. Pomp. 8 59, or. p. Cluent. 8 6, or. e
07
R
—

p. Balbo 8 16.
1. 82. ut...minitarentur] à consecutive clause, epexegetic Α"a

of hoc, S 477 1. 12, 8 61 1. 25.

P. 22, 1. 2. nisi dedidissent] see n. on$ 11.
1.3. vectores, the passengers. Vector est et qui vehit
et qui vehitur (ἐπιβάτης), Servius on Verg. Aen. vir 032.
The passive sense is very rare with nouns in -tor, affixed to the
theme of the supine.
l 6. mei cupidos] n. to or. p. Plane. 8 43 1. 25. non
modo] non dicam (S 46 1. 19) *I do not say,' see n. to or. p.
Plane. $ 81 1. 19, below 8 108 1. 9 where non modo and non dicam
oceur in the same sentence.
846,1.8. gubernaculis] $ 20 1. 28.
l 9. fluitantem in alto )( cursum tenentem suum, cf.
below ἃ 99 1. 18, or. p. Planc. 8 94 1. 17. tempestatibus]
ablative of cause, Kenn. 8 144.

1. ll. proscriptio] not, as Halm understands it, the sen-

tence of aquae et ignis interdictio which was pronounced against
him after his voluntary retirement from Rome, cf. below $ 138,
or. p. Plane. 8 97 1. 30, or. in Pis. 8 30, de prov. cons. 8 45.
but [a general proseription after the fashion of Sulla. The
words caedes and díreptio suit better with this sense, and Cic.
often declares that Clodius and the remnant of the Catilina-
rians were enemies of the state more than of himself, Cf. the
similar expressions in ὃ 49. 7. 5. R.]
l. 12. suspicione periculi sui] he refers to Pompeius, see
841.
1. 18. vetere odio bonorum] cf. or. in Vatin. $ 6 cum odium
diuturnum, quod in bonos iam inveteratum habebatis, satu-
rare cuperetis.
l 14. inviderent] sc. mihi, as & novus homo. In obstare
sibi Caesar is especially referred to.
l 15. dolorem aliquem suum, 'some personal grievance,'
see note to $ 39 1. 28.
 NOTES 139
1.10. hunc...statum, 'the present order and settled go-
vernment. Seen.on$1l. 5.
1.18. me unum deposcerent] sc. ad poenam. de-
pugnarem] not—depugnare debebam, as in 8 45 1. 26, but
the dubitative conjunetive, Kenn. Gr. p. 339, Madv. Gr. 8 353,
Roby Gr. 11 ὃ 1610. Cf. ἃ similar passage or. p. Plane. 8 94
V 17. cum summo exitio] *to the utter ruin,' $ 34 1, 13,
8 49 1. 12.

CHAPTER XXI
8 47, l. 22. at armis] sc. victi essent. The words at
armis are not in any ΜΒ, but are a suggestion of Heraeus, which
is better than that of Lambinus ab eo armato privato.
l. 23. ab eo privato] he would have had to carry arms,
without being authorised to do so by holding any state office.
See on 8 401, 17. eonsul|lceum consul esset, ὕπατος
dv : cf. $ 16 1. 10.
l 24, qui superessent ?] sc. nulli nisi Clodiani, i.e. servi,
conducti, facinorosi, egentes; denique faex plebis, qua domi-
nante res publiea nulla est. wrsENBERG. Of. 8 8l, or. p.
dom, $ 89,
l 25. ad servos—venturam fuisse, 'would have fallen into
the hands of slaves. Kenn. Gr. 8 229, 9) p. 486, Madvig Gr.
8 409 obs., Zumpt Gr. 8 593 n. For the expression cf. ep. ad
fam. 1v 9, 8 miserius nihil quam ipsa victoria, quae etiam si ad
meliores venit, tamen eos ipsos ferociores reddit, Verr. 5 8 88
neque illud rationis habuisti ... eam provinciam ... ad summam
stultitiam nequitiamque venisse, ib. 196 cum videamus ad
paucos homines omnis nationum pecunias venire.
l.27. quid tum? 'what nexi?' is often used by Cic. to
draw attention to something emphatie which is to follow; of.
or. p. Flacc. ὃ 55, Hor. Sat. 11 3, 230, Verg. Aen. 1v 543. Cf.
quid ergo $40, or. p. Rosc. Am. ἃ 2.
1, 29. aut ego cet.] is the second member of the question
introduced by quid to avert the reproach of cowardice. Aut,
not an, is used because this new question does not contain an
alternative to the former mortemne fugiebam ; that is contained
in p. 28, l. 1: an erat mihi in tanto etc. in tanta improbo-
rum multitudine] or. p. Sull ὃ 38 anon sum mescius quanto
periculo vivam in tanta multitudine improborum, cum
mihi uni cum omnibus improbis aeternum videam bellum 6886
susceptum ; Cat. 1v ὃ 22 quare mihi-cum perditis civibus aeter.
mum, bellum susceptum esse video.
 —
140 PRO P. SESTIO 88 471—48
l 831. exilium] so Madvig: Wesenberg, Kayser, Eberhard
and others read after Hotoman ecxítium. Halm, however,
prefers the reading of the wss exilium, as Cic. is here speaking
of the time of his consulship, not of that when he was hesitating
whether to leave Rome or not. Mors and exilium are often
opposed as *natural' and *civil death, see or. p. Planc. 8 97 cc
2
αἱ
Ml
7a
cm
utcI

1. 30, or. p. Arch. 8 14, de orat. 1 ὃ 194, Tusc. 111 $ 29, ep. ad
Att. 11 18, 1.
haec] quae sum perpessus. MAN.
1, 32. fata, 'prophecy;' de divin. 1 8 100 ex fatis, quae
Veientes scripta haberent, or.in Cat. n1 ὃ 9 fatis Sibyllinis.
in ipsa re gerenda] “ δὖ the moment of action, in opp. to the
time of his exile, when he shows that he had no longing for
life. canebantur] * were predicted, à meaning which arose
from the fact of the responses of oracles having been originally
given in verse. Cf. or. in Cat. 111 $ 18 u£ haec, quae nunc fiunt,
canere di immortales viderentur, and the verb vaticinor.
The reference is to à passage in Cat. 1v ὃ 8: deinde, si quid
obtigerit, aequo animo fortique moriar.
P. 23,1. 2. spoliatione, 'loss by robbery.'cf. 8 δά.
13. natura, to whom he owed his children ; fortuna, to
whom he owed his estate.
1. 4. ignarus rerum] ὃ 41 1. 14.
l. 5. nihil audieram? *had I heard nothing, i.e. *had
I not read in history: see Reid on de am. 8 41 1. 12.

1,9, necessitati] sc. naturae; or. in Cat. 1v 8 7 intellegit

mortem esse aut necessitatem naturae aut laborum quietem.
patriae donata] or. Philipp. x $ 20, mon est viri minimeque
Romani dubitare eum spiritum, quem naturae debeat, patriae
reddere, xiv 9 31 o fortunata mors, quae naturae debita
pro patria est potissimum reddita, &uct. ad Herenn. 1v c. 48
vita, quae fato debetur, salute patriae potissimum solvatur.
deberetur] see Kenn. Gr. p. 483, Madvig Gr. $ 383. potius
quam] * instead of.'
1. 11. hanc—ut alii dicerent] the ut- clause with consecu-
tive subjunctive serves to expand the pronoun, a very common
use in Cie.: see above ἃ 45 1. 32, or. p. Planc. Index p. 245. —
l 12. alii, as the Epieureans, alii, Socrates, as he
appears in Plato's dialogues, the Phaedo, Phaedrus and Timaeus.
1,18. tum-— maxime] illo potissimum tempore, illo tempore
exacte definito, * just at that time,' *precisely then 866 Hand
 NOTES 141
Tursell. τὰ p. 603, Drakenborch ad Liv. xxvir 4,2. It expresses
the idea of *then' more emphatically than tum alone.
mentes sapientium] Cic. Lael. $ 18 animos hominum esse
divinos eisque cum ez corpore eccessissent, reditum in
caelum patere, optimoque et iustissimo cuique expeditissimum,
where Mr Reid observes that ez corpore is not used in the
abstract sense of *the body but for ex corporibus, since as in
Greek so in Latin when a number of persons are mentioned
and then some one thing common to them all, that thing is
often put into the singular, where our idiom would require the
plural. Cf. Tusc. 1 ὃ 40 animos cum e corpore ezcesserint, 8 12
animorum e corpore excedentium, de sen. $ 81,
1,14, sentire ac vigere] Cato mai. 8 83 sed nescio quo modo
animus erigens se posteritatem ita semper prospiciebat, quasi,
cum, excessisse e vita, tum denique victurus esset, or. p.
Mil. 8 54 ín hac imbecillitate nostra inest quiddam quod vigeat
ac sentiat, Tusc. 1 8 21 nec sit quicquam, nisi corpus unum et
simplez, ita figuratum, ut temperatione maturae vigeat ac
sentiat.
l. 16. meliore esse sensu, 'to enjoy a better i.e. a clearer
consciousness;' the abl. of quality or descriptive abl. Madv.
Gr. 8 272, Zumpt Gr. 8 471, Kenn. Gr. 8 399, Roby Sch. Gr. 8
502. The infinitive is in apposition to the subject alterum.
$ 48, l. 17. omnia ad dignitatem rettulissem, *I made
honor (the enjoyment of consideration amongst my fellow.
citizens) the rule or standard of my life, the principle of my
thoughts and aetions. Cf.89231. 5 dignitati esse serviendum,
ep. ad fam. xir 22, 3 te reip. causa hortor, ut omnia referas
ad dignitatem, Phil. x $8 20 ita a maioribus instituti atque
imbuti sumus, ut omnia consilia atque facta ad dignitatem
et ad virtutem referremus. In this sense derigo and revoco
also are found. Nügelsb. lat. Stil. 8 107, 2.
l 19. virgines Athenis...Erechthei filiae] The oracle had
promised Erechtheus victory in ἃ war against Eumolpus of
Eleusis, if he sacrificed one of his daughters. He offered
Agraulos his youngest; with her the other sisters Erse
and Pandrose sacrificed their lives, having taken an oath
amongst themselves to share the same fate. Aristides Panath.
(Vol. 1 p. 191 ed. Dind.) λέγεται γὰρ ᾿Ερεχθεὺς μὲν ἐν τῷ πρὸς
Εὔμολπον τούτῳ πολέμῳ τὴν θυγατέρα ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως ἐπιδοῦναι
τοῦ θεοῦ χρήσαντος, προσαγαγεῖν δ᾽ αὐτὴν κοσμήσασα ἡ μήτηρ
ὥσπερ εἰς θεωρίαν πέμπουσα, ΜὮΘΙΘ, the Scholiast observes:
θυγατέρα λέγει τὴν "ΑΎραυλον, περὶ ἧς καὶ Δημοσθένης ἐν τῷ παρα-
πρεσβείας φησί, καὶ τῶν τοῦ “ρῶς τῆς ᾿Αγραύλου ὅρκων. Αἱ δὲ
ταύτης ἀδελφαὶ συνανεῖλον ἑαυτὰς τῇ ἀδελφῇ, ἥ τε ἜἜρση καὶ
142 PRO P. SESTIO & 48—50
Πανδρόση᾽ ὅρκῳ γὰρ ἀλλήλας karékNewav κοινωνῆσαι ἐν ἅπασιν
ἑαυταῖς. See Cic. de N. D. ru c. 19, Tusc. 1 c. 48, de Fin.
v. c. 22.
1. 20, opinor] Cie. disclaims accurate knowledge of Greek
history; cf. below 8 118, and cf. or. p. Flacco $ 65, or. p. Scauro
$ 14, p. Rosc. Am. $ 46, in Verr. 1v $8 4, 5, 39.
l. 22. timerem] $ 43 1. 20,
l 28. ex qua C. Mucius— venisset, 'from which eame C.
Mucius, who went, &e.'

l 24. proposita sibi morte, * although death stared him in

the face. See n.to or. p. Planc. 8 5 1. 80.
1.25. P. Decius primum pater...post filius] The two Decii,
father and son, gave their lives as a propitiatory offering to the
unseen powers, in order to bring victory to the Roman arms.
The former in 8.0. 337 at the battle of Veseris (near Vesuvius)
fought against the Latins and Campanians (Liv. vui 9); the
latter, P. Decius Mus, in 8.0. 295 at the battle of Sentinum
against the Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians and Gauls (Liv. x
28, Cie. de off. 1 8 61 1. 12, rix 8 16 1. 27, de fin. τι 8 61).
1. 20. se ac vitam suam] ὃ 1 1. 4 se ac salutem suam.
1.31. patrem M. Crassi] 'the father of M. Crassus' (8 39
1.8) *De P. Crasso dieit, qui à victoribus L. Cinna et C.
Mario proscriptus, cum ad mortem quaereretur, sua se dextera
interfecit, vir illustris et qui de Hispania triumphaverat'
(Scholiasta). P. Licinius M.F.P.N. Crassus Dives Lusi-
íanieus was consulin 5.c. 97 and triumphed in 8. σ..98 for
his successes over the Lusitanians. In the Civil war he sided
with Sulla and put an end to his life on the return of Marius
and Cinna to Rome in s.c. 87. Cf. or. p. Plane. 8 32 1. 25,
de orat. 1π ὃ 9. huius might mean 'now living ;' but more
probably it is used because Crassus was present in court, as
one of Sestius! supporters.
l 32. me videret victorem vivus] not a reminiscence of ἃ
passage from some poet, as suggested by O. Müller, for, as
Mr Reid observes, Cie. never introduces any but the most
hackneyed quotations without some warning. The superfluous
vivus is used proverbially as in 8 59 vivus ut aiunt, est et
videns cum victu ac vestitu suo publicatus, where, as in this
passage, observe the alliteration.
P.24,1.1. inimicum] L. Cinna. exhausisse] Halm
explains this on the analogy of such expressions as exhaurire
 NOTES 143
laborem, periculum ete., as if his life had been aerumnosa, but
cf. 8 80 plaga...si accessisset, reliquum spiritum exhausisset,
where it simply means *to empty,' *drain out."

OHAPTER XXII

$49, 1. 4. peremisset, should give the final blow to.

See or. p. Planc. ὃ 90 1. 8, $ 101 1. 11 n., de off. 111 $ 33 1. 7 n.
For the use of the pluperfect tense cf. above ὃ 43 l. 11, 8 45
l. 2. |
1.8. exemplum rei publicae conservandae cet.] as in ep.
ad fam. 1 9, 15: qui cum tribunus pl. poenas a seditioso civi per
bonos viros iudicio persequi vellet, exemplum praeclarissi-
mwm in posterum vindicandae seditionis de republica
sustulerunt.
1.10, tanto bonorum...studio...] 8 35 1. 13 n.
1.11, quod-quae restitutio.
l 12. ullam—partem] or. p. Mil. 8 68 sed qui mon intel-
legit, omnis tibi rei publicae partis aegras et labantis...
esse commissas ? cum sua minima invidia] i.e. even if he
had only the least and not the greatest degree of unpopularity
to fear: cf. above $ 46 1. 18, or. p. Planc. 8 90 1. 32.
l. 17. gloria, *by a glorious act,' the suppression of Catiline.
neque enim in hoc me hominem esse...ut...glorier] *for
in this point, that I should boast me...sine dolore caruisse eto.,
I will not deny I àm but human; I have, I confess, too much
the feelings of a man to boast.' A rhetorical amplification for
neque enim gloriabor.
l. 20. hoc honoris gradu] i.e. as ἃ consular.
l 21. quod benef. haberetis] *what should I have offered
you as & service, when for your sakes I left behind me only
what I held cheap?! vilia )( cara.
1, 28, meo animo, 'according to my feelings.'
l 26. nunc] sc. dolorem. me perpeti...malui] on the
construction see n. to de off. 1 8 65 1. 19.
850,1. 27. divinum, 'exitraordinary, 'superhuman,' as in
8 85 1. 94, or * immortal. mer
1.28. ex isdem radicibus] for Arpinum was the birth-
place of both. See below ἃ 116 1. 11, or. p. Plane. 8 20 1. 8,
l. 4 nn. natum ad salutem] or. p. Sull. 8 23 ez eo muni-
144 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 50—51
cipio, unde iterum iam salus huic urbi imperioque missa est,
where see Reid's note.
1,29. summa senectute] he was in his 70th year, Vell.
Paterc. 11 19, 2, Plutarch Mar. c. 41.
1.80. prope iustorum] because, though arma civilia could
never be considered as absolutely iusta, they were more justifi-
able in the case of Sulla, because he was consul. pro-
fugisset] sc. ex urbe.
1. 31. occultasse] the perfect infinitive is used after
memini of a thing of which one has not been oneself a witness,
the present of a past transaction of which one has been one-
self a witness, Madvig Gr. 8 408 b, obs. 2. For the story cf.
or. p. Planc. $ 26, or. in Pis. 8 43, de finn. $ 105.
P.25,1.1. cum-—fugeret, 'since he avoided."
l 2. oras Africae desertissimas] Vell. Paterc. 1r. 19, 4 at
ille...cursum in Africam direxit, inopemque vitam in tugurio
ruinarum Carthaginiensum toleravit.
1.3. atque, and so.'
l 4. ad incertissimam spem] his position was so insecure
that he could scarcely hope for any turn of fortune, much less
. the power of taking revenge on his enemies. ^ad rei p. fatum]
because the return of Marius was attended with the murder
and proseription of the best citizens, whereas Cic. periculo rei
p. vivebat. But the reading is doubtful; see cr. n.
l.6. periculo rei p. vivebam] i.e. vita mea servata con-
tinebat salutem reipublicae. ΒΑΚΕ. Because risk to his
life would have brought risk to the state. "The ablative of
attendant circumstances with noun in the genitive case as pre-
dicate, cf. above ἃ 49 1. 10, or. p. Flacc. c. 17, 41 nostro periculo
vivere tuos contubernalis, Liv. 28, 49, 2 ut publico periculo
essent, i.e. ut, si quid damni veniret, id ad remp. pertineret.
1, 7. consularibus litteris] those of P. Lentulus Spin-
ther, which were written in pursuance of a decree of the senate,
passed during a sitting in the temple of Honos et Virtus. See
8 128, and or. p. Planc. 8 78 1. 12; also or. in Pis. 8 34 me idem
senatus exteris nationibus, me legatis magistratibusque nostris
auctoritate sua, consularibus litteris commendavit. By ez-
terae nationes are meant those subject to Rome. de senatus
sententia] see Reid's note on or. p. Balb. 8 11 1. 29.
l 9. si deseruissem, 1 I had failed to protect. nunc]
*as itis. quidem] adversative, in which however.'
 NOTES 145
lll. fidei publicae] 1.6. quam resp. ipsa praestitit,
cive optimo in patriam restituto, quam intuentes boni semper
parati erunt de patria bene promereri:cf. or. p. Planc. 8 901. 8,
quid peremptum esset mea morte id exemplum, qualis futurus
in me retinendo fuisset senatus populusque Romanus. 'Tac. Ann.
xiv 48 publicae clementiae exemplum. HALM.

OHAPTER XXIII
$51,1.14. externa bella X domesticis malis: cf. 8 56
l. 7, or. de pr. cons. $ 31, in Cat. 11 8 11 nulla est natio quam
pertimescamus, omnia sunt externa unius virtute... pacata;
domesticum bellum manet, intus insidiae sunt etc., de leg. agr.
1 ὃ 26 nullum externum periculum est, non rex mon gens ulla,
non natio pertimescenda est: inclusum malum, intestimum ac
domesticum est, or. p. Mur. 8 78. gentium, nationum]
gens is ἃ *stock' or 'race! to which several nationes i.e. *gepa-
rate tribes' or political aggregates may belong.
l.15. ut praeclare cum ijs agamus, 'that we deal well
with those,' * treat them well, cf. Phil. xiv 8 30 facile est bene
agere cwm his, Val. Max. v 8,8 bene egissent Athenienses
cum Miltiade. "The passive impersonal is more frequent or.
in Verr. 1 ὃ 9 praeclare nobiscum actum iri, 11x ὃ 50 intelleget
secum acium 6886 pessume.

l 16. denique, 'in ἃ word,' * in fact,' often so used in the

second member of a period, as div. in Caec. 8 58, or. in Verr.
18149, 11 8167, u1 831, v 8 69 ete, pacatos] see Add. p. 279.
l 17. non fere quemquam — non facile quemquam,
*hardly any one;' or. p. Mur. ὃ 18 nemo fere saltat sobrius,
Tusc. disp. 11 8 8 Epicurum autem...non fere praeter suos quis-
quam in manus sumit, x 8 38 rationem lli sententiae suae non
fere reddebant. See Hand Tursell. τὰ p. 695. est...con-
secuta] Ter. Phorm. v 1, 23 matrem ipsam ez aegritudine
miseram mors consecuta, est.
1. 18. domesticis] 8561. 7. invidia] hatred, ' dislike."
1.20. retinenda medicina] with especial reference to his
elient Sestius, who stood in danger of exile, because of the
active part he had taken, as tribune, against the revolutionary
party. [This refers rather to the senatus consultum wltimum
which was attacked in Cicero's person. 3. 8. R.]
l. 28. adulescentes] cf. 8 96, ὃ 119: solebant autem adu-
lescentes audiendi discendique causa causis illustrioribus in-
teresse; v. Plin. Ep. 1v 16. Anar. :
Η. 10
146 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 51—53
1.24. meo iure] because I have earned the gratitude of my
couníry. dignitatem, *honourable position in publie life,
rem publicam, ' the welfare of the state."
1. 925. si—aliquando] see ἃ good note by Mr Reid on de
am. ὃ 24 1. 23.
1.27. recordatione mei casus] reditus enim gloria, non
discessus calamitas cogitanda vobis est. MANUTIUS.
8 δῶ, 1.29. umquam] iq. umquam iam -*'ever again.
eius modi consules] i.e. such as Gabinius and Piso.
l. 30. si erit iis id quod debetur persolutum, 'if they
meet with the treatment which they deserve:' or. in Pis. 8 93
se quae deberentur postero die persoluturum, or. p. Sull. 8 87
persolvi patriae quod, debui. Eis not his, which would refer to
the consuls of that year, Cn. Lentulus and L. Philippus.
l 32. bonorum] he means Caesar, Pompeius, and Crassus,
P. 26,1.1. illis tacentibus, *without any objection on their
part. Bee 8 401. 25.
l 2. terrorem, *bugbear, 8 38 1. 20. togatis, * peace-
able ecitizens.'
1,8. ad portas sedenti imperatori] Caesar was still before
the gates of Rome, when Cic. left the city in 8.6. 58.
suum terrorem] suum is emphatic by its position. Cf. Verr.
1 68 formidinem illam suam, * the dread inspired by him.'
l. 4. iactari] cf. or. p. Quin. 8 47 minae iactentur.
opponi] 8 42 1. 23.
1, 5. nesupplicandi quidem] cf. $$ 26, 32.
1.6. captus, *weakened,''disabled.! See on 8 35 1. 12.
l.7. relegentur] ὃ 29 1. 1, or. in Pis. $ 23.
1.8. cum, *although.' multo alia maiora] for alia
multo maiora; Cie. is fond of separating tanto, quanto, multo,
hoc, quo, paulo, tam, quam by some generally small words
from the words which they qualify. Of. de or. 11 8 96 multo
€ius oratio esset pressior, de am. $ 70 multo profecto magis.
1.10. brevi—tempore] 17 months. He left Rome in
March s.c. 58, and returned on Sept. 4 8.6. 57.

After the Digression Cicero reverts to the subject of the bill

0f Clodius, and proceeds to comment indignantly om ihe state
of public affairs after his own departure, and, the indecent haste
 NOTES 147
with which the consuls, the natural guardiams of the public
peace, with all their seditious crew around them, indulged in
public feasting and revelry and mutual congratulations on their
victory and, on having revenged, the death of their old friends on
the head of Cicero. |Clodius in the meanwhile, mot content with
exerting his vengeance only on Cicero's houses, pursued, his wife
and children with the same fury and made several attempts to
get his son into their hands, to kill him (88 53—854).

CHAPTER XXIV
8 53, 1. 12. sed] resumptive, or. p. Plane. 8 8 1. 381, 8 10
l. 32. in hac omni oratione, 'in all this recital, throughout
this part of my speech. Cf. above $ 14, or. p. Rosc. Àm. 8 143.
1.18. omnibus malis, *all possible misfortunes.!' 80 8 89
omnes necessitudines, ὃ 55 omnium remediorum.
1, 14. scelere] see n. to $ 2 1. 20. esse confectam] de-
pendent upon illud, cf. $ 112.
1. 15. funestus—luctuosus] 8 271. 1.
l 17. eripuissem] or. p. Planc. 8 97, where eripere means
* to snatch away, it takes e or de with ablative of the thing,
or the dative of the person; when the sense is *to rescue? it
is followed by ex in Cie. See Reid on Cic. or. p. Sull. $ 28 1. 3.
1. 18. perfidiae] see 8 15. telis minisque, 'actual and
threatened violence.'
l. 20. patriae caritatem, 'affection for my country. Cf.
8 37 1. 1.
1, 22. tecta—lugerent] cf. or. in Pis. $ 21 cum omnes boni
abditi inclusique maererent, templa, gemerent, tecta ipsa wrbis
lugerent, or. in Vat. 8 8.
1.24. lucem, *publicity, *the publie gaze.! So Brut. $ 32
forensi luce carere, de sen. $ 12 ín luce atque in oculis civium
magnus,
1.25. die dico?] in the figure correctio or retractatio
the word is repeated alone or with dico, inquam and sometimes
autem as in or. Phil. x1 $ 48, or. p. Rab. Post. 8 10.
l 26. pernicies—rogata est] i.e. in the first rogatio of
Clodius against Cicero, which was put to the vote and carried.
See Intr, to Planc. p. x, above $ 25 1. 30.
1.27. provincia] Cilicia and Macedonia. Thelex Clodia
provided for the exemption of the two consuls from the restric-
10—2
148 PRO P. SESTIO 8& 53—54
tions of the lez Sempronia de provinciis consularibus, which
required the Senate to name annually two consular provinces
before the consuls for the next year were elected, so that the
provinces might be named before the Senate knew who would
be consuls. 83,66 Long, Decline of the R. R. 1 p. 210.
1.29. illa] $37 1.4. monstra, *abominations.'
1.30. ex senatus auctoritate] i.e. by the extremum atque
ultimum. senatus consultum as Caesar calls it (bell. civ. 1, 5)
quo misi paene in ipso urbis incendio atque 4n desperatione
omnium ...mumquam ante descensum est, dent operam con-
sules praetores, tribuni plebis quique pro consulibus sint ad
wrbem, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat. See Intr.
$ 11, Ramsay R. Ant. p. 149, Heitland or. p. Rabir. pp. 83—88,
where the subject is most fully treated.
1.31. et expulsus] rhetorically for isque, *and that too.'
Cf. $ 78 victa est causa rei publicae...et victa, 8 54 lez erat
lata...et ea lez, ib. gener et Piso gener.
P. 27, l. l. servitio] collective noun, *slaves, 8 67 1. 14,
or. in Pis. 8 9 ex omni faece urbis ac servitio, Verr. 1 589
C les esse in Sicilia moveri servitium suspicor, Cf. $ 94
. 91.
l 2. vasto, *desolate,' de leg. agr. 11 8 70 genus agrorum
vastum atque desertum, Liv. III 7, 3 ín vasto ac deserto agro.
Halm Klotz and Müller read vastato.
1.3. quae ut ne ferretur] à final elause. On the diffi-
eult subject of the syntax of ut ne Reid has an admirable note,
or. p. Sull. $ 27 1. 24.
l 4. fuerat veste mutata] 8 26 1. 32. For the abl. see
n. on $ 27 1. 10.
854. hac tanta perturbatione] Μίδαν, Gr. $ 277, P. S. Gr.
8 161. l 5. mne noctem quidem] “ not even one nighí."
l 6. interitum] either this word or casum must be sup-
plied to fill up the gap in the wss. Cieero uses one or other
of these words, and sometimes clades, pestis and pernicies in
Speaking of his banishment. See 88 29, 44, 51, 53, 60, 123,
140, 145. [Volnus would suit the context very well. σ. 8. R.]
l.7. statim me perculso] cf. or. p. red. in sen. $ 17 cum
ego una cum republica non tribunicio sed, consulari ictu conci-
dissem, tanto scelere fuisti, ut ne unam quidem horam interesse
paterere inter meam pestem et tuam praedam.
1.8. etiam] temporal *still? Dicit autem spirante repub-
lica, cum de se ipso loquatur, quia remp. una cum ipso pereul-
sam confectamque esse vult existimari; cf, 8 53, in Pis. c. 9.
MANUZIO. "Translate: *while the state had still life in it.'
 NOTES 149
19. advolaverunt] cf. 8 109 1. 27 tamquam ad funus con-
volant. gratulationes, jubilations,' *manifestations of
joy, generally used of a religious festival of joy and thanks-
giving. Of. 8 111 is interfuit epulis et gratulationibus par-
ricidarum, or. in Pis. $ 22, or. p. Flaeco $ 98, Philipp. 10, 1,
Or. Verr. 11 4, 74. :
l 10. partitionem aerarii] ὃ 24 1. 24, or. p. dom. $ 23, or.
in Pis. 8 86. beneficia] military promotions and appoint-
ments on the future staff (cohors praetoria) of the proconsuls.
Cf, Suet. Tib. e. 12 beneficii sui centuriones, and cf, n. to
or. p. Plane. 8 12 1. 20. [Beneficium, beneficiarii, * privileged
soldiers, are very common in inscriptions of the empire.
J. 8. R.] Spem, promissa] ὃ 34 1. 3.
l 11. vexabatur uxor mea] After Cicero's banishment
Clodius demolished his house on the Palatine, which he had
bought of Crassus for 32 million sesterces, and several of his
eouniry houses; his wife Terentia was driven away, and took
sanctuary with her sister Fabia, in the temple of Vesta, but
was dragged out of it forcibly by order of Clodius to the
Valerian Exchange to be examined about the concealment of
her husband's effects.
gener et Piso gener—gener isque Piso, a son-in-law
and that son-in-law Piso. See above 8 58 1. 31, ep. ad fam. 2,
7, & a tribuno plebis et a Curione tribuno, ep. ad Att. 5, 2, 2
cum Hortensius veniret et infirmus et tam longe et Hortensius.
Cie. had three sons-in-law, C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Furius
Orassipes, P. Cornelius Lentulus Dolabella.
l 13. supplex] ie. cum supplex esset. Cf. or. p.
Plane. 8 50 1. 17 numquam fere nobilitas... populo Rom. sup-
plex repudiata est, and above 8 16 1. 10, 8 47 1. 23.
l 14. Pbona...ad consules deferebantur] cf. or. p. red. in
sen. 8 18 domus mea diripiebatur, ardebat ; bona ad vicinum
consulem (Piso) de Palatio, de T'usculano item ad vicinum
alterum cons. (Gabinius) deferebantur: and or. p. dom. 8 62
cum domus in Palatio, villa in Tusculano, altera ad alterum
consulem transferebatur; colummae marmoreae ez aedibus meis
inspectante populo Ro. ad. socrum consulis portabantur : in fun-
dum autem vicini consulis non modo instrumentum aut orna-
menta villae, sed etiam arbores transferebantur; or. in Pis.
8 26. eaque, * and that too.
l. 17. commoverentur] 566 on $ 45 1. 26.

Cic, then proceeds to the consideration of the other laws and

measures of 5.0. 58, apart from the bill affecting himself, by which
150 PRO P. SESTIO 88 54—55
Clodius sought to appear in the light of a benefactor to the people
but the real tendency of which was to relax the public discipline
at a, time when it wanted most to be reinforced, and to set aside
many wise institutions of antiquity :—(1) that the censors should
not expel from the senate or inflict amy mark of infamy on any
man who was mot first openly accused. and convicted. of some crime
by their joint sentence; (2) the revival of the old companies
ζοπορία) which the senate had abolished, the incorporation of
mew ones which máght easilj assume a political character;
(8) that corn.should be distributed gratis to the citizens; (4)
the transfer of Gabinius from Cilicia to the wealthy province of
Syria ; (5) the repeal of the lex Aelia Fufia, the only check upon
tumultuous assemblies that had subsisted for a whole century,
and, which Cic. calls the bulwark and. fortress of public tran-
quillity (S& 55—56) ; (6) on the deprivation of the priest of Cybele
at Pessinus and the appointment of Brogitarus of Galatia 4n his
stead, and the conferring of the title of king upon him ; (1) on
the restoration of certain exiles of Byzantium, whom their city
had, driven out for crimes against the public peace ; (8) om the
deprivation of Ptolomaeus, king of Cyprus, and. the confiscation
of his whole estate—an wnparalleled act of injustice, amd. the
appointment of Cato as extraordinary commissioner to carry
out the law, which was really only a means of getting rid
of a troublesome adversary for the remainder of his magistracy
and to gratify the vain desire of tarnishing the reputation
of a man 80 distinguished (88 571—063). Against these measures
the consuls, had, they done their duty to the state, ought to have
protested ; what could be expected of men who stood, aloof when
à grievous injustice was being done to a citizen who had, deserved
80 well of his country as I had (S& 6&—65). T'his state of things
might have continued and other mischievous and unconstitutional
laws been framed but for the intervention of Pompeius, who,
having for some time stood aloof from public affairs, at length
declared against Clodius (8& 66—67).

CHAPTER XXV
8 55 1. 18. sed ut—recedam] a parenthetic final clause,
Kenn. Gr. p. 458: Tusc. 5 8 76 ut iam a laqueis Stoicorum—
recedamus.
l 19. pestes, 'distempers.'
1.20. vim, *number.' omnium] ὃ 53 1. 13, 8 39 1. 9.
l 21. proximis — proximi anni, 'next year's magis-
rates."
1.22. legum multitudinem] This was one pestis; the list
of others should have followed, but is interrupted by the de-
 NOTES 151
tailed aecount which Cic. gives of the different measures pro-
posed (promulgatae) or enacted (latae) by Clodius. Abrami
&ptly compares Tac. Ann. iu ec. 27 corruptissima re publica
plurimae leges. latae sunt, * were carried once for all.'
1.23. promulgatae fuerunt] i.e. aliquamdiu promul.
gatae pependerunt ('continued to be mere projects"), Madvig
Opusc, 11 p. 219, who compares or. p. Sull. 8 65 lex dies fuit
proposita paucos, i.e. *remained during a few days as & pro-
ject, where Mr Reid observes that this form of the perfect
passive is comparatively rare before Livy, and refers to Roby
Gr. τι ὃ 1453, *Saepe hano,' says the Scholiast, *ostendi
promulgatae legis et latae differentiam: nam trinundino
proponebantur ut in notitiam populi pervenirent, quo exacto
tempore ferebantur in iuris validi firmitatem. ^ Pompeius'
secession from Clodius, followed by that of Caesar in the
second half of the year, was probably the cause why the laws
were only promulgatae, not proceeded with. See Intr. 8 19,
Mayor Phil, 11 p. 138.
1.24, tacentibus dicam ?] see n. to $ 53 1. 25.
1, 25. αὖ censoria notio—tolleretur, 'that the censors'
power of marking a man with ignominy should be abolished.'
Cicero makes the same statement in the speech de provinc.
cons. 8 46 censorium iudicium ac motionem et illud morum
severissimum magisterium mon esse mefariis legibus de civitate
sublatum. But according to Asconius on or. in Pison. 8 9 (Orelli
Cic. V. 12, p. 9) the bill of Clodius only.provided that the cen-
sors should not pass over any man when they were constituting
the senate, nor mark any man with ignominy, unless he had
been charged before them and condemned by the judgment of
both eensors: *Dixzimus L. Pisone et A. Gabinio coss. P. Clo-
dium, tribunum plebis, quattuor leges perniciosas populo Romano
tulisse; (1) annonianam,...ut frumentum populo, quod antea senis
aeris ac trientibus in singulos modios dabatur, gratis daretur;
(2) alteram ne quis per eos dies, quibus cum populo agi liceret,
de caelo servaret, propter quam rogationem ait legem Fufiam et
Aeliam, propugnacula et muros tranquillitatis atque otii, eversam
6886; obnuntiatio enim, qua perniciosis legibus resistebatur, quam
Aelia lex confirmaverat, erat sublata; (8) tertiam de collegiis
restituendis novisque instituendis, quae ait ex servitiorum faece
constituta; (4) quartam, ne quem censores in senatu legendo
praeterirent, neve qua ignominia afficerent, nisi qui apud eos
accusatus et utriusque sententia damnatus esset; hac ergo eius
lege censuram, quae magistra pudoris et modestiae est, sublatam
ait. This law, according to Dio Cassius 40, 57, was repealed
by Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompeius, in 5.0. 52.
notio —cognitio, de off. τι ὃ 111.
152 PRO P. SESTIO 88 55—856
1. 26. de re publica] not de civitate, because the censoria
amimadversio was an integral part of the constitution.
l. 27. conlegia] see n. on ὃ 34 I. 24.
1. 30. remissis senis et trientibus, *by the remission of
the payment of six and one third asses" the modius. "This was
the fixed price at which the grain was sold to the citizens,
probably at the rate of 5 bushels ἃ month, by the State accord-
ing to the frumentarian law of Gaius Gracchus s.c. 123 (Plutarch
C. Gr. ec. 5), renewed in the lex Terentia Cassia of s.c. 78.
In Cicero's time the bushel (modius) was worth at least 3 ses-
tertii—12 asses. Clodius proposed to give the corn gratis
which would have eaused ἃ loss of nearly one fifth of the
revenues of the state (vectigalia).
l 31. sua, *his proper province. Cf. or. de domo sua
8 28 cui quidem (Gabinio) cum Ciliciam dedisses, mutasti pac-
tionem et Ciliciam ad. praetorem item extra ordinem transtulisti;
Gabinio pretio amplificato illam opimam fertilemque Syriam
nominatim dedisti.
1.32. prodidisset] for the tense see n. to 8 43 1. 11, 8 45
1. 2, 8 49 1. 4.
P. 28, l. l. uni helluoni] i.e. Gabinius, cf. $8 20 1. 27,
$8 26 1. 25, or. in Pis. $ 41, de prov. cons. ὃ 11.
1. 2. rogata lege] qua Ciliciam obtinuerat. FrEnRRAT. See
n.to $58. After rogata there is a blank in the wss, which has
been variously filled up: see cr. n.

CHAPTER XXVI

8 56, 1. 4. eam legem] This refers to the proposal of Clodius

that no magistratus, when the popular assembly was summoned
for business, should have power to watch the heavens. *Dion's
statement, says Long, *that Clodius proposed to get rid of this
practice that he might not be hindered in his design on Cicero
seems to be true. "Thus were abolished the famous law or laws
named Aelia and Fufia, which as Cic. (or. in Vatin. $ 23) says
in Gracchorum ferocitate et in audacia Saturnini et in colluvione
Drusi et in contentione Sulpici . et àn cruore Cinnano, etiam inter
Sullana arma, vixerunt. iura religionum] ' the rules of law
about religious ceremonies,' $ 98. On the meaning of the word
religio some useful observations will be found in Ihne's Rom.
Hist. Book v1 ch. 13.
1.5. potestatum] not 'state officers? but *political offices'
or *magisterial powers, as in $ 98 1. 28, with reference to the
|ἢ NOTES 153
right of obnuntiatio (8 33) belonging to the magistratus pares et
maiores and the tribunes of the people: de iure, the lex Aelia;
de tempore the lez Fufia. See on $ 33. [leges quae sunt,
ef, de sen, ὃ 59 1. 16 in eo libro qui est de tuenda re familiari.
J. 8. R.]
l 7. domesticam labem, 'the mischief done(at home)to
the state,' ( exteras nationes. Cf. above 8 51 1. 14, de off. 11 $
26 externa libentius in tali re quam domestica recordor.
1.8. furore, *mad acts. conquassatas, shaken to
the foundation, ὃ 78 flammam quassatae rei publicae, or. in
| Vat. $ 19 adeone mon labefactatam rem publicam te tribuno
neque conquassatam civitatem.
[l.9. videbamus, * we saw over a considerable period, * we
grew accustomed to see;' for the tense cf. de am. 8 37 Grac-
| chum rem p. vexantem ab amicis derelictum videbamus, de
sen.$ 491. 28. 3. S. &.] Rather, * there stood before our eyes."
lege tribunicia] by ἃ plebiscite, and not by a decree of
the senate to whom the administration of foreign affairs exclu-
sively belonged, said in contempt, 8 64 1. 4,
Pessinuntius *at Pessinus,' the capital of Galatia, of which
Strabo 12, 5, 8 says: ἐμπορεῖον τῶν ταύτῃ μέγιστον, ἱερὸν ἔχον
τῆς μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν σεβασμοῦ μεγάλου τυγχάνον" καλοῦσι δ᾽ αὐτὴν
"Αγδιστιν. Οἱ δ᾽ ἱερεῖς τὸ παλαιὸν δυνάσται τινὲς ἦσαν, ἱερωσύνην
καρπούμενοι μεγάλην K.T.À.
1.11, sanctissimarum atque antiquissimarum religionum,
*the seat of the most holy and time-hallowed cult. For the
gen. see above 8 36 1. 28, Kenn. 8 168, Roby 8 524.
1. 12. pecunia grandi, for ὃ large sum of money.! Brogi-
tarus was son-inlaw to King Deiotarus. Cf. de har. resp.
8 28 sed quid ego id admiror? qui accepta pecunia Pessi-
nuntem ipsum, sedem domiciliumque Matris deorum, vastaris et
Brogitaro Gallograeco, impuro hománi ac nefario, cuius legati
te tribuno dividere in aede Castoris tuis operis nummos solebant,
totum illum locum fanumque vendideris ? sacerdotem ab ipsis
aris pulvinaribusque detrazeris ? omnia illa, quae vetus-
tas, quae Persae, quae Syri, quae reges omnes semper summa
religione coluerumt, perverteris3
l 13. religione, 'sacred office. praesertim cum, 'and
that too though. Madv. on Cic. de fin. τι 8 25, de off. 11 8 56,
Roby Gr. 8 734, Reid or. p. Sull. 8 6, who says *in Cic. prae-
sertim not seldom introduces a consideration which is con-
trasted with what precedes, though oftener the second con-
sideration is confirmatory of the first.
154 PRO P. SESTIO $$ 56—58
eam] the conj. of Manutius for the ws reading ea.
l 14. violandi causa, *in order to profane, desecrate it.'
l15. a populo] This was another eneroachment on the
prerogative of the senate, who alone could confer the title of
*king. Liv. 30, 15, 11; Tac. Ann. 4, 26. Cf. de har. resp. 8
29 atque hunc tamen Deiotarum, saepe a, senatu regali nomine
dignum existimatum, tu etiam regem appellari cum Brogitaro
iubes: sed alter est rez iudicio senatus per nos, pecunia Bro-
gitarus per te appellatus, or. p. Mil. 8 78 eum qui regna
dedit, ademit, or. p. dom. $ 129 regum appellationes venales
erant. postulassent] 'had demanded as a right."
l 16. Byzantium] which was a libera civitas, see on 8 64,
8 84. condemnati] i.e. after a formal trial and that on
& capital charge (rerum capitalium) as we learn from $ 84.
Ingessit (Clodius) invidiam, Testitutos tumc eos, qui damnati
legitime fuerant, cum ipse indemnatus Cicero in exilium fuisset
eiectus. ScHOL. BOB. Cf. Cic. de leg. agr. 11 $ 10 neque vero illa
popularia sunt existimanda, iudiciorum...perturbationes, resti-
tutio damnatorum, qui civitatum adflictarum perditis iam rebus
extremi exitiorum solent esse exitus, Verr. v ὃ 12 perditae
civitates hos solent exitus exitialis habere, ut damnati in integrum
restituantur, vincti solvantur, exsules reducantur, res iudi-
catae rescindantur.,
857,1.18. rex Ptolomaeus] Ptolomaeus, King of Cyprus,
an illegitimate son of Ptolomaeus Lathyrus, and the younger
brother of Ptolomaeus xr Auletes King of Egypt 8.6. 80, who in
the consulship of Caesar s.c. 59 and through his favour had
obtained from the Roman senate the ratification of his title to
the erown by vast bribes (Caes. de bell. civ. zz c. 107). The
ostensible ground for Clodius! proposal to deprive him of his
kingdom was that he neglected to ransom him when he had
fallen into the hands of the Cilician pirates. For the real
ground see Intr. ὃ 5. Observe the anacoluthon in this long
sentence: rez Ptolomaeus should have been followed by praeconi
subiectus est.
1.20. cum esset in eadem causa, though he was in the
same position' i.e. though his case was the same as that of his
brother the King of Cyprus, and his deserts no higher. Cf. de
fin. 1 8 49 qua (cura) qui affecti sunt in eadem causa sunt, qua
antequam nati with Madvig's note, or. Verr. v ὃ 53, $111, deleg.
1 48 eadem omnium virtutum causa atque sententia est.
1.21. erat| Supply qui as also before denique erat rex.
l.22. eadem vetustate societatis] i.q. eadem vetusta
Societate: cf. below ἃ 88 1. 32, 8 141 1. 30, de off. τ᾿ ὃ 105
 NOTES 155
1. 15, Mayor on Phil. gt 8 64 1. 1l. The King of Cyprus only
wanted the formal recognition by investiture with the title of
socius.
1.283. si nondum-—at non, 'if not yet—at least not.) See
n. on $ 7 1. 80, 8 14 1. 7, or. p. Planc. $ 291. 12.
l 94. regno paterno atque avito —perfruebatur, *he was
in the full enjoyment of his paternal, indeed his ancestral
dominions with kingly ease.' regali otio is the modal ablative.
1.26. operis, " hired agents," 8 18, 8 28, 8 38.
1. 27. sedens]soc. in sella regia. “δεινότερον facere voluit,
exprimens maiestatem regiam per ipsa habitus lineamenta,
quae venerationi esse debuerint.! SCHOL. BOB.
1. 28. et illis insignibus regiis, *and that especial badge
of regal dignity, the crown. Οἵ, $ 58. praeconi publico
subiceretur, *should be sold by publie auction;' the mention
of his person for his kingdom gives additional rhetorical pathos.
Of. Phil. τὶ 865 Pompei sector for sector bonorum Pompei, or.
p. dom. sua 8 20 cum lege nefaria Ptolemaewm (i.e. Ptolemaei
bona) publicasses, Suet. Claud. e.g. Claudius venalis pependit,
Flor. 111 9, 3 of the same affair: populus regis confiscationem
mandavit. Nàügelsbach Stil. $16. So we speak of a person
being * sold ἀρ.
l 31. nulla iniuria commemorata] ad morem fetialium et
patris patrati alludit qui commemorabant iniurias, priusquam
bellum indicerent. ΑΒΒΑΜΙ,
nullis rebus repetitis, * without making any demand for
restitution or satisfaction,' i.e. without any formal declaration
of war, Of. Varro ap. Non. p. 529 (quoted by Nie. Abrami):
itaque bella et tarde et magna diligentia suscipiebant, quod
bellum mullum misi pium putabant geri oportere: priusquam
bellum indicerent iis, a, quibus iniurias factas sciebant, fetialis
legatos res repetitum mittebant quattuor, quos oratores
vocabant. Of. Liv.1i22; Ramsay R. A. p. 331.

CHAPTER XXVII
Ρ. 29, ὃ ὅ8,1. 1. turbulenta, *revolutionary acts, 'storms.'
1.2. in me, 'in my case,' *in my person.'
1, 8. haud scio an recte, “1 am inclined to think rightly,'
lit. *I don't know whether (wrongly or rather) rightly,' since an
is always used in the second member of an alternative question.
See n. on p. Planc. $ 33 1. 11.
156 PRO P. SESTIO 88 58—59
1.4. Antiochum Magnum] Antiochus, the King of Syria,
who was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae in 2.c. 191,
and again at Mt Sipylus near Magnesia by L. Scipio in 8.6.
190, when peace was granted him on condition of his ceding
all his dominions E. of Mount Taurus. The terms imposed on
Antiochus are given by Livius 38, 38, 4: ezcedito urbibus agris
vicis castellis cis Taurum montem usque ad. Halyn amnem et a
valle Tauri usque ad, iuga, qua in Lycaoniam vergit: that is,
he was eompelled to cede all his possessions in Europe and all
the territory in Asia Minor to the west of the river Halys through-
out iis course, and of the mountain-chain of the Taurus, which
separates Cilicia and Lycaonia, so that he retained nothing in
the Anatolian peninsula but Cilieia. Mommsen Rom. Hist. Bk
ru ch. 9 Vol. 11 p. 291.
Magnum
— magna] an instance of paronomasia, to
heighten effect, which reminds us of Homer's κεῖτο μέγας
μεγαλωστὶ (Il. xv 776), and Virgil's ipse gravis graviter-
que ad terram pondere vasto concidit, Àen. v 447.
1.6. intra montem Taurum] i.e. from the point of view of
Antiochus, ne montem T. egrederetur, regnare, “ἴο be king.
1.7. qua illum multarunt] Cf. Cic. or. p. Balb. ὃ 41
Hispanis agris stipendioque multatis, Tusc. v $ 106 multan-
tur bonis exules, Tac. Hist. 1 c. 66 publice armis multati.
Attalo] a slip or historical error for Eumenes 1r, son of Atta-
lus r, King of Pergamum ».c. 197—25.c. 158, who was the ally
of the Romans against Philip and the Achaei. His fidelity
and services to Rome were rewarded by the cession to him of
several provinces in Asi» and the Chersonese with Lysimachia
in Europe (Mommsen l.c. τ| p. 293). Eumenes was suc-
ceeded by his brother Attalus ir who also fought on the side
of the Romans against Antiochus.
1.8. "Tigrane] Tigranes was king of Armenia and several
of the adjacent provinces (βασιλεὺς βασιλέων as he called himself
Appian Syr. c. 48, Plut. Lucull. c. 14) s.c. 96—5.c. 56, and,
in eonsequenee of dissensions amongst the royal family of
Syria, became in Β.6. 83 master of the whole Syrian monarchy
from the Euphrates to the sea. He was defeated, his capital
Tigranocerta being taken by Lucullus in s.c. 69 and 68.
On the arrival of Pompeius he made overtures of submission
to him, and was left in possession of Armenia proper.
l 9. nuper ipsi )( maiores nostri 1. 5.
l 10. iniuriis in socios nostros inferendis] by his aggres-
sive conquests in Cappadocia, Syria and Cilicia, Mommsen
Hist. R. Vol. 1v p. 47 ff.
 NOTES 157
1n socios] cf. Liv. 24, 16, 1 tanta vi se in hostem íntu-
lerunt, 9, 25, 9 in agros atque urbes Ausonum bellum intu-
lerunt, Cic. ep. ad fam. xv 2, 1 bello in provinciam Syriam
illato. bello—lacessisset, had assumed the aggressive.'
[prope- prope dixerim. 7.8. R.]
1. 19. Mithridatem] Mithridates the great, whose
daughter Cleopatra was married to Tigranes.
1.17. supplicem] “ἴῃ the posture of a suppliant,'in appo-
sition with abiectum, as predicate. Cf. above 8 54 1. 13, or.
p. Mil. ego me plurimis pro te supplicem abieci.
The story is told by Plutarch v. Pomp. c. 33 : ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς
Τιγράνης ἥμερόν τινα TQ τρόπῳ kal πρᾷον πυθόμενος εἶναι τὸν
Πομπήϊον, ἀναλαβὼν τοὺς φίλους καὶ συγγενεῖς αὐτὸς ἐπορεύετο
παραδώσων ἑαυτόν. Ὥς δὲ ἦλθεν ἱππότης ἐπὶ τὸν χάρακα ('the
ΘΔ), ῥαβδοῦχοι δύο τοῦ Πομπηΐου προσελθόντες ἐκέλευσαν
ἀποβῆναι τοῦ ἵππου καὶ πεζὸν ἐλθεῖν. οὐδένα γὰρ ἀνθρώπων ἐφ᾽
ἵππου καθεζόμενον ἐν Ρωμαϊκῷ στρατοπέδῳ πώποτε ὀφθῆναι. καὶ
ταῦτα οὖν ὁ Τυγράνης ἐπείθετο καὶ τὸ ξίφος αὐτοῖς ἀπολυσάμενος
παρεδίδου" καὶ τέλος, ὡς πρὸς αὐτὸν ἦλθε τὸν Πομπήϊον, ἀφελό-
μενος τὴν κίταριν ὥρμησε πρὸ τῶν ποδῶν θεῖναι καὶ καταβαλὼν
ἑαυτόν, αἴσχιστα δὴ πάντων, προσπεσεῖν αὐτοῦ τοῖς γόνασιν.
᾿Αλλ᾽ ὁ Πομπήϊος ἔφθη τῆς δεξιᾶς αὐτοῦ λαβόμενος προσαγαγέσθαι"
καὶ πλησίον ἱδρύσασθαι ἑαυτοῦ, τὸν δὲ υἱὸν ἐπὶ θάτερα, τῶν μὲν
ἄλλων ἔφησε δεῖν αἰτιᾶσθαι Λεύκολλον, ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνου γὰρ ἀφῃρῆσθαι
Συρίαν, Φοινίκην, Κιλικίαν, Ταλατίαν, Σωφηνήν" ἃ δὲ ἄχρις ἑαυτοῦ
διατετήρηκεν ἕξειν ἐκτίσαντα ποινὴν ἑξακισχίλια τάλαντα Ῥωμαίοις
τῆς ἀδικίας" ἐπὶ τούτοις ὁ Τ᾿!γράόνης ἠγάπησε. See also Mommsen
Hist. R. 1v p. 127.
l 19. certis rebus imperatis] Dio 36, 53 (36): τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ
Πομπήϊος διακούσας αὐτῶν (ligranes and his son) τῷ μὲν πρεσ-
βυτέρῳ τὴν πατρῴαν πᾶσαν ἀρχὴν ἀπέδωκεν" τὰ γὰρ προσκτη-
θέντα ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ (ἦν δὲ ἄλλα τε καὶ τῆς Καππαδοκίας τῆς τε Συρίας
μέρη, ἥ τε Φοινίκη καὶ ἡ Σωφηνὴ χώρα τοῖς ᾿Αρμενίοις πρόσορος
οὐ σμικρὰ) παρείλετο αὐτοῦ καὶ προσέτι καὶ χρήματα αὐτὸν ἤτησεν"
τῷ δὲ νεωτέρῳ τὴν Σωφηνὴν μόνην ἀπένειμεν.
1. 20, constitutum—quam constrictum] *set up'—'than
shut up,'i.e. placed on his throne—than if he had been con-
fined to à narrow circle. videri] passive, * should be seen,'
Verr. 1v 8 100, v 88 43, 86, 94, 137.
8 59, 1. 28. acerrimum hostem in regnum recepit] Plut.
Luc. c. 22: Τιγράνης δὲ Μιθριδάτην πρότερον μὲν οὐδ᾽ ἰδεῖν ἠξίωσεν
οὐδὲ προσειπεῖν, οἰκεῖον ἄνδρα, βασιλείας ἐκπεπτωκότα τηλικαύτης,
ἀλλ᾽ ἀτίμως καὶ ὑπερηφάνως ἀποτάτω περιεῖδεν αὐτὸν τρόπον τινὰ
φρουρούμενον ἐν χωρίοις ἑλώδεσι καὶ νοσεροῖς" τότε. δὲ σὺν τιμῇ καὶ
φιλοφροσύνῃ μετεπέμψατο αὐτόν.
158 PRO P. SESTIO & 59—60
1.24. deimperio] i.e. uter orbi terrarum imperaret.
l.26. id] sc. nomen, added to emphasize the contrast
between his former and later conduct, as in $ 69 1. 11 illi after
qui. ille etc. adversative asyndeton, * whereas that poor
Cyprian king.
1.28. suspicio durior] i.e. of having supported the Cilician
pirates. Cf. ep. ad fam. 12, 25 a, 7 de Cn. Minucio rumores
duriores erant,
l 29. vivus—et videns] an alliterative proverb, which is
found in Lucr. τι 1046 tu vero dubitabis et indignabere obire,
mortua, cui vita est prope iam vivo atque videnti, Ter. Eun.
1, 1, 28 prudens sciens, vivus vidensque pereo, Cic. p. Quinct.
8 50 huic acerbissimo vivo videntique funus ducitur. Soin
Gr. ζῶν kal βλέπων, Aesch. Ag. v. 662.
1. 30. cum victu ac vestitu cum omnibus suis gazis,
another alliterative proverb, as appears from or. p. Quinct.
8 19 cuius...etiam victus vestitusque necessarius sub prae-
conem, subiectus est. On ihe fondness of the Latins for asso-
nance particularly in proverbs see Seyffert Palaestr. Cic. p. 73
ed. 5. In the present passage it is employed to heighten the
effect of the description. On the use of cum see 8 82 1. 32.
en, cur ceteri etc.] an expression of ironical indignation,
lit. *behold, a reason why other kings should consider, i.e.
*and what must other kings think of their security to see by
this precedent that their crowns and fortunes may be at the
disposal of a tribune and some hundred mercenaries?' Cf.
Verr. 11 1 8 98 en cui tuos liberos committas, 5 ὃ 124 en quod
Tyndaritani libenter praedicent.
l 32. noc prodito exemplo] cf. or. p. Flacc. 8 25 in hoc
ego reo ne quod perniciosum exemplum prodatur pertimescam.
The usual phrase is edere exemplum.
P.30, 1.1. per tribunum aliquem etc.] non sine pernicie
hoe exemplum de Ptolemaeo ad posteritatem prodi asserit:
quoniam fieri possit, ut reges alienentur a fide ac societate.
Bed ut omnem auctoritatem Clodianae rogationis everteret, * per
tribunum aliquem et sescentas operas inquit; quo manifestum
sit, de hoc non populum Romanum iudieasse sed factionem
quandam perditorum. SCHOL. BOB. operas] $ 18 1. 1, $ 28
l. 30. sescentas, used for an indefinite number.

CHAPTER XXVIII
860, l. 1. M. Catonis splendorem maculare, *to tarnish
the lustre of M. Cato's name. This was M. Porcius Cato
Uticensis who was charged by Clodius' law with the an-
 NOTES 159
nexation of the kingdom of Cyprus, as well as the regulation
of the complicated municipal affairs of the Byzantines, * The
engaging Cato, says Middleton, *in such dirty work was a
masterpiece and served many purposes of great use to Clodius;
first to get rid of à troublesome adversary for the remainder of
his magistracy ; 2dly, to fix a blot on Cato himself ;[and show,
that the most rigid pretenders to virtue might be caught by 8
proper bait;] 3dly, to stop his mouth for the future, as he
openly bragged, from elamouring against extraordinary com-
missions; 4thly, to oblige him, above all, to acknowledge the
validity of his acts by his submitting to bear & part in them.
Vell. Paterc. xt 45: idem P. Clodius im tribunatu sub honori-
Jicentissimo ministeri titulo M. Catonem a republica relegavit :
quippe legem tulit, ut is quaestor cum iure praetorio adiecto
etiam. quaestore mitteretur in insulam Cyprum ad. spoliandum
regno Ptolemaeum, omnibus morum vitiis eam contumeliam meri-
tum, Cie. p. dom. s. $ 20, 8 67, M. Cato invisus quasi per bene-
Jicium Cyprum relegatur, de prov. cons., Plut. Caes. c. 21, Cat.
min. c. 34.
1,4. gravitas] *sterling worth,' *solidity,' the chief part
of the ideal Roman character.
1,6. quae in tempestate saeva quieta est etc.] maxims
of the Stoie philosophers, to whose school Cato belonged,
though Epicurus speaks quite in the same way about his
σοφός.

l.7. pulsa loco, *though driven from its ground,' 'dis-

lodged,' i.e. banished, Cf. or. in Cat. 11 1, 1 loco ille motus
est, cum est ez urbe depulsus.
l 8. splendet per sese] de off. 1 8 30 aequitas lucet ipsa
per 86. Dobree and Eberhard insert exul before haeret.
1.9. obsolescit, *is soiled, tarnished,' *loses its polish.'
Of. Hor. Ep. 17, 46 o nec paternis obsoleta sordibus, Q.
Curt. 9, 6, 14 cito gloria obsolescit in sordidis hostibus, Plin.
Paneg. 4, 5 enituit aliquis in bello sed obsolevit in pace.
1. 11, imponendum] Plut. Cat. min. c. 34 ἀνακραγόντος δὲ
τοῦ Κάτωνος, ὡς ἐνέδρα τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ προπηλακισμός, oU χάρις
ἐστίν, ὑπερηφανῶς ὁ Κλώδιος καὶ ὀλιγώρως 'Ovkoüv' εἶπεν “εἰ μὴ
χάριν ἔχεις, ἀνιώμενος πλεύσῃ,᾽ καὶ προσελθὼν αὖθις εἰς τὸν δῆμον
ἐκύρωσε νόμῳ τὴν ἔκπεμψιν τοῦ Κάτωνος, Dio 38, 80,
qui—palam dixerint, * since they gave out publicly.'
1.12. linguam se evellisse] i.q. elinguem reddidisse,
or. p. Flacc. ὃ 22, *had stopped his mouth' for the future
against the tribunieian laws of the year ».c. 58.
160 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 60—62
1,18. extraordinarias potestates] Cato's commission was
extraordinaria inasmuch as (1) he was homo privatus, having
been quaestor only and tribune of the people, (2) because it
was given him nominatim (or. de dom, sua 821: ad hunc homi-
nem imperium ezira ordinem nominatim rogatione tua de-
tulisti), (3) because it combined two different objects (Plut. Cato
c. 84 ὡς δὲ μικρὸν ἔργον αὐτῷ Κύπρον kal Πτολεμαῖον ἀναθεὶς ἔτι
καὶ Βυζαντίων φυγάδας κατέχειν προσέταξε βουλόμενος ὅτι πλεῖστον
χρόνον ἐκποδὼν ἄρχοντος αὐτοῦ γενέσθαι τὸν Κάτωνα).
1,16. manere] i.e.superesse, durare, * still continues.'
hoc maiorem, quod, *all the greater, because," ὃ 52 1. 8.
1.17. aliquid] $ 28 1. 22. auctoritate sua, *by his
personal influence in opposition to voce ipsa ac dolore, *loud
expression of indignation.' desperasset, *no longer hoped."
l 19. post meum discessum] Plutarch therefore must be
mistaken, when he says o δὲ Κλώδιος οὐδὲ Κικέρωνα καταλύσειν
ἤλπιζε Κάτωνος παρόντος.
1. 20. 8615] 8 26 1. 19. meum et rei publicae casum!
8 38, 8 42 1. 19.
l 22. provinciae paeniteret] cuius mercede inductus cum
Clodio de mea pernicie consenserat. MANUTIUS.
861,1.23. quasi vero] io correct an erroneous supposition,
or. p. Plane. $ 61 1. 10.
in alias leges] Signifieat Iulias C. Caesaris leges, in
quas eum diu perseverasset non iurare, ad extremum coactus
suasionibus plurimorum videtur accommodasse consensum.
SCHOL. BOB. (Of. Dio 38, 7. Plutarch Cat. c. 32 says that there
was & clause in the land bill, by which all the senators were
required to swear that they would maintain it and we learn
from a letter of Cic. (ad Att. ir 18) that candidates for state
offices were also compelled by the land bill to swear that they
would never say anything about the land being held on any
other terms than those fixed by the Julian laws (see Introd. to
or. p. Plane. p. xix). He then continues: ὁ δὲ μάλιστα συμ-
πείσας kal ἀγαγὼν ἐπὶ τὸν ὅρκον ἣν Κικέρων ὁ ῥήτωρ παραινῶν
καὶ διδάσκων, ὡς τάχα μὲν οὐδὲ δίκαιόν ἐστι τοῖς ἐγνωσμένοις
κοινῇ μόνον οἴεσθαι δεῖν ἀπειθεῖν, ἐν δὲ ἀδυνάτῳ τῷ μεταστῆσαί
τι τῶν γεγονότων ἀφειδεῖν ἑαυτοῦ παντάπασιν ἀνόητον καὶ μανικόν"
ἔσχατον δὲ κακῶν, εἰ δι’ ἣν ἅπαντα πράττει πόλιν προέμενος τοῖς
ἐπιβουλεύουσιν ὥσπερ ἀσμένως ἀπαλλάξεται τῶν ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς ἀγώ-
νων" καὶ γὰρ, εἰ μὴ Κάτων τῆς Ῥώμης, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ Ῥώμη δεῖται
Κάτωνος. ς
l 24. non offert se ille istis temeritatibus, *he is not
the man to sacrifice himself (his life) to those rash actions of
 NOTES 161

his enemies. This is the answer to a question implied in cur

igitur rogationi non paruit, which includes also the question
*why did he not choose to go into exile rather than obey?'
1. 26. se civi rem p. privet] according to his famous
saying:—ei μὴ Κάτων τῆς Ρώμης, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ Po δεῖται Κάτωνος.
1.27. cum esset designatus trib. pl] i.e. on the 5th of
December s.c. 63, which Cie. (or. p. Flacco 8 102) calls diem
vere natalem huius urbis aut certe salutarem. |Vell. Paterc. 2,
35, 8 hic (M. Cato) tribunus plebis designatus et adhuc admodum
adulescens, cum alii suaderent, ut per municipia Lentulus
coniuratique custodirentur, paene inter ultimos interrogatus
sententiam, tanta vi animi atque ingeni invectus est in coniura-
tionem, eo ardore oris orationem omnium lenitatem suadentium
societate consili suspectam. fecit, sic impendentia ex commuta-
tione status publici pericula exposuit, ita, consulis virtutem am-
plificavit, ut wniversus senatus in eius sententiam tramsiret |
maiorque pars ordinis eius Ciceronem prosequerentur domum.
Cato's speech is given by Sallust Cat. c. 52; it was the un-
compromising opinions which he expressed on this occasion
that marked him out as a leader of the optimates.
l 28. cuius invidiam ...sibi praestandam videbat, 'for
the unpopularity of which he saw he must be answerable. Cf.
8 38 1. 16, 8 43 1. 5.
l 31. dux, auctor, actor, 'leader, instigator, perpetrator:'
cf. Caesar b. c. 1 26 illo auctore atque agente.
non quo—sed] common in Cie. for «onm quo—sed quod
(8 87 1. 14) (quia); cf. my note on or. p. Plane. ἃ 73, and add
1o the exx. there quoted, ep. ad Att. 16, 15, 5; 4, 15, 7; or. in
Verr. 8 $39, or. p. llaeco 8 9, Acad. 11837. — suum, * personal.'

CHAPTER XXIX
P. 31, 8 62,1. 3. ipsius] for rhetorical effect instead of eius
|
i

(Halm), unless we read with Eberhard ipse eius in opp. to the

'time of his being designatus tr. pl. 8. 611. 27.
1.5. meministis illum diem] the day on which the tribune
Q. Metellus Nepos made an attempt to proeure ἃ popular vote
entrusting Pompeius (then in Asia) with the conduct of the
war against Catiline in Italy, but failed to do so principally
because of the energetic resistance of his colleague Cato. Plut.
Cat. min. c. 26 ἐντεῦθεν els τὴν δημαρχίαν ἐμπεσὼν ὁ Μέτελλος
ἐκκλησίας τε θορυβώδεις συνῆγε καὶ νόμον ἔγραψε Πομπήϊον Μάγ-
νον ἰέναι κατὰ τάχος μετὰ τῶν δυνάμεων εἰς ᾿Ιταλίαν καὶ παρα-
,
. λαβόντα σώζειν τὴν πόλιν ὡς ὑπὸ Κατιλίνα κινδυνεύουσαν. Ἦν

H. 11
162 PRO P. SESTIO & 62—64
δὲ τοῦτο λόγος εὐπρεπής, ἔργον δὲ ToU νόμου kal τέλος ἐγχει-
ρίσαι τὰ πράγματα ἹἸΤομπηίῳ καὶ παραδοῦναι τὴν ἡγεμονίαν. Cf.
Mommsen R. H. Vol. 1v p. 198 ff. :
l.6. templo] ie. of Castor and Pollux; 8 34 1. 27, 8 79
1.21, $ 881.9, $ 85 1. 10. Plut, 1. e. c. 27: ὡς οὖν ἐπιστὰς ὁ
Kárwv κατεῖδε τὸν νεὼν τῶν Διοσκούρων ὅπλοις περιεχόμενον
καὶ τὰς ἀναβάσεις φρουρουμένας ὑπὸ μονομάχων αὐτὸν δὲ καθή-
μενον ἄνω μετὰ ἸΚαίσαρος (who being praetor at the time sup-
ported the bill) τὸν Μέτελλον, ἐπιστρέψας πρὸς τοὺς φίλους
“ὦ θρασέος᾽ εἶπεν “ ἀνθρώπου καὶ δειλοῦ, ὃς καθ᾽ ἑνὸς ἀνόπλου
καὶ γυμνοῦ τοσούτους ἐστρατολόγησεν.᾽ MH. A. Koch holds with
Manutius that the *Rostra' which were also called templum
(δ 75 1. 14) are meant here.
1.9. adiit...periculum] 8 23 1. 7.
l 10. quanta—quam iusta.
l 11. non est necesse] this he savs for fear of offending
Pompeius. Cypriae rogationi, * bill concerning Cyprus.'
l. 12. haereret rei p.] the dat. is less frequent than the
abl. with or without in; cf. or. p. Rose. com. $ 17 potest hoc
homini huic haerere peccatum?
l 13. regno iam publicato, * not till after the confiscation
of his kingdom.
l. 15. quod] as if illud had preceded rogatum. Οἷ. 8 78
ut etiamsi esset iure rogatum, tamen vim habere mon posset.
dubitatis quin ei vis esset adlata, *do you doubt that
force would have been employed to make him?' Τὸ rarely
happens that the eonjunctive of the simple pluperfect or imper-
feet stands both hypothetically and also for some other reason
(as here because of quin): and it ean only happen in the
passive. Madv. Gr. $8381. [The usage is really analogous to
the use of present for future. Here esset adlata is strictly im-
perfect, * was on the way to be employed. Precisely the same
explanation applies to ecpelleretur 1. 22, 3. 8. R.]

$63, L 19. quod...boni] Madv. Gr. $ 285 b, Reid on or.

p. Sull. $ 58, Roby 11 1296 (b), Kenn. Gr. p. 419. ΒΥ boni is
meant the enrichment of the treasury: by malis a bad transac-
tion, viz. the annexation of Cyprus. Cf. Philipp. n ὃ 117 ez
plurimis malis quae ab illo rei publicae sunt inusta, hoc tamen
boni exstitit.
l 21. per se, as ἃ man of unflinching rectitude; per
alios, with whom the interests of the state might suffer by
their misappropiiation of some of the plunder,
 NOTES . 163
l. 22, expelleretur] see above1. 15 n.
l. 28. facile pateretur, * would have been content.' ee n.
to or. p. Planc. ὃ 62 1. 81. superiore anno] consule C.
Caesare (B.c. 48), cuius actionibus Cato nec adversari destric-
tius volebat nec tamen consentire poterat. SCHOL. BOB.
l 24. senatu caruisset, *had been cut off from the senate,'
Acad. x1 δ lcaruit rebus urbanis, belowἃ 145 1. 18. quo si]
for ubi sí eo by ἃ common attraction of the relative into the
subordinate sentence. tamen-saltem, certe, i.e. when
everything else failed.
1, 26. me expulso] explanatory of tum: as in $ 118 tum
petenti iam, de amic. ὃ 53 tum exsulantem se intellezisse,
meo nomine, “ in my person.'
l. 27. sententia sua condemnata, * after his vote about the
eonspirators was condemned, ipse enim Cato tribunus pl.
designatus Lentulum et Cethegum et ceteros censuerat capite
puniendos. SCHOL. BOB.
1, 28. ille vero, * he certainly.' cui nos] sc. —
1.30. luctum—dolorem] luctus is grief as expressed by
outward signs, as in the dress, dolor is grief as felt inwardly:
cf, ep. ad. Att. xir 28, 2, or. p. Balb. $ 60 dolorem Eu 7108
luct um maeroremque suscepimus.

CHAPTER XXX
864,1. 32. his de tot...iniuriis] Zumpt Gr. 8 324. Onthe
use of de with its dependent case after the substantive querella
see n. to Cic. de off. 11 $ 19 1. 21. in socios, the people
of Pessinus; in reges, Ptolemaeus of Cyprus; in civi-
tates liberas, Byzantium, see c. 26.
P.32, 1.1. querella] so we must write and not querela ;
loquella and not loquela; luella and not luela : but cautela,
suadela, tutela, corruptela, custodela, |See Munro Intr. to
Lucretius II p. 33.
1. 2. in eius] “ἃ lively asyndeton' says Halm *for ín eius
enim. tutela] because the consuls presided over the senate,
to which exclusively belonged the administration of foreign
affairs; see n. on 8 56 I. 9.
1.4. quamquam-- καίτοι * and yet,! "however, n. on or. p.
Planc. 8 3 1. 3. quis audiret, *who would have listened, if
they had chosen to complain ever so loudly, when the senate
were powerless, and the people the slaves of Clodius?

11—2
.164 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 64—66
1. 5. quererentur, *should they have complained,' * were.
they tocomplain?' See n. to Cic. de off. 11x $ 88 1. 4.
1.6. nullo meo crimine, * without any charge being laid to
. my account, $ 36 1. 20, Madv. Gr. $277.
l 7. mon modo...non..sed ne..quidem] Madvig Gr. 8
461b, Kenn. Gr. p. 326 b. 1t is only when the two clauses have
a common predicate that non modo takes the place of non modo
non in the first, $ 20 1. 1, 8 73 1. 10.
1.8. cesseram] referring to mullo meo crimine, cesseram
enim non ob delictum aliquod. sed. etc. Si...voltis, *if you
will have it so.
l 9. sicommoveri omnia videbantur, *if a general revo-
lution was expected."
l 11, societas magistratuum] the compact between the
consuls and tribunes of the people and Clodius.
1.12. reipublicae, *to the general good,' *the common weal.'
865, 1. 12. de capite civis] as if lex followed. Cf. or. in
Pis. $ 30 illam legem...quae erat contra omnes leges indemnati
civis atque integri capitis bonorumque tribunicia proscriptio.
1.13. cuius modi civis] sc. sit. proscriptio] see n. to
$ 46 1. 11.
l 14. sacratis legibus] 8 16 1. 6, 8 79 1. 20.
l.15. sanctum esset] see my n. on Plane. $8 47 1. 6.
privilegium, * any exceptional bill' in favour of or against an
individual: or. de domo sua ἃ 48 vetant leges sacratae, vetant
XII tabulae, leges privis hominibus irrogari, id est enim privi-
legium; Aul. Gell. x 20, 4 quo circa (iussa de singulis con-
cepta) privilegia potius vocari debent, quia veteres priva
dixerunt, quae nos singula dicimus, de legg. 111 $ 45 in priva-
tos homines leges ferri moluerunt; id est emim privilegium:
quo quid. est iniustius ? cum legis haec vis sit, ut sit scitum et
iussum in omnis? ferri de singulis misi centuriatis comitiis
mnoluerumt. descriptus enim. populus censu, ordinibus, aetatibus,
plus adhibet ad. suffragium consilii quam fuse in tribus convoca- —
tus; ib. $11 privilegia ne inroganto; de capite civis nisi per. .
maazimum comitiatum...ne ferunto.
l 18. quantum in illis...fuit, *so far as depended on
those twin curses of this empire."
1,19. operas] 8591. 1.
l.20. trib. pl. concilio, *by a packed meeting of a tribune
of the people,' in opp. to the comitia of the whole people. Cf.
 NOTES 165
Laelius Felix ap. A. Gell. 15, 27, 4 is qui non ut universum
"populum, sed partem aliquam adesse iubet, mom comitia sed
concilium edicere debet: Cic. p. dom. sua $79 consulari homini
P. Clodius, eversa re publica, civitatem adimere potuit, concilio
advocato, conductis operis non solum egentium, sed etiam ser-
vorum. The root of concilium is calare
— καλεῖν, not ciere.
8 66, 1. 21. quae vero promulgata] as opposed to lata
8 55 1. 22. fuerint] the subjunctive of oblique question
dependent upon quid dicam. For the tense see n. on $ 55 1. 23.
l 22, conscripta, *written" as opp. to promissa * verbal
promises. [I think rather *what plans were sketched,' cf.
below 1. 26 discripta. συ. 8. &.] [Sperata—cogitata, * what
hopes were indulged, what imaginations;' the contrast is
practically the same as that between sperare and optare, for
which see my n. on or. p. Balbo $ 9 and cf. Liv. 4, 15, 6. Cf.
l. 25 optari. 5. 8. Β.}
l 23. orbi terrae] for im orbe terrae, & local ablative, found
only in this expression after the analogy of ruri, domi, militiae ;
80 in the best texts or. p. dom. s. $ 24, Verr. 1v ὃ 82.
l. 26, attributa atque discripta, *assigned and appor-
tioned. Cf. 8 137 discriptionem civitatis. The testimony
of wss and inscriptions is in favour of this form and not
describere when the meaning is *to divide. See n. on de off, 1
$ 511. 33.
l 27. provincia, *sphere of activity, *department of the
publie service. Mr Watson has a good note on the meaning
of this word in his Select Letters of Cicero p. 118 note 5, and
on that of imperium p. 120 note z, ed. 2.
flandae, 'casting, *coining) Flare pecumiam — pec.
flando efformare was the technical term for *casting' metals
by blowing. Cf. Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 9 aes antiquissimum, quod
est flatum, pecore est notatum, id. ap. A. Gell. N. A. 2, 10, 3
Jiata signataque pecunia. So Vitruv. de arch. 2, 7, 4 in aeris
flatura, Plin. 7, 56 8 197, flaturae argentariae, Wilmanns
exx. Inser. 1378 d. The word is not used like con/lare in ἃ
metaph. sense *to scrape together (see Reid on or. p. Sull.
8 13). The letters—A-A.A.F.F*, abbreviations of auro. ar-
gento aeri fLando feriundo, appear frequently upon coins after
the names of individual commissioners of the mint (triumviri
monetales). See the cuts in Ramsay RB. A. p. 414 and p. 416.
[andae must refer to some project for debasing the coinage.
J. 8. R.]
l.29. 1latior,'of any extent. See cr. n.
166 PRO P. SESTIO 85 66—68

1.32. pecuniam — ornationem provinciae, allowance in

taking possession of & province.
P.33, 1.1, damnatis de vi] the Catilinarians, who had
been condemned in 8.6. 62 under the lez Plautia de vi and had
left the country. That the democratical party had begun to
talk about their restoration (restitutio in integrum) as early as
B.C. 59 appears from the speech pro Flacco 8 96 litemus igitur
Lentulo, parentemus Cethego, revocemus eiectos.
l. 2. populari, * democratic,' as Clodius is called also or. in
Pis. 8 890 quid? quod populari illi sacerdoti sescentos ad
bestias amicos sociosque misisti?

CHAPTER XXXI
867,1. 5. aliquando, “ αὖ length and high time too, see n.
on $ 13 1. 22. serius quam...vellet, i.e. si liceret, * later
than he would wish, if he had the choice, if it wére possible
for his wish to be fulfilled. An incomplete conditional sen-
ience such as is common in all languages, see Reid n. on or.
p. Sull. $811. 1, below 8 82 1: 6 citius quam vellem. Halm
thinks the conjunetive is used after the analogy of the conj.
after prius (ante) quam, when there is a past tense in the pre-
ceding clause. For the statement cf. or. p. dom. ὃ 25 sed. ezci-
tatus aliquando Cn. Pompeii...nimium diu reconditus... animi
dolor subvenit subito rei publicae.
1,7. ficiis terroribus] see 8 41, 8 133 1. 26. [suis...
fictis; these words are evenly balanced. Is suis & corruption of
saevis? J. S. R.] or rather stultis?
l 9. retardatam] cf. or. in Pis. 8 76 cum certi homines non
studium eius a, me alienassent, sed auxilium retardassent.
1,10. rei p. bene gerendae] which was impossible, so long
as he served the purposes of a particular party.
l.ll. sceleratissimos civis] he means the Marian party,
Gnaeus Carbo, Gnaeus Domitius and Q. Sertorius,
whom Pompeius defeated in Sicily, Africa and Spain respec-
tively. acerrimos hostis...maximas nationes] cf. or. p. leg.
Man. c. 11, 12. |
1.12. reges] Hiarbas, Mithridates, Tigranes; gentes
feras, the tribes who refused him passage when in pursuit of
Mithridates.
[l.18. manum, implying the absence of regular organisa-
tion. J.8.R] - | A"
 NOTES . 167
^"l14 etiam servitia, *even the bands of slaves,' 8 531.1:
Cic. says etiam, because some denied Pompeius the credit of
terminating the servile war. M. Licinius Crassus had con-
quered the followers of Spartacus in a regular battle at Silarus
in B.C. 71, but about five thousand of them, who escaped to
Gaul, fell into the way of Pompeius on his return, who destroyed
them all and wrote to the senate to say that he had pulled up
the war by the roots. Cf. ep. ad Att. 1, 14.
l 16. orbis terrarum terminis] see n. on ἃ 129 1. 9.
definisset —/inisset, cf. or. p. Arch. 8 23 sí res eae quas
gessimus orbis terrarum terminis definiuntur.
1. 18, sanguine suo] he was wounded and nearly lost
his life in the battle with Sertorius at T ucro in Spain in
B.C. 75, Plut. Sertor. c. 19, Pomp. c. 19, App. b. c. 1 c. 110
ἐτρώθη δόρατι és τὸν μηρὸν ἐπικινδύνως ὁ Πομπήϊος.
l 19. accessit ad causam publicam, *took up the cause of
the state,' which was given up to unprincipled factions. Cf.
8 87 l1. 16 adiit ad causam rei publicae. auctoritate sua,
*by his moral influence,' not potestate *official authority, be-
cause he was only privatus. "The difference of meaning in the
two words appears clearly from or. in Pis. $ 8 ille designatus
consul, cum. quidam tribunus pl. suo auxilio magistros ludos
contra SCtum facere iussisset, privatus fieri vetuit, atque id
quod nondum potestate poterat, obtinuit auctoritate.
l 20. reliquis rebus )( praeteritis; cf. 8 73 spe reliquae
tranquillitatis praesentis fluctus fugisse and see ὃ 66.
l 21. inclinatio, (tendency upwards, generally applied to
“ἃ movement downwards, change for the worse, see n. on or.
p. Plane. 8 94 1. 26, and οἵ, Gr. ῥοπή. ad meliorem spem
1.ᾳ. ad spem melioris status, 8 70 1. 25.
8 68—8 95. Third part of the Confirmatio, Cic. now comes
back to the tribunate of Sestius but, before rebutting the charge
agaánst him, he gives an account of the measures taken for his own
restoration in 2.0. 98 up to the negotiation on January 25 :—the
motion of the tribune Ninnius on the 1st of June, the opposition
of another tribune Aelius Ligur to the resolution. of the senate
(8.68) ;the pretence of the two consuls that they were restrained
from interference in his favour by the prohibitive clause in the
bill of Clodius; the attempt om the life of Pompeius, and, his
consequent retirement from public affairs during the remainder
of Clodius! tribunate; the bill of the eight tribunes om Oct. 29
again opposed by Ligur (8 69); the journey of Sestius, now tri-
bune elect, into Gaul to solicit Caesar's consent to Cicero's resto-
ration ; the bill of Lentulus brought forward on Jan. 1 5.6. 57,
but prevented, by various obstructions from passing until the 25tl
168 PRO P. SESTIO &$ 68—69
of January, the day fixed for the decision of the comitia
about his case (88 71—'75); the attack om the tribunes Fabricius
and, M. Cispius; the narrow escape of his brother Quintus Cicero ;
the non-appearance of the tribunes Sestius and. Milo on that
occasion (88 75—718); the subsequent attack of the Ciodians on
Sestius in the temple of Castor, whither he had gone unprotected to
oppose some measure of the consul Metellus, on which occasion he
only escaped with his life because they thought he was killed
(SS 79—83); the determination of Sestius thereupon to protect
himself by keeping armed, men about him to repel force with force,
as Milo also did (S& 84—85). Cicero's reply to the invidious
comparison suggested..by the accuser between Sestius and. Milo,
because Milo, before he proceeded to defend himself by main
force, had. endeavoured. to prosecute Clodius in a legal manner
(88 86—92). The circumstance that the Senate itself did mot
sanction this prosecution, thereby appearing to leave its owm
party in the lurch, the critical position of Cicero's defenders in
comparison with the successful situation of his opponents and the
question of Albinovanus founded. upon this fact, who asked de-
visively where the *caste' of optimates, so highly lauded by
Cicero, was really to be found (8 93)—all these lead Cicero
to the fourth head, which treats of the optimates and their
relation to the populares (S& 93—95).

868,1. 28. L. Ninnio] who was one of the tribunes of the

people, see 8 26 1. 31.
1.24. numquam...contremuit, *has never wavered, from
contremisco, mot contremo. intercessit, *interposed his
veto,' 8 34 1. 19.
1.95. Ligus] the tribune Sextus Aelius, who assumed
the cognomen Ligus, seen.on 8691.22. additamentum—
Gr. προσθήκη (Dem. Olynth. mr $ 31) *an accession,' *make-
weight,' used in a contemptuous sense. See 8 69 1. 23.
l. 26. eo—loci] in ea conditione, in eo statu, ep. ad
Att. 1 18, 5 res eodem est loci quo reliquisti, Tac. Ann. xiv
e. 61 non eo loci res suas agi, ut de matrimonio certet, Madv.
Gr. 8 284 obs. 11, Zumpt Gr. $ 434.
1. 297. erigere oculos et vivere, 'to lift its eyes and come
to life; ἃ bold metaphor, as if the causa were regarded as
sepulta: cf. Ovid Met. 4, 145 ad momen Thisbes oculos iam
morte gravatos Pyramus erezit. [videretur, surely Cic. must
have written videremur. 3. 8. R.]
l 28. aliquam partem...attigisset, *had been connected
with..in some way or other. in meo luctu, 'during the -
mournful trial which had befallen me.'
 NOTES 169

1.29. quocumque venerat, 'wherever he went? i.e. to

whatever place of public entertainment, the theatres or gladia-
torial shows, he was greeted with hisses (dammabatur). For
the iterative use of the plup. ind. see Madv. Gr. 8 338 a obs.,
Zumpt $579, Roby 11 8 1717, Kenn. p. 334 8 91 and cf. Cic. de
off, 111 $ 38 1. 16. quod iudicium cumque subierat, *what-
ever court of justice he entered, he was sure of being condemned,"
so great was his unpopularity. Cf. 8 106, or. de dom. sua ὃ 49
amici illi tui (i.e. of Clodius), qui se populo commiserant, ita
repellebantur, ut etiam Palatinam tuam perderent; qui in
iudicium venerant, sive accusatores erant sive rei, te depre-
cante damnabantur. quod iudicium cumque] quicumque
is frequently in Cic. separated by the interposition of an
unaecented word. See Madv. Gr. $ 87 obs. 2 and of. de or. ri
860 quam se cumque in partem dedisset, de div. 2 8 72 quo
te cumque verteris, de legg. 8 46 quod ad cumque legis
genus.
1. 81. confiteretur] 8 109 1. 21. decesserat] in 8.6. 58
Quintus Cicero left his province of Asia, which he had governed
as propraetor since s.c. 61. See n. on or. p. Planc. 8 65 1, 26.
1, 32. magno squalore] abl. of attendant circumstances
with adjective as predicate, Madv. Gr. 8 277, Kenn. Gr. p. 405,
Roby Gr. $ 1242, Squalor ad habitum vestitus refertur,
maeror ad animi angorem. SCHOL. BOB.
P.34,1. 4. fructum...ferre, *to reap the fruits *earn the
reward. Piso, Tullia's first husband, died in s.c. 57 before
Cicero's return from exile: he was ἃ kinsman of Piso the
cos. of 8.0. 58.
l5. exme, from my gratitude directly, a populo Romano,
from the hands of the people indirectly, by receiving some mark
of their consideration. a& propinquo suo] L. Calpurnius
Piso Caesoninus.
1.7. nisi de me primum coss. rettulissent] cf. or. in Pis.
8 29 an tum eratis consules, cum, quacumque de re verbum facere
coeperatis, cunctus ordo reclamabat ostendebatque mihil esse
vos acturos, nisi prius de mé rettulissetis. Primum, not
praes because omnia precedes, For the tense see $ 49 1. 4, 8 55

CHAPTER XXXII
. 869, l 8. quae cum res etc.] The three sentences begin-
ning with cum are not coordinate, but the two first are subordi-
naie to the third. The meaning is, * when this matter was as
.170 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 69—70
good as aecomplished and when on the other side the consuls'
hands were tied, who screened themselves from the demands of
the opposite party behind the clause of the Clodian bill (see
Intr. 8 17)—in these circumstances, seeing that resistance was
no longer possible, they plan the assassination of Pompey."
1.9. libertatem] ὃ 14, 1. 11, 8$ 88 1, 6.
l.10. -privati )(to tribuni, which follows. Cf. or. in Pis.
8. 80 quae lez (Clodia) privatis hominibus esse lex non videbatur,
inusta per servos...contra omnes leges mullo scripta more: hamc
qui se metuere dicerent, hos consules non dicam animi hominum,
sed fasti ulli ferre possunt? "The privati demanded permission
to deliver their opinion (ut sententias sibi dicere liceret), which
they could not do, unless they were asked by some magistratus
with authority to summon the senate (relatio consularis).
1. 11. ut—dicerent — u£ dicere liceret, for ihe senators
could, not deliver their opinions on any maíter, unless the
magistratus who had authority to summon the senate brought
a matter before them and asked their opinion. qui—illi]
cf. $59 1. 26. legem Clodiam] in which there was a clause
that no person should move for Cicero's return; ep. ad Att.
3, 28, 2, or. post red. in sen. 8 8.
l. 19. hoc sustinere, * withstand the pressure thus put upon
them,'as in 8 130 1l. 15. Others, as Orelli, wrongly interpret
*keep up this pretence about the Clodian law,' *maintain
this [On Aoc as against haec cf. Acad. 2, 48: soritas hoc
vocant. 3.8. R.]
l 14. quo] soc. consilio. ferroque deprehenso] Ásconius
on or. p. Mil. 8 37: Pisone et Gabinio coss. pulso Cicerone im
exsilium, cum III Idus Sextiles Pompeius in senatum venit, dici-
tur servo P. Clodii sica excidisse, eaque ad. Gabinium consulem
delata dictum est, servo imperatum a P. Clodio, ut Pompeius
occideretur. Pompeius statim domum rediit et se domi tenuit,
obsessus est etiam a liberto Clodii Damione ut ez actis eius (anni)
cognovi; or. in Pis. $ 28 deprehensus cum ferro ad senatum (i.e.
in the vestibule of the temple of Castor) is, quem ad Cn. Pom-
peium interimendum collocatum fuisse constabat; or. p. dom.
$67. . inclusus fuit] $ 55 1. 23.
l 15. in tribunatu] sc. fuit.
l 16. octo] all except Clodius and Aelius Ligus.
promulgaverunt] ὃ ὅδ. This happened on the 29th of Octo-
ber B.c. 58. .
l.17. crevisse] see cr. n.
l 19. esse] sc. amicos. non erant] sc. amici mihi.
 NOTES . 171
l.20. libertatem, *freedom of action. nam] refers
back to his statement non crevisse amicos.
1.21. tunc habueram] i.e. when I went into exile.
l 99. defluxit, “7611 off; 'deserted,' ep. ad fam. rx 20, 8
ubi salutatio defluxit, literis me involvo, Sall. Jug. 1, 4 ubi
per socordiam vires tempus, ingenium defluzere.
cognomen sibi ex A.' i. adripuit, 'he appropriated ἃ
eognomen taken from the busts of the gens Aelia; by which
however, Cic. adds, he got nothing more than the reputation of
belonging to the (Ligurian) people rather than to the (Aelian)
family. "There is ἃ very similar hit at one Staienus in the or.
pro Cluentio $ 72, whom Cicero taxes with having dubbed him-
self Paetus, which was another of the cognomina of the same
gens in preference to that of Ligus, lest he should be mistaken
for ἃ barbarian of that name. Quid tu, inquit, Paete—hoc
enim sibi Staienus cognomen ex imaginibus Aeliorum delegerat,
ne, 8i se Ligurem fecisset, nationis magis quam generis
uti cognomine videretur. Cf. or. p. dom. 8 49, de harusp.
resp. ὃ 5.
. 1.23. quo, 'whereby* not *in order that, ironically.
nationis eivs] sc. Ligurum.

8 70,1. 24, hoc anno] the same year, 5.c. 58, when Piso
&nd Gabinius were still consuls and P. Cornelius Lentulus
Spinther, and Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos were the
ΕΠ" elect (consules designati). igitur] resumptive,
8 12 1.20. |
1. 25. boni]$11. 6.
l. 26. princeps] as consul elect, he voted first,
1.27. auctoritate] see n. on 8 67 1. 19.
1, 29. referentibus] on the 29th of October, as we learn
from a letter of Cicero to Atticus, ri 23, 1. "When Cic. ascribes
this relatio to the eight tribunes, he means of course that one
nioved it with the consent of his seven colleagues.
1.30. cum, although."
1.31. causam--reservari] this proposition stands for the
subject of pertinere, cf. $ 11 1. 11.
1.82. integram] 8 18 1. 17,
P.35,1. l. per alios citius quam per se tardius] i.e. by
othérs, who might get the matter done more quickly, than b
himself, who would be more slow about it. Ve 3
7 PRO P. SESTIO $$ T1—72
CHAPTER XXXIII
871,13. hoc interim tempore] Cic. now resumes the
Sketch of Sestius' early life, which had been interrupted with 8
description of the turbulent period of the previous year B.c. 58
(8 15—38 70).
1 4. tribunus] see cr. n. iter ad Caesarem suscepit]
In z.c. 58 Caesar, after defeating the Helvetii and the German
Ariovistus, erossed the Alps into Gallia Cisalpina to make his
circuits (ad. conventus agendos b. G. 1 c. 54), and Sestius would
find him at the close of the year in North Italy. —(Long.)
1. ὅδ. quid egerit] subjunctive of oblique question depend-
ent on nihil ad causam (est or pertinet), *it does not concern,
bear on, the case. Of. the phrase mihil ad rem, and for the
reference Introd. $ 19. — Translate: * his object, his success."
1. 6. ile] sc. C. Caesar. aequus, *'favourable,'
*friendly. [fuerit can hardly be right: the cod. Ursin. had
fuerat: either that or fuit seems needed. 5. 8. &.]
l 7. nihil ab hoc profectum, *that no good was got by
him. Profectum is of course from proficio, not proficiscor.
l 8. integritatem, *singleness of purpose. Sed tamen
—Gr. δ᾽ oiv, * be that as it may, *any how, whatever the
result was, in reference to nihil ad causam: sed tamen prae-
termittendum non fuit ut videatis etc. hominis]
8 22 1. 16, ἃ 58 1. 18, 8 88 1. 4.
1.11. ad concordiam civium] we gather from ἃ letter of .
Cie. to Lentulus that his return was not opposed by Caesar:
ad fam. 1, 9, 9 seque, quae de mea salute egisset, voluntate
Caesaris egisse ipsum meum fratrem testatus est Pompeius.
1.12, 8. causa non abhorrere] cf. or. de prov. cons, $ 43
pertinere ad causam illam putabatis voluntatem C. Caesaris
a salute mea mon abhorrere. .For construction see ὃ 70
l. 31.
1.18. abiit, *came to an end. Cf. Ov. ep. ex Pont. 8, 4,
60: dum venit huc rumor...annus abisse potest. 'W. Bauer and
E. Ortmann, cited by Halm 5, think that the words abiit ille
annus io perdidissemus 1. 19 should be transposed and placed
after l. 29 de tabula sustulit; because the consuls did not
retire from their office before Jan. 1, while the tribunes entered
on their office on Dec. the 10th.
l 14. nondum re sed spe rei publicae recuperandae, i. q.
eum nondum re res p. esset recuperata sed spes
 NOTES 173
esset eius recuperandae, 'Translate;—* Men were begin-
ning to think they had recovered their breath, not that they
really had got back, but because they were in hopes of getting
back, the government.' See cr. n.
1. 16. exierunt] they left Rome to go to their respective
provinces, Piso to Macedonia, Gabinius to Syria. malis
ominibus] Kenn. Gr. 8 151. Cf. or. in Pis. $ 33 an quod tibi
proficiscenti evenit wt omnes exsecrarentur, male precarentur,
unam tibi illam viam et perpetuam esse vellent? * When M,
Crassus left Rome for his eastern expedition, he was cursed in
all due form. (Long.)
1.10. vulturii] because of their rapacity : cf. or. in Pis.
8 88 vulturius illius provinciae. paludati, *wearing the
paludamentum, or * military mantle," for which during military
service the toga or garb of peace was relinquished. Cic. ep.
ad fam. 15, 17, 3, or. in Pis. 8 31 am cum proficiscebamini
paludati 4n provincias vel emptas vel ereptas, consules vos
quisquam putavit? Translate: *vultures in the garb of generals."
ipsis] to them only and not to the state. Observe that
utinam-—evenissent serves for the protasis of neque—perdidisse-
mus.
1.18. Macedoniam] Macedonia extended along the coast
of the Hadriatic at this time from the Lissus on the Drilo to
the Aous. During Piso's administration it was overrun by
hordes of Thracians, who extended their predatory raids as
far as Aetolia. equitatum] Cic. does not say either here
or in his speech de prov. cons. ὃ 9 in fighting against what
enemies. Appian (Syriac. c. 51) mentions that he was preparing
to attack the Arabs, who had given trouble to both his prede-
cessors, when he was induced by the Parthian king Mithridates
to assist him against his brother Orodes, who had usurped
the royal power and driven him from Media.
8 72,1. 21. princeps] Numerius Quintius Rufus.
1. 22. nomines] 8 28 1. 19, 8 71 1. 18,
1.28. Graechum] The point of the joke is uncertain.
. Halm suggests that he is so called because of his peculiar
sereeching voice, from the natural note gra whence graculus
*g jack-daw. [The context shews that this must be a corrup-
tion of some word which contained an allusion to gnawing or
eating. I once thought of escarium, which might have lost
its first syllable owing to the last of inridentes being the same
with it. Gracchum in ἃ 82 1. 27 might have caused the corrup-
tion here, 3J. 8. &.] Cic. was fond of making cutting jokes on
personal peculiarities, and fathering them upon the publie,
714 PRO P. SESTIO ὃς 12--13
by which, Plutarch tells us, he gave great offence. See Intr.
8 9 and ef, below $ 126 1. 1, and Prof. Mayor's note on Phil. τὰ
$ 39 1. 8.
1. 28. quoniam] refers to emitur. fatum civitatis] cf.
8$ 17.
1.24. nmitedula—mus agrestis rubeus, *a field-mouse,'
as it is explained by Servius on Virg. Georg. 1 181. 8666 the
comm. on Hor. Ep. 1 7, 29, where Bentley proposed to read
nitecula for vulpecula. The man's name Rufus, and perhaps
his tawny complexion and mean appearance and puny figure
may have suggested ihe comparison, while his ignobilitas
is hinted at in the phrase ex vepreculis extracta. Of, or. in
Pis. ὃ 18 tu ex tenebricosa popina consul extractus.
l. 25. adrodere, *to nibble at:' cf. or. Phil. xir 8 27 est
etiam ibi Decius ab illis, ut opinor, Muribus Deciis itaque
Caesaris munera rosit, where there is the same punning allu-
sion to the name. Cf. Arist. Vesp. 672 σὺ δὲ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἀγαπᾷς
τῆς σῆς τοὺς ἀργελόφους περιτρώγων.
alter] Sextus Atilius Serranus, “ποὺ the hero from
ihe plough, Gaius Atilius Regulus (Calatinus) cons.
B.C. 257, who was called Serranus, because he was found
sowing his land, when summoned to take command, or. p.
Rose. Amer. 8 50, Valer. Max. 1v 4, 5, Plin. N. H. xvii $ 20.
serentem invenerunt dati honores Serranum, unde ei et cog-
nomen, Virg. Aen. v1 845 te sulco, Serrane, serentem.
1. 26. ex deserto—insitus] Cic. is hefe ridiculing Atilius,
who by means of arrogatio, not unattended by fraud, had
managed to get himself transferred from the gens Gavia into
the Atilia, "To this transitus in aliam gentem &he term inseri
is applied (in reference also to Serranus), in continuation of
the metaphor, from husbandry. Τὸ is uncertain where Cie.
makes Atilius come from, because the reading of the nwss
after deserto viz. gaviolaeliorea is unintelligible. Halm follows
Madvig in writing Gavii (Gavi) Oleli rure, as if to mark meta-
phorieally the decayed condition of some particular family.
The uncertain cognomen Olelus is confirmed by an inscription
found at Lyons. If the reading a calatis Gaviis (with à play
upon the words comitia calata and possibly upon the cognomen
Calatinus) be correct, Cic. means to say that Atilius had
been transplanted into the gens Atilia from the obscure Gavii,
who were summoned to give their approval of his so exchang-
iug into another gens. .But as in ἃ case of arrogatio it was
not the Gavii but the Pontifices and the people that had to
be consulted, there is much probability in Mommsen's conjec-
ture a Galatis Gaviis, insinuating ἃ Gallie descent. For
other conjectures about this difficult passage see cr. n..
 NOTES 175
l 28. nominibus in tabulas relatis] aüfter he had entered
in his ledger (tabulae accepti et ezpensi) the sum promised him
by Clodius, he withdrew his name from the board on which
ihe tribunes! bill was published' (promulgata) ^ There isa
similar play on the words tabulae and tabula in or. Phil. xi
8 14, or. in Cat. 2 ὃ 18.
l. 29. Kal. Ianuariae] the day on which the new consuls
entered on their duties.
1.30. audita dico, 1 speak from hearsay.'
1.31. quae frequentia senatus, what & crowded house
there was,' expceting to hear the bill of the consul Lentulus on
Cicero's restoration.
l. 32. quae virtus, actio, gravitas, *how manly, ener-
getie, earnest his speech was."
P.36,1.1. conlegae eius] Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos,
the first cousin of Clodius and brother of Q. Metellus Celer
to whom Cic. addresses a letter (ad fam. v 2) giving a detailed
account of the proceedings of Dec. 10 ».c. 63. It was he who
declared that the execution of Catilina's associates was murder
and prevented Cic. from making ἃ speech at the end of his
eonsulship, allowing him only to take the usual oath that he
.had done his duty. Cf. below 8 130, or. de prov. cons. ὃ 22,
or, in Pis. 8 35, Introd. 8 1. :
. 8. rei publicae dissensione, i.d. de re publica dis-
sensione, 'political differences, Cf. Heitland on or. p. Rabir.
8 18, Kenn. Gr. 8 163 », Roby τ ὃ 1395, Madv. Gr. $ 283 obs. 8
who compares de am. ὃ 20 amicitia. est omnium divinarum
hwumanarumque rerwm...consensio (*agreement in"). Cf. also
8 130 1. 8 contentiones rei publicae,
1.4. temporibus rei p. permissurum, 'would waive his
private animosities in obedience to the exigencies of the
State. Cf. or. de pr. cons. 8 44 where he says me dolorem et
inimicitias meas rei publicae concessisse, or. Phil. v $ 50
omnes Caesar inimicitias rei p. condonavit.

CHAPTER XXXIV
8 158,1. 6. L. Cotta] L. Aurelius Cotta, who was first
asked to give his opinion (it does not appear why), was cos.
B.C. 65. As praetor in m.c. 70, he carried the lex Aurelia
iudiciaria which provided that the iudices should be selected
from the senatus, the ordo equester and the tribuni aerarii.
See Introd. to or. p. Plane, p. xxxix f. [Cotta no doubt spoke
.176 PRO P. SESTIO & 713—174
first by private arrangement with the persons most interested.
This appears to have been sometimes done, 3. 8. 8.7
1.7. dignissimum re publica] whose organ the senate
must be considered. nihil de me actum esse iure] see or.
p. dom. sua c. 26, de legg. 111 $ 45; quo verius in causa mostra
vir magni ingenii summaque prudentia, L. Cotta, dicebat nihil
omnino actum esse de mobis; praeter enim quam quod
omnia illa essent armis gesta servilibus, praeterea meque tributa,
capitis comitia, rata esse posse meque ulla (i.e. neither tributa
nor centuriata) privilegii (i.e. quibus privilegium irroga-
retur). Quo circa nihil nobis opus esse lege, de quibus mihil
omnino actum esset legibus.
1. 10. non modo ferri sed ne iudicari quidem posse] The
negative in ne—quidem extends its influence to the preceding
clause, See $ 201.1, n. on or. p. Plane. $ 301. 33. What had
befallen Cicero was not a case of iudicari, but of ferri without
ihe employment of provocatio and & plebiscite based upon it
(Introd. $ 11). Cotta's argument then was that ἃ man could
not even be tried, much less deprived of his citizenship, except
by or under the authority of the comitia centuriata.
1. 11. vim fuisse illam, * that the proceeding at that time
was & violent one, For iile see n. on 8 37 l. 4.
1. 12. [flammam quassatae rei p., the clause is abruptly
introduced, and the mixture of metaphors is too bold even for
Cicero: rei publicae flamma, temporum flamma and the like
oceur, but nothing resembling flamma quassatae rei publicae.
The fault seems to lie in quassatae, and ac must be put before
Jiammam, —3. 8. R.]
l 13. iure iudiciisque] ius is the *right, *the law; iudi-
cium *the tribunal, or proceeding where or by which the
right is contested and declared. "There were two functions per-
fectly distinct and usually entrusted to different hands, the
magistratus and the iudex. ΤῸ the former belonged the func-
tions described by the words edicere, ius dicere; to the iudez
those expressed by the word iudicare. The functionary who
had the iurisdictio, i.e. the magistrate, was elothed with state
power; but the judge was a simple citizen appointed to each
partieculàr case to decide the matter at issue, selected from the
class of citizens qualified under the constitution to exercise
that function, and his powers were imparted to him by the
magistrate. The magistrate exercised his jurisdiction, in
view of all the people, seated on his tribunal, generally in the
forum ; the judge examined and decided the suit in the forum
also or some other publie place, seated on his subsellium.
 NOTES. . | 111
1]. 14, permutatione] Cf. 8 42 1. 80. declinasse—paulum,
* had stept a little aside,' to avoid the encounter.
l 15. reliquae, *subsequent, *future.) Cf. 8 67 l. 20.
l 16. absens, *by my retirement.
1. 17. quodam tempore, 'at a certain (well-known) crisis.'
l. 19. ornari, *to be honoured,' *complimented.'
. 121. pudoris, the general, pudicitiae, the particular idea.
The words are often found together in Cic., de legg. 1 $ 50, or.
Verr. 111 $ 6, or. p. Cluent. $ 12, or. p. Deiot. 8 28.
1, 22. eis verbis, rebus, sententiis] in explanation of ita;
cf. or. p. dom. ὃ 47, $ 50. |
1, 28, vim habere non posset] because the rogatio was in-
formal.
l 24. nullalege] without any vote of the people, in opp.
io senatus auctoritate, i.e. a mere formal expression of the
senate's opinion possessing no legal validity, not consulto i.e.
*a formal resolution) See Ramsay ER. 4. p. 220. [I hardly
think the expression is technical here. Cie. would hardly ex-
pect to be recalled without some formal resolution, The sense
is 'influence of the senate.' 7, 8. &.]
l. 25. nemo erat quin] Madv. Gr. ὃ 365 obs. 8, Zumpt Gr.
8 538, Kenn, Gr. p. 456, Roby Sch. Gr. 8 704.

8.74,1. 20. verissime] i.q. rectissime, *most justly, a

frequent sense of verus, on which see n. to 8 8 1. 18, Cio. de off.
τι $ 43 1. 19.
1. 28, otii mei causa cet., *for the sake of my peace, that
I might have done with, be secure from, all popular dis-
| f$urbance.'
1, 380. beneficium] Pompeius proposed that the auctoritas
of the senate should be confirmed by ἃ vote of the people,
which Cie. call8 beneficium, & term frequently applied by him
io an office conferred by popular election. See my note on
; or. p. Plane. 8 12 1. 20.
1.31. gravius] sententiis, ornatius] verbis.
1, 32. fieret sine ulla varietate discessio, *when a vote
' was on the point of taking place without any difference of
| opinion, ie. when all were going to vote unanimously for it.
| Cf. or. in Cat. nr ὃ 13, Ramsay R. 4. p. 220. varietate]
. 8€. sententiarum: cf. 8 118 1. 9, de nat. deor. 1 8 2 tanta
| δι in varietate et dissensione. -
H. 12
178 PRO P, SESTIO 8 TA—15
P.37,1.1. ut scitis] Cic. appeals to those of the iudices
who were senators and therefore present during the proceedings
Spoken of,
l 2. Gavianus] Cic. calls
him by this agnomen ironiecally,
as though he had become a member of the gens Atilia by formal
arrogatio and not by ἃ fraud. The fashion was for those who
passed out of one gens into another to lengthen their old gentile
name by the addition of -anus; see Ramsay R. A. p. 62f.
cum esset emptus, *although he had been bribed to veto the
bil. nec, adversative, * but...not.
1. 8. noctem postulavit, *asked a night to consider, which
was 8 polite form of putting & veto, when it was not possible to
Slave off a question by wasting the whole day in speaking (diem
dicendo eximere). See the passage from the letter to Atticus,
quoted in the next note.
l 4. socer ad pedes abiectus, *his father-in-law (Gnaeus
Oppius Cornicinus) threw himself at his feet. In his
letter to Atticus rv 2, 4 Cicero speaks of his repeating this old
triek of his, when there was & resolution before the senate
about the restoration of his house (on Oct. 1 of the same
year): cum ad, Clodium ventum, esset, cupiit diem consumere sed
odio et strepitu senatus coactus est aliquando perorare. Cum
Jieret. SCtum n. sententiam Marcellini, omnibus praeter unum
adsentientibus, Serranus intercessit. |De intercessione statim
ambo coss. referre coeperunt...Serranus pertimuit et Cornicinus
ad suam veterem fabulam rediit: abiecta toga se ad
generi pedes abiecit. Ille noctem sibi postulavit;
qon concedebant : reminiscebantur enim Kal. Ian.
l.5. postero die] at the next sitting of the senate.
moram facturum] ὃ 129 1. 18.
1. 6. illideliberatori, *that man of hesitation.'
l 7. longa interposita nocte, *after the intervention of& .
long night indeed. He means of course the whole time his |
&dversaries gained by the adjournment of the question. *There .
were, it is true,' he continues, *only a few more daysin January |
on which the senate could be held; but on all these days .
nothing was discussed but the subject of my restoration. The
days on which the senate could meet were the Kalendae Jan., |
iv Non., the Nonae, the vii and vr Idus and xix, xvir, xvi |
Kal. Feb. The last days were comitiales, on which it was ποῦ
usual for the senate to sit.
1, 8. consecuti — consecuti enim, pauc omnino... |
sed tamen, *few to be sure...but,' see n. to 8 84 1. 8. E
 NOTES 179

CHAPTER XXXV
875,1. 11. calumnia, *'chicanery. 866 my n. on Cic. de
off.18 881. 160, — omni-' all possible.
1. 19. in concilio] see cr. n. and n. on 8651.20. [Concilio
will make very good sense, * the day arrived for the assembly.'
ὅ. 8. R.]
1.18, princeps rogationis, *the proposer of the bill.*
1.14. templum — rostra. 866 n. on 8 621. 6 and cf. or.
in Vat. 8 24 in rostris, in illo, inquam, augurato templo ae
loco; Liv. viu 14, 12 rostris earum (navium Antiatium) $ug-
gestum in foro exstructum adornari placuit, rostraque id
templum appellatum. 1t was only in places that were inaugu-
rati (Ramsay R. 4. p. 325) that auspicato agi cum populo poterat.
1.15. aliquanto ante lucem, * some time before day-break,'
lest his opponents should get there before him.
l.16. actor hic defensorque] 8 144 l. 18. Hic refers io
Sestius.
l 17. nihil progreditur] *takes no step forwards,' *remains
passive,' *does not assume the initiative at all." nihil—ín
nulla re: on this adverbial use of nihil See n. on or. p. Plane.
8 91 1. 23 and cf. below ἃ 77 1. 11.
1.18. quid 11112] See Madv. Gr.8 479 d, obs. 1 and cf. 8 114
1, 27, 8 122 1. 29: by illi are meant Clodius and his party, who
put forward Albinovanus as prosecutor of Sestius.
l 20. comitium] This was the most important spot in the
Forum Romanum, the old meeting-place of the citizens of Rome.
It was situated in the north-western end of it, under the Capitol,
close to the Curia Hostilia which occupied its north-eastern
side on a slightly higherlevel. The Comitium *was a regularly
consecrated templum or space open to the air and not a covered
building. The harangues delivered from the Rostra, which
Stood between the Comitium and Forum, were delivered to
open-air assemblies of the people Burn Rome and the Campagna
p. 82, Nichols! Roman Forum yp. 143 ff., p. 188 ff.
.. multa de nocte — cum etiam tum multa nox esseí,
ion. depth of night, Zumpt Gr. ἃ 308, Roby Gr. τι ὃ 1908,

1.21. servis plerisque, *most of them slaves.

1.22. manus adferunt, *lay violent hands on, cf. or. p.
Caec. 8 49 hoc intellegamus necesse est, eum detrudi, cui manus
adferantur, above 8 2 1. 1, $ 34 1. 26,
12—2
180 PRO P. SESTIO-8$ 16—18
$ 76,1. 20. cruentis] sc. gladiis, *swords already blood-
stained." mo xod that mOmou has fallen out before ín
omnibus.
1.28. mei ran tai cdi 566 n. on or. p. Planc. $ 181. 4,
8 55 1. 1. voce] shouting out his name,* loudly.
7.1.80. mon repugnandi causa, “ποὺ for the purpose of
engaging in combat with them."
1. 31. spem mei reditus, «my hoped-for return
: 132. subiit tamen, *he was exposed to íheir violence,
although he tried to escape it.
P.38,1.1. ad fratris salutem... deprecandam, *for the
purpose of interceding with the people on behalf of his brother's
restoration. See n, on or. p. Plane. $ 102 1. 30 and cf. above
8 27 1. 15.
l1 2. erostris] The rostra stood on the South-west of the
Comitium, in front of the Curia, so that the speakers could turn
either to a patrician or a plebeian audience. See above 1. 20
and note on Plut. Graech. c. 5. Nichols' Roman Forum p. 150,
p. 198f.
1.3. se...obtexit] ie. se tuebatur, 'sheltered himself,
*eoncealed himself behind. Cf. 8 145. Plutarch, probably
from misunderstanding the meaning of Cicero, says that he lay
concealed among the bodies, as though dead, ὥστε ἐν τοῖς νεκροῖς
ὡς τεθνηκότα κείμενον διαλαθεῖν, vit. Cic. c. 88.
1, 5. iuris iudiciorumque] 566 n. to $ 73 1. 13.
8 77, 1. 7. cloacas refarciri, *the sewers were choked.'
spongiis effüngi, *was wiped up with sponges. Cf. Cato de re
rust. c. 67, 2 fiscinas spongia effingat.
1.8. copiam, 'multitude.' tam magnificum apparatum
cet., *such a grand array, enough to make everybody think it
must belong not to (Clodius himself, who was only) a private
person and a plebeian, but to (his brother Appius Claudius
Pulcher) a patrician and praetor. Τὺ seems from c. 39 that
Appius lent Clodius the gladiators, which he had provided for
the funeral games of his kinsman Mareus. The story is told in
deted by Dio Cassius 89, 7. See ny 8 21. T

' CHAPTER XXXVI

"Lil. nihil..criminanimi Sestium] i.q. nullius faci.
noris neque ante hoec tempus neque hoc die commissi
mes On nihil see n. to $ 75 1. 17.
 C1 UD UO D QA 181
. l14. non ita saepe, “ποὺ so very oflen. See n. on Cic.
de off. 111 $ 81 1. 36,
' L15. gladios] Appian b. e. 1 17: οὕτω Τράκχον. ἀνήρητο
ἔτι δημαρχῶν ἐν τῷ Καπιτωλίῳ καὶ πρῶτον ἐν ἐκκλησίᾳ τόδε μύσος
γενόμενον οὐ διέλιπεν, ἀεί τινος ὁμοίου γιγνομένου παρὰ μέρος.
1. 17. Cinnano atque Octaviano die] when in s.c. 87 thé
eonsul Gnaeus Octavius attacked with an armed force and
defeated his colleague L. Cinna. See Mommsen R. H. vol,
ΠῚ p. 332, Ihne R. H. vol. v p. 315, and cf. or. in Cat. 11 ὃ 24
Cn. Octavius consul armis ex urbe collegam suum expulit:
omnis hic locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit.
1.18. qua ex concitatione animorum] sc. caedés orta
est; 'what excitement of feeling was there to cause such
shedding of blood?! | ^ ex pertinacia aut constantia irnter-
cessoris, * from the obstinacy or firmness of ἃ tribune. in pro-
testing, when by the fault or dishonesty of the proposer of ἃ
measure some advantage or bribe is offered to the mob.' Cf. or.
p. Sull. $ 65 agrariae legis intercessorem fore professus est.
1. 20. Mihi verbis eulpa—largitione addi videtur, quando
et qua causa pertinaces sint intercessores. C. F. W. MULLER.
[l. 21. largitione: the missing word comes better here;
possibly ostentata; cf. or. de leg. agr. 8 10, where Cic. uses
largitionem ostentare verbis. 3.8. n.]
, 1.23. discessione, sc. in partes, division into parties ;'
ef. 8 74 1. 33. Halm compares Aul. Gell. N. A. τι 12 si ob
discordiam dissensionemque seditio atque discessio populi in
duas partes fieret.
. 124. ad manus pervenitur, *they come to an actual con-
flict,' $ 76 1. 22.
1.25. advocata, *formally summoned.' "Until the herald
had duly proclaimed silence (praeco audientiam fecit), no meet-
ing could be considered as a concio.

8 78,1.26. an veri simile est, ut cet., *is it a likely inference

that?' veri simile est with ut and the 'Subjunotive (instead of
the aceusative of the subject with the infinitive) is rare except
in Cicero's writings and only found in sentences where the idea
is negative, or, as here, quasi-negative, and it has the meaning
of the periphrasis, nom videtur re vera factum esse ut. Bee
Zumpt Gr.$ 623. It occurs three times besides in Cio., or. p.
Rosc. Àm. ὃ 121, or. in Verr. 4 8 11, or. p. Sull. 8 57 " where
Mr Reid observes that with this construction the fact which
ihe clause contains is regarded as an inference from some
other fact; in the other case as a fact merely.
io: d ἐκ de Ve Ho KK SUMAS uU. av ὦ à À (Ui “Ὁ
—
182 PRO P. SESTIO 85 78—19
1.99. civi] 8 111.32, 8 28 1. 8, 8 61 1. 26, or. p. Plane,
8 51 1. 82.
1.80. rei p. sanguine, *with the marrow of the state."
saginantur] like gladiators; cf. Tac. Hist. 2, 88: singulis ibi
militibus Vitellius paratos cibos ut gladiatoriam saginam
dividebat, Prop. v (1v) 8, 25 qui dabit immundae venalia fata
saginae, i.e. *who will sell himself to be trained and coarsely
fed for & gladiator. de ipso accusatore] M. Tullius
Albinovanus. Quaererein the sense of *to inquire, *seek
to learn,' is used with αὖ, ez or de before the person from whom
ihe information is sought.
1.31. cum multitudine] Halm compares ep. ad Qu. fr. 11
2, 8: de rege Alexandrino factum est SCtum, cum multitu-
dine eum reduci periculosum rei p. videri.
1. 32. cum praesidio, *with à military escort,' as in time
of war: or. Phil. viu $ 6 dilectus tota Italia decreti sublatis
vacationibus; saga cras sumentur: consul 86 cum praesidio
descensurum esse dixit. Cf. $ 84, 8 90.
Ῥ. 39, 1. 1, victa—et victa] 8 54 1. 13.
.1.2. non auspiciis] ie. non obnuntiatione facta,
ὃ right which the lex Aelia conferred on the tribunes, as well
as the magistratus maiores,
13. vimanu] $211,
l 4. [is [praetor] qui:] Mommsen Staatsrecht τ p. 36
defends the reading of the wss i.e. praetor and dixerat, but, I
think, without success. I should like to see another passage
in which it is definitely assumed that ἃ praetor (particularly
in the period after the passing of the lex Clodia) might in-
ierrupt & plebeian assembly by the obnuntiatio. "There is
another prima facie difficulty which does not seem to have
been noticed, that servare de caelo and obnuntiatio at first sight
seem to be distinguished in this passage alone. I wonder no
German seenter of glosses has proposed to excise the words
is—dixerat: (Kimmig p. 55 f£, has done so). The only way to
make sense of it is to take is qui...diceret as merely a de-
seription or definition of the subject to obnuntiasset: *if some
one had stopped proceedings on religious grounds—I mean,
by stating that he watched for an omen from the sky.' J.s.n.]
Appius Claudius Pulcher is meant.
1, 5. plagam, sed eam, quam acceptam gemere posset,
*blow indeed, but one the infliction of which it might put up
with? (lit. lament), because, being constitutional, it was not
fatal. Quam is for quam tamen; see, however cr. n. [I cannot
but think this interpretation too foreed. "The word appears to
me corrupt, but none of the emendations Il have seen are
 » NOTES 183
probable. Sanare would give the right sense and is nearer the
MSs but not near enough. 7. 85. *.] Redimere would come
nearer the ductus litterarum. |See however note in Addenda.
18, iure] ie. legitimo et iusto impedimenti
genere usus. MAN. tu] an apostrophe to P. Clodius.
novicios] ie. nondum exercitatos, whose first experience
would be a street fight.
1.9. aedilitate] 1.6. munere aedilicio, cf. 8 135, Cic. de
off. 11 8 57 splendor aedilitatum. Clodius was aedilis in
B.C. 56, the year in which this speech was delivered.
suppositos, *counterfeit, because procured on false pre-
íences, viz. that he required them for a show.
l 10. immittas, (are you to let loose,' *set on,' subj. of
dubitative question, Kenn. Gr. p. 339, Madv. Gr. 8$ 353, Zumpt
8 530. magistratus] meaning Fabricius, a rhetorical
plural. templo]$ 75 1. 14.
l11. purges, 1.4. vacuum reddas, *clear;? Tuse. v.
8 65 inunissi cum falcibus famuli purgarunt et aperuerunt
locum, omnia...egeris] see note to $ 79 1. 15.
1. 12, accuses] to be understood of Sestius whom Clodius
had accused indirectly, as wellas of Milo whom he had charged
directly, $ 95.

CHAPTER XXXVII
879,1. 15. idegit...ut, *made it his object to,^ Madv. Gr.
$ 372 a.
l 16. tuto] adv. *in safety."
l 17, rem p. administraret] Halm compares Auct. ad
Herenn, rv $ 31 Τί. Gracchum, rem p. administrantem (i.e.
tribunatum gerentem) indigna prohibuit nex diutius in ea com-
morari, or. in Verr. 1 ὃ 4 cognoscite hominis principium magis-
tratuum gerendorum et rei p. administrandae. So gubernare
is said of the agency of a tribune, or. p. Plane. 8 18. For the
asyndeton cf. below 8 92 1. 26, div. in Caec. 8 11.
1.18. sanctitate tribunatus] Ramsay R. 4. p. 141.
l. 19. interfationem, *interruption. Cf. Dion. Halic.
ant. vit 18 : δημάρχου γνώμην ἀγορεύοντος μηδεὶς λεγέτω μηδὲν
εναντίον μηδὲ μεσολαβείτω τὸν λόγον, i.e. neve interfator.
This right was secured by the lex Icilia B.c. 492 and formed
the keystone to the leges sacratae concerning the tribunes of
[86 people, Bamsay lc. p. 144,
184 PRO P. SESTIO & 79—80
' 120. legibus sacratis] 8 16 1.6, $865 1. 14. Rams. R. 4.
p. 191.
. templum Castoris] This was the temple as rebuilt by L. Metellus
Dalmaticus consul s.c. 119, which formed one of the most conspicuous objects
of the Forum. 1t was frequently used for meetings of the senate (Cic. or. in
Verr. I1 1 $ 129), and in turbulent times became a position of great political
importance. Its terrace and steps served the purpose of Rostra, whenever
opular assemblies were held, as was frequently the case, in front of it. It was
ere that the consuls Sulla and Q. Pompeius Rufus were attacked in p.c. 88 by
the tribune Sulpicius and the Marian faction. It was the scene of the contest
between Cato and Metellus respecting the recall of Pompeius from Asia (Plut,
€ato min. c. 28). It was here that in B. c. 59 the consul Bibulus, when opposing
1he agrarian law of his colleague Caesar, was pushed down the steps and driven
from the Forum. lt was this temple which Clodius occupied with his armed
followers, and made it, in the language of Cicero, arc civium perditorum,......
castellum forensis latrocinii, bustum legum omnium ac religionum (or. in Pis;
8 11) Lastly it was from the steps of this temple that Octavianus and the
tribune Canutius harangued the people against Antonius (Appian bell, civ. 111
41. Τὸ was again rebuilt in the time of Augustus, and the existing marble
eolumns are probably a relic of this restoration, Nichols' ARoman Forum,
p. 103 ff. See also n. on $ 34 1. 27.
l. 21. obnuntiavit consuli, *opposed some measure (we do
not know what) of the consul, i.e. Metellus. manus—
Clodiana] ὃ 85 1. 26 exercitu Clodiamno. ^ victrix] cf. 8 38.
l. 24, fragmentis saeptorum, * with broken pieces of the
polling-pens of the forum.' *For convenience in taking the
suffrages of the several tribes, the space where they met was
divided by saepta, formed of posts and ropes. Nichols' Roman
Forum p. 142.
1.20. se abiecit exanimatus, *threw himself down in a fit
of exhaustion. [Observe the collocation and cf. Vergil's infert
se medius, σ. 8. R.]
1. 97. opinione mortis, *the belief that he was dead.! Cf,
de off, 11 8 39 1. 21 n., 1 $ 133 1. 29, Nàgelsb. lat. Stil. 8 £9, a, 1.
1, 28. concisum, *'cut to pieces! from concido: another
reading is conscissum from conscindo. "There is the same variety
of reading in ezcisus and exscissus: cf. 8 85 1. 11 and Mr Reid's
note on de sen. 8 18, where, however, for exscisam an im-
possible word read exscissam.
1, 80. errore] because they thought him dead.
l 31. modo, *moderation,' *forbearance.! Cf. or. p. Mar:
cello 8 1 tantum in summa potestate omnium rerum modum.
aliquando, see n. to 8 13 1. 22.
.8 80,1 91. et—Gr. εἶτα *and after this See n. on or,
p. Plane. 8 71 1. 24, and cf. below 8 135 1. 7.
1. 82. quid ita? *why so?' *why should this be?' Cf.
or..p. Rosc.. Am. 8 84 accusatis S. Roscium. quid ita? quia
de manibus vestris effugit. ed e$ À LAS]
 NOTES . | 185
- P.40,1.1. id] sc.fecit. Cf. $141. 5. quae 8i acces-
sisset, ' ihe addition of which."
1. 2. exhausisset] the subject is plaga, not Sestius, $481. 88.
1.3. locum, 'the right place,' i.e. he did not inflict a
deadly blow (καιρίαν πληγήν). Seecr. n.
male dic—cur] For this use of cur for quod chiefly after.
verbs expressive of blame, surprise, annoyance, anger, see
Hand Turs, xx p. 176 f. and οἵ, Cic. or. in Verr. rr 7, 16 illud
accuso cur in re tam vetere quicquam movi feceris, Plin, Ep.
ir 5, 16 repeto me correptum ab eo, cur ambularem, Hor. Od.
I 88, 8, Ep. 1 8, 9, Tac. Ann. v1 4 consule$ invasit cur silerent.
l 4. Sabino homini Reatino, ἃ Sabine of Reaíe,' and
therefore not so well known as Lentidius. Reate (now called
Rieti), was one of the most ancient cities of that people, situated
in a fertile valley (Cic. ep. ad Att. 1v 15, 5, Verg. Aen. vir 712)
on the banks of the lake and river Velinus, about 48 miles
from Rome. Bee or. in Cat. τ $ 5.
. fam temere, *so precipitately," or. p. Cael. 8 64 quos quidem
tu quamobrem temere prosiluisse dicas atque: ante tempus.
Qon reperi.
. l5. num defuit, *did he avoid the assassins! swords?"
Of. 8 101 1. 28, or. Phil. i1 ἃ 71 cui bello propter timiditatem
tuam defuisti, ep. ad Att. xiv 18, 4 LU reip. defuerim tam
gravi tempore.
l 7. num-—ferrum non recepit, *did he not, as it is the
fashion to bid the gladiators do, meet the stroke? recipe
ferrum, *receive the death-blow, was the common cry of the
people to à conquered gladiator whose life they did not wish
spared, usually because of his want of bravery. Cf. or. pro
Hose. Am. ὃ 33, Tusc. 2 8 48 quis (gladiator), cum p Dar i
ferrum recipere iussus collum contraxitἢ

CHAPTER XXXVIII
,. 1.8.. an] see n. to or. p. Planc. 8 33 1. 11. non posse
emori] epexegetic of oc. an illa, 850. vis est 3
1.9. templum] sc. Castoris, 8 79 1. 90.
1,10. cum—primum resipisset, *when he had just come
to himself again,' *recovered his senses.
15d 11. ubi est crimen? ' where is the foundation for a
charge? The same words occur in or. p. Flacco 8 68,. or. p.
186 PERO P. SESTIO $$ 80—83
dom. $ 46, or. p. Balb. $ 7 where Mr Reid properly observes
that in Cie. and early Latin crimen never has exactly the
meaning of our word 'crime,' but signifies either *a charge'
or *the criminal act, viewed as foundation for a charge.'
881,1. 12. gens ista Clodia] i.e. the brothers Appius
(8126 1. 24) and Publius and the rest of their family, including
slaves and freedmen.
1.14. fuistisne ituri Civissetisne? *would you have had
recourse to arms?' Cf. or. p. Ligar. $ 24 quaero, quid. facturi
fuistis, ep. ad Att. xrv 14, 2 quae ille facturus non fuit,
ea fiunt, Ovid ep. ex Pont. x 7, 41 quod misi delicti pars
excusabilis esset, parva relegari poena futura fuit i.q. fu-
isset, Liv. xn 40 quo modo fefellissent ? quo modo autem ipsi
evasuri fuerunt, 11 1 quid futurum fuit, si illa plebs agi-
tari coepta, esset tribuniciis procellis? Zumpt Gr. $ 498, Kenn.
Gr. p. 485, Madv. Gr. 8 342a.
l.16. fuistisne—rem p. repetituri, *would you have re-
covered from his grasp, what belongs to you by right. Cf.
1.21 habere rem publicam. aliquando, *at last; See
n. to $ 79 1. 81,
l 17. quiesceretis, *were you to remain passive?! On
the use of the pure conjunetive in inquiries as to what is
(or was) to be done, when it is intended to indicate that some-
thing will not be (or has not been) done, see Madv. Gr. $ 353
and cf. ὃ 27 1. 9, 8 29 1. 5, 8 78 1. 10.
1. 20. ulcisceremini] conditional.
l.21. si quidem — Gr. εἴ ye, *'if indeed.' habere
rem. p.] cf. 8 44 1. 16 ut neque victi neque victores rem publicam
tenere possemus.
1. 22. vivi] observe the position of the word and cf. n. on
8 194 1. 31.
8 82,1. 24. at vero, 'but assuredly, see n. on $ 126 1. 33.
1. 25. vim, *'effect,! consequence."
l. 26. opinio mortis] 8 79 1. 27.
1. 27. [Gracchum: an independent joke of Cicero's here;
see my n. ΟἹ ὃ 721.23. 3. 8. R.] transferendi] the assassins
were so completely shocked at what they had done, that they
thought of murdering one of the tribunes on their own side,
for the purpose of shifting the charge on to their adversaries,
the party of Sestius.
1. 28. occidere cogitarint —occisuri fuerint. In the direct
form ihe sentence would have been occidere cogitarunt, si...
 NOTES 187
fuisset: hence in the dependent sense cogitarint is required,
not cogitassent. See Madv. opusc. τὶ p. 227 sq. and Reid's note
on or. p. Sull. 8 44 1. 27. rusticulus] à contemptuous
diminutive, *churl,' ὃ 110 1. 6, 8 126 1. 25.
1.30. restinguendam] cf. the common expressions ardere,
- Jlagrare invidia.
1.32. cum qua-qua indutus, *in which A common
use of cum, or. in Verr. 1v 24, 54 ín hac officina cum tunica
pulla sedere solebat et pallio, or. in Vat. 8 31 quis ín funere
familiari cenavit cum toga pulla? Cf. the phrase cum telo,
cum gladiis ὃ 28 and 8 78, $ 57. 1. 28, 8 59 1, 30. ad comttia]
in order to give his vote,
P.41,1. 1l. messoria corbe] & conical.shaped wicker-
work basket, used for measuring corn in the ear, whereas
in the modius i& was measured after it was threshed out.
12. Numerium—Quintiun] His name was Numerius
Quintius (Quinetius) Rufus. The probable explana-
tion is that while some cried out *let us kill Numerius
Rufus,' others did ποὺ know who was meant, Numerius,
his praenomen, being usually ἃ gentile name; others cried
*let us kill Quinctius Rufus,' the only name by which they
knew him: and 50 between the two he escaped gemini nominis
errore, *khrough ἃ misunderstanding caused by his having two
names. |
1l 3. usque adeo—quoad, *all the time—until.'
1. 4. in periculo] so $ 28 im timore, ὃ 32 ín luctu.
. l5. citius quam vellem, *sooner than I could wish,' if I
Still had the choice, Cf. above 8 67 1. 5, or. Phil, 11 1 mihi
poenarum illi plus quam optarem dederunt. Cie. expresses ἃ
wish that the victors had not so soon found out that Sestius
was alive, for then Numerius would have been murdered by
them and so got what he deserved. ni] not often used by
Cicero, except in the formal language of law, agreements, pro-
mises &c., and phrases of ordinary occurrence.
l.6. non ill quidem, 'they would not, it is true, have
been able, 'see my n. to Cic. de off. 1 8 2 1. 14, $ 60 1. 29, or. p.
Planc. ὃ 21 1. 7, and cp. below 8 105 1, 30.
l 7. in quos putabant] i.e. se translaturos esse.
l 8. grato quodam, *which I may say was wished for.'
On the use of quidam with adjectives see n. to de off. 1 8 95.
8 88, 1. 10. animam edidisset, *had given up the ghost,
breathed his last;' see n. to or. p. Planc. 8 901. 1. So agere,
eflare, exhalare, exspirare, amittere, emittere are used,
188 PRO P. SESTIO ὃς 83—84
1, 11. simodo—si] notice the two protases, not connected
by ἃ conjunction, and see n. to $ 45 1. 81,
1.12, revixisset] periisse enim videbatur eum Clodii furor
dominaretur. MAN. . Observe the change of tense from esset
* existed denoting & continued state and revixisset *had been
E once and for all. aliquando, *at some time or
other.
l 13. statueretur] on the hypothetical conjunctive see n.
to 8 62 1. 15. nec vero] 8$ 125 1. 18.
1.14, quos—positos—videtis, *to whom, you see statues
erected.'. . morte obita] sc..in the service of their country.
l.15. in rostris] Plin. xxxiv c. 6 8 23: inter antiquissimas
(statuas) sunt et T'ullii Cloelii, L. Roscii, Sp. Nautii, C. Ful-
cinii im rostris, a Fidenatibus im legatione interfectorum.
Hoc a.re publica tribui solebat iniuria caesis, sicut aliis et
DP..Iunio, Ti. Coruncanio, qui ab Teuta Illyriorum regina
Vnterfecti erant...Non praeteribo et Cn. Octavium ob unum sci-
licet verbum. Hic regem Antiochum, daturum se responsum
dicentem, virga quam, tenebat forte circumscripsit priusque
quam egrederetur circulo illo responsum dare coegit. In qua
legatione interfecto senatus statuam poni iussit quam ocula-
tissimo loco, eaque est in rostris. Cf. also.Liv. 4, 17 and
Cic. or. Phil. 1x $ 4. atque is explanatory of illo loco.
1.17. esset—praeponendus, *would deserve to be pre-
ferred. ^ . calamitosi] see Heid's note on or. p. Arch. 8 9
1. 22 and cf. above ὃ 7 1. 94. :
1l. 18: bene de re p. meriti, *of one who had desérved
well of his country, 'used substantively in connexion with civis
and amici. . 1
1.20. quod senserat] his obnuntiatio was not imaginary
or fictitious, or made with any dishonest purpose.
. 1.21. luce palam, 'in broad daylight, )( moctu clam or.
Verr. 1 $ 46. pestibus] $ 34 1. 13, 8 39 1. 10. in deorum
hominumque conspectu] de off. τιν ὃ 37 si omnis deos homines-
que celare possimus, or. Phil. 11 864 dis hominibusque hostis,
de rep. 11 8 48 tyrannus, quo neque foedius nec dis hominibus-
que invisius animal ullum cogitari potest.
1, 28, eius vitam, *him in his lifetime. Cf. 8 14 1. 4.
1, 25. cuius mortem] abstract for conerete— quem post
moríem, as in or. Phil. ix 8 15 grati simus in eius morte
decoranda, cui nullam iam aliam gratiam referre possumus, de
sen. 8 75 M. Marcellum, cuius interitum me crudelissimus
quidem hostis honore sepulturae carere passus est. ^ —putaretis]
conditional.
 ANOTES . 189

CHAPTER XXXIX
8 84, l. 27. homines—emisti cet.] This was the charge
against Sestius that he collected ἃ force about him. To get
men together in order to accomplish anything by violence
is treason, if the violence is directed against the sovereign
power; and it is riot, or whatever else is the proper name;
if it is directed against a private person, or more than one.
Against this second kind of violence, which the Romans called
vis, the penalties of the lex Plautia were directed. (Lomg.)
[Surely Long's definition does not hold. The violence punished
by the lez Plautia was as often as not directed against the res
publica and trials under i& were distinctly substituted for the
old perduellio-process. ὅ. 8. R.]
1.28. quid uti faceret? 'to do what, I ask?' [Of. Liv.
1v 49, 15 quid ut a vobis sperent? and Weissenborn's note,
who quotes Cic. de nat. deor. x11 8 74 quid ut iudicetur ? Liv;
xn 18, 4; xniv 39, 5 ut quo victores mos reciperemus? For
the position of u£ see my n. on or. p. 8111. ὃ 47. σ. 8. R.]
Cicero cannot deny the charge against his client, but he urges
in his justification that he was obliged to keep armed men
about him for the protection of his person, and that he only
&rmed himself against violence. Observe that the final con-
junctions, which are in Greek always prefixed to interroga-
tives, are in Latin placed either before or after.
senatum obsideret, *was it for the purpose of laying siege
to the senate' like Clodius?; an allusion to the story told by
Plutarch in his Life of Cieero c. 31 οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ TQ Κικέρωνι
πρῶτον μὲν ὀλίγου δεῖν σύμπαν τὸ τῶν ἱππικῶν πλῆθος συμμε-
τέβαλε τὴν ἐσθῆτα καὶ δισμυρίων οὐκ ἐλάττους νέων παρηκολού-
θουν κομῶντες καὶ συνικετεύοντες" ἔπειτα τῆς βουλῆς συνελθούσης,
ὅπως ψηφίσαιτο τὸν δῆμον ὡς ἐπὶ πένθεσι μεταβαλεῖν τὰ ἱμάτια
καὶ τῶν ὑπάτων ἐναντιωθέντων, Ἀλωδίου δὲ σιδηροῴφορου μέ-
νου περὶ τὸ βουλευτήριον, ἐξέδραμον οὐκ ὀλίγοι τῶν βουλευ-
τικῶν καταρρηγνύμενοι τοὺς χιτῶνας καὶ βοῶντες, i.e. *however,
at first nearly all the equites changed their dress when Cicero
did, and not less than 20,000 young men accompanied him
with their hair uncut and joined in his suppliant entreaties.
Also when the senate had met in order to pass a vote that thé
people &hould change their dress a8 in a time of mourning,
and the consuls were opposed to 10, and Clodius was in
arms &bout the Senate house, a number of the senators
ran out, rending their clothes and calling aloud.'
l 30. disturbaret, *demolish. Lucr. τὰ 1102 aedis saepe
8$uas disturbet, Cic. or. Phil. v $ 19 fabros se müssurum,
et domum meam: disturbaturum esse dixit, ' — templaà
190 PRO P. SESTIO 88 84—86
—inflammaret] see n. to 8 95 1. 5. Cic. often charges
Clodius with having set fire to the temple of the Nymphs,
in which the censors' records were kept. See or. p. Mil. c. 27,
or. p. Cael. c. 82, or. de harusp. resp. $ 57, parad. 3l.
tribunos plebis—expelleret] ὃ 75 ff.
1. 82, provincias—venderet, $8 24 and c. 28, [quas vellet
et quibus vellet would be more like Cicero's usage. 7. 8. R.]
reges appellaret, *dub men kings, $ ὅθ l. 14. Notice the
omission of the proper object.
P.42,1.1. rerum capitalium cet.] $ 56 1. 16,
l 2. principem civitatis] Cn. Pompeius, 8 691. 13.
1. 8. ut—idcirco] or. p. Plane. 8 4 1. 19, 8 86 1. 4.
1. 5. credo, ironically, *I dare say,' ὃ 44 1. 19.
1.6. at nondum erat maturum, *but, I shall be told, the
time was not yet come,' to have recourse to arms in defence of
thestate. "To this objection Cicero replies with a description of
the general weakness of the boni and the paralysis of lawful
government.
1.8. non omnino—sed tamen, *not to be sure—but yet.
Cf. 8 74 1. 8 and see my n. on or. p. Planc. $ 37 1. 31, de off. 1
8. 79 1. 6, Tusc. 11 35, 1v 53, de fin. 111 11, Rep. τι 43.
l 9. taciti] without giving expression to your grief.
$85,1. 10. anno superiore, in the year before last, i.e.
B.C. 58, the year of Clodius' tribunate, when he occupied
Castor'ss temple as his castellum: cf. 8 15 1. 20. aede
Castoris] $ 34 1. 27, or. in Pis. c. 10, p. dom. sua c. 21.
l 11. fugitivis] the lowest class of slaves. silebatur,
*there was & general silence, no one daring to utter a com-
plaint. |
1.19. cum egestate tum audacia perditorum] cf. $2 1. 20
homines egestate et scelere perditos, and ἃ 99. |
l 18. vi, manu] 821.1, 8 781. 80. perferebatis, *you
submitted patiently.' Catull. 8, 11 sed obstinata mente perfer,
obdura, Ovid Am. ri1 11, 7.
1.14. templis pellebantur] $ 75.
1.16. alii] se. magistratus. Where alius is used in the
second elause, it is often omitted in the first; cf. 8 34 1. 2.
&ditu ac foro means rather more than aditu fori; by aditu i$
is meant that they were forbidden access to the forum, by
 NOTES - 191
foro, that they were prevented from making use of it, 8o that
811 exercise of their magisterial authority was denied them.
prohibebantur] ὃ 76.
1. 16. praetoris Appius Claudius Pulcher, eldest
brother of P. Clodius, $ 126 1. 24.
1.17. confessi, *were made to confess. Cf. or. p. Sull.
8 88 quinque hominibus comprehensis atque confessis interitu
remp. liberavi. emissi] by Sextus Atilius Serranus
(8 72 1. 26), as tribune, in virtue of his right of intercessio.
l 18. mentio nulla] sc. in senatu facta est, “τοὺ & word
was said. Cf. de off. 111 8 47.
l 19. nulla nova quaestio] *no special commission of
enquiry? )( quaestio perpetua *standing commission.' A mova
quaestio might be appointed by the Comitia in special cases
where the ordinary leges iudiciorum publicorum were considered
insuffieient. Such was the lez Peducaea of 2.c. 113 against the
Vestal Virgins, the lez Fufia de religione of 5.0. 61 against
Clodius for his violation of the sacra Bonae Deae, the lex
Pompeia de caede in Appia via facta, khe lez Pedia relating to
the murderers of the Dictator Caesar ete.
1. 20. vetera iudicia sublata] by the intercessio of Serra-
nus.
1.21, plus viginti] Madv. Gr. $ 305.
1.22. alterius] T. Annius Milo, whose house was attacked
by Clodius.
1.28, dicam] the future is more common in such paren-
thetiealremarks; see Wilkins on Cic. de or. 1 $ 98,
1.24. divini] 8 50.
1l. 25. domus est oppugnata] In a letter from Cic. to
Atticus (1v 3) it is expressly stated that this attack on Milo's
house was made on Nov. 12 s.c. 57 and therefore could not
have formed the ground of Milo's charge de vi against Clodius.
Itis suggested by Halm that there may have been some prior
demonstration against Milo's house, which Cic. in the lan-
guage of rhetorieal exaggeration speaks of as an oppugnatio.
exercitu Clodiano] ὃ 79 1. 21.

CHAPTER XL
886,1.97. hoc loco, *on this topio,' i.e. when speaking
of the attack on Milo's house. laudas] for the purpose of
making Sestius! case appear worse.
 192 PRO P. SESTIO. 88 86—88
. 1.28. tam immortali virtute] the deseriptive abl, 8 27
1. 10,8471. 16. For the alliteration of words with v cf. $ 59.
l. 29. hoc, the ordinary, familiar one, of everyday occur-
rence (cf. or. Verr. 1v 8 62 mittit homini munera satis large, haec
ad usum domesticum, or. p. Rosc. Am. 8 1834 mitto hasce artes
vulgares) to be.taken with iudicium, not with praemium.
l. 80. contritum et contemptum, *obsolete, trite and con-
temptible.' Of. Tusc. v $ 85 reliqua ez collatione facile est
conterere atque contemnere. Onthe meaning of contemptus
gee n. to or. p. Planc. 8 13 1. 1. iudicium, ' recognition."
p. 43,1. 2. oporteret, '*should be done! in accordance with
and obedience to the laws. in re publica] to be taken with
Jierí; cf. or. p. Planc. $ 33 1. 18 multa in re p. molientis, Tusc.
Iv ἃ 52 nescio ecquid ipsi mos fortiter in re publica fecerimus.
.1.8. necesse esset, 'musít,' even in defiance of the laws.
1. 4. sceleri, *depravity,' *profligacy,' see n. to 8 2 1. 20.
1. 6. armis oppressa, abl. of instrument, $ 841. 4; vi con-
sensuque] abl. of manner.
1.9. cumulatae, *complete,' ;perfectae, * ideal.
887,1.10. adiit ad rem publicam— causam rei p. sus-
cepit, as in 8 67 1. 19 accessit ad causam publicam.
1.11. non quo—sed quod] Kenn. Gr. p. 460, Madv. $35Tb
obs. Cf. 8 611. 31.
]. 12. existimari, *have judgment passed on them.
laudis fructum, " merited praise," lit. *reward which consists in
praise, descriptive gen., see Kenn.p. 413 $ 166, Madv. Gr. $
286 obs. 2, n. on or. p. Planc. 8 21 1. 8, and cf. or. Phil. v $35
neque enim ullam merc edem tanta virtus praeter hanc laudis
gloriaeque desiderat.
1.18. verbis consequi, *to μὰ equal to, do justice to, in
description. Of. or. Phil. x 8 35 quibusnam verbis eius laudes
—consequi possumus ?
l 15. in hoc crimine, *in dealing with this charge,' ὃ 103.
1.16. parem Sesti causam] if Milo merits the praise
bestowed upon him by the prosecutor, for having taken mea-
sures of self-defence, Sestius merits it just as much. (Long.)
l 17. igitur] resumptive after the digression 1. 11 de cuius
laude; see n. on or. p. Planc. ὃ 36 1. 12.
1. 18. ' patriae — ereptum] 8 53 l. 17 n. simplex,
* straightforward, with no mental queen with no gubor-
dinate or concealed purpose.
 - NOTES. . 193
1.10. constans ratio, *his plan of aetion was fixed and
unvarying, he did nothing more than he had always done.
l. 20. collegas] The eight tribunes of the people who were
on Milo's side are named in thé or. p. red. in sen. c. 8; they
were P. Sestius, C. Cestilius, M. Cispius, T. Fadius,
M. Curtius, C. Messius, Q. Fabricius. consulis
alterius] P. Lentulus Spinther, 8 144 1. 25.
1. 21, alterius] Q. Metellus Nepos; cf. 8 72, 8 130, or.
p. red. ad Quir. c. 15, p. red. in sen. $ 5, or. in Pis. 8 35.
l.22. unus] Appius Claudius, 8 77 1. 9, 8 126 1. 24,
1. 23. erecta, *keenly interested, *enthusiastioc.'
l 24. duosoli] Numerius Quintius Rufus (8 72, 8 82
l. 2), and Sex. Atilius Serranus (8 72 1. 26, 8 85 1. 17).
1. 25. contempti] see above on 8 86 1. 806. sustinere, 'to
be equal to the task,' against such a strong opposition.
l.26. potuissent] This wouldin the recta oratio be potu-
erint. See on ὶ 48 1. 11, 8 45 1. 2, $ 68 1. 7. nullo labore]
Madv. Gr. ὃ 257.
l 27. auctoritate, *with emphasis, weight arising from
personal influence. For the unqualified ablative without ad-
jeetival predicate signifying way or manner see Roby Gr. 11
8 1236, Madv. Gr. $ 257 obs. 2, Kenn. Gr. p. 399.
l 28. per summum ordinem, *with the authority of, as
the organ of, the senate.'
1. 29. bonorum] $11. 6.
1.81. reddere, *to pay back as a debt" of gratitude for the
inheritance of à great name which he is bound to support.
Cf. or. de leg. agr. 11 8 1 plerique hoc perficiunt, ut tantum
maioribus eorum debitum esse videatur, unde etiam quod. posteris
solveretur redundaret.

CHAPTER XLI
888,1. 39. huic gravitati hominis, — huic tam gravi
homini, *such an earnest aud determined character. See n.
on or. p. Plane. 8 30 1. 832. gladiator, *prize-fighter,' 8 106
1, 20, or. p. Mur. $ 50, 8 88 ille importunus gladiator.
P.44,1.1. si moribus ageret, *if he acted according to (the
τ rules established by) usage" and transmitted to later times.
Cf. or. p. Caec. 8 2 si facta vis esset moribus i.e. * convention-
Ὁ ally,' ib. $ 32 ut vis ac deductio moribus fieret.
H. 13
 194 PRO P. SESTIO 8&& 88—89

1.9. incendia, *incendiarism.' cum exercitu suo] $85 -

l. 26. *
l 3. itineribus occurrere, “ἴο fall foul of him, wherever
he went,' *to cross his path,' — ei in itineribus.
1.4. non movit, *did not make him lose his self-com-
mand." summa gravitate] abl. of description or charac-
teristie quality, S 86 1. 28, Kenn. Gr. p. 399, Roby Gr. τ ὃ 1232.
1. 5. dolor, *indignation,' 8 60 1. 17.
1.6. libertas, 'sense of independenoee,' *love of liberty,
cf. de off. 11 8 24 1. 2 note. prompta, 'energetio.'
1.8. ut refutaret, “ἴο repress, repel.
1. 11. in funeribus— exsultantem] ín here expresses the
object in possession of which, the field in which, the circum-
stances under which, joy displays itself. Cf. or. p. Balb. 8 59
non exsultavit im ruinis vestris nostrisque Cornelius, or. in
Cat.1: 88 én hoc ipso, im quo exsultat ac triumphat oratio
mea.
8 89, 1.13. descendit, *he agreed to,' as ἃ disagreeable ἢ
duty, coming down to a lower level. Cf. or. p. Mur. 8 60
- Qatonem descemsurum ad accusandum mon fuisse, div, in
Caec. 8 1. See, however, 5. s. n. in Add. p. 278,.
1.14. nulis praemiis] ablative of attendant circum-
Stances with adjective as predicate, Roby Gr. r1 8 1242, Sch.
Gr. 8 504, 1. *In some cases, as in that of ambitus, there
was,' says Long, *a reward proposed to the prosecutor."
l.15.. nulla hominum-——etiam opinione id eum umquam |
esse facturum, *without so much as any general expectation
that he would do $0, 'i.e. accuse him. For the vicarious use
of id facere see 8 40 1. 18, and on the use of the infinitive as |
oblique predicate after the verbal substantive opinio Roby [|
Gr. r1 1351 and cf. Cic. de or. 11 $ 339 promissio, δὲ audierint, ἵ
probaturos.
l 16. animi, *high spirit, ^*insolence, *defiance.' ἢ
hominis, *the man,' i.e. Clodius, used contemptuously as ἢ
often, like ἄνθρωπος in Greek: see above ὃ 221. 16 and my n. ἢ
to Plutarch Them. c. 16, 2 1. 22.
1.17. pristini— iudicii turpitudinem desperabat, *he
eould not expect, with such an energetic prosecutor as Milo,
such ἃ disgraceful trial as that former one of his, i.e. to
employ in this new trial the same scandalous means which
he had employed in the other, when he was tried for violating
 NOTES 195 -
the mysteries of the Bona Dea and bribed the iudices to acquit
him. $See Intr. $ 6.
l 18. ecce tibi, '*here you have, *then mark you; see
my n. on Cic, de off. ir ἃ 83 1. 4. consul, praetor cet.]
*a consul, ἃ praetor, & tribune of the people, pui forth new
ediets of a new sort 'that the accused do not put in an appear-
ance, that he be not summoned, that no judicial enquiry be
made, that no person be allowed to speak of iudices or trials
at all?' "The edict was that nothing of this kind should be
done until the appointment of the iudices by lot. "The matter
is explained by Dio Cassius 39, 7 who says *Clodius was a
candidate for the aedileship, in order that, if he should be
elected, he might escape trial for disturbing the peace, for
Milo commenced a prosecution against him but did not bring
it into court. For neither were the quaestors elected as yet,
whose business it was to determine the jury by lot, and
(Metellus) Nepos (the consul) forbade the praetor to admit any
prosecution before the jurymen were appointed. And
as it was the rule that the aediles should be elected before the
quaestors, this circumstance was the chief cause of the delay,"
ἐγράψατο γὰρ αὐτὸν (Clodium) ὁ Μίλων, οὐ μέντοι καὶ εἰσή-
ya'yev* οὔτε γὰρ οἱ ταμίαι, δι᾽ ὧν τὴν ἀποκλήρωσιν τῶν δικαστῶν
γενέσθαι ἐχρῆν, ὕἥρηντο" καὶ ὁ Νέπως ἀπεῖπε τῷ στρατηγῷ
μηδεμίαν πρὸ τῆς κληρώσεως αὐτῶν δίκην προσέσσαι.
Ἔδει δὲ| ἄ
ἄρα τοὺς ἀγορανόμους (aediles) πρὸ τῶν ταμιῶν (quaestors)
καταστῆναι καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ὅτι μάλιστα ἡ διατριβὴ ἐγένετο. The
friends of Clodius wished to secure his election to the aedile-
ship, and as aedile elect he could not be tried during that year
(B.c. 57) except for ambitus, if any, at his election. But Milo's
charge against him was brought under the lex Plautia de vi.
l 19. edicta] ἃ rhetorical plural, as 8 35 alii, 8 78 magis-
tratus, templa, 8 84 civis indemnatos. ne reus adsit] Cic.
studiously avoids saying me quis reus, as if the words of the
edict were applicable to Clodius in particular.
1.21. quid ageret] cf. $ 78 1. 10, 8 81 1. 17,
l 23. conroborata] by impunity.
1.24, cervices—daret, * was he to submit tamely, unresist-
ingly?' Cf. or. p. Rosc. Am. 8 30 utrum malit cervices
Roscio dare, or. Phil. 11 8 51 cervíces suas subiecit securi.
vinci corresponds to cervices dare, deterreri causa suscepta
desistere, to causam abiceret, latere to se domi contineret.
l. 26. abiceret] see cr. n.
1.27. perfecit ut, *he managed not to be afraid οὗ," i.e.
he resolved to have recourse to armed resistance. See cr. n.
13—2
.196 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 90—92

CHAPTER XLII
8 90, 1. 30. hoc in genere praesidii comparati, 'in this
respect, viz. that of raising an armed force. Praesidii is the
genitive of specific definition, Madv. Gr. 8 286 οὔξ. 2, n. to
Cic. or. p. Plane. $8211. 18, On the meaning of hoc in genere
cf. 8 113 1. 17 and see n. to or. p. Planc. 8 23 1. 1, and cf. de
off. 1 $ 84, below ὃ 118 in illo genere conductarum contionum.
On the use of n *in respect to,' *in the matter of,' cf. ep. ad
Qu. δι. 11 2 me tibi excuso in eo ipso in quo te accuso.
l 81. cum idem, *whereas on the other hand;' ídem is
the regular word for combining inconsistent attributes, cf. 8 14
l. 14 and see Kenn. Gr. p. 285 n. 1, Madv. Gr. $ 488.
l. 32. an qui—defendit—iure praesidium comparat; qui
—monetur..hune de vi accusandum putas?] On the use of
an with a double question, involving an inference, see n. to or,
p. Plane. ὃ 43 1. 32. The first qui of course indicates Milo,
the second Sestius. aris focis] asyndeton, $ 145 1. 12.
P. 45,1. l. tuto] adv. as in $ 79 1. 16, if not dative.
1. 2. templo — rosiris, ὃ 7 1. 14.
1. 4. aliquo] see n. to 8 108 1. 6.
l 5. hunc] not eum, because Sestius was present in court.
$91, 1 6. ita naturam rerum tulisse, «that this was in
the natural evolution of things,' i.e. the progressive condition
of mankind. On meaning of ferre v. Lewis-Short Dict. p.
139^ 10.
l. 7. quodam tempore] 8 73 1. 17. nondum neque—
neque] on the use of neque—neque partitively after a general
negative see n, to Cic. de off. $ 66 1, 31.
1. 8. naturali iure] ius naturale is wider than ius gentium,
law, as dictated by reason and founded on the rational
nature of man, and so binding on all men living in.& social
state, independently of human institutions; ius civile is the
positive law of independent communities, differing according
to their external cireumstances and relations. Of. de off. rr
8 23 neque vero hoc solum matura, id est iure gentium, sed
etiam legibus populorum, quibus in singulis civitatibus respublica
continetur, eodem modo constitutum est. descripto, *marked
out,' * properly arranged.'
l.9. tantum —quantum, *just so much as," “ΠΟ more
than, or. p. Plane. $ 201. 6. Cf. 8 12 1. 9, $ 100 1. 20.
 NOTES... | 197
l 10. per, *in the way of.
l ll. retinere, 'to maintain against invaders. Cf. Hor.
Sat. 1 8, 99, ars poet. 391 ff. virtute] abl. of quality, $ 86
l. 28.
1.12. genere, 'character. Nügelsb. lat. Stil. 8 50, 4.
l 14. ex feritate illa—ad mansuetudinem, *from their
former savage state to one of civilisation. Cf, de rep. 2 8 27
(of Numa) ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem revocavit
animos hominum.
1. 15. res ad communem utilitatem, *things serving for
publie use. Cf. Verr. 1v c. 15 8 33 intellexi ad eam rem
istos fratres Cibyratas fuisse, ut etc., Liv. xvu1v 7, 12 se aliarum
in usum rerum copiam invenisse, Roby Gr. 11 8 1828: see, how-
ever, cr. n. publicas )( privatae, the things which are com-
mon ío all, such as temples, fora, streets, basilicae, porticus
(Hor. 1 Epist. 1, 71) and the like, Cic. de off. 1 $ 53 multa sunt
civibus inter se communia: forum fama porticus viae, iura -
iudicia, consuetudines praeterea, et. familiaritates multisque cum
multis res rationesque contractae.
1.17. conventicula, *associations.'
1. 18. .domicilia coniuncta, *union of dwelling-plaees.'
. l 19. invento iure, * by, through, because of, the inven-
tion of law, they were induced to protect them by walls.'
Moenibus saepserunt, which refers to res publicas...conventicula
...domicilia must be taken literally, not as some would render,
*as with ἃ bulwark. * The city walt' observes Long, *con-
tained the state, for when the wall was broken down, the
politieal community was at the mercy of the econqueror. Such
was one of the forms of social existence, in which the notion
of State was inseparable from that of Urbs.'
892,1. 20. atque introduces & new thesis, *and further,'
*now.' Observe the opposition in what follows between h«nc
*the present,' and i/lam * the past. ^hanc vitàm humanitate
etc. *our present high state of civilisation
l. 21. tam interest, 'makes so marked a difference,
* marks the difference so strongly."
1.22. horum utro uti nolumus] utercumque and uter follow
the same rule as the universal relatives quicumque, quisquis,
utut, utcumque, and take the indicative, Hor. Sat. τὶ 5, 28
vivet uter locuples, sine gnatis improbus,—illius esto Defensor,
Cic. or. p. Sull..8 28 utrum ostendere potest, vincat mecesse
est, Roby Gr. 11 $ 1697.
198 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 92—94
utro, * whichever; Ze utírocumque or utroutro-si
alterutro; as in or. Sull. $ 28 utrum ostendere potest,
vincat necesse est, de div. i1 $ 115 utrum igitur eorum acci-
disset, verum oraculum fuisset, or. in Verr. 11 3, 45 8 106 utrum
horum dixeris, in eo culpa et crimen haerebit, Horat. Sat. 1
3, 180; 5, 28.
1. 23. vim volumus exstingui] a categorieal instead of
conditional sentence; so Hor. 1i Ep. 1, 87 lectus genialis in
aula est: mil ait esse prius, melius mil caelibe vita : see n. to
or, p. Plane. 8 151. 31, Madv. Gr. 8 4425 obs. 2, Zumpt 8 780.
Translate: *if we would have violence extinguished, law must
prevail, that is the administration of justiee upon which all
law depends.! On valeat necesse est see Madv. Gr. 8 373 obs, 1.
1. 24, quibus—continetur, *upon which it depends. ' See
n. on de off. 111 $ 23 l. 4. iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt,
ΕἸ we will not have any administration of justice, or if none
exists, force must of necessity be dominant."
1, 25. hoc] ie. all that has preceded considered as one
thing.
1. 26. fecit ut experiretur] à periphrasis for expertus
est. See Madv. Gr. $ 481 b, Zumpt Gr. 8 618.
l 27. uti voluit —libenter usus esset, in opp. to qeces-
sario. Of. 8 1041, 24.
1.99. sí minus—at certe] ὃ 7, $ 14.
1. 30. fuit idem fieri necesse] it could not be expected
that all should be capable of such a sacrifice as Milo,
1. 32. vim et manum, 'violence and force;' above ὃ 2
l. 1, $ 15 1. 25, Sall. Jug. xxx1 20 vindicandum in eos mon
manu neque vi, Tac. Agric. c. 9 plura manu agens.

CHAPTER XLIII
Ῥ. 46, 893,1. 1. odiimmortales] $ 53.
1. 2. rei publicae] gen. *for the conduct of state affairs.'
quotus quisque, how few,' lit. *each how many, ete. i.e.
* one out of how large a number; * what a small fraction."
l 3. qui amplectatur, *as to embrace,' generic or conse-
cutive subjunctive.
1.5. solidam, 'real,' “ sterling,' )(vanam, * hollow, *sham.'
1. 6. paene fata] in conerete sense, 'the destroyers,
demons of disaster, I may say. Of. Ov. Fast. v 389 stare
 NOTES 199
simul casu Troiae duo fata videres : hine puer Aeacides, hinc
Iove natus erat. On the attributive use of the adverb, see
my n. to Cic. de off, τὶ 8201, 26, and cf. or, de prov. cons. $ 2
Gabinium et Pisonem, duo reip. portenta ac paene funera,
or, de dom. s. ὃ 145 in illo paene fato rei publicae, below ὃ 116
Ll. 4, 8 130 1. 11.
l 7. alterum] On the extortions of Gabinius as pro-
consul of Syria from s.c. 57 to s.c. 54, and the lucrative
transactions in which he was eoneerned, we have the testi-
mony of Dion Cassius 89 e. 56 ff, who among other things
says of him: ὁ Γαβίνιος πολλὰ kal τὴν Συρίαν ἐκάκωσεν, ὥστε
καὶ τῶν λῃστικῶν, ἃ καὶ τότε ἤκμαζε, πολὺ πλείω σφίσι λυμήνασθαι.
πάντα δὲ δὴ τὰ αὐτόθεν. λήμματα ἐλάχιστα εἶναι νομίσας ἐνόει καὶ
παρεσκευάζετο ὡς καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς Πάρθους τόν τε πλοῦτον αὐτῶν
στρατεύσων. pacatissimis atque opul. gazis] verto *die reichen
friedlichen Schátze, non 'die friedlichen und reichen! neque
*die reichen, friedlichen.' c.F. w. wÜLLER.
1. 9. inlibatas, *undiminished,? * unimpaired
1. 11. vilam] near Tuseulum, Cic. or. in Pis. 8 48 calls
τὸ Zusculanum montem, because of its towering height; cf. or.
de domo sua 8 124 ad caelum exstruit villam in Tusculano
visceribus aerarii,
1.129. tugurium ut] à very common position of ut in Cie.,
particularly after negatives. iam, 'after that,' in compari-
son with it. 1118. villa quam...pictam...explicabat] Lucullus'
villa, à pieture of which he showed, in order to open the eyes
of the Romans to the wealth and extravaganees of the man
whom he wished to have superseded, on occasion of his pro-
posing the bill for conferring the conduct of the war against
the pirates upon Pompeius in the year s.c. 67. Dion 36, 10
professes to give the speech which he delivered on the occasion.
1.18, tribunus plebis, *when he was tribune of the people,'
δήμαρχος ὦν. Seen. on 8 161. 10, This happened in 8.6, 67,
see Long, Rom. Rep. 11 p. 114 ff.
l 14. quo, 'to the end that,' *in order that.'
1.15. castus—integer, abstinens, 'disinterested.! So
Verres is called ironically Aomo castissimus, or. Verr. 1 8 100.
non cupidus, *unselfish.'
8 94, l. 15. alterum] Piso, who was proconsul of Mace-
donia 8. c. ὅ7--Β.α. ὅθ.
1, 16. Dardanis] a tribe in the south-west of Moesia,
Strabo vir p. 316. For the allusion see or. de prov. cons.
8 4 ita, gentes eae, quae ut pace uterentur vim argenti dederant
200 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 94—95
praeclaro nostro imperatori, ut exhaustas domos replere possent,
pro empta pace bellum nobis prope iustum intulerunt. |maxima
pecunia] Madv. Gr. 8 258, Roby Gr. 8 1196. conficere, * to
proeure, Verr. i1 1 8 138 permagnam ez illa re pecuniam
confici posse, or. p. Flacc. 8 20 duae rationes conf totendae
pecuniae.
1.17. vexandam] fo or. in Pis. 8 96 among the misdeeds
of Piso he enumerates that of Macedonia condonata barbaris.
l 19. bona creditorum—divisisse] or. in Pis. $ 86 nonne,
cum centum talenia tibi Apolloniatae Romae dedissent, me
pecunias creditas solverent, ultro Fufidium, equitem Romanum,
creditorem debitoribus suis addixisti ?
1..20. Dyrrachinis, *the people of Dyrrhachium" (the
ancient Epidamnus), which was a libera civitas (Cic. ep. ad
fam. xiv 1, 60). Cf. or. de prov. cons. $ 5 quis ignorat Achaeos
ingentem pecuniam pendere L. Pisoni quotammis? vectigal ac
portorium Dyrrhachinorum totum in huius unius quaestum
esse conversum? or. in Pis. 8 96 Dyrrhachium et Apollonia
exinanita.
Achaeis pecuniam imperavisse, *made a requisition upon
the Achaei for the payment of a fixed sum of money annually.*
The Aehaei were at that time included in the province of
Macedonia and under the jurisdiction of its governor; Mommsen
Hist. R. vol. ux p. 51 f. in annos singulos, iq. quoí-
annis.
1. 23. publico, 'set apart for public use, such as fora,
theatres, basilicae, cf. $ 91 1, 16. religioso, *holy,' *eon-
secrated,' or. p. Planc. 8 86, or. p. Rab. $ 7 de locis religiosis
ac de lucis,
l 24. inludere] the infinitive dependent upon cum. sciat,
l. 6, * knowing that they are carrying on their game without
restraint, '*play a defiant part. omne supplicium, every
kind of punishment, ὃ 28 1. 27.
1. 25. iure optimo, * with perfect justice,' cf. or. p. Planc.
$ 88, de off. 1 ὃ 111. E
1. 26. hos duos] Sestius and Milo.
l. 97. Aelium] ὃ 68. quisquilias, (refuse, *off-scour-
ings, ep. ad Att. 1 16, 6 Thalnam et Plautum et spongiam
et ceteras huiusmodi quisquilias. seditionis] in concrete
sense, *revolutionary band,' 'rabble.' jl
1, 28, volitant] $ 1 1. 16 n.
l. 20. dum-—timebitis] with reference to the words reos
esse hos duos. 'The orator identifies the jury with the con-
 NOTES 201
servative party, and points out to them that as long as they
pursue à timid policy, i.e. as long as politieal trials such as
the present are possible, so lóng their adversaries, the radical
party, will have no occasion to be afraid for themselves.

OHAPTER XLIV
895, 1. 31. nam indicates, not the reason of what precedes,
but the reason why what precedes did not include what is now
added; ef. 8 51, 8 129, and see n. to or. p. Planc. 8 21 1. 13.
aedile] P. Clodius. .

1. 32. diem dixit, *gave him formal notice of the imrpeach-

ment,' the first step of the procedure in state-trials, when a
magistrate *named a day' in a concio, on which he would
summon the Comitia for the purpose of instituting proceed-
ings. Milo appeared before the burgesses in answer to the
charge on the 2nd of February, s.c. 56, Clodius having been
ehosen aedile on the 22nd of January, Intr. 8 24. For an
explanation of the reason why the charge de vé was brought
immediately before the people, see Intr. 8 37. accusavit,
*stated the charge against, *undertook the proseeution of.'
Milo's trial was postponed to the Quirinalia, Feb. 17, and
further adjourned until May the 7th, so that he was still reus
when Sestius was acquitted on March the 14th (ep. ad Qu. fr.
113). The prosecution was finally dropped by Clodius. We
have here an instance of the unusual construction, when an
object common to two verbs, governing different eases (diem
dirit takes the dative), is governed by the second, cf. below,
8 40 1. 17, Sallust Cat. 51, 38 imitari quam invidere bonis
malebant, Liv. xxxv 19, 6 odi odioque sum Romanis, and
other instances quoted by Nügelsb. lat. Stil. $890 b. So in
Greek, as Plat. Apol. Socr. p. 34 € ἐδεήθη τε kal ἱκέτευσε τοὺς
δικαστὰς μετὰ πολλῶν δακρύων.
Ῥ. 41,1. 1. ut eum-— paeniteat] Cf. or. p. Mil. 8 82 viri
fortis est me suppliciis quidem moveri ut fortiter fecisse
paeniteat. tanta firmitate animi, i.q. tàm firmo animo;
see above 8 88 1. 4, 1l. 32. in rem publicam, *for state
business, not * in relation to the state.
1. 4. quonam suas mentis conferent, *whither will they
iurn their thoughts?' * what will they think of it?" monu-
menta publica] the porticus or colonnade, which Q. Catulus
after his vietory over the Cimbri (5. c. 101) built on the site of
the house of M. Fulvius Flaccus, the contemporary of Gaius
Graechus, adjoined Cicero's house and was demolished by Clo-
dius, to. enlarge the site of his intended mansion.
3202 PRO P. SESTIO 395
1. 5. aedis sacras] the temple of the Nymphae, 8 84. *

domos inimicorum] Milo, Marcus and Quintus Cicero, *

ep. ad Att. rv 82: Quinti fratris domus primo fracta, coniectu

lapidum ex area nostra, deinde inflammata, iussu Clodii, inspec-
tante urbe, coniectis ignibus, magna querella et gemitu...homi-
num omnium.
l 7. indicibus, 'informers' by profession, abl. of instr.
1, 8. hodie] 8 6 1. 21. peregrinam manum] probably
from his own estates in Etruria, close to the Aurelia Via,
where he kept ἃ large gang of slaves, or. p. Mil. 8 26, Philipp.
xii $ 23.
1,9. caedem, *sanguinary brawls,' " bloody frays.'
l 10. carcerem, *occupants of the prison,' $ 78 1. 9.
l ll. volitat] 8 94 1. 28. accusat] see n. to 1. 32.
1.12. hic] Sestius.
l 14. auspicia] Sestius wanted to have the spectio caeli
at the election of aediles; ep. ad Att. 1v 3, 3 ii. Cf, 8 33 1. 18.
l 15. per senatus auctoritatem] Hence it appears that the
edicta mentioned above in 8 89 were sanctioned by the senate,
and this might be viewed as an expression of the opinion of
the summus ordo in favour of Clodius. Cf. the complaint of
Cie. in his letter to Lentulus (1 9, 15): primum illa furia
muliebrium religionum impunitatem est illorum sententiis (i.e.
senatorum, not iudicum) adsecutus, qui, cum tribunus plebis
poenas a seditioso civi per bomos viros iudicio persequi vellet,
exemplum praeclarissimum (n posterum vindicandae seditionis
de re p. sustulerunt. 1.16. mon est situs] Madv. $ 390.

$$ 96—132. Refutatio,
introduced by a Digression, containing a sort of political disser-
tation on the character of the two rival parties in the Roman
State, the optimates and the populares, *the class of the best?
or *conservatives,! and the * democrats,' those who put themselves
at the head of the people to gratify their own ambition under
the name of serving the state. Among the former, which is
a very large class, are to be reckoned all who strive to uphold
the national constitution and. maintain order and. tranquillity
in the state in dts internal amd external relations, while
preserving its honour intact—men of all ranks and conditions,
whether leaders of the senate amd iheir sympathisers and
supporters, or those who are eligible to, but have mot yet
 NOTES 203

attained the dignity of, a seat im the senate, provincials,

men of business and even freedmen; all who are free from
crime or debt, all who are mot mad or vicious (88 96—98).
In their endeavour to support the national honour and institu-
tions the optimates have to counteract the revolutionary ten-
dencies of society, for in a large population there must inevi-
tably be some whom guilt, passion or pecuniary embarrassment
drive to despair, and. who seek for a remedy of their own mis-
fortunes by agitating for a change of government. |The greatest
wisdom and the utmost vigilance in its rulers are mecessary for
the protection of the state against the violence and. disorder of
such revolutionists ; Cic. says he knows from experience better
than most men how difficult and thorny the task is. The assail-
ants are more vigorous and earnest tham the defenders, whose
apathy sometimes lets the evil grow until it is beyond their
control. Weak and vacillating champions are of no use in such
circumstances : only bold and vigorous men can make a successful
resistance and restore order. Such saviours of society have been
found at various times in men like M. Scaurus, Q. Metellus,
Q. Catulus ; worthy examples for those who aspire to glory and
do not shrink from labour and perseverance (88 99—102). The
present time, however, contrasts favourably with the past in
this respect; there is no longer room for discontent and, seditious
agitation, as there was in the early period. when the interests of
the optimates and the people at large were at variance. Men
mow-a-days are satisfied, proud of their country amd of the
optimates, and want nothing but peace and tranquillity : and
agitators for a revolution cam only secure recruits by bribery.
There would be aq general unamimity of opinion in political
maítters but for these revolutionists and their hired gangs (8S 103
—106). T'his may be seen in the conciones (88 107—109), ín
the comitia, both legislative (88 110—112) and electoral (S 113
—114), in the theatre (δὲ 115—123), and the gladiatorial
8hows (88 124—127), where om all occasions the people have
manifested their appreciation of the optimates and their sym-
φαΐ with my cause.
Then follows ($8 127—131) a reply to what the prosecutor
had insinuated about the mode of Cicero's restoration, which he
designated as having been effected by violent and. unjustifiable
means; and Cicero takes this opportunity of continuing the
description of his splendid and triumphant return, which had
been interrupted at ὃ 1T.
After a violent invective against the witness Vatinius, with
whom the disparaging phrase *caste' of optimates originated,
Cicero concludes this part of the speech with a résumé of what
he had said about them, and am exhortation to the young to
imitate the great and immortal statesmen of old, who * scorned
delights and lived laborious days,! and, risked their lives in the
204.* PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 96—97
struggle to maintain conservative principles, and to uphold the
glorious constitution which had made Rome the great city it was
(88 136—145).
896, 1. 16. hoc illud est quod—quaesisti, *here we have,
what you asked,!' i.e. ' this is what you meant by asking, the.
gist of your question." The prosecutor had asked Cie. in
a sneering tone quaenam esset natio optimatium whom Cic.
assumed to be on his side, when the auctoritas of the senate
was against him, and this might be considered as an expres-
Sion of opinion of that order in favour of Clodius.
l 18. natio in ἃ depreciatory sense-— "caste,' *tribe,' *set.'
Cf. or. p. Mur. 8 69, in Pis. 8 55 natio candidatorum, de nat.
deor. 11 8 74 salem istum quo caret vestra natio, Phaedr. 11 5
ardelionum quaedam matio, C. Gracch. ap. A. Gell. N. A. xv
12, 8 si ulla meretrivr domum meam. introivit...omnium na-
tionum. postremissimum nequissimumque existimatote. quae
esset] i.e. whether they were so weak, as to count for nothing.
l. 22. officio vestro] because a right understanding of the
matter on the part of the iudices would be sure to lead to the
acquittal of Sestius.

CHAPTER XLV

1. 25. eorum qui—studuerunt] the indicative, not sub-

junetive, because he is speaking of an actually existing class,
who form two divisions. Hoby Gr. τ ὃ 1681.
in re publica—se excellentius gerere, *to distinguish them-
Selves as public men,' * take a prominent part in politics."
l 27. se haberi...voluerunt] see n. to Cic. de off. 1 ὃ 65
l. 19. popularis] Liv. iu 68, 10 matura hoc ita compara-
tum est, ut qui apud multitudinem sua causa loquitur gratior
60 811, cuius mens mihil praeter publicum commodum videt.
l 28. multitudini—- populo, *the many,' ὃ 103, 8 105,
8 124, de off. 11 8 75 conciliare benevolentiam VF GNAN UH
Tusc. 11 ὃ 63 8i in oculis sis multitudinis.
l. 29. ita se gerebant ut—probarent, ' acted so as to gel
the approbation of loyal citizens in their designs, lit, * make
them acceptable to.' optimo cuique—omnibus bonis
civibus; cf. 8 103, 8 105.
897,1. 81. iste-quem tu dicis, *that of yours Cf. de
rep. 18 90 nam optimates
— quidem quis ferat, qui mon populi,
 NOTES 205

concessu sed suis comitiis hoc sibi momen adrogaverunt? qui

enim iudicatur iste optimus? doctrina artibus studiis,
1.32, si quaeris, 'if you want to know;,' n. to de off, 1r1
$ 80 1. 33.
P. 48, 1. 1. stare] 8 42 1. 19, n. to or. p. Plane. 8.811. 15.
consilii publici] 8 42 1. 20 n.
LX qui eorum sectam sequuntur, *their supporters
in the senate." maximorum, 'largest, not *of the highest
standing, whieh would be summorum. Cie, means the equites
Romani, publicani, tribuni aerarii, whose fortune entitled them
to ἃ seat in the senate, after they had held some state office,
l 4. negotii gerentes, *men of business. The usual
phrase is negotium not negotia gerere. On the genitive after
the present act. participle see or. p. Plano. 8 181, 4,8551.1
n.,
$ 801. 9. rustici, substantively, *peasants.
1. 6. varie diffusus, *spread over various individuals."
ut tollatur error, (to remove any possible miseonception,' ἃ
final parenthetie clause, Kenn. Gr. p. 458.
l.7. brevi circumscribi, ' comprised in a short definition.'
1. 8. nocentes, efimináls ::! the nocentes and natura im-
probi, those of a vieious disposition, form one class opp. to
the integri.
1l 9. malis domesticis impediti] )( beati (1. 19), « bámpered
by financial dirficulties, for, as Juvenal says, haud facile
emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat res angusta domi, Sat. τι
.

1. 10. est—ut, “1 is the case. that, or. p. Cael. $ 48

quando fuit ut, quod licet, mon liceret, 1.6. quando non
lieuit, quod licet? orat. $ 199 est ut id mazume deceat,
«on ut solum, Lucr. 1 620 nil erit ut distet- nil distabit,
nur 715 haut erit ut possit—haud poterit, Hor. Ep. τ 12, 2
mon est ut copia maior...donari possit, for non potest
donari; see Munro on Luer. ri 442, Zumpt Gr. $ 752.
Observe that qui integri sunt is the subject, ei, quam tu na-
tionem appellasti, ihe predicate. gun is by attraction
for quos.
l 11. bene de rebus domesticis constitui-— beati, *in
good circumstances." de— “1 respect to."
l. 12. opinionibus, *expectations, *judgments,' 8 114 qui
senserat tantum de rep. aliud atque homünes expectabant.
Translate * those who second .the wishes, the interests, and
í£he principles of these men in the government of the state
206 PRO P. SESTIO 88 97—100
are supporters of the optimates, and are themselves reckoned
among the most weighty of the optimates, the most distin-
guished members and leaders of the state."
l 14. gravissimi] κατ᾽ ἐξοχήν, *par excellence, $ 136,
8 138. l 17. derigere, (to give a straightforward direc-
tion to.'
8 98, 1. 19. beatis, * well-to-do,' )( to the malis domesticis im-
pediti, de off, x1 8 69 1. 15, or. p. Rose. Am. $8 135, cum
dignitate otium, * peace with honour,' cf. ep. ad fam. 1 9, 21,
de or.18 1. Otium refers to the internal tranquillity of a
State, paz to peace with other nations, cf. 8 104 1. 16,
l. 21. neque enim rerum gerendarum cet., *for as men
cught not, in their exaltation at the honour of publie employ-
mení, to be indifferent to tranquillity, so neither ought they
io make much of any tranquillty that is inconsistent with
honour,

CHAPTER XLVI
l. 25. otiosae dignitatis, i. q. otii cum dignitate,
* eonservatism with honour,' haec refers to what follows.
l 26. membra, 'elements.'
1, 27. vel capitis periculo, *even at the risk of life," or. p.
Planc. 8 101 1. 17 n. religiones, 'religious ordinances, * re-
ligion.'
l.28. senatus auctoritas] 8 137 1. 81, Ramsay R. 4. p. 220.
1. 29. fides, * honour,' * probity.' Cf. Dem. or. de Chers. 8 66
πόλεως ἔγωγε πλοῦτον ἡγοῦμαι συμμάχους πίστιν εὔνοιαν. Others
takeit to mean *' credit, without which no statecan continue a
Great Power, de off. 11 8 84. mos maiorum] $ 16 1l, 5.
iudicia, iuris dictio, * criminal and civil jurisdiction.'
1, 80, imperii laus, ' admiration of our system of govern-
ment." res militaris, *the army.

P.49, $99, 1. 3, conversiones rei publicae, ' political con-

vulsions.' .
1. 4. animi furorem, 'restlessness,! *feverish desire of
change, * destructive tendency."
l 5. pascantur—delectentur; feast on,' *revel in, not
* live by,' as in de off. 11 8 40 1. 28 qui maleficio et scelere pa s-
cuntur, or. in Pis. 8 45 his ego rebus paseor, his delector, his
perfruor, ep. ad Att. rv 10, 1 ego hic pascor bibliotheca
 NOTES 207
Fausti, Cicero, it will be observed, takes no account of
honest revolutionists.
l. 6. implicationem, *' involved state,! * embarrassment,' cf.
8 97 malis domesticis impeditos. communi incendio—de-
flagrare, *to perish in 2 general conflagration, So Vell,
Patere. r1 91, 4 quippe ita se mores habent, ut publica quisque
ruina malit occidere, quam sua proteri et idem passurus minus
conspici, Cie. in Cat. rv $ 14 qui cum sibi viderent esse pereun-
dum, cum omnibus potius quam soli perire voluerunt, Cic. or. in
Cat. 11 ὃ 21, 1v $ 14.
1.10. gubernacula] ὃ 20 1. 28.
l 11. scientia, *skill:' de invent. 1 $8 58 mavis optime
cursum conficit ea quae scientissimo gubernatore utitur.
1. 18. tenere cursum, *to keep on his course, *not to
swerve from a direction once determined on,' a metaphor from
navigation: see n. to or. p. Plane. 8 52 1. 18, and ef. below
$8101 1. 11, de orat. 1 8 1.
capere ... portum, *reach the haven, Caesar B. 6.
IV c. 36 ex iis onerariae duae eosdem, quos reliqui, portus
capere mon potuerunt, ib. 26 equites cursum tenere atque ἐπ-
sulam capere non potuerant.
$ 100, l. 14. si negem—mentiar, *if I were to deny it, I
should 'tell an untruth.! Madvig Gr. 8 346 b, who quotes de
am. $ 10 ego si Scipionis desiderio me moveri neg em...certe men-
tíar, add de orat. 1 $ 145 quam ego si nihil dicam adiuvare,
mentiar.
l 15. periculorum aut insidiarum] see n. on $ 81 1. 32:
had the sentence not been negative but affirmative, atque would
have been used.
l 17. praeter ceteros senserim, *have learnt by expe-
rience more than others have done.'

CHAPTER XLVII
l 20. mutu, *with a mere nod,' “ the smallest expression
of another's will! "Tusc. τὶ 8 51 mutwu quod, volet conficiet,
nullo labore, nulla molestia, de or. 1 8831 nutu atque verbo liber-
tinos in urbanas tribus transtulit, ib. $8194 auctoritate nutuque
legum. |Of. below 8 20 vultu * by merely a look.'
l 21. nescio quo modo, “8185 !' * unfortunately,' see n. to
de off. 1 8 146 1. 5, or. p. Planc, $ 83 1. 4.
3208 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 100—101
1. 22. tardiores] Plin. Ep. rv 7, 8 minor vís bonis quam
malis inest, ac sicut ἀμαθία μὲν θράσος λογισμὸς δὲ ὄκνον φέρει
(Thuc. 11 40), ita recta, ingenia, debilitat verecundia, perversa
confirmat audacia.
rerum] superfluous; cf. 8 42 1. 80, 8 47 1. 4,
l. 28. denique] i. qd. demum, *not until! *for the first
time. So nunc denique, tum denique : see exx. in Lewis-Short
p. 945 c Bd. ipsa- ' mere, as in ὃ 105 1. 28.
l 25. ipsi, “οἵ themselves, * by their own fault.
8 101,1. 27. leviores, *unstable.' desciscunt, * become
renegades to their cause, 'a stronger expression than desunt,
which means *are wanting in energy or in duty to their cause;'
* fail in rendering assistance, cf. 8 80 1. 5.

1.29. pater tuus] M. Aemilius Seaurus, twice consul

B. C. 115 and 107 as consul suffectus, censor B. c. 109, princeps
senatus after his first consulship and the political oracle of the
aristocracy. Mommsen Hist. Rome πὶ p. 144, above 8 39 and
nn. on Cic. de off. 1 8 76, $ 108. M. Scaure] M. Aemilius
Seaurus, eldest son of the preceding, who may possibly, as
praetor in B.c. 56, have presided in the court before which Ses-
tius was tried. Intr. $26. Seen. to de off. 1 $ 138 1. 16, πὶ
8 57 l. 1.

1. 80, ἃ C. Graccho usque ad Q. Varium] from s. c. 123 to

B.C. 90. Of. Aurelius Victor de viris illustr. 72, 9 : tantumque
auctoritate potuit (Seaurus) ut Opimium contra Gracchum,
Marium contra Glauciam et Saturninum privato consilio
armaret. We learn from ἃ note of Asconius on Cicero's
speech for M. Aem. Seaurus the son (Orelli Vol. v p. 22) that
when, on the proposal of the tribune Q. Varius, a special com-
mission of high treason was appointed for the investigation of
the conspiracy instigated by Drusus, out of which the revolt
of the Italian subjects had originated (s. Mommsen H. R. r11
' p. 248), Q. Caepio, vetus inimicus Scauri, sperans invenisse se
occasionem opprimendi eius egit, ut Q. Varius tribunus plebis
belli concitati crimine adesse apud. se Scaurum iuberet anno
LxxH. llle per viatorem accersitus, cum iam ex morbo male
solveretur, dissuadentibus amicis, ne se in illa, valetudine et ae-
tate invidiae populi obiceret, iÀnmnixus nobilissimis iuvenibus pro-
cessit in forum, deinde accepto respondendi loco dixit : *Q. Varius
Hispanus M. Scaurum principem senatus socios in arma ait con-
vocasse; M. Scaurus princeps senatus megat; testis nemo est;
utri vos, Quirites, convenit credere ?! |Qua voce ita omnium
commutavit animos, ut ab ipso etium tribuno dimitteretur,
 NOTES 209
1. 32. labefecit, *caused to waver,' shook his purpose;
the more usual form in Cic. is labefactavit. Q. Metellus]
Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidioeus, see n. to or. p. Planc.
8 89 p. 187—8. Caecilia Metella, the daughter of his elder
brother L. Caecilius Metellus Dalmatieus, was married to M.
Seaurus, and after his death to L. Sulla the dictator. She was
great aunt to the Caecilia Metella, whose tomb is now such a
conspicuous object on the Via Appia.
P.50,1. 1. florentem in populari ratione, 'eminení as 8
leader of the demoeratical party.
1. ὃ. populari ratione, “ὑπ democratieal tendency.' Cf.
8 114 qui ita se in populari ratione iactarat, Brut. $ 103
alter (Gaius Gracchus) propter perpetuam in populari ra-
tione levitatem morte voluntaria se a severitate iudicum
vindicavit.
censor notasset] Lueius Appuleius Saturninus excited
a tumult against Q. Metellus, when he was ἃ candidate for the
censorship in 102/652, and kept him besieged in the Capitol till
the equites liberated him not without bloodshed; the retaliatory
measure of the censor Metellus—the expulsion with infamy
of Saturninus and of Glaucia from the senate on occasion of
the revision of the senatorial roll—had only miscarried through
the remissness of the colleague assigned to Metellus. Mommsen
R. H. Vol. zz p. 217. Appian B. Civ. 1 28 τιμητὴς δὲ Kótvros
Καικίλιος Μέτελλος I'Aavkíav Te βουλεύοντα καὶ ᾿Απουλήϊον Σα-
τουρνῖνον δεδημαρχηκότα ἤδη τῆς ἀξιώσεως παρέλυεν, αἰσχρῶς
βιοῦντας" οὐ μὴν ἐδυνήθη: ὁ γὰρ συνάρχων οὐ συνέθετο. On the
nota censoria see Ramsay R. A. p. 168.
13. insitivum Gracchum] the Pseudo-Graechus, a fellow
named L. Equitius, said to have been a runaway slave from
Picenum (ille ez compedibus atque ergastulo Gracchus, or. p. C.
Rab. $ 20), who gave out that he was ἃ son of Tib. Gracchus,
and, though disowned by the sister of the Gracchi, was chosen
iribune by the people in 99/655 solely on account of his usurped
name. Momms. Κ᾿. H. n p. 214. Val. Max. viu 7, 2 idem
populus Q. Metellum censorem, quod, ab eo (Equitio) tamquam
Gracchi filio censum recipere nolebat, lapidibus prosternere co-
natus est, adfirmantem tres tantummodo filios Gracchi fu-
isse. He perished with the rest of the associates of Saturninus.
See concerning him Appian B. C. 1 32— 33, Florus, τὶ 16 81,
Valer. Max. 1x 15, 1. insitivum] lit. *ingraffed,' hence *spu-
mon *gubstituted:' cf. Phaedr. fab. mx 3, 10 ímsitivos
iberos.
1,4, censu prohibuisset, *had struck him off the burgess-
list." Census— * khe register drawn up by the censors ;' *the
H. 14
210 PRO P. SESTIO & 101—103
*censoriallist;' see Ramsay RE. A. p. 166—7, and cf. or. p.
Balb. 8 5 írrepsisse in cemsum, or. p. Arch. 8 15 cemsus
nostros requiris. eam legem] the lex Appuleia agraria on
which see n. to 8 37.
l. 6. ut—relinquam] $29 1, 7, 8 55 1. 18.
l 9. Q. Catulus] Q. Lutatius Q. f. Q. n. Catulus,
son of the conqueror of the Cimbri, was consul in Β.σ. 78, the
year of Sulla's death, with M. Aemilius Lepidus whose efforts
to abrogate the dictator's acts he strenuously resisted, and
censorin B.C. 65. He died in 8.6. 60, and therefore four years
before the delivery of this speech. He was also princeps senatus
and one of the most honoured of the optimates of his time,
eminent for his opposition to all anticonstitutional innovations.
See n. to Cic. de off. 1 8 76 1. n.
l 10. aura )( tempestas, *the soft, alluring air,' not *the
favouring breeze. Cf. Hor. Od. τι 8, 23 tua ne retardet aura
maritos.
1. 11, cursu]S$ 991.18, or. p. Planc. 8 52, 8 94.

CHAPTER XLVIII
8102,1. 14. ampla refers to dignitatem, divina to laudem,
immortalia to gloriam: the three verbs in the next clause
refer to the same adjectives respectively.
l. 16. posteritati] the dative because of the notion tradere
which underlies propagare, and perhaps to correspond with
mandantur. "The usual phrase is ad posteritatem.
1.18. multae insidiae cet.] words of Atreus addressed to his
Son taken from the so-named tragedy of the poet Accius. See
n. to or. p. Plane. 8 59. "There seems to be a reminiscence of
ihe same passage in the Verr. v 8 181 sí tantulum oculos
deiecerimus, praesto esse insidias: si ullum locum aperuerimus
suspicioni aut crimini, accipiendum. statim volnus esse: mobis
semper vigilandum, semper laborandum videmus.
l 19. te] has & universal reference, and does not form
part of the quotation.
l 20. inscitia, 'stupidity.' Ter. Eun. v 8, 41 verum si
idem vobis prodest, vos mon facere inscitiast, Plaut. Curc.
1 8, 29 (185) male mereri de inmerente inscitiast.
l 21. inquit, sc. poeta, implied in verissime dictum est.
l. 22. ecferas, ' bring to light,' i.e. *exert,' *employ.'
 NOTES. 211
l 23. nollem—dixisset, «I wish he had not also said,'
de off. 1 $ 35. quod exciperent, *for them to lay hold οὗ
*pick up,' *appropriate, as the emperor Caligula did, who
ace. to Suetonius Calig. c. 30 versus subinde iactabat,
l 25. oderint, dum metuant] n. to de off. 1 8 97 1. 16.
1. 260. praeclara] predicate adjective. illa, *the above-
quoted lines or *in those words.
8 103, l. 27. haec via ac ratio, 'this system,' * method,'
i.e. the pursuit of a conservative line of policy.
l 29. populi, 'the people; as opp. to the optimates.
Cf. below 8 104, de amic. 8 41 videre iam videor populum a
senatu disiunctum, multitudinis arbitrio res maximas agi, de
orat. 111 $ 196 a multitudine ac populo.
l 30. tabellaria lex] the law carried by L. Cassius
Longinus Ravilla, tribune of the people in n. c. 137, which
extended the use of the ballot to the juries in all criminal
trials, ut tabellae etiam in iudiciis populi (i.e. publicis comitiis
centuriatis habendis) praeterquam im iudicio perduellionis
haberentur, Ráms. R. A. p. 108. The lex Gabinia two years
earlier in s.c. 139 introduced vote by ballot into elections,
de am. 8 41.
l 81. agi, ' was at stake.'
1. 82. in salute optimatium, 'in the matter of the welfare
of the optimates,' i.e. where their interests were at stake.
Ῥ.δῚ, 1. 1. agrariam legem] i.e. the lez Sempronia agraria
of 5.6. 133, the object of which was to revive under ἃ modified
form the lex Licinia, limiting the possessores to 500 iugera
for himself and 250 for each of two sons (ne quis agri publici
plus quam quingenta iugera possideret) and dividing the re-
sumed land into lots of 30 ugera, and allotting it to the poor
* as inalienable heritable leaseholds' at à small rent (vectigal),
which went into the aerarium. |
l. 3. constitui, *to be on the point of being set up,'
*gecurely established, ep. ad Att. 1v 1, 8 consiliorum ad
colligendas et constituendas reliquias nostras (fortunarum)
indigemus.
l. 6. propugnatoribus] the leaders of this aristocratical
party (8 101 and $ 136), whose power and consequence de-
pended as much upon their great wealth and hereditary pos-
sessions as upon their nobilitas. So that in their point of
view it might be said with an appearance of justice that by
lowering the rich families to the level of the middle class,
which must follow upon the limitation of their share in the
ager publicus, the state would be robbed of its propugnatores.
Cf. de off. 11 $ 78. arbitrabantur, 'it was their personal
conviction."
14—2
.212 PRO P. SESTIO 88 109—106
l 7. frumentariam] see n. to 8 55.
l 10. aerarium exhauriri] 8 55 1. 30 ut remássis senis et
trientibus quinta prope pars vectigalium tolleretur.

CHAPTER XLIX
l 11. nostra memoria, *within my own time, from the
period of his birth until that when he is speaking. quae
consulto praetereo] the leges Iuliae of 5.c. 59.
l 12. fuerunt in contentione, ' were the subjects of
dispute. Cf. de off. 1$ 47 1. 21. The ut-clause which follows
is an expansion and explanation of ea.
l 13. consilio, -*policy,' arising from greater reflexion,
)( cupiditas.
8 104, 1. 14. nihil est quod, * now-a-days there is no more
reason why, etc) Οὗ 811}. 1. delectis, 'the select few,'
*the élite of the people. Cf. or. in Vat. ὃ 28 delectos viros
et principes civitatis, de rep. 18 42 deinde aut uni tribuen-
dum est aut delectis quibusdam aut suscipiendum est multi-
tudini atque omnibus ; cum est (summa rerum) penes delectos,
tum illa civitas optimatium arbitrio regi dicitur.
1. 16. et otio suo] On the explieative use of et for an
adversative particle, see n. to de off. 1 $ 22 1. 32. Hirsch-
felder reads sed.
1.20. perfuncta, *having got through with,' * got rid of.'
l 21. id agunt ut, 'make it their object to,!' Kenn. Gr.
p. 442, Madvig Gr. 8 372 a.
1. 283. pretio ac mercede] de off. 11 8 21 1. 7.
l 24. quidquid dicunt] Roby Gr. 8 1717. velle audire,
*to listen to with pleasure. Cf. 8 921, 27.
8105, 1l. 25. aut quemquam, “ΟΥ̓ any one else, $ 2 1. 18.
populares, 'demagogues,' de off. 1 8 85, 11 $ 21.
1.27. ullum] used substantively. habuisse conductum]
Mady. Gr. 8 427, Zumpt Gr. 8 634, Kenn. p. 499, Roby Sch.
Gr. 8 559.
l 98. ipsa largitio, *the mere giving, ie. the bestowal
alone of advantages offered by a lez agraria, frumentaria.
1, 30. offendebant illi quidem apud gravis et honestos
homines, (to be sure, they gave offence to thoughtful and re-
sgpectable men but etc." Cf. ep. ad Att. x 4, 8 quod intellegeret se
 NOTES 213
apud ipsam plebem offendisse de aerario. On the use of
quidem when a concession is made, but immediately qualified
by an adversative clause and its attraction to & personal pro-
noun, see P. S. Gr. p. 285, Madv. Gr. 8 489 b, Zumpt ὃ 801.
1. 81. populi iudiciis, *the sentiments manifested by the
people on all publie occasions. omni significatione, ' every
possible demonstration,! *expression of approbation. ὃ 122,
8 127, ep. ad Att. 1 16, 11 et ludis et gladiatoribus mirandas
ἐπισημασίας (* tokens of popularity?) sine ulla pastoricia fistula
auferebamus, ep. ad Qu. fr. 1 1, 42.
P. 52, l. l. quod contenderant, sc. consequi, or quod
may be the direct object of contenderant, as in or. in Verr. r1
8 52 ne omnia contendamus, Varro ap. Non. p. 259, 32 et petere
imperium populi et contendere honores.
1.3. qui adversabantur ei generi, *the opponents of that
2lass of men, 8 114 1. 7.
l. 4. sed valebant] The sed refers to the second elause
multitudini iucundi non erant, to which the preceding clause
valebant etc. i8 to be considered subordinate: sed cum valerent
ín senatu, multitudini iucundi non erant.
du suffragiis offendebatur, *was thwarted by the popular
vote.
l. 8. si quis...acceperat] iterative pluperfect, Roby Gr. r1
8 1717, Kenn. Gr. p. 334 », Madv. Gr. $ 338 a obs., Zumpt
8 579. ne quid peccasset] Abrami quotes in illustration an
anecdote of Phocion in Plutarch apophth. p. 188 4: ἐπεὶ .δὲ
λέγων ποτὲ γνώμην πρὸς τὸν δῆμον εὐδοκίμει kal πάντας ὁμαλῶς
ἑώρα τὸν λόγον ἀποδεχομένους, ἐπιστραφεὶς πρὸς τοὺς φίλους εἶπεν"
Eis 2 κακόν TL λέγων ἐμαυτὸν λέληθα;" idem ille]

CHAPTER L
$106,1. 12. nisi me fallit, *unless I am mistaken. On
the impersonal use of fallo see n. to de off. 11 8 25, and cf.
below ἃ 115 neminem vestrum fallit. The usual phrase is nisi
me fallit animus.
1183. operas conductorum] i.q. operas conductas, 8 88
1.18. Cf. below $ 113 1. 18 conductarum contionum, or. p.
dom. $ 79 conductis operis non solum egentium sed, etiam
servorum, Varr. de R. B. 1 17, 2 cum conducticiis liberorum
operis res maiores...administrant. si removeris, 'setting
aside, Cf. de off. 1 $ 157 l 8, or. p. Plane. $ 89 1, 16.
idem seusuri] ὃ 114 1. 29.
214 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 106—109
l 14. tribus locis] not ἃ local but a temporal abL, *on
three occasions! [a common use in Livy, e.g. ad id locorum
eic. J. 8. R.]. .
l 16. contione, comitiis, “αὖ & publie meeting or con-
stitutional assembly of the whole people.' There is a sharp
distinction between the two; in the former no measures could
be passed, and no proposition (rogatio) submitted to vote
upon; speeches only were delivered by the summoning magis-
irate and those whom he introduced (produxit); the latter were
either electoral (magistratuum, & 109) or legislative (legum).
ludorum] 50. scaenicorum, 8 115. gladiatorum, *gladia-
torial exhibitions,' after the analogy of the Greek τραγῳδοί,
κωμῳδοί, [Is the gen. not merely objective *an assembly
connected with (for the purpose of seeing) gladiators'? σ. 5. Ξ.}
l 17. quae quidem esset, “1 mean, such as. On the
restrictive use of the consecutive subjunctive with qui see
Madv. Gr. 8 364 obs. 2, Zumpt Gr. 8 559, Roby Gr. τι 8 1692.
1,20. gladiatore] P. Clodius.
l 22. foedum, 'disfigured by lust.'
l 23. erant...necessario turbulentae, *could not be other-
wise than stormy.'

8 107, 1. 24, de eodem me, “8150 about me, ὃ 1081.8

eiusdem illius, ὃ 109 1. 21. habuit contionem— verba
fecit, * delivered an harangue,' 8 108 1. 9.
l. 27. constitit, *was assembled.'
1. 28. gravitate, 'energy, 'stress, *emphasis. tanto
silentio] 8 39 1. 12, 8 49 1. 10, 8 54 1. 4. :
[l. 30. ad auris—accidisse: cf. or. in Verr. 1v 8 2 mihil
quod. a.d oculos animemque acciderit. 3.8. &R.]
productus] sc. auctoritatis exquirendae causa, see n. to S 33.

P. 53,1. 1. praebuit]|seecr.n. Cf. or. in Pis. 80.

l 2. numquam-— maiore] Müller with Klotz enlarges the
sentence from P? into numquam neque sententiam eius auctori-
'ate neque eloquentiam iucunditate fuisse maiore.
8108,1. 5. idcirco...ne] ὃ 128 1. 19. appello nomino.
Cf. div. in Caec. 8 13 testes sunt viri clarissimi mostrae civi-
tatis, quos omnis a me nominari mon est necesse: eos qui adsunt
appellabo. si minus] 'if I say less than he deserves.
1. 6. de aliquo, *of some person or other."
 é

NOTES 215
[l.7. cedo: the use here is not easy to parallel exaetly; in
» the speeches it often has the sense *pray give me; * pray read
io me,''pray tell me;? but net *pray consider! or * pray reflect
on, as here. "There are difficulties about the ordinary deriva-
tion of the word. (1) the enclitic put in the front of the com-
pound; (2) the a of the imperative da changed to o; the dt of
(ce-date) cedte sinking not to st or ss but to tt. I believe all
these three things, strictly speaking, unparalleled in Latin.
But I do not know of any better derivation. 5. 8. &.] eius-
dem illius] 8 105 1. 10.
1l 8. de me eodem] 8 107 1. 24, 8 109 1. 21. ad verum
populum] i.e. not to à mere fraction of the people, 8 114 1. 32.
l 9. contionem —orationem in contione habitam, *speech,'
8 107 1. 24. non modo] see n. on ἃ 45 1. 6.
l 18. scelere adstringi] de off. rz ἃ 19 se astrinzit
scelere, or, p. Sull. 8 82. The usual word is obstringi, as in
or. p. Sull, 8 6, Verr. 1v$ 71 tanto scelere obstrictum,

CHAPTER LI
$ 109,1. 14, venio ad] or. p. Planc. 8 12 1. 16 n. sive
magistratuum placet, sive legum, *for the election of magis-
. trates or passing of laws, whichever you please.'
l 16. vix ut] for the position of ut see n. on ὃ 98 1. 12.
[quini, i.e. ex singulis tribubus, *scarce five, to represent
(nominally) each tribe, and very often even those not belonging
io the tribe they propose to represent;' Cicero is of course
Speaking hyperboliecally, like Demosth. or. de coron. 8 149,
when he says :---προβληθεὶς πυλαγόρας οὗτος καὶ τριῶν ἢ TerTá-
ρων χειροτονησάντων αὐτὸν ἀνερρήθη. For the general drift cf.
Arist. Ach. 508 ἐχειροτόνησαν γάρ με...κόκκυγές γε τρεῖς. J. 8. R.]
1,190. ruina-—pestis, 'perdition, *destroyer. So in the
or. de prov. cons. $ 15 Gabinius and Piso are called publi-
canorum ruinae. legem tulisse] after Cic. had gone into
exile.
1, 20. ferebatur] sc. lez. inisse suffragium, i.q. de-
disse, * gave his vote," cf. Liv. 111 17, 4; 25, 4.
l.21. de me eodem] 8 108 1. 8. ex senatus consulto...
tu] and therefore with the observance of all forma-
ities.
l 28. profiteatur, 'gladly own.
. 1.25. nhonestates, 'notabilities,' *notables,' ' respectabili-
ties, so potestates, 8 56 1, 5, dignitates, * dignitaries, Liv. xxrI
40, 4, nobilitates 2 principes, Tae. Ann. xi: 20.
216 PRO P. SESTIO 88 109—110
1. 26. una consentiunt] de am. ὃ 86 omnes uno ore con-
sentiunt, Phil. 1 8 20 omnes una et voce et mente consentiunt.
furiae convolant] 8 54 1. 9.
$110, 1. 28. Gellius] L. Gellius Poplicola, whom Cic.
or. in Vatin. c. 2 calls nutriculam seditiosorum; he was stepson
of L. Marcius Philippus cos. s.c. 9f. fratre] L. Marcius
Philippus, cons. 5.c. 56 ; Intr. 8 24.
l. 30. nomen retinet, ornamenta confecit] the contrast
between the two clauses is made stronger by the omission of &
conjunction to connect them : on this asyndetonm adversativum
see Reid's note to de am. $8 51. 25. The ornamenta are the
*requisites' for maintaining the position, viz. & fortune of
400,000 sesterces, cf. Hor. Epist. r 1, 57, or. p. Plane. 8 12
1. 26. Gellius still retained his rank, because he had not been
degraded by the censors. "There was no regular lustrum after
B.C. 70 until Augustus reestablished it in s.c. 28. [There were
censors in B.C. 61, who held the lectio senatus. lI do not know
whether it is expressly stated that they did not hold the recog-
nitio equitum. If they did, being, as is conjectured, friends of
Clodius, they probably ejected none of his supporters. 5. 8. R.]
1. 31. populare] i.e. populo gratum, *will he please
ihe people by showing himself?! In populo R. deditus there is
probably an allusion to his natne Poplicola.
enim * yes, certainly, for.
1.32. magis] sc. deditum, said ironically.
qui cum eius] for the usual cuius cum, see on ὃ 63 1. 24, and
cf. de sen, 8 18 qui cum ez eo quaerere:ur, or. Phil. x1 8 17
quem, quia iure ei inimicus fui, doleo superatum, ep. ad fam.
γι 4, 2 quae tamen, si possis eam suscipere, maxima est, Verr.
II $ 174 de quibus, ut eos iudices habeamus.
P. 54,1. 1, in honoribus—florere potuisset, *might have
basked in the sunshine of his stepfather's honours,' i.e. might
have been looked up to and esteemed as he was. Cf. 8 1011. 1.
1. 2. L. Philippi] L. Philippus cos. B.c. 91, censor 8.6.
86, was an orator of some repute ; de or. 8, 4 homini et vehe-
menti et diserto et in primis forti ad resistendum L. Philippo.
non fuit popularis] usque eo fuit popularis would have
better suited the ironical turn in nihil vidi magis.
l 3. comesset, *wasted, *squandered.' Οὗ, ep. ad Att.
vi 1, 25 putat suos nummos vos comedisse, Juv. Sat. 1, 34 ex
nobilitate comesa quod superest, Plaut. Most. ri 1l, ll, quem
absentem comes (comedis), Bacch. 1v 3, 105 aurum quod in
lustris comedim. ex impuro adulescente, after a youth of
lewdness."'
 NOTES 217
1, 5. ab idiotarum divitiis, (from the riches of common
folk,' i.e. which common folk enjoy. idiotae are the *ignorant;'
*unedueated,' *inexpert, ignorant of any particular art or
Science; as opp. to those who are versed in it, our 'laymen.'
Of. or. in Verr. 1v 2 ἃ 4 quae non modo hominem ingeniosum et
intellegentem, verum. etiam quemvis nostrum, quos iste idiotas
appellat, delectare possent, Lucian Hermot. c. 67 οὐδέποτε dpa
φιλοσοφήσομεν ἀλλὰ δεήσει ἡμᾶς ἰδιώτην τινὰ βίον ζῆν ἀπο-
στάντας τοῦ φιλοσοφεῖν. reculam, *poor estate, «humble
means, an ironical diminutive, see n. on or. p. Plane. 8 51,
876. Thisisthe emendation of Latendorf adopted by Halm? for
the ws reading regulam *discipline, which might suit deliciis,
the conjectural reading of Pantagathus for divitiis: see cr. n.
16, Graeculum] another contemptuous diminutive, meaning
*a mere man of letters, *a mere scholar,' literary pursuits, as
such, being despised by the Romans, as only fit for their de-
generate Greek contemporaries. Cf. Juv. Sat. r1 78, Cie. de
orat. I $ 48 verbi controversia iam diu torquet Graeculos
homines contentionis cupidiores quam veritatis, ib. ὃ 102 quid ?
mihi vos munc tamquam alicui. Gr aeculo otioso et loquaci
quaestiunculam ponitis ? ib. $221 ineptum (* a pedant?) et Grae-
culum. Plut. vit. Cic. c. 5 ταῦτα δῆ τὰ Ῥωμαίοις πρόχειρα kal
συνήθη ῥήματα *I'patkos kal σχολαστικὸς᾽ ἀκούων, Minuc.
Fel. Οοἵ. c. 22 rudes hominis multa docuit ut Graeculus et
politus. otiosum] properly *a private person,' not employed
in the public service, n. on de off. i11 $ 11. 4; here— oxoAa-
στικός, *a man of letters." 1.7. dedidit] 'gavehimself wholly upto.'
l 8. satiabant]in a double sense; *books were not enough
io satisfy his appetite, he must have something else,' and * he
could not have too much of books. See cr. n.
l. 1l. consenescebat, * was pining away ;' when there was ἃ
state of peace and quiet, he could find no vent for his energy.

CHAPTER LII
l1 14. princeps] sc. fuerit or esset.
l 16. bene dixit? immo, *had a good word for, do I say?
rather, I should say, &c. See 8 58 1. 25.
1, 18, ut credo] ironically, in which sense credo is generally
used alone, $ 44 1. 19, 8 84 1. 5, or. p. Plane. ὃ 3881.1. [The ut
may be caused by the ui of the preceding qui. 3.8. .]
. 1.19. plebicola, “ὦ friendof the people,' an ironical allu-
sion to the man's name Poplicola. libertinam] The mar-
riage of an ingenuus with a libertina was not null, nor did it
 218 PRO P. SESTIO & 110—113
entail ignominia on the former, nothing but social penalties.
Liv. xxxix 19, Rams. R. A. p. 103. * The lex Iulia and the
Pappia Poppaea! says Long * prohibited the marriage of a sena-
tor and a senator's children with a libertina, but not the mar-
riage of other ingenui with libertinae. But after the enactment
of the law the marriage even of a senator with a libertina was
& valid marriage; it only deprived the husband and wife of
ihe advantages which this lex gave to married people. It was
not til the time of Marcus Aurelius that a SCtum declared 8
marriage between a senator or a senator's children and libertini
to be null.
$111, 1. 20. adfuit] i.e. suffragiis ferendis, at the comitia,
$ 110, 1. 1.
1.21. gratulationibus] 8 54 1. 9.
1, 22. illo ore] sc. impudico, *with that infamous mouth
of his.
1. 28. quasi—ita, *just as though.' For other instances
of ita in correlation with quasi see or. p. Mur. 8 77 quid. quod,
cum admoneris, tamen quasi tute noris, ita salutas? in Verr.
1v ὃ 74 quasi illa ipsa face percussus esset, ita, flagrare cupidi-
tate coepit, de sen. $ 82, or. p. Planc. 8 55 1. 3 n., Nágelsb. lat.
St. $ 158, Sall. Jug. 85, 19.
1. 26. comedisti] ὃ 110 1. 3. meo periculo—hellu-
abare, * was it at my cost that you were to play the prodigal ?'
* was your wasteful extravagance to jeopardize me, by making
you poór and so an enemy of mine ?' gurges ac vorago] cf.
. 898, Verr. 8 8 28 immensa aliqua vorago est et gurges viti-
orum turpitudinumque omnium.
l. 28. si defendissem] on the use of the plup. subj. in
secondary subordination to represent the future perfect, see
Kenn. Gr. p.485. In direct speech it would have been si
Cicero defenderit, nolo eum (n civitate esse. Of. above ὃ 43 1. 11.
gregalis, * comrades,' * associates."
l 29. te nemo—videre volt] cf. or. p. Cluent. 8 41, 8 170,
or. in Vat. $ 2, 8 39, or. in Pis. $ 45, Hor. Sat. 1 1, 81 non uxor
salvom te volt, non filius, omnes vicini oderunt, noti, pueri atque
puellae.
1.81. gravis, *steady,' * sedate." senili iudicio, * with
the judgment of an old man; de sen. ὃ 38 adulescentem in. quo
est senile aliquid probo.
l 32. notavit, *set ἃ mark of disgrace on,' *stigmatized,'
* branded. in magno numero] sc. tutorum. tutorem
instituit, *appointed guardian, by testamentary disposition.
For the dative after tutorem cf. ὃ 119 1. 22.
nmn

NOTES 219
P.55,1.1. latus odio, *impelled,' *carried away by feelings
of disgust,' for the usual elatus. Οἵ, Nep. Att. 10, 4 Antonius
tanto odio ferebatur in Ciceronem, ut ete., or. in Verr. v $121
praeceps amentia ferebare, or. p. Cluent. 8 199 caecam scelere
ferri, or. p. Quint. 8 88 ferri avaritia, Tusc. r1 8 11 effrenati
ferantur aut libidine aut iracundia, Sallust Cat. c. 8 studio
ad rempublicam latus sum. But, as Mr Reid observes, some
of these passages are not free from doubt; elatus is far more
likely than latus.
1l 3. quam dicendum fuit] sc. mihi, *than I ought to have
said.
$112,1.4. illuc revertor] to the subject spoken of in $ 109.
l 5. capta urbe atque oppressa] $ 34.
l. 6. Titium] $80. See or. p. dom. c. 9, de harusp. resp.
6. 27. furias]$ 34, l. 13.
l. 7. auctores fuisse]inf. depends on a dico implied in illuc
(se. quod dicere coepi) revertor. ipse lator] Clodius.
1. 8. ab horum turpitudine — ab his turpibus. sordibus,
* baseness' of behaviour as well as disposition.
1.10. valetudinis excusationem, * plea of ill health! as an
excuse, causal genitive. Cf. or. in Pis. $ 18 excusatione te
uti valetudinis, or. p. Sull. 8 26 me neque honoris neque
aetatis excusatio vindicat a labore, or. p. Rabir. perd. reo ὃ 8
familiaris funeris excusatio, or. p. Mur. $ 47 morbi ea-
cusationi,

CHAPTER LIII

$113,1. 15. nuper] in the consulship of C. Julius Caesar

and M, Bibulus, s.c. 59. tres minime] Cn. Domitius
Calvinus, G. Ancharius, CO. Fannius, the two former of
whom were actually praetors in the year in which this speech
was delivered, the third expected to be praetor.
1.16. vehementer populares, *extremely popular,' de off.
1 8 66 res vehementer arduas, 118 64 vehementer utile, ὃ 65
vehementer moderatum. Draeger Hist. Synt. 1 p. 130 ed. 2,
So ἰσχυρῶς ih Greek, Xen. Anab. 1 7, 15 διώρυχες βαθεῖαι Lo X v-
ρῶς, Herod. tv c. 108 γλαῦκον πᾶν ἰσχυρῶς ἐστὶ καὶ πυρρόν.
1, 17. genere] n. to 8 90 1. 80.
l 18. conductarum contionum] $ 106 1. 17.
220 PRO P. SESTIO ὃς 113—114
consistendi, * keeping their footing, *maintaining their
ground,' met. borrowed from wrestling, cf. $ 127 1. 6, orat. 8 30
qui in forensibus causis possit praeclare consistere, ib.$ 98 si
semel constiterit, numquam cadet, or. p. Cluent. $ 198 nullo
in oppido consistendi potestas ei fuit, or. p. Quinct. $ 5 veri-
tas locum ubi consistat reperire non poterit.
l. 19. factos] or. p.Plane.$9,$ 14. They were made prae-
tors in the year in which the present speech was delivered,
l 21. prae se ferebat, * professed.'
l 28, mihil agere, 'achieve nothing.' See n. to or. p.
Planc. ὃ 83 1. 8.
1, 24. gratum] see suppl. n. to my de off. 1814 1. 16, ed. 6.
l. 25. iam, 'then again.
1, 26. in honoribus eius, *in regard to his candidature for
State offices;' or. in Vat. S10 de te homines quid sentiant imn
honore ezperti sumus.
$114,1. 27. illi duo] C. Alfius and P. Vatinius. Cicero
expresses himself in high terms of the former in his speech for
Plancius also, $ 48, 8 104. See my Introd. to that speech ὃ 32.
1. 28. quid egerunt, * how did they fare?' as in the common
formula * quid agis ?? *how do you do?' alter] C. Alfius.
qui tamen, observe the elliptic tamen.
1.99. tulerat nihil, *had not earried any measure, only
given energetic support to Caesar. senserat tantum—aliud
atque, *had merely held different political opinions from what
people expected of him,' $ 106 1. 13; senserat — censuerat, as
often. On alius atque * other than,' see n. to or. p. Plane. ὃ 48.
1.81. videlicet] not here as frequently in an ironical sense.
1, 82. vero populo] ὃ 108 1. 8.
P.56,1. l. in contione] for in contionibus, as in $ 127
l. 5.
1. 29. eum locum] the praetorship, as is remarked by the
scholiast on or. in Vatin. $ 38 where Cic. says, ecquisnam tibi
dixerit C. Caesarem nuper Aquileiae...divisse, C. Alfium prae-
teritum moleste tulisse, quod in homine summam fidem probi-
tatemque cognosset, graviterque etiam se ferre praetorem
aliquem esse factum, qui a, suis rationibus dissensisset.
1.4. alter] P. Vatinius. ita se in populari ratione
iactarat, *had given himself such airs as a democrat,' ὃ 101
l. 2.
 NOTES 221
1.5. legem Aeliam] ὃ 33 1. 20. senatus auctoritatem]
The most important rogations of the year s.c. 59 were brought
direct before the people without previously consulting the
senate. consulem] Bibulus, who, finding all other means of
resistance to Caesar's land bill useless, declared he would raise a
religious objection to the Comitia on every day that they might
be held to the end of the year, but on the day of taking the vote
was driven from the Forum and after that shut himself up in
his house, from which he issued idle edicts protesting against
the proceedings of Caesar and his tool Vatinius.
l 6. nihili putaret] Kenn. Gr. p. 416 8 169, Madv. Gr.
8 494 b obs. 3.
l 7. bonis viris] in a political sense. hominibus primis,
iq. primariis, principibus, *foremost men,' ' persons of
the highest rank:' so Tusc. 18 81 primi hominis nepos, or. in
Verr. rv ὃ 37 ab Lysone Lálybaetamo, primo homine, x ὃ 11
homines nobilissimi primique, ὃ 28 omnium Siculorum primi
ac nobilissimi, 111 8 168, Hor. Ep. 1 20, 28 primis urbis pla-
cuisse. [praestantissimis is in agreement with opibus rather
than viris. 0. 5. Ὁ.
1.8. tribum suam non tulit, «did not carry, i.e. obtain the
votes of, his own tribe. See n. to or. p. Plane. 8 48 l. 15.
Vatinius belonged to the tribe Sergia, or. in Vat. ὃ 36. The
Palatina was one of the four city tribes: the other three
were the Esquilina, Collina and Suburrana or Sucu-
8ana. They were filled with a lower class and held in less
esteem than the 31 country tribes. Cf. 8109 1. 16.
1.9. denique, *yea, even,' ὃ 30 1. 28.
l. 10. perdidit—non tulit, *failed in obtaining its votes;,'
although it was commonly said to be instrumental to their
plots and econspiracies. nec quiequam...tulit, (and he
gained nothing that good men would have liked him to get,
except a rejection,' and every good man was glad of this. [Cic.
hints that good men would have been glad if the crowd had
handled him roughly, as the crowd at some of the meetings he
had taken part in had handled boni viri. 7. 5. &.]
l 12. ut ita dicam] ὃ 29 1. 7, 8 32 1. 23.
1, 18. iam, by this time. We have a similar contrast
and play on words in de am. 8 96 itaque lex popularis suffra-
giis populi repudiata est, de leg. agr. 11 827 hic homo popu-
laris ne unam quidem p opulo comitiorum potestatem reliquit.
l 14. qui respuat] subjunctive in adjectival causal clause,
Madv. Gr. 8 366, Kenn. Gr. p. 461.
222 PRO P. SESTIO 88 115—116

CHAPTER LIV :
8 115, L 17. oculorum coniectus, *intent look, de orat.
αἰ 8 225 coniectis oculis, xx1 ὃ 222, or. p. Plane. $ 21, Quint.
IX 8, 101 vultus mutatio oculorumque coniectus multum in
actu valet. With animorum we must supply intentio or adiectio
by zeugma.
1, 18. remissiore, *less strict' than is required by the
usus forensis. Of. or. p. Arch. $ 8 a genere dicendi, quod. non
modo a consuetudine iudiciorum verum etiam a forensi ser-
mone abhorreat.
1. 19. comitiorum et contionum cet., (the expression of
popular opinion at the ordinary assemblies and publie meetings
is sometimes falsifed and spurious, I quite allow that at
theatrical and gladiatorial exhibitions it is said to be the
practice to raise some applause, but that only feebly and
sparingly by worthless hirelings; yet, when that is done,
it is easy to see how and by whom it is done and how the
honest part of the spectators behave. On the substitution of
the adjectives theatrales gladiatoriique for the genitives ($ 106)
of the nouns, which is $0 common in Cic., see on ὃ 124; on
omnino, 8 stronger quidem, see n. to ὃ 84, and cf. or. p. Planc.
8 37 1. 31. 1. 28. cum id fit, * in that case.
1,24. integra—non corrupta.
1.20. maxime-potissimum. fallit] see n. to 8 106
l. 12.
1. 27. hoc, sc. plausum accipere.
1,28. homini gravi] Cie. in a letter to Attieus (rv 5, 6)
says that on entering the theatre he was received magno et
aequabili plausu: and then adds, sed hoc me curaris: ego
ineptus qui scripserim, as if ὃ man of consular rank ought to
be indifferent to such matters. [Horace however mentions the
plausus as an honor to Maecenas. ὕ. 8. R.]
l. 29. pendet rebus levissimis] cf. or. de 1. agr. 11 8 66
obscura spe et caeca exspectatione pendere, ib. 8 80 perlevi
momento fortunae, inclinatione temporis pendere, or. p. Flacc.
8 4 salutem nostram quae spe extrema exiguaque pendet, ep.
ad Qu. Fr. rx1 5, 8 Caesaris promissis non valde pendeo, Liv.
II C. 7 tam levi momento mea apud vos fama pendet?
l. 30. ut ipsi loquuntur, favore] because favor was the
technical term for *applause' at theatrical and other exhibi-
tions. Acoeording to Quintilian viri 3, 34, this use of the word
came into fashion in Cicero's time. [What Quintilian says is
L4
 NOTES 223
favor et urbanus Cicero nova credit. As urbanus is old enough
and favor is used by Sallust, it is clear that Cic. can only have
referred to special meanings of these words; in the case of
favor this passage of the Sest. gives the clue; the new sense of
urbanus was probably that of * witty, ἀστεῖος. 3.8. R.] See p.278.
1. 81. immortalitatem, *imperishable fame,' or. p. Planc.
8 90. mortem] de off. τι 8 69 clientes appellari mortis
instar putant, or. p. Flacc. 8 19 eos, quibus odio sumt nostrae
secures, scriptura, decumae, portorium morti.
8 116,1.32. Scaure] 81011.30; Plin. N. H. xxxv1 $ 113 ff.
gives ἃ description of the unparalleled magnificence of his
exhibitions as aedile in s.c. 58. 866 Dict. of Gr. and Rom.
Biogr. vol. x1 p. 737.
P. 57, 1. 8. se populo—commiserit, *ventured to appear
before the people. Of. below, 8 124 1. 5 se populo dedit, or. in
Pis. 8 65 da te populo, committe ludis: sibilum metuis, Suet.
Ner. c. 26 se publico non committere, or. in Verr. 111 ἃ 49
populo se ac coronae dare.
1.4. maxime ludius, 'arch pantomimist,' i.e. not literally
z histrio, but one who takes a leading part in everything, with
reference at the same time to the ludi. On the combination
of adverb with substantive cf. $ 93 1. 6, 8 130 1. 11, and see
Madv. Gr. 8$ 801 c obs. 2.
1. 5. acroama, 'artiste, *virtuoso,' literally *a thing
heard, applied properly to musice, but also to ἃ play, recita-
tion, or entertainment of any kind; and next to the person
who acts, recites, or entertains. See heid's note on or. p. Arch.
8 20 1. 80. embolia] another Greek word, signifying *inter-
ludes,' *ballets,' *entrechats,' or anything interposed between
two plays or acts, even to the gesticulation of mimi and dane-
ing. in coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur, *gains
admission in the disguise of a female minstrel to a party of
women, at the house of Caesar's wife Pompeia, where the
mysteries of the Bona Dea were going on : Introd. ὃ 6.
1.7. ardenti] a stronger expression than /lorenti ac vigenti.
1.8. vix vivus effugit] on the day on which the decree of
the Senate about Cicero's return was made in the Temple of
Virtue, erected by Gaius Marius de manubiis Cimbricis et
Teutonicis. See n. on or. p. Plane. 8 78 1. 12. The senate
always met in a templum, i.e. & place marked out and con-
secrated aecording to the rules of auguralscience. Beside the
curia Hostilia, khhe temples of the Forum and the Capitol were
used, esp. templum Concordiae (8 26 1. 18). Antonius summoned
the senate to the templum of Tellus, Cic. or. Phil. 11 8 89 ed.
Mayor, ib. 8 15 1. 18.
294 PRO P. SESTIO 88 116—118
1. 11. municipi eius, *his fellow-townsman, Arpinum
being the birthplace of both : or. p. Plane. $ 20, 8 21; or. p.
Rosc. Am. 8 87, 8 105, below 8 188 suis civibus. On the
allusion see $ 50, n. to or. p. Planc. 8 20 1. 3; or. p. Sull. $ 78
eo municipio unde iterum iam solus huic urbi imperioque missa
est. monumentum—* publie building.'
l. 19. sedem-—praebuisset, i.e. cum excepit eos qui de
Ciceronis salute decreverunt. salutem]$8 391.14. Paul
suggests praesidium, Karsten senatus consultum for sedem.

CHAPTER LV

8117,1.15. sentire se ostenderet] the pleonastie expres-

sion gives additional prominence to the idea of plainness of
demonstration. [It is like de fin. 1 $8 24 eum Macedonum lega-
tis accusantibus quod. pecunias praetorem in provincia cepisse
ostenderent, io which there are many parallels. 5.8.8.]
utroque in genere—in utramque partem, 'in both ways,
in their manifestation of regard for the senate (primum-——deinde
—cum vero—declararunt) and of their dislike for Clodius (at
cum ille—eiciebatur). declaratum est—apparuit, 8 124
]. 81.
l 16. τοὶ 1051] 884. Others read praeconi, auctori, relatori.
l 18. spectatum redeuntibus] 8. 120 I. 28, 8 123.
1.19. qui ludos faciebat] ὃ 116 1. 1. consul] P. Len-
tulus Spinther.
l 20. manibus passis] to be taken with stantes which is
subordinate to the participles gratias agentes et lacrimantes.
On stantes cf. Prop. ni 18, 18 stantiaque in plausum tota
theatra, fremunt, Cic. ep. ad Att. 11 19, 8 inimici erant equitibus
qui Curioni stantes plauserant, de amic. 8 24 stantes plau-
debant with Reid's note, to which he now adds Valer. Max. 1v
5,1. [Et after stantes seems a necessity; the asyndeton stan-
tes—Aagentes is entirely unlike Cic. The case of petenti—8sedenti
below is rendered quite different by the ne quidem. 3. 8. &.]
l 21. lacrimantes gaudio] S 120 1. 30 Jjlens recenti
laetitia.
l 22. furibundus] 8 15, 1. 28.
1, 28. incitata, under excitement because of the decree
of the Senate. venisset, sc. e senatu in theatrum.
1. 25. quidem] adversative, $ 15 1. 27.
 NOTES 225
1.26. palmarum intentus, *stretchings out of hands" i.e.
with menacing gestures, Tac. Ann. 27 manus intentantes.
We must supply some verb by zeugma for profuderunt.
maledictorum clamorem, 'loud invectives. The gen. of the
subst. for adj., see n. on 57 1. 22, $ 88 1. 32.
$118, 1.28. ego commemoro] Madv. Gr. 8 353. ex
servitute, *after slavery'8 110 1. 3,8 131 1. 26.
l. 29. dispicientis, 'having a glimpse of,' *perceiving with
difficulty. in eo homine, 'in the person of,' *when the ques-
tion was about, that man,' see n. on $ 7, 8 24, 8103 1. 32.
tum petenti, *at that time, viz. when he was ἃ candidate for the
&edileship,! 8 68 tum me expulso. [i.e. though he might be-
come their master by getting control over the ludi. 5. 8. 5.]
1. 31. togata] se. fabula, & play of Afranius, who flou-
rished about ».c. 100 and was the first to compose dramas with
Roman subjects (togatae), in which the national dress and
manners predominated, as opp. to palliatae, in which Greek
characters and Greek dresses were introduced.
l 32. $imulans — Gr. Eipev, *the Pretender, ἃ play of
Afranius acted in 8.6. 56, the same year as the Eurysaces of
Accius, Koch takes simulans with caterva in an ironical
sense. ut opinor, ὃ 481. 20 regis, opinor, Erecthei, filiae.
caterva, i.q. grez, *troupe, *company of actors; de orat, rr
8 196 ut a multitudine non modo catervae atque concentus
( ehoirs?) sed etiam ipsi sibi singuli discrepantes eiciantur.
Ρ. 68, 1.1. in ore, looking him full in the face.'
imminens, 'bending towards him.' Of. de orat. 11 ὃ 225 quae
fuit illa, quam repentina vis, cum coniectis oculis, gestu omni
imminenti, summa gravitate et celeritate verborum ——
quid sedes?? etc.
135. huic—vitae] eonstrue, huic, Tite, vitiosae vitae post
tua principia atque exitus ( continuation, *outecome," quae
ex principiis exierunt et secuta sunt). But the text of
the passage is uncertain: see Ribbeck Com. Rom. Fr. p. 208
ed. 2, who quotes it thus :—
haec, taetérrime, vilis
sunt póstprincipia atque éxitus [malaé] vitiosae vitae.
Müller simply gives the ws reading, huic tite tua, póstprincipia
atque éritus Vitiósae vitae.
1.5. cantorum convicio, *loud cries of his (hired) brawlers.'
Cf. Plut. Pomp. c. 48, 7: ἐπεχείρει (Κλώδιος) τῶν Πομπηΐου δια-
τάξεων ἐνίας ἀναιρεῖν.. .«τέλος δέ, προελθόντος αὐτοῦ πρός τινὰ
δίκην, ἔχων ὑφ᾽ αὑτῷ πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων ἀσελγείας καὶ ὀλιγωρίας
Η. 1ὅ
226 | | PRO P. SESTIO $$ 118—120
μεστὸν αὐτὸς μὲν els ἐπιφανῆ τόπον καταστὰς ἐρωτήματα τοιαῦτα
προὔβαλε" “Τίς ἐστίν αὐτοκράτωρ ἀκόλαστος; τίς ἀνὴρ ἄνδρα ζητεῖ ;
τίς ἑνὶ. δακτύλῳ κνᾷται τὴν κεφαλήν" ; οἱ δὲ, ὥσπερ χόρος εἰς
ἀμοιβαῖα συγκεκροτημένος... ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστῳ (*at each question
of Clodius) μέγα βοῶντες ἀπεκρίναντο “Πομπήϊος. σοπυΐ-
ciwm connected with voz means *a din of many voices
together. *For the standing declamations the tried throats
of the theatrical staff were an article in much request. "This
is the meaning of cantorum convicio contiones celebrare.
Mommsen Hist. Rom. tv p. 808.
l 6. celebrare, “ ἴο enliven.' cantorum ipsorum voci-
bus, *a chorus of (real) stagesingers,' Hor. Ars Poet. l 155
donec cantor vos plaudite! dicat. Cf. or.p.Rosc. com. 8 30:
quod, nuper in Erote comoedo usu venit, qui posteaquam e scena
non modo sibilis, sed etiam convicio explodebatur, confugit in
huius domum.
1, 7. eiciebatur, stronger expression than ezcplodebatur,
* was hooted off,' de off. 1 $ 148 n., de orat. 111 ὃ 196.
1.8. ne—quidem, 'neither, *also not,' or. p. Planc. 8 53
1. 4. in magna varietate, «notwithstanding the great va-
riety,' Cic. de off. τὶ 8 41. 17, 8 29 1. 81.
1.9. sententiarum] in the play.
locum, *topio,' * passage."
l. 10. cadere in, *to fit,' *suit,' de off. x11 8 14 n.
1.11. quod, the subject of fugeret, *escaped the observa-
tion of, is also the object of exprimeret, *gave prominence to."
1.12. actor] 8c. primarum partium.
8 119, l. 12. hoc 1000, “δὖ this point. For the apology cf.
or. p. Arch. 8 32.
l.14. labi, *to slide into.' Οἱ, ὑπορρεῖν in Plut. Nie. c. 1, 3.
1. 16. iniudicio, in a court of justice, loquar] future
indie. not present subj.

CHAPTER LVI
l 16. insolens, *unaccustomed,' de orat. 1 8 207 quorum
sum, ignarus atque insolens, Sallust Cat. c. 3 insolens mala-
rum artium. omni ex genere, * from all possible subjects."
1. 17. ut orationem aucuper, *as to be on the look-out for
subject matter." omnis flosculos] *all kinds of flowers' (of
rhetorie) 80 πᾶς-- παντοῖος, cf. 8 89 1. 9, 8 58 1. 18.
 NOTES 227
undique, 'from all quarters. Cp. Hor. Carm. 1 7, 7 un-
dique decerptam...olivam i.e. *gathered from every side."
l. 19. advocatio, in conerete sense, *a body of supporters,'
see my n. to de off. 1 8 321. 7, and Dr Reid on or. p. Sull. 8 61
l. 29. ille conventus—iila circumstantium. civium corona,
*the publie present in court."
l 20. aetas] Cic. was then in his 51st year. honos] as
vir consularis.
1. 22. iuventuti] dative of purpose after verbal substantive,
Roby Gr. 11 8 1156. Of. or. deleg. Man. ὃ 70 non quo mihi aut
praesidia periculis aut adiumenta honoribus quaeram. "The
sentence — institui docere iuventutem ; hence the subjunctive of
oblique question follows, qui essent optimates.

1.24, universi populi iudicium, * public opinion.

l 25. intimos sensus] $ 22 1. 26.
8 120,1. 26. quid fuit illud quod, '*what a grand thing it
was that!" not *how came it that?' (Wolf, Koch) or * what
was the reason that?' (Osiander), or *what must I say of
this, that ?' (Long). It is an exclamation,
not a question,
1. 28. ludos seaenamque —ludos scenicos, $ 106 1. 16.
consessu maximo] $ 12 1.3, $ 33 1. 2.
l. 29. summus artifex, *most accomplished master of his
art,!' viz. Aesopus, the tragie actor, see Hor. Ep. r1 1, 81, Sat.
113, 289. [Artifer is the only word in Latin for 'artiste.'
Artificium is in Cie. continually convertible with ars. 7. 8. R.]
partium, in double sense *róle, and * party,' *faction.! So
without any play on the word, or. p. Cael. $ 18 quis civis meli-
orum partium aliquando? ib. 8 33 civem bonarum artium,
bonarum partiwm, Corn. Nep. Att. c. 6 in rep. ita versatus est,
ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur. For
the use of the genitive of quality without an appellative see
n, to or. p. Planc. 8 521. 11.

1.30. tam quam-non minus quam, *no less...than,' “88

wellas;' so ep. ad Att. 4, 1, 5 quod video tibi etiam movom
accidisse tamquam mihi, Àuoct. ad Herenn. 4 8 29 sí lenones
vitasset tamq wam leones.
1, 31. mixto, sc. cum laetitia ' with a mixture of joy
we pathetic longing." egit, both as actor and as advo-
eate.
15—2
| 998 PRO P. SESTIO 88 120—122
P. 59,1. 2. poetae] the tragic poet L. Accius, born r.c.
170, $8102. The line is according to the Scholia Bobiensia
from his play of Eurysaces, son of Ajax son of Telamon.
l 2. arte,—especially *gesture, which was what the
Romans most admired in acting.
1.3. dolore—flebili voce, exprimebat] $ 118 1. 12,
1 4. qui] Aiax. certo, * determined, * resolute.'
l.5. statuerit] poet. for stabiliverit,
1.6. vobiscum stetisse, *stood by you,' * took your side.'
1. 7. revocabatur] a theatrical term, *was encored,' so 8
123 1. 27, or. p. Arch. $ 18, Liv. vix 2, 9, Valer. Max. v1 2, 9.
1. 10. quantis clamoribus, *amid what great shouts of
applause, de am. $8 24 qui clamores tota cavea nuper in M.
Pacwuvi nova fabula! Brut.$ 164 nulla est altercatio cLamori-
bus umquam habita maioribus. haec—agebantur] these
words refer to the quotation re dubia pepercerit.
8121, l 11, omisso gestu, 'neglecting, being indifferent
to, his action, and thinking only of the poet's words which
were applicable to Cicero's eondition. ^ studio actoris] who by
the intonation of his voice made the allusion to Cicero's case
So plain. exspectationi nostrae —spei mei reditus.
1.12. plauderetur] impers. *the audience applauded,' $ 10
E
l 14. nam illud, *for as to what follows' viz. the words
summo ingenio praeditum. On the elliptic use of nam see 8 19
l. 18, 8 26 1. 20, 8 95 1. 31.
ipse—adiungebat etc.] sc. de suo, *added himself' from
feelings of friendship."
l15. homines]$ 28 1. 19, 8 711. 13, 8 105 1. 2.

CHAPTER LVII
l.17. iam, ' moreover. illa, *the following words.
l 18. in eadem fabula. There is ἃ diffieulty about these
words, because the following line haec omnia vidi inflammari
is certainly from the Andromache, & tragedy of Ennius, The
best solution of the difficulty is to suppose with O. Ribbeck
(quaest. scenic. 328 sq., tragic. rom. fragm. p. 26), that Ae-
sopus transferred this line of Ennius in acting the Eurysaces
of Accius with proper alterations, just as in 1. 16 he had
 NOTES 229
allowed himself to add summo ingenio praeditum to the praise of
Oicero. The often-quoted lines from the Andromache Aech-
malotis are ag follows :—
O páter, o patria, o Príami domus,
con
ove
e saeptum. áltisono cardine templum!
vidi égo te astante ope bárbarica
tectis caelatis lácuatis,
auro, ébore instructam régifice.
Haec ómnia videi inflámmarei,
Priamó vi vitam evitarei,
lovis áram sanguine türparei;
where pater refers to Eetion Andromache's father, who was
slain by the Achivi at the taking of his city the Cilician Thebes.
The exclamation o pater, says Cic., recalled to the memory of
the people the man who had been greeted with the title pater
patriae.
1.21... Q. Catulus] 8 101 1. 9.
1. 22. patrem patriae] or. in Pis. c. 3, Plin. N. H. 7, 81,
8 177, Iuv. Sat. vir 244. fletu, *emotion,' sub. egit or
dixit; see n. to or. p. Plane. 8 76 1. 20, Nágelsb. lat. Stil.8
9, 8.
1, 28. patrem pulsum] Ribbeck shows that this might
have been the subjeet of à speech in the Eurysaces by reference
to Cie. Tusc. τὺ 839: quid ergo? huiusne vitae propositio et
cogitatio aut Thyestem levare poterit aut Aeetam aut T elamo-
nem (the grandfather of Eurysaces) pulsum patria, exsu-
lantem atque egentem? in quo haec admiratio fiebat :
Háícine est ille Télamon, modo quem. glória ad caelum éztulit?
quem ádspectabant? cáius ob os Graii óra obvertebánt sua 3
1, 26. se convertisset] i.e. from the stage to the audience.
1. 28. invidis, used substantively, *ill-wishers,' *detractors,'
ef. 8 145 1. 15 and see n. to or. p. Planc. 8 1 1. 6.
8122,1.29. quid? illa] *what of this? how did he deliver
this line?" viz. that which follows 1. 3 p. 60.
l 31. praeclare posse dici, *might very well have been
uttered.' i
1, 82. libere, *boldly,' *openly,' 8 4 1. 19.
P. 60,1. 3. o ingratifici etc.] this and the verse quoted in
l. 12 are also taken from the Eurysaces of Accius. inmunes,
*disobliging, *unfriendly,' lit, free from munia (λειτουργίαι),
*duties towards the state. Cf. de am. 8 50 non est inhumana
virtus neque immunis neque superba, Plaut. Trin. i1 2, 69
.930 PRO P. SESTIO 8 192—124
(850) civi immuni scis quid cantari solet? ib. τ 1, 2 (24)
amicum castigare immoenest facinus. So in old Latin munis
Ξε *obliging, Mereat. prol. 105 dico eius pro meritis gratum me
et munem fore.
l. 4. illud] referring to the preceding line. non enim
ingrati sed miseri, sc. eran t, $ 131 1. 6.
l 6. quibus—non liceret] subjunctive in & causa] clause.
unus—universi] or. Phil. i11 8 6 : quis enim unus fortior, quis
amicior umquam reip. fuit, quam legio Martia universa?
l 7. sed tamen-Gr. δ᾽ οὖν, *but, be that as it may.'
illud, *the following verse.! Cic. corrects himself after quot-
ing the first line, as if applicable to himself (pro se), by which
he would appear to reproach his countrymen with ingratitude,
whereas they were, he says, unfortunate rather than ungrate-
ful. The next line, however, was so relevant to his own case
that the poet must, he says, have written it for him.
1.8. actor] in twofold sense, as egit in 8 120 1. 31.
l.9. cum demonstraret—-demonsirans, as in 8 126
1. 80 numquam est conspectus cum veniret, i, e. *coming.'
1.12. sistis—sivistis, cf. 8 44 1. 21.
1.18. significatio] 8 105 1. 32.
l 14. ab universo p. R.] abl. of the agent after verbal
noun declaratio. Of. $8641. 1. | in causa] $ 102 1. 32,
l 15. non popularis] ironically, as adding point to his
refutation of the opinion of his enemies about their own
popularity. equidem audiebam, 'I for my part go by
hearsay;' 8 72 1. 30 vos haec melius scire potestis; equidem
audita dico. [existimare: perhaps a reference to the sense
iudicare, which has misled some of the writers of the inferior
MSS to put aestimare. 3.8. R.]

CHAPTER LVIII
$ 123, 1.16. et quoniam] The sentence beginning with
histrio etc. is only a recapitulation of what precedes, the fresh
point to which Cic. here draws attention is contained in the
question utrum haec Aesopum eic. hue, *to this point,'
*go far.'
l 17. totiens—ut, *in so many passages of ihe same
tragedy, that ete."
l 18. dolenter, * pathetically,' $ 14 1. 8, cf. 8 120 1. 3.
 NOTES 231

1 19. illa, 'that famous voice.'

1. 20. ingenia, *talent. tempori meo] Cic. fre-
quently uses tempus, tempora in speaking of his banishment,
fall and sufferings. See n. to or. p. Planc. 8 11. 5 n., $ 79 1. 29,
There may be a ref. to Archias here.
1.22. utrum dicere oportuit, *ought they to have spoken ? '
Roby Gr. 11 ὃ 1366.
124, liber] 8141 ll. principes civitatis] 8 40 1. 32.
1.95. Bruto] a tragoedia praetextata of Accius, in which
the name of Tullius occurred, doubtless King Servius Tul-
lius, the founder of Roman liberty.
Ll 26. stabiliverat] 8 143 1. 30.
1. 27. revocatum est, sc. hoc dictum, 8 120 1. 7.
parumne] ὃ 32 1. 23. iudicare, *to pronounce its verdict )(
eriminabantur. l. 28. id, sc. libertatem.
1. 29. sublatum per nos] Cic. often had to bear the
reproach of having established a tyranny, cf. or. p. Sulla 8 21
quo in magistratu (the consulship) non institutum est a me
regnum, sed repressum, or. in Vat. 8 23. Clodius dedicated
a small part of the area of Cicero's mansion on the Palatine,
when he had demolished it, to erect thereon a temple to
Lábertas or to Licence, as Cic. says de legg. 11 17.

8124,1. 806. maximum iudicium, 'the strongest expression

of opinion,' or. Phil.1$36 quid? Apollinarium ludorum plausus
vel testimonia potius et iudicia populi Romani parum magna
vobis videbantur ? $ 129 1. 20.

1. 81, universi] this being the significant word is placed

at the end of the proposition, so below 1. 11, 8 125 1, 24, 1. 25.
consessu g£ladiatorio, for (ludorum gladiatorumque consessu
(8 105 1. 16), a temporal ablative, Kenn. Gr. p. 400. Cf. 8 115
1. 20; so tempus gladiatorium, ὃ 125 1. 16.
1.32. munus, sc. gladiatorium: 'show, *exhibition,
8 135 1. 28. The gladiatorial shows were originally ludi
funebres, and are said to have been imported from Etruria
io Rome. See Ramsay, R. 4. p. 3858. [Down at least to the
end of the Republie the iudi gladiatorii were always ludi fune-
bres in theory, though the person in whose honour they were
ostensibly given might have been very long dead. "They were
not exhibited by public magistrates till the time of Augustus,
who revoked the arrangement, after which it was resumed by
Claudius. J.8.R.]
232 PRO P. SESTIO 8& 124—126
Scipionis] P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, who became
on his adoption by Q. Metellus Pius, the son of Numidicus,
Q. Caecilius Metellus Seipio. He was consul in Β.σ. 51
and father-in-law of Pompeius; on his defeat by Caesar in Africa
he died by his own hand. See no. 21 in the pedigree of the
Seipios, or. p. Planc. p. 94.
Q. Metello] Quintus Metellus Pius, son of Numidicus,
eos. B. 0. 80. See or. p. Planc. p. 187.
P. 61, l. 1, cui dabatur, *in whose honour it was being
given, although he died several years before, as we learn
from Dion Cass. 37, e. 37. [In or. p. Sull. 88. 54, 55 mention
is made of à munus enjoined on Faustus Sulla by his father's
will to be given at a fixed time many years after the death of
the Dictator. 5. 8, Β.}
1. 2. omni frequentia...celebratur, “15 attended by a
eoneourse of people of all sorts and conditions;' de orat. I
8 200 vestibulum quod...maxima cotidie frequentia civium
celebratur. [quo—delectatur: the words as they stand
have & great appearance of being a gloss. Possibly Cic. wrote
et after celebratur. |3. 8. &.]
l.5. se populo dedit] «appeared before the people.'
1, ἢ. inimici] ὃ 151. 29.
1.8. à columna Maenia] which stood at the south entrance
to the Forum, $ 18 1. 31.
1. 9. usque à Capitolio] i.e. from the opposite or north-
west side of the Forum.
spectaculis, *stands' for seeing the games from, or. p.
Mur. 8 72 at spectacula sunt tributim data, liv. 1.85, 8
ubi spectacula sibi quisque facerent...spectavere furcis spec-
tacula alta sustinentibus, xiv 1, 2 murmur populi tota spec-
tacula pervasit, Ov. Met. x 668 resonant spectacula plausu,
Tac. Ann. xiv 18 ezxstructos, qua, incederet, spectaculorum
gradus, quo modo triumphi visuntur.
1. 10. cancellis] Gr. κιγκλίδες, δρύφακτοι ; & temporary
railing to mark out the place for the games. See or. Verr.
1138135. [The Forum was during the Republican period the
regular place for the gladiatorial exhibitions. 0. 5. R.]

$125,1. 13. aliusne aliquis] 8 53 1. 32.

l 14. peculiaris cet., “18 there some other people belong-
ing particularly to the disaffected citizens, whose dislike and
enmity I have incurred ?'
l1 15. offensi, *odious.'
 NOTES 233

CHAPTER LIX

l 17. iud] sc. tempus, emphatie; cf. or. Phil. vr 8 18

in foro L. Antoni statuam videmus, sicut illami Q. Tremuli,
qui Hernicos devicit. Observe the double genitive dependent
upon tempus, contionis that of the subject, while populi belongs
to the predicate-tempus contionis mom est tempus frequentis-
simi populi. contionis—comitiorum] Ramsay R. 4. pp.
104—5.
l 18. neque vero, nor indeed, *and not even, *much
1655, ὃ 36 1. 18.
1.20. tanta] $1241. 30. sine ulla varietate] ὃ 74 1. 32.
universi] $ 124 1. 31 n.

l 21. de me actum iri] the student must guard against

translating this, *that it would be all over with me,' as
Osiander does. de me-—de meo reditu, *that there would
be à debate about my restoration from exile.'
1. 22. optimorum] ὃ 21. 21, $8 1. 21.
8 126, 1. 28. at vero, *but certainly:' the addition of
vero to at strengthens the contrast, $ 139 1. 7, 8 140 1. 24.
l 24. ille praetor] Appius Claudius Pulcher (eldest
son of Appius Claudius Pulcher, praetor B.C. 89, or. p. Arch.
$ 9, or. p. dom. sua ἃ 83, and therefore brother of Publius),
praetor B.C. 57, cos. B.C. 54, censor B.C. ὅθ, of whose teme-
rariae contiones Cic. complains even after his restoration, ep.
ad Αἰ. τιν 9, 4. 866 8 771. 9. Cf. or. p. Mil. 8 39, or. in Pis.
8 35 de me cum omnes magistratus promulgassent praeter unum
praetorem, a quo mon fuit postulandum, fratrem. inimici mei,
Dion Cass. xxxix 6, 7. proavi] Appius Claudius Pulcher,
eos, B.C. 143, whose daughter was married to "Tiberius
Gracchus.
non—maiorum instituto, “ποὺ after the fashion of his
ancestors, in whose time publie meetings (contiones) were of
2 more tranquil character, while the multitude merely listened
in silence to the speech of the person by whom they had been
called together, or those whom he introduced to their notice,
but at no time could a privatus homo come forward and address
ihe contio without permission of the presiding magistratus.
[The TRANS lay in addressing a question to the contio.
J. 8. R.
234 PRO P. SESTIO 8 126—127
1. 25. Graeculorum] a contemptuous diminutive, 8 110
1. 6. Cf. or. p. Flacco 8 15. Graecorum totae res publicae
sedentis contionis temeritate administrantur ; itaque illa vetus
Graecia, quae quondam opibus imperio gloria floruit, hoc
uno malo concidit, libertate immoderata ac licentia, contionum.
The whole chapter furnishes an excellent commentary on
republican institutions.
l 26. velletne] sc. contio.
1. 27. eràt reclamatum cet., *languid shouts of dis-
approval were raised by the hirelings present. Or. Phil. v 8 22
cwm suis promissis legiones fortissimae reclamassent, vx ὃ 12,
ep. ad fam. x 2, 2 eius orationi vehementer ab omnibus
reclamatum est, 1v 8 5 reclamatione vestra factum com-
probavistis. semivivis] i.e. languidis, *feeble,' not hearty,
as if they were not much interested about it.
1.29. gladiatores, *'gladiatorial shows," ὃ 183 1. 6. So we
find gladíatoribus for ludis gladiatoriis, ep. ad Att. 11 16, 11 et
ludis et gladiatoribus mirandas ἐπισημασίας auferebamus, ib.
11 9, 8. numquam est conspectus cum veniret, never let
himself be seen coming, ὃ 122 1. 9.
1. 80. emergebat cet.] Intulit versum de fabula Paeuviana,
quae sub titulo Ilione fertur. In ea est quippe argumentum
ita dispositum, ut Polydori umbra secundum consuetudinem
seaenicorum ab inferiore aulaei parte procedat et utatur hac
invocatione matris suae, quam sordidatus et lugubri habitu,
ut solent qui pro mortuis inducuntur, filius implorabat.
Verum sub hoe exemplo intellegi vuli Appium Claudium
male sibi conscium et populo graviter offensum, obscure
solitum venire ad spectacula, ne iratae multitudinis impetus
experiretur. Sio ergo veniebat, inquit, ut solent umbrarum
figmenta subrepere. SCHOL. BOB.
[sub tabulas, i.e. he invented & sort of Χαρώνειοι κλίμακες
for himself. It is not easy to see what exact sense should be
given to sub tabulas, in view of the actual construction of the
theatre. J.s.R.] Perhaps a wooden temporary amphitheatre.
l 81. mater te appello] According to the tradition
followed by Pacuvius, Iliona daughter of Priam and Hecuba,
wife of King Polymestor, was at the beginning of the Trojan
war entrusted with the care of her youngest brother Polydorus,
whom she brought up as her own son, while she made believe
. that her own son Deipylus (Deiphilus) was Polydorus. After
the destruetion of Troy the Greeks anxious to exterminate the
race of Priam bribed Polymestor to kill Polydorus and so he
killed his own son. In the passage quoted the ghost of Deipylus
 NOTES 235
ow io his mother in her sleep, beseeching her to bury his
ody.
ut—dicturus videretur, *so that he looked as if he were
going to utter the words of the ghost of Deipylus, ** Mother, to
thee I ery for help."'
P. 62, l. 1. iam vocabatur, 'was henoeforth getting to be
ealled,.? "There is of course an allusion to the great vía Appia,
the regina viarum, commenced by Appius Claudius Caecus
censor B.C. 812, which connected Rome with Brundusium. On
Cicero's fondness for fathering his own jokes on the publie, ut,
quo essent magis vulgaria, eo esset credibilius illa, ab oratore non
ficta sed. passim esse iactata, Quintil. v1 9, 8, see Macrob. Sat.
II €. 3 and cf. n. on $ 72 1. 23.
1.2. equi] i.e. of the andabatae who rode on horseback
and of the essedarii, who fought from Celtic war chariots
(esseda).
l 3. extimescebant, *took fright'! at the noise of the
hisses of the spectators. Ovid Trist. rv 2, 53 ipse sono
plausuque simul fremituque canentum | quadriiugos cernes saepe
resistere equos.
8 127,1. b. omni odio] 8 28, 1. 27 : cf. 8 117, 1. 24.
1. 6. consistere] see n. on $ 113, 1. 18. operarum] ὃ 18
l. 1, 8 28 1. 30.
l. 7. significatione] 8 105 1. 32, 8 122 1. 13.
l 9. tu mihi cet.] The prosecutor M. Tullius Albino-
vanus appears to have drawn a contrast between the patriotism
of Mareus Atilius Regulus and the egotism of Cicero.
Regulus would not stay at Rome, while his fellow-captives
were in the hands of the enemy: Cicero rather than stay in
exile effected his return by violence and the aid of armed men.
Cicero meets the objection by denying the use of force in effecting
his return, which, he says, took place amid general popular
enthusiasm: this gives him the opportunity of a detailed de-
scription of the circumstances which accompanied his restora-
tion.
1.11, [iis invitis, against their will, Jeep's conjecture for
the vulgate sine eis captivis, i.e. while his fellow-captives were
in the hands of the enemy, cannot be right. It does not fit in
with the story, according to which what deterred Regulus from
remaining was not the opinion of the prisoners left behind, but
his own determination that none of the prisoners should be
ransomed. "The proper sense would be given.by salvis captivis,
which though not so near the wss as I should like, is af; least
-236 PRO P. SESTIO $$ 127—129
as near as Jeep's emendation. Regulus might have advised
the senate to save the prisoners, in which case he might have
remained at Rome. It is very curious that Cic. himself in the
de off. a8 well as other writers say his mission concerned the
release or exchange of Carthaginian prisoners. 0, 8. R.]
The story of Regulus' mission to Rome by the Carthaginians
to procure an exchange of prisoners is ποῦ found in Polybius,
it is summarized in the epitome of Livy 18. With Cicero it is
a commonplaee, and is told at length in the de off. gr $ 99
iuratus missus est ad senatum, ut, misi redditi essent Poenis
captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Karthaginem. |Cf. Horace
Od. r1 5, 18 ff.
1. 12. mihi negas optandum-— fuisse, *you say that it
ought not to have been desired by me.'
1. 18. familias, sc. gladiatorum (8 9 1. 81), in reference
to the fight between the partisans of Sestius and Clodius on the
22nd of January.

CHAPTER LX
l 15. scilicet] ironical, * naturally.*
l 16. nihilegi, *effected nothing,' *did no good."
8 128,1. 17. repudiarem]S$ 78 1. 10, 8 89 1. 21.
l 18. florens] 8 105 1. 32, 8 131 1, 4, 8 136. 25. ne
qui] for ne quis, Madv. $8 450. studio gloriae] 8 124 l. 6
plausus cupiditate.
l 19. idcirco—ut, * on purpose that,' 8 108 1. 5, $8 84 1. 3.
1.20. nisi me] i.q. praeter me, *except me, Madv. Gr.
8 442 obs. 2.
. | 22. publice, 'offeially 8 41 1. 5. Sociis, *pro-
vincials.' gratias egit] see or. p. Planc. ὃ 78 1. 15.
1. 24. qui provincias cum imperio obtinerent] proconsuls
and propraetors : quaestors and legati had no imperium.
l. 97. consularibus, i.e. of the consul P. Lentulus, 8 501. 7,
Or. p. red. in sen. c. 9.
cuncta ex Italia] 8 26 1. 14, or. p. red. in sen. c. 9.
l. 28. salvam] sc. esse. convocarentur] to vote in the
comitia.
1. 80. unius mea] Madv. Gr. ὃ 297 a. For the order of
words ef. ep. ad Att. x1 15, 2 solius enim mewm peccatum cor-
rigi non potest.
 NOTES 237
l. 32. requisivit — desideravit, 'sought in vain for,'
* missed, or. p. Planc. 8 93 1. 2. luxit]sc. magis. Mr Reid
suggests that aeque has fallen out after quem.
P. 63,1. l. discessu meo] Madv. Gr. 8 276 obs. 2.
1.3. in publicis monumentis] $ 9, 8 10, $ 32.

CHAPTER LXI
8129,1. 6. nam quid ego] $ 95 1. 31. senatus consulta]
(1) that in templo Virtutis (S8 116) the purport of which is given in
8 128; (2) that in the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol $ 129;
(3) that passed on the following day in the Curia * ne quis de
caelo servaret, of which the resolution mentioned ir 8 130 init.,
as the words eodem tempore 1. 26 show, formed a part.
1. 8. vir is] Gnaeus Pompeius, who triumphed first in
B.C. 81 for his victories in Africa, next in ».c. 71 for those in
Spain over Sertorius and Perperna; again in B.c. 61 after his
great achievements in the East over Mithridates (Plut. Pomp.
6. 45). Of. or. p. Balb. 8 16 cuius tres triumphi testes essent
totum orbem terrarum nostro imperio teneri. Translate: *the hero
who indicated that three'separate extremes and divisions of the
world had been added to our empire by his three triumphs.'
l. 9. oras atque regiones—terras exítremas, cf. 8 67
orbis terrarum terminis.
l. 10. notavit] or. in Yat. ὃ 34 haec omnia publicis tabulis
esse notata atque testata, [notavit can hardly be right. Pos-
sibly Cic. wrote continuavit. 7. 5. R.]
de scripto dicta, * delivered from a written copy,' a mark of
greater care and earnestness; otherwise the practice was un-
usual in the Roman senate. For other instances see or. p.
Plane. $ 74 1. 33 with my note.
l 12. frequentissimus] according to the or. p. red. in sen.
there were 417 senators present. ἴδ...αὖ unus dissentiret
hostis, *without any expression of dissent except from one man
(Clodius) and he was my open enemy.' Cf. or. p. red. in sen.
8 26 quo quidem die, quum cocoxvr ea senatu essetis, magistratus
autem hi omnes adessent, dissensit unus, is qui sua lege coniuratos
etiam ab inferis excitandos putarat.
l 13. tabulis publicis] in which the acta diurna of the
Senate were registered.
1, 172. admonitu] Such rumours got abroad probably in the
contio held on the day after the sitting of the senate, in which
238 PRO P. SESTIO 88 129—130
the principal purport of the negotiation in the Capitol would
be communicated.
ne quis de caelo servaret, 'that no person should attempt
to stop the proceedings in Cteero's favour by an obnuntíatio.'
The lex Aelía et Fufia was suspended, if not repealed, by Clodius
in Β.σ. 58, but the old practice seems to have been resumed in
spite of its prohibition, as we have several instances of obnuntia-
tiones, see 8 781. 4, $ 79 1. 21, 8 83 1. 20 and cf. Phil. 1 $ 25, τί
8 81, 8 883. The legality of the leges Clodíae was always con-
tested. Ramsay RE. 4. p. 113, Pretor Cic. ep. ad Att. p. 102.
1. 18. moram, 'let,' *hindrance,' 8 74 1. 5.
l. 19. fecisset]S8 451. 2, ὃ 551. 832. eum refers to sí quis—
qui. eversorem rei publicae] or. p. red. in sen. 8 27 illum
conira Tem. p. salutemque bonorum concordiamque civium
facturum.
1.20. ut—referretur, *that his proceeding should forthwith
be laid before the senate for their consideration.'
1. 21, cum,*although. On gravitate cf.$115 1. 28.
1. 22. tamen] i.e. etsi videri poterat senatus satis pro-
vidisse, ut posset iam nemine impediente ad populum ferri,
iamen, ne quid non provisum esset, addidit etc. wApvria.
1. 28. diebus quinque, sc. comitialibus ($34 1. 18), not
five continuous days.
quibus agi de me potuisset, *on which my case might have
been discussed.

CHAPTER LXII
8130,1. 28. ad res redeuntes—ad illam diem cum res
redissent, * when the business of the forum and eomitia was
resumed after an adjournment' (res prolatae); in the present
instance at the expiration of the trinundinum after the promul-
gatio of the law. See Ramsay R. 4. p. 118. Lambinus
compares Plaut. Capt. r 1, 17 prolatis rebus parasiti venatici
sumus; quando res redierunt molossici.
l. 29. haec erat studiorum contentio, *so eager was the
competition in promoting my return.'
1. 80. de me—in mea causa. ei—eidem] or. p. Cluent.
8 115; ef. above 8 59 1. 26, 8 69 1. 10. ita belongs to est
solus inventus, cf. $ 129 1. 12.
P. 64,1. 1l. Q. Metellus] $ 62 1. 5, 8 72 1. 1.
 NOTES 239
LJ

E.
1.2. velmaxime ex magnis] for the paronomasia cf. $58
4.
1.8. contentionibus rei p.] ὃ 72 1. 3.
l 4. rettulerit| & rhetorical exaggeration for sententiam
tulerit or relationi collegae adsenserit. 'The consul who really
made the motion was Lentulus, see or. p. red. in sen. $ 26
where it is said of Metellus: exstitit non modo salutis defensor,
verum etiam adscriptor dignitatis meae.
l 5. P. Servilii] P. Servilius Vatia, surnamed Isau-
ricus, was the grandson of Q. Metellus Maeedonicus on his
mother's side (hence the allusion illius generis quod sibi cum eo
commune esset, cf. or. p. dom. 8 143). He was consul in 8.6. 79
and in the next year as proconsul of Cilicia carried on the war
against the pirates with ability and success, and from his con-
quest of the Isauriobtained his agnomen, Heentered Rome in
triumph in s.c. 74. In zm.c. 70 he was one of the iudices at the
trial of Verres; in B.c. 66 he supported the Manilian rogation,
and in 5.c. 55 was made censor. :
divina] see cr. n. Of. or. de prov. $ 22 permotus cum aucto-
ritate vestra tum illius P. Servilii incredibili gravitate dicendi.
1.6. 1116] sc. Servilius. ab inferis, *from the under world."
l 9. reflexisset] cf. or. p. Sull. 8 46 animum incitatum re-
voco ipse et reflecto, where Mr Reid observes that the meta-
phor is from driving horses.
l 10. et-—atque explains memoriam.
l ll. conlacrimavit, * burst into tears.'
1. 12. vere Metellus, *a true Metellus Liv. 12, 14 vere
Romanos, Virg. Aen. ix 617 vere Phrygiae neque enim Phryges,
see $ 116 1. 4.

l. 18. dicenti etiam tumc-uerafó λέγοντι, * while he was

yet speaking."

l. 14. antiquitatis] cf. 8 6 1. 16. homo eiusdem san-

guinis] Madvig Gr. 8 287.
1, 15. sustinere, (to be proof against,' *resist:? cf. 8 69
l. 18, $887 1. 25 and ep. ad fam. x1 18, 8 cum sustinere 608
(rogantes) mon posset.
absens] à modern would write absente, so or. p. Arch. 8 5
Archias away from Rome is said to be celebritate famae iam
absentibus (Sc. residents at Rome) notus.
240 PRO P. SESTIO 8& 130—132
1. 16. beneficio suo] by his support of my cause, which
I cannot but reckon as an act of kindness.
8 131, l. 16. si est aliqui sensus cet., *if great men have
Some consciousness in the state of death,! Stress ig to be laid
on praeclarorum which depends on sensus, not on morte; cf.
8411. 14, Phil. ix8 18 sí qui est sensus in morte, ep. ad
fam. v 16, 4 saepissime legi, nihil mali esse in morte, in qua sí
resideat sensus, immortalitas illa, potius quam mors ducenda, est.
l 18. uni fortissimo, * brave above all others:' on the em-
phatie use of unus with superlatives see n. to or. p. Plane. 8 95
1. 10 and cf. below $8 1821, 10, 8 141 1. 4.
l 19. gratissimum—rem gratissimam; de rep. 1 8 34
graiwm feceris si explicaris, de amic. 8 16 pergratum mihi
feceris, Plaut. Most. 1 3, 63. fratri] Q. Caecilius Me-
tellus Celer was praetor in Cicero's consulship s.c. 63, and
cooperated with him actively in opposing the schemes of Cati-
line. He was ὃ warm and staunch supporter of the aristo-
eratical party. His death in s.c. 59, the year after his consulate,
was 80 unexpected that it was suspected he had been poisoned
by his wife Clodia, sister of P. Clodius. socio—consiliorum]
$631. 25,881.7.

CHAPTER LXIII
1. 28, atque, “δᾶ indeed.
l 24. idem adventus mei—mnatalis, *both the birth-day
(i.e. the first day) of my arrival in Italy from exile and also
ihat of my daughter': or. in Pis. 8 51 quid (dicam) eos dies,
qui quasi deorum immortalium festi atque sollemnes apud. omnis
sunt adventu meo redituquwue celebrati, ep. ad Attic. 1v 20,
1 diemque matalem reditus mei cura ut in tuis aedibus
amaenissimis agam tecum et cwm meis.
l 25. idem-—filiae] sc. natalis, which, Mr Reid thinks,
Cic. must have written. See ep. ad Att. 1v 1, 4 pridie monas
Sext. Dyrrhachio sum profectus ipso illo die, quo lez est lata
de nobis. Brundisium veni nonis Sextilibus. Ibi mihi Tulliola
mea, fuit praesto natali suo ipso die, qui casu idem natalis
erat et Brundisinae coloniae et tuae vicinae Salutis: quae res
animadversa a multitudine summa Brundisinorum gratulatione
celebrata est.
1.26. ex, *after/ 81101. 8, 8 118 1. 28.
1. 27. coloniae] the colony of Brundisium was founded
(deducta) on the 5th of August s.c. 244. Τὸ was afterwards
made a municipium by the lex. Julia.
 NOTES 241
raorsovepqm
1. 28. [aedis]Salutis] The temple of Salus was near the
porta Salutaris on the Quirinal; i& was dedicated by the Dic-
tator Gaius Junius Bubuleus in s.c. 308. "The words, which
are wanting in the ws, are supplied from the letter to Atticus
quoted in note tol. 25. Ut scitis is added by way of making
a rather far-fetched allusion appear as something well known.
[The passage quoted above from ep. ad Att. 1v 1, 4 is deci-
dedly r favour of inserting Salutis only, without aedis.
J. 8. R.
1.290, eadem] refers to the following quae prozimo amno
receperat.
1. 80. Laeni Flacci cet.] ef. or. p. Plane. 8 97 Brundisium
veni vel potius ad moenia accessi... In hortos me M. Laenii
Flacci contuli: cui cum ommis metus, publicatio bonorum, ez-
ilium, mors proponeretur, haec perpeti, si acciderent, maluit
quam custodiam mei capitis dimittere, ep. ad fam, xtv 4, 2.
me accepisset, * had entertained me as a guest." receperat,
* had afforded me refuge.
cue
1.31. suo periculo] because of the penalty threatened by
the bill of Clodius to any one who should receive Cic. into their
house within 400 miles of Rome. See Intr. 8 17.
1,82. itinere toto, tin the whole course of my journey,
Madvig Gr. 8 273 c.
P. 65,1.1. festos dies adventus mei] Cf. or. in Pis. $ 51
quid dicam adventus meos (at the different municipia)? quid
—
m
δ
—
Cm
NO.
c

effusiones hominum ex oppidis? quid concursus ex agris patrum

familias cum coniugibus ac liberis? quid eos dies, qui quasi
deorum immortalium festi atque sollemnes apud ommes sunt
adventu meo redituque celebrati? [cf. or. p. Arch. $ 18 dies fes-
tos ludorum, or. in Verr. 1v ὃ 151 diem festum ludorum. 3. 8. &.]
l 2. celebrabantur, * were thronged.'
l 4. florebat, *was a great success,'8 128 1. 18. iter
δι porta] ep. ad Att. rv 5 cum venissem ad portam Cape-
nam, gradus templorum ab infima plebe completi erant, a, qua
plausu maximo cum esset mihi gratulatio significata, similis
* frequentia et plausus me usque ad Capitolium cele-
ravit,
. 1.5. domum] his father's house in the Carinae, in which
his brother Quintus lived. His own house on the Palatine had
been destroyed by Clodius. Introd. 8. 17.
domum reditus] Madv. Gr. 8 233.
l.6. tam gratam]$8 1221. 6. illud—only this, 8 78 1. 5.
H. 16
242 PRO P. SESTIO 88 132—133
$132,1.8. habes igitur, *you know, then,' * such, then, is
the answer to your questions. On this sense of habeo see my n.
to or. p. Plane. $ 55 1. 29 and add to the passages there quoted
Tusc. 111 ὃ 88 habes formam Epicuri vitae beatae, or. in Verr.
v 8 60 habetis unius civitatis firmum auailium amissum ;
cognoscite nunc novam praedandi rationem, ep. ad Att. v 21, 10
habes consilia, nostra ; nunc cognosce de Bruto. qui essent
optimates, *who the optimates are;' on the tense see n. to de
off. z1 811. 1.

1.9. non est natio, *it is no ceaste,!' no fraction of the

community, no state within a state, but the whole entire mass
of the well-affected, whatever their class or employment. For
this eontemptuous use of natio see on 8 96 1. 18. [In the best
Latin itis very rarely used with the sense of our nation, ex-
cept in the case of uncivilised or semi-civilised people. "Very
much the same may be said of ἔθνος; there is a similar con-
temptuous use of φῦλον in Demosthenes. 7. 8. R.]
l 10. ilius] P. Vatinius, the principal witness against
Sestius. uno maxime] see n. to $ 131 1. 18.
1.12. mitem hominem] so in Cat. rv 10 Cic. speaks of
Caesar as homo mitissimus atque lenissimus. |See cr. n.

l 14. accusavit] ὃ 121. 14, $81221. 31. — cum adfirmaret,

* affirming,' see n. to $ 122 1. 9, $ 126 1. 30.
1. 15. nihil profecit de universis] Cic. discreetly avoids
saying anything about the effect which Vatinius' representa-
tions had on Caesar in his own case.
1.17. indicem Vettium] L. Vettius, homo perditissimae
temeritatis, per illud tempus indicium detulerat ad senatum,
Sibi per quosdam praepotentis et nobilis consularis caedem
mandatam, ut ingredientem forum Cn. Pompeium interficeret.
Complectebatur autem hoc indicio plurimos senatores, in quis
fuit et ipse M. Tullius et L. Piso et duo Curiones et alii
quam plurimi nominati. Sed enim conieetus in carcerem
Vettius ibidem supremum diem vitae habuit, ex eorum vide-
licet mandatu, quantum rumor ferebat, occisus, qui eum ad
ealumniosum illud indicium subornavwerant. scHor. BoB. Cf.
or. in Vat. c. 10 and 11, ep. ad Att. τὶ 24, Sueton. Jul. c. 20,
Mommsen R. H. 1v p. 216.
[l.20. ἃ me, “ΟἹ my side,' or is there an ellipse a me
debitam or something of the kind? 0. s. &.]

l 21. congregavit, * associated."

 NOTES -. . 248

CHAPTER LXIV
8 133,1. 22. nullo meo merito] $ 39 1. 12.
1.24. ille, 'it was he who.' audiebatur —admitte-
batur.
l 95. aliquid ficti]n. on 8 68 1. 19. Of.8 67 qui mentem
optimi viri suis (Ὁ) consiliis fictisque terroribus a, defensione meae
salutis averterant.
l. 26. monebat]S$ 41 1. 8.
1. 28. inimico meo]P. Clodius.
proscriptionis] $ 46 1. 11.
VENDS 1.29. adiuvabat] sc. Vatinius. Sextus Clodius was
probably descended from some freedman of the Claudian house.
He was patronised by P. Clodius who had employed him as
leader of his armed terrorists and in drawing up the bills
which he proposed in his tribunate. On his proceedings after
ihe death of. P. Clodius see Mil. 8 33. He was impeached
and condemned, but afterwards restored, Att. xiv 13 4.
1l 30. tabulam] Mu. reads tubam Vatinium. P. has toum-
buam esse 8e.
P. 66, 1.1. rueret, *stormed,' *blustered. See n. on or.p
Planc. 8 91 1. 26. verbum feci, *uttered ἃ word.'
1l 2. omnibus machinis ac tormentis, *with all kinds of
heavy artillery.! Cf. 8 391. 9, $8 53 1. 18, 8 55 1. 20.
1.3. sagittario, *an archer,' i.e. not even a legionary.
l. 4. convenire] impersonal. acta mea] sc. consu-
laria, *the laws enacted on my proposal during my consu-
late. Οὗ or. Phil. 1 8 18 ecquid est quod tam proprie dici
possit actum eius, qui togatus in re publica cum potestate im-
perioque versatus sit, quam lex.
l 5. qui—contemnat, 'since he sets at defiance, as &
candidate for the Praetorship, which, he obtained in m.c. 55.
By legem meam is meant the lex Tullia de ambitu, in which,
according to the scholiast, among other things * praescribebatur
ne eandidatus ante biennium quam magistratum petiturus esset
munus populo ederet, propter ambitum scilicet, ne hoc ipso popu-
laris animus eblanditus designationi eius succumberet. See
Intr. to or. p. Planc. p. xxvii.
dilucide, *plainly, *distinectly.' Nüágelsb. lat. Stil. 8 86, 1.
1.6. gladiatores] ὃ 126 1. 29.
5.9
244 PRO P. SESTIO 88 193—134
biennio, quo quis petierit aut petiturus sit, * within two
years of an actual or contemplated canvass. Petierit is the
conjunetive of the futurum exactum. "The law is referred to in
the or. in Vatin. 8 37 also: cum mea lex dilucide vetet,
biennio quo quis petat petiturusve sit, gladiatores dare,
nisi ex testamento praestituta die, where it will be seen that
petat takes the place of petierit.
1. 7. inquo] for in qua re, ὃ 2 1. 18.
.8134. satis mirari non queo] cf. defin. 18 10 ete. Cic.
always writes mon queo in first person present; on the other
hand he prefers nequeunt to non queunt: nequeamus is found
only once in the Speeches, more often in his other writings.
1.9. ex iudicio] It appears from Cicero's letter ad Quint.
fr. a1 4 that he was threatened with prosecution at that time
probably because of his contemptio legis Tulliae. See Intr.
8 30. iucunditate sua, *by his amiable character and plea-
sant manners:' cf. ep. ad fam. τσ 15, 1 quod tu ipse tam
amandus es tamque dulcis tamque in omni genere iucundus,
id est proprie tuum, Quint. Cic. de petit. cons. 5, 16 amicorum
studia beneficiis et officiis et vetustate et facilitate ac àÀucun-
ditate naturae parta esse oportet.
emitti, *to be let loose,' tamquam ex laqueis legum et
iudiciorum (8881.12). Cf. or. in Pis. 8 95 at contra bis Cati-
lina absolutus: emissus etiam (iudicum sc. corruptorum gratia)
ille auctor tum provinciae. l 11. hominem] see onl. 15.
1.12. familiam gladiatoriam] ὃ 9 1. 13, ὃ 127 1. 13.
credo] ironical.
1,18. speciosam] this refers to the external appearance and
fine physique of the individual gladiators. nobilem, *fa-
mous,' the standing epithet of great artists or performers: cf.
or. p. Bosc. Am. plurimarum palmarum vetus ac nobilis
gladiator, Curt. 1x 29, 16 pugil nobilis.
l 14. studia, *tastes,' *inelinations,' ie. which sort of
combats suited the people best.
l 15. homo] 8 71 1. 8, 8 891. 16.
l 160. tenere—induceret, *could not refrain from exhibit-
ing.!' Inducere—
Gr. προάγειν was the technical term for
*representing in the circus or on the stage: Cic. de opt. gen.
or. $ 17 a me gladiatorum par nobilissimum inducitur, ep. ad-
Att. 1v 11, 1 quaesivi, gladiatoribusne ; respondit, antequam in-
ducerentur, Pers. Sat. 6, 48 dís igitur genioque ducis centum
paria ob res egregie gestas induco, Suet, Dom. c. 4 ut populo
 NOTES | 245

potestatem faceret bina paria e suo ludo postulandi, eaque

novissima aulico apparatu induceret.
l 17. pulcherrimus] a hit at the ugliness of Vatinius,
especially his wen (struma); see note on $ 135 1. 16.
si ob eam causam peccaret, *if that were his reason for
doing wrong (i.e. beeause he had a fine set of gladiators to
boast of) in his eagerness to gratify the people in return for
his recent preferment (to the aedileship), still that would be
no exeuse; but when he did not take even the best that the
market offered, but some which he bought from the ergastula,
whom he dignified with the names of gladiators, making some
* Samnites, according to chance and not by rule, others * pro-
vocatores,' does he not shudder to think what must be the out-
come of all this independence of spirit and defiance of the
established laws?"
l 19. beneficio] ironically, 8 54 1. 10 n., $ 74 1. 30.
l 20. venalibus, *those who were offered for sale' by man-
gones upon the catasta in the slave-market (Tibull. τὶ 8, 60,
Stat. Silv. 111, 72, Pers. Sat. v1 77), which would be the least
*aluable portion of their stock (mancipia viliora) ^The more
. precious were disposed of in private shops. HBamsay R. A.
p. 96.
l 21. ergastulis] the ergastulum, * workhouse,' was a sort
of dungeon or place of correction attached to most country
villas and farms for the purpose of confining refractory slaves,
who were kept in fetters (compediti): the rest, who were not
chained, were provided with separate accommodation (cellae,
contubernia) in other parts of the establishment. These private
prisons were entirely suppressed by Adrian and succeeding
emperors.
nominibus gladiatoriis] Gladiators were divided into
various classes according to their weapons &nd mode of
fighting, and were in many cases named from the nation
whose characteristic arms they bore, as Samnites, Thraces,
Galli, secutores, myrmillones, retiarii, laquearii, essedarii
(81261. 2), &c. The Samnites wore no doubt the armour of
the old Samnites, as described by Livy τσ 40, 17 Campani
ab superbia et odio Samnitium gladiatores, quod spectaculum
inter epulas erat, eo ornatu armarunt Samnitiumqwue nomine
compellarunt, i.e. after their defeat by the dictator Papirius
Cursor in s.c. 810. Οἱ, Cie. Tuso. τ $ 41, de orat. xr ἃ 326,
Hor. ep. 11 2, 98. "We know nothing of the armour or
mode of fighting, by which the provocatores were characterised.
They are often mentioned in inscriptions. Farlanetto (lapide
246 PRO P. SESTIO ἕξ 134—135
Patavine, n. 218 p. 217, identifies them with the secutores,
and infers from a passage of Artemidorus (Oneiroecr. 11 33)
ihat they were so called because they did not maintain a
stand-up fight but a desultory combat. The gladiators fighting
with each other never belonged to the same class. Thus the
antagonists of the secutores were the retiarii. Ramsay R. A.
pp. 358—360, Guhl and Koner, p. 533 Engl. tr.
8135,1. 25. defensiones, 'excuses.' do, “1 exhibit.
bestiarios] men who fought in arms with wild beasts, but
were also gladiators.
1. 26. lex] sc. Tullia, ὃ 133 1. 5. festive] sc. dictum,
*& pretty conceit,' as though bestiarii were not also gladiatores.
l. 27. aliquid etiam acutius, *something even more
elever.' dicet] i.e. I shall expect him to say.
1, 28. totam aedilitatem cet., * that all the costly prepara-
tion for his expected aedileship be transferred to this exhibition."
Aedilitas -munus aedilicium; cf. de off. 11 8 57 ut splendor
aedilitatum ab optimis viris postuletur.
1. 29. praeclara] ironieal as often, or, in Pison. 8 17,
or.in δύ. τ᾿ 8 26, Tusc. 18 49. ^ unus 160] a gladiator in the
band of Vatinius was ealled Leo according to the Scholiast,
who remarks *hoc etiam dictum de Leone Tullius Tiro,
libertus eiusdem, inter iocos Ciceronis adnumerat.! Cf, Lucian
Demon. ec. 49 τοὺς νῦν ἀθλητὰς οἱ παρομαρτοῦντες Aéovras
καλοῦσιν. [1 fancy the title Lieo occurs on one of the ancient
mosaics (mostly from Hadrian's villa at Tibur) representing
ihe armour and dresses. ὕ. 8. R.]
l. 80. hac defensione] i.e. let him try to evade the law by
saying that his exhibition is one of bestiarii, not of gladiatores.
1. 81. tribunos plebis appellare] in virtue of their right
aucxilii ferendi, but that had no legal validity in & postulatio
ex lege before the Praetor. Still there had been an instance
of such an appeal at an earlier period, when Gaius Antonius
Hybrida was accused by Julius Caesar in s.c. 76 for his
oppression of Greece, but he was expelled the senate six years
afterwards by the censors for this offence, Mommsen A. H. 1v
p. 95, cf. or. in Vatin. ἃ 33.
l. 82. iudicium disturbare] as Vatinius had done, when
postulatus lege Licinia et Iunia in B.0. 58, because of his acta
tribunicia of 8.0. 59, he had to appear before the praetor Gaius
Memmius. Cf. or. in Vat. $ 88 quaero etiam illud ex te,
postulatusne sis lege Licinia et Iumia?...appellarisne tribunos
plebi, ne causam diceres, quod in hac rep. mon modo factum
 NOTES 247
antea umquam, est sed in omni memoria est omnino inauditum,
and $ 34 quaero ex te, Vatini, num quis in hac civitate post
urbem conditam tribunos plebis appeliarit, ne causam
diceret? mum quis reus in tribunal sui quaesitoris escenderit
eumque vi deturbarit? subsellia dissiparit? urnas deiecerit?
eas denique ommes Tes in iudicio disturbando commiserit,
quarum rerum causa iudicia sunt constituta?

P. 67,1.1. meam-—hominis inimici] $ 128 1. 30.

1,2. sic statuit, omnino consularem legem nullam putare,
*he makes this a principle—not to acknowledge any consular
law at allas a law;' consularem )( tribuniciam. The noun
object legem does duty also as predicate; cf. or. de prov. cons.
8 37 legem, quam non putat, eam quoque servat, de legg. 11.
8 14 igitur tu Titias et Apuleias leges nullas putas? or. in
Pis. 8 37 lege ea, quam memo legem praeter te putavit,
1.3. Caeciliam Didiam] By this law, which was passed by
the consuls Q. Caecilius Metellus and T. Didius in s.c. 98,
it was enacted that every bill should be exhibited for the inspec-
tion of the people for three market days before it was sub-
mitted to the Comitia. "This space of time, which could not
be less than seventeen days, was.ealled trinundinum ΟΥ̓ trinum
mundinum. Ramsay R. A. p. 113, ep. ad Att. 11 9, 1.
Liciniam Iuniam] Licinia et Iunia auctoribus Licinio
Murena et Iunio Silano perlata illud cavebat, ne clam
(without witnesses) aerario legem inferri liceret, quoniam
leges in aerario (the temple of Saturn on the Capitol, where
the archives of the State also were kept)condebantur. sScHor.
BOB.
l 4 sua lege] the lex, proposed by Vatinius in B.c. ὅθ,
which gave Gaius Caesar the province of Gallia Cisalpina and
Illyricum for five years with three legions. The Senate added
to his commission Gallia comata and a fourth legion (Sueton.
Iul. c. 22), fearing that if they did not give this to Caesar,
the people would: Plut. Caes. e. 14, Vell. Pat. τὶ 44, Dion
Cass. 38 c. 8, Intr. 8 3.
l 6. C. Caesaris legem] The ἴδ Iulia de repetundis was
passed by Julius Caesar in his first consulship, 5.0. 59. Cf.
or. in Vatin. 8 29 quaero ez te, sisne ex pauperrimo dives factus
illo ipso anno, quo lex lata est de pecuniis repetundis
acerrima; wt omnes intellegere possent a te mom modo mostra
acta sed, etiam amicissimi tui legem esse contemptam.
1. 7. et-Gr. εἶτα, see on 8 80 1. 31.
l 9. socero] i.e. L. Calpurnius Piso, proconsul of
248 | PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 185—137
Macedonia, whose daughter Calpurnia was Caesar's last wife.
Plutarch Caesar, c. 14, Intr. 8 3.
adsecula, 'servant;' because Vatinius had made money
by unlawful means during his tribunate, see or. in Vat. ἃ 29.
The lex Iulia coneerned not only provincial magistrates, but
all publie officers.

CHAPTER LXV
l 11. aliquando, 'at length and high time too,'ὃ 18 L 22,
8 67 1. 5, 8 79 1. 31.
1. 18. scealpellum, “8 lancet,'
l 14. ista] sc.id quod vos, iudices, accusator cohortatus
est de P. Sestio. "Tusce. 18 20 quae harmonia dicitur.
l.15. exsecant] Cf. Dem. c. Aristog. 1 9ὅ p. 798 δεῖ δὴ
πάντας, ὥσπερ οἱ ἰατροί, ὅταν καρκίνον ἢ φαγέδαιναν ἢ τῶν ἄλλων
ἀνιάτων τι κακῶν ἴδωσιν, ἀπέκαυσαν ἢ ὅλως ἀπέκοψαν (exsecant),
οὕτω τοῦτο τὸ θηρίον ὑμᾶς ἐξορίσαι, ῥῖψαι ἐκ τῆς πόλεως, ἀνελεῖν.
pestem] *sore,' 8 55 1. 19.
strumam, *'wen, *scrofulous swelling, an allusion in
the bad taste, by which Cicero's jokes were sometimes cha-
racterised, to the personal deformity of Vatinius. Cf. above
8 184 l 17, or. in Vat. $ 39, ep. ad Att. 1r. 9 isti licet
etiam Vatini strumam sacerdotii διβάφῳ vestiant, i.e. * let
them even invest Vatinius' wen with the double-dyed toga
of the augur, Vatinius having aspired to fill the place of
- Metellus in the augural body. Plutarch vit. Cic, c. 9, and
again e. 26, records two personaljokes on Vatinius. [Jests on
personal appearance were said by ancient rhetoricians to be
especially permissible, I think Cic. says so himself in de orat.
IH. 7.8. Β.]
8 186,1. 17. extremum aliquid, *so0me end. ' Cf. de sen.
8 5 necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum, ὃ 69 mihi ne diu-
turnum quidem quicquam videtur, in quo est aliquid exvtre-
mum.
1.19. illud, 'that discussion which I began.'
l 20. eorum] partitive gen. 8 138 1. 12.
1. 21, nobiles] by birth.
l.24. homines novi] the first men of their family to obtain
8 curule magistracy.
8 137, 1. 25. via laudis, 'road to honour, Kenn. Gr. 8 174
note 2, Zumpt Gr. 8 423, Madv. Gr. 8 283.
1.20. bonis viris, *patriots, $11. 6, 8 25 1. 8.
 NOTES . 249
l 27, sapientibus] attributive to bonis viris. bene
natura constitutis,'of ἃ good natural disposition, Fr. d'un
bon naturel. Kimming thinks a bonis—diligi spurious.
1. 28, discriptionem, 'the determination of the parts and
divisions of a thing,' * organisation,' see 8 66 1. 26, n. on de
off. 1 8 27, 8 96, de rep. 11 8 39 relicuum populum distribuit
in quinque classis...quae discriptio si esset ignota vobis,
explicaretur a me.
1.30. ita—ut, *with this restriction...that,' 8 8 1. 30, 8 13
1. 27, 8 129 1. 12. consilium senatus] $ 97 l. 1; this is an
instance of the descriptive or explicative genitive, 8 87
1. 12, $ 90 1. 30, 8 112 1. 10.
1. 81. sempiternum] observe the position of the signifi-
eant word, ὃ 124 1. 31.
l 32. ab universo populo] The senators owed their places
- - to popular election indirectly, because qualification for admis-
sion to the senate was by. election to some magistratus (includ-
ing the quaestorship) by the people, and formal admission
thereto by the Censors. *Cicero,' says Long, *has well marked
the character of the Roman Senate. It was not a body con-
sisting of nobles who claimed a place by hereditary title, but
by merit, at least such merit as is implied by the fact of
popular eleetion. It was ἃ body which always subsisted
(sempiternum), though it was always changing, and every
Roman might get & place in it. Looking at it historically,
we must admit that it was ἃ wise body and that Rome owed
io it her long period of existence. 1 the senate had been
elected directly by the people, and for a limited time, the
Roman state would neither have grown norlived. ΟἿ, or. in
Verr. 1v 11, 25 qui honos non homini solum debetur, sed primum
populo Romano, cuius beneficio nos in hunc ordinem
venimus; deinde ordinis auctoritati, quae misi gravis erit
apud socios et exteras mationes, ubi erit imperii momen et
dignitas? de legg. it ὃ 27 ex eis autem, qui magistratum
ceperunt, quod. senatus efficitur, populare sane meminem in
summum locum nisi per populum venire, sublata cooptatione
censoria.
P. 68, 1.1, [omnium civium industriae pateret. It is
noteworthy that Cicero's words imply a belief that the Senate
was from the earliest days of the Republic open to plebeians, a
position often disputed by scholars. 7. s. &.]
l 4. auctoritate uti, 'should be guided by their will.'
Halm suggests niti.
1, 5. voluerunt is rejected by Eb. Hein. and Kimming.
l 6. proximorum ordinum splendore confirmari] first the
equites $o whom the term splendor was constantly applied,
250 PRO P. SESTIO88 137—140
just as amplitudo was to the senate (or. p. Planc.$ 12 1. 22),
and next the tribuni aerarii, who according to the lex Aurelia
of B.c. 70 formed the third decuria of the iudices. Most
modern editors accept Bake's alteration of the ws reading splen-
dore confirmari into splendorem confirmare. But Long refuses
to accept the emendation, maintaining that Cicero's meaning
is that the senate is supported by the splendidi equites, and
that, after giving the senate so high & position, it would not
have been consistent with good taste, to say nothing of truth,
to speak of the equites as depending for the preservation of
their splendor on the senate, instead of making them, as a
*gplendidus ordo,' the support of that great body in which
was centered the administration and the dignity of the Roman
State.

CHAPTER LXVI
8 138,1. 10. cuiuscumque sunt ordinis] 8 97.
l 11. suis cervicibus—sustinent] metaphor from bearing
the yoke. Cf. Verr. v$ 108 cum istius avaritiae poenam collo et
cervicibus suis sustinerent, 11 $ 185 qui tantis erunt cervi-
cibus recuperatores qui audeant? munia] 1.4. munera,
*funetions,' & rare word in Cic., but found or. p. Mur. 8 73.
It is common in Tacitus.
1. 18. auctores, *leaders,' * counsellors.
l 14. fateor] 8 102 1, 16.
1. 15. invidos, 'ill-wishers,' 8 121 1. 28, $ 145 1. 15. pro-
poni] $ 48 1. 24.
l 16. iniurias] by repulsae, judicial verdicts, banish-
menis, &c. experiundos] passive.
l 17. cum virtute, * with worth,' i.e. with men of worth,
abstract for concrete, Nügelsb. lat. Stil. $814. A reflexion upon
the indolent and pleasure-loving members of the Roman
aristocracy.
l 18. cum dignitate, * with men of sterling character.
1. 19. patriae natos] Roby Gr. 1: 8 1134, Madv. Gr. 8 241:
cf. de fin. 11 8 45 non sibi se soli natum meminerit, sed patriae
sed suis.
1. 29. ducuntur, are led captive, *allured.' cupidi-
tatium, *the genitive plural of substantives in -tat is occasion-
ally formed in -iwm, especially from civitas, aestas, calamitas,
but from others than civitas rarely before the Augustan age."
Roby Gr. 1 $ 445. ]
 NOTES 251
——"
—
A

1.93. missos faciant, «let them give up state offices, and.

not meddle with polities, but be content with enjoying the ease
which they owe to the labour of brave men.'
8 139,1. 25. famam bonorum]i.e. apud bonos. That is,
laudari a laudato viro. Of. 8 1431. 1. — otio suo] Abl. absol.
1.28. eis] dative after gerundive: Roby Gr. 11 8 1146. See
n. on $ 41 1. 3. adeundae] $ 23 1. 7, 8 62 1. 9.
n———— L 31. potentibus) an allusion to Pompeius, Caesar
and Crassus.
audivimus, *we have heard from eye-witnesses,"
1. 82, accepimus] by oral tradition. [I doubt whether a
strict line can be drawn here between audivimus and accepi-
mus, since audire (like ἀκούειν) is used of events however distant
in the past, and only points to the fact of instruction being
mainly oral. Of. ἀνήκοος. 3.8. R.]
P. 69, 1.2. aliquando]S 83 1. 12.
1.3. caecarunt]in order to obtain some state-office.
1, 6. nostri homines] so homines Graecos $ 141 1. 80, ὃ 142
1. 16.
l 7. at vero, 'but really and truly, ὃ 140 1. 7.
l 10. auctores huius dignitatis atque imperii, (the men
to whom we owe our present honourable repose from trouble
and our empire. [dignitatis remains strange, even after
Halm's defence, who interprets i$ to mean Auius otiosae digni-
tatis qua mune fruimur. Possibly atque is spurious, and Cic.
meant *supporters of the honour of the empire. The position
of dignitatis between huius and imperii would naturally lead to
the error: cf. or, p. Arch. 8 6 eius Pio filio. 3. 8. R.]

CHAPTER LXVII
8 140,1. 12. ac introduces a statement emphatically, *and.
assuredly.' aliquorum praeterea— aliquorum aliorum.
l 14. quem quidem ego possum dicere, "αὖ least I can
quote no other, only him.! Madvig needlessly eorrects possim,
thinking that quem quidem is limitative and therefore requires.
the econjunctive. [I must say the mexus of the words unus
quem quidem ego etc. makes strongly, to my mind, in favour of
possim. 5. 8. R.]
l 15. L. Opimius] one of the high aristocratical party, who:
as consul in s.c. 121 took a leading part in the murder of
C. Gracchus and his followers. indignissime] he died in exile.
252 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 140—141
1 16. monumentum] Opimius built in the Forum a new
and splendid temple of Concord, as 8. memorial of the destruc-
tion of Gaius Gracchus and his party, with a Basilica belonging
io it: see Plutarch C. Graech. c. 17, Appian b. c. 1 c. 26, Varro
de lingua lat. v 8 156 : senaculum supra Graecostasim, ubi aedis
Concordiae et basilica Opimia, Mommsen R. H. Vol. r1 p. 136.
The epithet celeberrimum * most frequented' shews that the
latter is meant rather than the temple.
1, 17. litore Dyrrachino] aí Dyrrachium (Durazzo) in
Epirus.
118. tamen flagrantem—tamen quamquam flagrabat,
just as ὅμως in Greek is prefixed to the participle, which may
be considered epexegetic of the adverb, Cf. or. Verr. v 8 142
cum illi nihilominus iacenti latera tunderent, 1.6. quam-
quam iacebat, nihilo minus, Liv. v 42, 7 nihil tamen tot
onerati malis flexerunt animos, xx1 55, 10 tamen in tot circum-
stantibus malis mansit aliquamdiu immota acies. invidia,
*unpopularity' owing to the affair of Gracchus. "The equites
paid off in this way an old grudge. Cic. or. p. Planc.$ 691. 24,
where see my note.
1. 19. ipse populus Romanus—liberavit] Liv. Epit. τισὶ
L. Opimius, accusatus apud. populum a Q. Decio tribuno pl.,
quod indemmatos cives in carcerem coniecisset, absolutus est.
'This charge of maiestas was brought in B.c. 120. See n. on or.
p. Plane. 8 69. ipse, 'the real, genuine Roman people? as
opposed to the minority of his democratieal enemies. Semper
is ἃ rhetorical exaggeration.
1. 20. periculo] see n. to 8 2 1. 6.
alia...iniqui iudicii procella pervertit] He was con-
demned under the bill of the tribune C. Mamilius Lime-
tanus (ler Mamilia) for receiving bribes from Jugurtha in
eonnection with the question of the Numidian succession, and
sent into exile Β.σ. 110. Sallust Jug. c. 16, Cie. Brut. 8 128
invidiosa lege L. Opimium, Gracchi interfectorem, a populo
absolutum, cum is contra populi studium stetisset, Gracchani
iudices (i.e. & jury composed of Roman equites) sustulerunt.
Mommsen Rom. Hist. Vol. 111 p. 158 f.
1. 22. perculsi, *though upset, *overthrown, ie. cum
aliquando gratia populiexcidissent. Cato ap. A. Gell.
. x1 22, 29 ventus cercius plaustrum oneratum percellit, Afranius
in Epistula ap. Fest. p. 273 w vento perculsam ratem (Ribbeck
com. rel. p. 181). In a metaphorical sense it is often said of
ihose who are (ruined,' especially by an adverse judgment, de
orat. 1 8 40 Carbonem, quem tu adulescuntulus perculisti, n
8 285 Scipionis qui Gaium Gracchum perculit, Tusc. τπ $ 72
 NOTES 253
eorum plaga perculsi ie. graviter afflicti. See Ellendt
on de orat.ir 8 285 p.312. Examples of distinguished Romans,
xecalled from banishment, are given by Cic. in the or. p. dom.
8 86 f£, Kaeso Quintius, M. Furius Camillus, M.
Servilius Ahala.
&c] explanatory.
l 23. recreati, restored to their former position, de imp.
Pomp. 8 23 adflictum erexit perditumque recreavit,
1.24. at vero]$ 139 1. 7.
1. 25. senatus consilium] $ 42 1. 21, $ 137 1. 30.
1.27. iucundi] ὃ 1841. 9.
1. 28, rei publicae] dative; cf. or. in Cat. 1v 8 10 ipsum
latorem Semproniae legis...poenas reip. dependisse.
praesenti morte] as Sp. Maelius, M. Manlius Capito-
linus, the two Gracchi, L. Appuleius Saturninus, P.
Sulpicius, all of whom forfeited their lives.
1. 29. turpi exsilio] as M. Aemilius Lepidus, father of
ihe triumvir, praetor in Sicily s.c. 81, elected cos. with Q.
Lutatius Catulus against Sulla in 5.0. 78, when in his ambition
to become a leader of the popular party, he attempted to over-
CR
τι
uma
τς.“throw the Sullan constitution, but was defeated by his colleague
“Ὁ uvm.e

Q. Lutatius Catulus and Pompeius, when he marched from his

province Gallia Cisalpina against Rome. He died in Sardinia
in B.C. 77. See Mommsen Εἰ, H. 1v p. 38—p. 27.
8 141, 1. 30. homines Graecos] ie. Graecos et gente et
ingenio, *&horough Greeks,' 8 139 1. 6 nostri homines.
l 81, gravitate, ' strength of character, *steadiness,' )(
levitate. Hominum gravitate -hominibus gravibus, cf. 8 57
1. 22, 8 88 1. 32.
1, 32. cum, 'although.' ita fecerant] i.e. defenderant
remp.
P.70,1. l. eicerentur-—eici solerent.
l. 2. conservatorem, σωτῆρα, 'saviour.' non—nec—
neque] cf. $ 901. 7.
1, 3. Miltiadi...Aristidi| on this form of the genitive of
Greek nouns with stems in -e and -i which fluctuate between
different declensions, see Madv. de fin. 1 ὃ 14, Gr. 8 42, 2, Roby
Gr.: $484. [The evidence of the Ciceronian wss fairly con-
sidered is overwhelmingly in favour of this form of the geni-
tive and proves, I think, that Cic. used no other. 0, 8. n.]
calamitas] cf. 8 7 1. 24, 8 831. 17.
254 PRO P. SESTIO 8$ 141—143
L4. fuga,'banishment. unus iustissimus]$1311.18.
1.7. propositis, *set before their view,' ὃ 48 1. 24.
1. 8. suam rem publicam illam, 'their state such as it
swa8,' i.e. so fickle and ungrateful, in opposition to 1. 12 ad eam
rem p. tuendam adgressi quae tanta, dignitate est ut etc. Yet
Cic. says himself de rep. 1 5: mec vero levitatis Atheniensium
erudelitatisque in. amplissimos civis exempla deficiunt : quae
nata et frequentata apud illos etiam in gravissimam civitatem
nostram dicuntur redundasse. Nam vel exilium Camilli vel
offensio commemoratur Ahalae vel invidia Nasicae vel exzpulsio
Laenatis vel. Opimii: damnatio vel fuga Metelli vel acerbissima,
€. Marii clades vel eorum multorum pestes, quae paulo post
secutae sunt.
l 10. unde, 'from which,' Madvig Gr. 8 317 obs. 2.
l. ll. insistentes, *taking our stand on.'
1.19. humana, 'the changes and chances oflife) videri
debeant, «cannot help seeming,' *must seem.' deinde] the
usual order is primum-——deinde—tum.
l 14. ut eam defendentem occidere optabilius sit quam
oppugnantem rerum potiri, that to die in defence of it is ἃ
more desirable thing than in fighting against it to usurp the
sovereign power. Long after Klotz defends the genuineness of
the ws reading mon aliud for which various emendations have
been suggested maius mobilius, satius, melius, laudabilius,
honestius, nomen maius, amplius, praestabilius. Of. or. x 84
acerbissimum eius (M. Antoni oratoris) supremum diem malim
quam L. Cinnae dominatum, a quo ille est crudelissime inter-
fectus.
1. 1ló. rerum potiri] Lucret. 11 12.

CHAPTER LXVIII
8142,1 21. horum-—anteponant] on the coordination of
«ontrasted clauses see n. on or. p. Planc. 8 26 1. 5.
calamitatem] ὃ 71 1. 24 note. dominationi, *despotism.'
1. 22. anteponant, *think more fortunate.'
l 23. pluris fuit] Madv. Gr. $8 294, Roby Gr. ri: ὃ 1186,
pref. p. lvii ff, who refers this gen. of value to the locative
case. Kenn. Gr. 8 169.
l 24. de imperio]S 59 1. 24.
1. 25. suicives] Madv. Gr. 8 490 b.
l 26. eiecerunt] He really spared the Carthaginians the
disgrace of delivering him up by a speedy and prudent flight to
 NOTES 255

the East, leaving his ancestral city merely the lésser disgrace
of banishing its greatest citizen for ever from his native land,
of confiseating his property and of razing his house. Liv.
ΧΧΧΤΙ 47 ff, Corn. Nep. Hann. c. 7, Mommsen Hist, R. n
p. 214. hostem—celebratum] Plin. H. N. xxxiv c. 6 8 15
adeo discrimen omne sublatum, ut Hamnibalis etiam statuae
tribus locis visantur in ea urbe, cuius intra muros solus hostium
emisit hastam. litteris etc.] *in our historical literature.
8143, 1. 28. Brutos, Camillos, cet.] generic plural, cf. Mayor
on Juv. Sat. 1 109, Hor. Sat. x 7, 8.
l. 29. Lentulos, Aemilios] These are named, because it was
P. Lentulus Spinther, consul z. c. 57, that proposed Cicero's
recal: and M. Aemilius Seaürus was probably president of
the. court, before which Sestius was tried.
1.80. stabiliverunt]$ 123 1. 26.
1. 81. in deorum coetu] Cic. Somn. Scip. c. 8: quo sis,
Africane, alacrior ad tutandam rem publicam, sic habeto, omni-
bus qui patriam conservaverint, adiuverint, auxerint, certum
ésse in caelo definitum locum ubi beati aevo sempiterno
fruantur.
1. 32. repono, “1 reckon,' *count:' of. or. in Verr. τι 8 210
ut in clarissimorum hominum mumero repomantur, de nat.
deor. 11 $ 54 sidera in deorum mumero reponere. consulamus
bonis] Zumpt Gr. $ 414.
P. 71, l. l. posteritatis gloriae serviamus, *let us devote
ourselves to securing à good name amongst future generations.
l. 2. id, 'that only. rectissimum, 'really good atid moral.'
speremus—feramus] Cf. or. Phil. xit 8 15 speramus optima,
pati vel difficillima malumus quam servire.
l 6. animi motus, gen. — τῆς ἐνεργείας τῆς ψυχῆς, * mental
activity. So Halm. Others take motus to be the accusative
plural, comparing or. p. Arch. 8 17 amimorum incredibilis
motus celeritatemque ingeniorum, de orat. 1$ 118 animi atque
ingenii celeres quidam motus.
l.7. meque for neve, a not uncommon use, Roby 8 1602,
Dráger Hist. S. 1 p. 287. opinionem, 'belief,' i.e. in the im-
mortality of virtue. in, *in the case of,' *in the person of,'
8 1 1. 24, 8 118 1. 29. sanctissimo] because he was regarded
a8 the ideal representative of manly perfection. l
1.8. consecratam, i.e. diis adscriptam ideoque sacram
habitam, the same as sancitam in reference to profane things.
256 PRO P. SESTIO 88 143—145

Cf. Tusc. xx $ 1 cur corporis curandi causa quaesita sit ars

eiusque utilitas deorum immortalium inventioni consecrata.
cuius—eius] observe the pleonasm. vitam et virtutem,
* heroic life."
1.9. excepisse, *to have followed after.'
[l. 11. consiliis aut laboribus: et or (as Orelli proposed)
ac seems necessary. 7. 8. R.]

CHAPTER LXIX
δὲ 144—147. Peroratio
Cic. ends with a strong appeal to the sympathy of the iudices
to acquit those who have sacrificed so much for the state, and
to whose zeal on his behalf he owes his own restoration. It is
entirely because of the support they gave him that they are
placed in their present unenviable position, and, if they should
be convicted, he would, rather share their fate and go into exile,
than remain at Rome without them. Their acquittal will serve
to confirm and strengthen the hands of the friends of law and
order, while it will curb and, restrain the disaffected.

: $144,1.15. horum, 'my clients." vestrae] sc. iu-

dicum.
1. 17. defensorem cet.] observe that defensorem answers to
salutis, propugnatorem Xo auctoritatis, actorem to causae.
1. 18. .reum] predicate adjective to Sestiuwm.
1.19. praetextatum] still wearing the toga praetexta of
his childhood, and not having assumed the toga virilis, see
8 6 1. 16.
l 20. vindicem] qui vos in libertatem vindieavit.
1, 22. latrocinii] $ 11. 12.
1.28. caedis, *bloodshed,' 8 95 1. 9. tectorum] ὃ 85
L 25.
1. 24. praesidium curiae] Hor. Carm. τὰ 1, 14 moestis
praesidium reis et consulenti, Pollio, curiae.
1.925. deum is to be taken with fortunae-*creator.' [I
cannot believe that Cic. would 6811 such a man as Lentulus
deum or that he would use the phrase * God and parent of our
fortune. Creatoris ἃ modern rather than ancient equivalent
for *God.' Cic. seems to me to have written patrem eundem
 NOTES 257
parentem, The letters eun were 50 like the final letters em of
patrem that they dropped out, dem was turned into deum and
ac was naturally inserted. σ. S. R.]G «cf fes? 4, οὐ Q. su
1. 26. nominis] 8 14 1. 5.
l. 27. in hoc squalore et sordibus] $ 32 l. 14, or. in Verr.
v ὃ 128 aspicite, iudices, squalorem sordesque sociorum.

1. 98. superior annus, 'the past year,' i.e. p.c. 57, when
his father was eonsul, ὃ 151. 20. idem] $891.22, virilem]
the toga virilis was generally assumed on the completion of
the 16th year, occasionally later, if the father so wished.
praetextam] by his,election into the College of Augurs:
populi iudicio, because the right of filling up vacancies in the
College of Augurs, who were originally chosen by cooptatio,
was transferred by the lex Domitia of B.c. 107 to seventeen
out of the thirty-five tribes. "The toga praetexta was worn by
freeborn children of both sexes up to their l7th year, by the
Ace
chief magistrates at Rome and in the colonies with the excep-
tion of the tribunes, by the presidents of games, by senators,
priests and augurs on festivals (or. Phil. 11 $ 110).
L 30. rogationis iniustissimae] Lentulus had as consul
obtained ἃ decree of the senate that the consul, to whom the
provinee of Cilicia would fall at the close of his year of office,
should be charged with the office of restoring Ptolemaeus
Auletes, the exiled king of Egypt. The honour would have
fallen to Lentulus, as proconsul of Cilicia, had not an oracle
l . been found in the Sibylline Books which forbade the restora-
tion of the king of Egypt by armed force. "The matter gave
rise to vehement debate in the Senate in B.c. 56, during which
time the tribune C. Cato, the personal enemy of Lentulus,
legem promulgavit de imperio Lentulo abrogando (ep. ad Quint.
fr. 11 8, 1), whereupon his son appeared publicly in mourning
(vestitum mutavit). The rogatio did not come to the vote and
the affair of the king was forgotten, until the governor of Syria,
Aulus Gabinius, was employed to restore him. Mommsen
Hist. Rom. 1v p. 160.
acerbitatem, 'grief,' *echagrin, or. p. Planc. 8 101 1. 20.
P.72,8 145,1. 4. quod tantum— scelus] cf. or. p. Mil. 8 103
quodnam ego concepi tantum scelus aut quod in me tantum
facinus admisi, iudices, cum illa indicia comununis exitii inda-
gavi patefeci protuli exstinzi?

. l5. illo die] Dec. the 3rd, p.c. 63: see the third Cati-
linarian speech. ;
H. Lr
. 288 PRO P. SESTIO 8 145—147
l7. parui vobis] i.e. the senate; Cic. addresses those of
the iudices, who were senators. For the reference see or. Cat.
nr$14. Cf. $251.32.
1.9. vexatae, *damaged, impaired, 8541. 14, — dissipati
liberi] because his son Marcus was separated from his sister
Tulliola. raptata coniunx] or. p. dom. c. 23 quid enim
vos uxor mea müsera violarat? quam vezavistis, raptavistis,
omni crudelitate laceravistis.
l 10. frater incredibili pietate] on the descriptive abla- |
tive subjoined to an indefinite appellative noun see my n. to
or. p. Plane. 8 52 1. 11, Madv. Gr. $ 287 obs. 2.
l. 13. carui] 8 63 1. 24, ut levissime dicam, “ἴο use
the mildest expression."
l 14. dilexeram] see cr. n.
1l 15. invidorum, 'ill-wishers,' 8 121 1. 28,
$146, 1. 16. haec omnia] sc. quae pertuli,
l. 18. importare] a stronger expression than inferre, see
Nügelsb. $ 107 1. [It very generally goes with words denoting
misfortune, as in Lucretius cladem importare pericli. 3. 8. &.]
1. 19. calamitatem] see n. on ὃ 7 1. 23,
1. 20. his] Sestius and Milo. possim, not possum, be-
eause it is conditional, the protasis being implied in
his pulsis.
1. 923. pietate] 8 27 l. 10, 8 142 1. 18. amisso patre
suo propter me, * when I have been the cause of his having
lost his father.'
1.24. incolumem] $18 1.5. nec—ingemescet, * without
lamenting.
1. 25. pestem suam, 'ithe ruin of himself.'
1. 26. ego vero, “1 for my part. For the meaning of
complecti cf. or. p. Plane. 8 82 with my note.
1, 28. meo nomine, *on my account. umquam] em-
phatic by its position. j
Ῥ. 13, 8 147,1. 1. receperunt] see on $ 131 1. 4. ab his
viris] Sestius and Milo.
1.2. sanctius, *more venerable.'
1.4. improborum, 'the disaffected.' ὃ. 43 1. 2, ὃ 49 1. 6,
 NOTES 259
l.5. his civibus uti optimis, *to have the services of these
loyal eitizens,' i.e. not to lose them by their condemnation.
Cp. or. in Cat. 11 ὃ 18 et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus
uteremur, or. in Ver. τὰ ὃ 6 multo locupletioribus civibus
utimur.
l 6. renovare rem publicam, 'to restore," *revive the
state, put it on ἃ new footing, so that in future patriotic
citizens may be Loa protected against the attacks of design-
ing men.
1. 7. si voluistis, *since it has been your pleasure.

END OF EXPLANATORY NOTES

17—2
APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT

Α General Remarks

Tuz Vulgate text of this Speech is that which having been

gradually formed by the scholars of the 15th, 16th, and 170}
centuries, was further improved by Graevius, Ernesti,
7el
ar
DC Sehütz, and others, until it appeared under its best form in
the edition of Orelli, commenced at Zurich in 1826 and com- .
pleted in 1837, and re-edited by Baiter and Halm in 1845—
1861. Orelli had the advantage of the Scholia Bobiensia,
an ancient commentary contained in the Vatican palimpsest
of the 4th or 5th century, discovered and edited by Angelo
Mai, concerning which see my edition of the Planciana p. 205.
The volume containing Halm's text of this speech appeared
in 1856.
The text of the present edition of the Sestiana is founded
mainly upon that of Kayser as given in Vol. V of the edition
of Cicero's entire works by J. G. Baiter and C. L. Kayser,
and published by Bernhard Tauchnitz at Leipzig in 1862.
Kayser's text is chiefly derived from a Paris ws (P 7794) of the
9th century, which is the only high-elass ws that contains
the whole of the speech. "The insertions by a later hand of
the 12th century to fill up lacunae, where existing, are of
little or no value. The ws was earefully collated by Halm.
The next in value but altogether inferior is codex Bernensis
(B) of the 12th century. In addition to Kayser's text I have
also consulted that of A. Eberhard and W. Hirschfelder
in their second edition of xix select orations of Cicero
(Teubner, Leipzig, 1878). "The volume containing this speech
in the Teubner recension of Cicero's works by C. F. W.Müller
(1886) did not appear in time for my first Edition.
In preparing my explanatory notes I have been largely
indebted to Karl Halm's separate edition of this speech,
which contains a copious selection of the notes of earlier com-
mentators, P. Manutius, N. Abrami, Ferratius, Gara-
 -

. 264 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT

toni, etc., supplemented with valuable ones of his own in
Latin, which was published by Koehler at Leipzig in 1845,
and to his 6th edition with notes in Weidmann's Series,
revised by G. Laubmann, Berlin, 1886; also in a less
degree to that of H. A. Koch, ed. 2 revised by A. Eberhard,
1877. Both these Editors, together with C. F. W. Müller, have
availed themselves of the most recent observations and conjec-
tural emendations of scholars which have appeared in various
Separate essays and periodicals, especially those of Madvig in
his Opuscula Academica, Vol. 1 p. 411—508; I. Bake (Scholica
Hypomnemata, Vol. 1 p. 49—136), and Mnemos. 1860 p. 205—
210, Pluygers Mmnem. 1860 p. 331—335, F. Richter Fleci-
eisen Ann. 1862 p. 271—276, Dietrich ib. 1863 p. 505 ff,
H. Keil Eos 1864 p. 15—23, Weidner progr. Col. 1864, Paul
Zeitschrift für Gqmn.-W. 1874 p. 305—331, Ortmann ib.
1879 p. 417—430, Urliehs Zhein. Mus. 1878 p. 150—153,
Binsfeld Festschrift Coblenz 1882, Kimmig de Sestianae
Ciceronianae interpolatt. dissert. Heidelb. 1882, Karsten Spi-
cileg. crit. Leyden 1881, p. 3—p. 8; C. F. Hermann vindiciae
lectionum Bernensium in or. p. Sestio, Gottingen, 1852; and
others enumerated in Kay ser's Prooemium p. vii.

B Critical Notes
Ba - Baiter Ka — Kayser
Co - Cobet Kl -- Klotz
Eb - A. Eberhard Ko — Koch
Ern — Ernesti Lg — Long
F -Ferratius Mg — Madvig
Ga -— Garatoni Mu - C. F. W, Müller
Hm - Halm Or — Orelli
Hf -- Eberhard-Hirschfelder Wg- Wesenberg
P.1,81,1.6. [ex] hoc tempore] Mu reads hoc tempore.
P.2,82,1.4. qua voce] Hm* Hf; I now prefer the emen-
dation suggested by Dr Reid quamquam qua voce; quoniam
qua voce Ha* Ka Kl; the latter also in his prefaee proposes sí
qua. The clause iis potissimum voz haec serviat is omitted
by Hf Hm? at the suggestion of Bake: Wg proposes to insert
ut before voz. [In the 3rd ed. I have inserted quoniam]
1. 6. eorum] Mu coni. meorum.
8 4,1. 28. dolor ullus] so Ka Hm Mu; dolor ullius the
reading of P is shown by Madvig opusc. 1 p. 435 to be
inadmissible.
85,1.32. si modo id consequi] si modo dicendo consequi
is the conjecture of Mu. |
 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 265

B. 3, 80,1. 17. gravissimae antiquitatis viris] So Hm!,

with B, for the Vulgate gravissimis antiquitatis viris: gravis-
simis summae antiquitatis viris Him$ Ba after Mommsen; gravis-
simis antiquae severitatis Eberhard; gravitatis antiquissimae
Hein., gravitatis summae atque antiquitatis Landgraf.
ut utrique eorum et carus] So Hm?, Ka; utrique eorum
ut carus, P? Hf Kl, Dietrich ann. phil. 1863, 509, utrique
eorum ut et carus Hm!. "The omission of utin P is an instance
of lipography, 80 common in ΜΒ8.
8 7, 1. 23. duxit iterum uxorem] so Mommsen Ka Hf;
duxit uxorem P Hm! ; alteram duxit uxorem Schütz Hm?; duxit
alteram uxorem Hein,
1.32. maximis praeterea adsiduisque officiis] Mommsen's
correetion of the reading of P maximis praeteritas esse sed iis et
ofüciis; praeterea adsiduisque studiis et off. coni. Mu.
P.4,88,1.16. collega] bracketed by Eberhard.
8 9, l. 29. idemque] Ka proposes to read indidemque
bracketing the words ex illa urbe in 1. 32.
P.5,810,1. 18. aut ambitionis] Ka after Pluygers brackets
aut.
l 15. vocem] so Lambinus for the ws vicem ; indicem Ka
after Kochly ; lucem Ko; vindicem Uxlichs.
P.6,812,1 11, in re publica virtus] Kóchly suggests in
re gerenda virtus ; and 1. 10 Weidner vere for breve. :
l 14. accusandum] acuendum Hf after W. Paul.
1.18. Italiae] Ko reads silvestres, on the ground that the
paths leading from Italy into Gaul would be not Italiae but
Galliae calles.
praeocceupare] so Hm, Hf Ko after C. F. W. Müller, predare
(or praeclare) P, praedari Ka Hm?, peragrare Madvig, pervagari
W, stabula praealta cepisset Probst ann. phil. 1868, 351.
P. 7, 8 14, l. 16. insectantur] bracketed by Ko after G.
Wichert and Weidner. Madvig on the other hand observes
(p. 446): se offerre, quod mediae est significationis, ita tamen,
ut sponte, non casu occurrentes intellegantur, recte hoc loco
ponitur adiecto altero illo insectantur; asyndeton quod hie in
verbis est eiusdem paene significationis, in brevi et concisa
oratione, infra c. 9 ἃ 22 in substantivis est: falsa opinione,
errore hominum.
815,1. 24, fuerat ille annus iam] this is Madvig's emen-
dation adopted by Kl Hf Ka for the ws fuerat ille annus tam:
.266 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
funestus fuerat ille annus iam Dryander, E. F. Eberhard ;fuerat
ater i. a. iam is conjectured by Ka, funestus ille annus iam
impendebat reipublicae by Ko who also conjectures ruebat ille
annus iam in rempublicam, which Müller prefers.
1. 27. re quidem] so Hm? with P: re quidem vera Ka
Ko Hf Mu.
P.8,816,1. 8. putabat] so Schol. Bob.: the wss reading
is putaret.
1. 18. exsanguis] Μὰ Hm after Koch, cf. 8 241, 19: the μ85
have insane, which Ka and others correct into ínsani.
8 17, l. 17. perditores vestrae dignitatis] the common
reading is proditores. I have adopted the reading suggested by
Dr Reid, who compares or. in Pis. 8 64 senatus odit te afflic-
torem ac perditorem mon modo dignitatis et auctoritatis sed
ommino ordinis ac nominis sui. lf proditores be kept, vestrae
dignitatis must apply to the Roman people a£ large.
$18,1.31. [in]fretu] Ka Hm? after Seyffert read fretu.
P.9,819,1. 16. annus] so Lambinus followed by Hm Ko
Kl Hf for antuus, the reading of P. Schütz conjectured con-
sulatus, K. F. Hermann magistratus, Jeep cincinnatus.
l. 17. tamquam vade] vade is restored by Madvig from the
old grammarian Valerius Probus n Putzsch p. 1461 and
1475). Eberhard brackets the whole clause ut illo supercilio
videretur as & gloss explanatory of tanta, Ko would omit tam-
quam and read anni totius moles, while Ka after Bake brackets
the whole passage tanta—videretur as spurious,
P. 10, $ 22, 1. 17. [cum re publica. It is not surprising
that Lambinus wished to read populo Romano here. Both res
publica and populus Romanus were written by econtraetions and
it was easy to mistake p. r. for r. p. Many similar confusions
exist in MSS. ὅ. 8. R.]
l 18. [falsa opinione] errore: so Ka after Pluygers;
others as Hf Mu bracket errore; Madvig retains both, see n.
to $ 14 1. 16.
1. 25. sermo hominis—dabat] so Hm? after Jeep: the wss
have sermonis ansas dabat, which, Dr Reid notes, is perfectly
sound: as in many expressions of the kind the genitive
occurs, where we should use the dative; e.g. finem sermonis
facere, ; fidem orationis facere. Sauppe Ka Hf read sermones
ansas dabant : Mu sermo nobis etc.
$ 23,1. 32. partibus] supplied by Orelli, cf. ep. ad Att. 11r
7 ext.; others add sensibus, but sensus is not used like αἰσθήσεις;
Madvig would read omni vi; others viribus, oribus, nervis.
 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 267 ᾿
P.11,$24,1.12. sermonis] nidoris Eb ; foetoris conj. Mu.
l. 16. aut] ac Pluygers, O. Heine, Reid for the vulgate
aut.
1.22, nudatam rem publicam] so Hm5 Hf from a conjec-
ture of Imelmann for the reading of P tam rem p. : totam rem
p. Ka after Pluygers, tantam remp. Mühly, clam. r. p. Eberhard.
1.27. ictum sanciri] Ka after Pluygers reads ici.
P. 12, $825,1. 10. agerent aliquid] so Hm Mu: agerent,
aliquid denique referrent Hm! Ka.
8 26, l. 15. meque iam ommi ratione privato consilio]
so Hm? after Madvig, who notes: *non diutius aliud auxilium
(publieum) exspectandum putabant; id significat iam par-
tieula. meque etiam omni v. p. c. Hm! Hf, omni ratione, etiam.
privato consilio Kóchly, Reid, meque iam privato consilio Eb.
omitting omni ratione.
1.25. [quamvis: the wss point to cum rather than quamvis.
J. 8. 5.7: tum quaquaestum P ; tum, cum quaest. Paul.
l. 26. venistis] so Hm for venisset of P: vos deinde, cum
venissetis ad senatum is proposed by Ka. Forcum Hm has tum.
vos, inquam] Ko reads vos, vos, inquam, on the ground that
otherwise inquam would be meaningless, but, as Madvig very
properly observes, *énquam non ad vocabuli repetitionem
pertinet sed ad sententiam, quae, iam ante universe significata,
apertius et asseverantius ponitur.'
l. 29. cum, vestris precibus etc.] Hm5 Eb tum ; cum ves-
iris precibus...repudiati estis ; tum vir Ka ; proiecistis, cum Hm,
P. 13, $ 28, 1. 24, illius diei] illius dies Kl upon the autho-
rity of A. Gell. 1x 14, 6.
P. 14, $29, 1, 9. relegarit] bracketed by Hm5 Ka Hf Ko
after du bueu.
8 80, 1. 17 for tum Mu conj. tamen : 80 Hm!.,
P. 15, $ 32, 1. 17. aut concilium] Dr Reid doubts the
genuineness of these words; F. Schoell that of veste mutata.
P.16,833,1.9. legatos] bracketed as spurious by Ka Ko
after Madvig and Gronovius.
l.4. legisti] I believe with Dr Reid that this is the true
reading for the wss legasti, retained by Mu.
1,10. nemo est quin non] 'I am not sure' writes Dr Reid
'that certain exx. can be produced of quim immediately fol-
lowed by a negative.
-268 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
l 15. agebantur] So Müller, Hm5, parabantur Ko, fere-
bantur Or. Hertz fills up the gap with committebantur.
1.20. isdem consulibus] Pluygers adds coniventibus,
P. 17, 1. 2. dominabatur, aliis pollicebatur] the words aliis
pollicebatur are regarded as a gloss by Pluygers, Kayser and
Kimmig; minabatur aliis, aliis pollicebatur is suggested by
Tittler annal. phil. 1869 p. 492: who is followed by Hm?5, Hf
Eb; but cf. 8 851.15. * German editors' writes Dr Reid *never
seem contented to allow that alus may sometimes be contrasted
with another alius, not expressed, but the phenomenon is com-
mon enough.

835,1. ll. excisam] Halm has ezscissam; see explanatory

notes; Müller retains ezcisam.
8 36, 1. 22. tam parato] Kayser suggests tam parato equestri
ordine; tam parato ordine equestri Bicht, Eb; tam p. populo Mu
after Mommsen.
8 87,1. 81. respexerat] so Halm for sumpserat of the wss;
ΚΙ and others read tum spectarat; Ka eam sumpserat; Reid se
emiserat; Ko Hertz and Müller spiritus sumpserat.
P.18,$38,1. 160. ea] Kayser suggests et ea.
P. 19, 8 39, 1. 4. mortem] caedem Hf; cladem Kóchly.
Kayser brackets vel potius domesticorum hostium, om. by schol.
1.5. ila] Probst alia.
1.12. debebat] Halm reads credebatur, comparing 8 41
l. 15; debebat Hm Mu: videbatur Ulrichs.
8 40,1. 17. praeesse] Ka Hf read praesto esse with F. C.
Wollf; Koch following Ernesti brackets et praeesse et; Madvig
with Or reipublicae praeesse; «Romae esse Mu.
1.20. causae dictionem] Dr Reid thinks these words may
be a gloss.
1.23. quid ergo?] quid? ergo Lambinus ΚΙ Ka.
1.29. aliquo] a/io Bake Ka.
1. 30—32. quod acta illa—putabant] Ka brackets this
clause 88 spurious, on the suggestion of Bake.
Ῥ. 20, 8 41,1. 8. a consulibus] Hf [a] consulibus.
l. 7. domi meae] bracketed by Ka Ernesti Bake; ad eam
rem positi, by Bake Ka Kimmig, Ortmann.
 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 269
842,1. 32. meum] Eb and Halm* read me, after Fleck-
eisen in Neue J. for 1875 p. 85. See Addenda p. 277.
P. 21, $44,1. 14. imposuisset] eam imposuisset Madvig.
l.20. vocassent] Halm5 reads concitassent; H. A. Koch
suggests vocari passi essent; populum vocassent Hein: voca-
rent M88. ,
1.22, meum] not in xss but added by Ascensius 1551.
845,1. 24, enim] tamen H. Keil; etiam Hm* i.e. * one thing
more," [enim] Ka, Mu.
P.22, 8 46, 1. 18. me unum] Mu, Hm; unum multi Ko;
unum undique Eb; unwm cuncti Hertz.
$47,1. 22. improbi. at armis, at ab eo privato] so Hm?:
at armis ab eo privato Hf ; at acie, at ab eo privato W. Paul,
ab eo armato privato Lambinus, Müller; at vi Bake; improbi,
at rei at cives Kóchly.
l 27. quid? tum mortemne fugiebam] Hm5 Hf Ka: quid
tum? Eb Mu.
1.31. exilium] Mu Hm*: exitium Hotoman Ka Eb Hf Wg Mg.
P.23,1. 4. tam] tamne Hm, tamen P.
1.18. tum maxime mentes] tum mentis maxime Ka Eb.
$48,1. 25. [post aliquot annos: Cic. probably wrote post
aliquot annis, * later by a good many years.' 3. s. R.]
Ῥ, 24, 8 δ0, 1.29. vi] vim Eb Mu ; vim fugisset H. Keil.
P. 25, 1. 4. ad rei p. fatum] the correction of Pantagathus
for the wss reading ratum; et alium rei p. statum Garatoni,
ad reciperandam rem Jeep, ad reip. casum Jacob, ad rei p. rectio-
nem Beid. Madvig admits that he has no better suggestion to
offer than ad reipublicae fatum; but he is not satisfied with it
because it cannot mean *he determined to live, whatever
happened in the future': that would be ad omnem reipublicae
fortunam. Τῦ must mean ad perniciem reipublicae and that is
too much to say; Lehmann conjectures motum.
1.10. in qua] so Mu Ernesti followed by all subsequent
editors,
$51,1. 27. et] Hm alone reads aut; but et Hm$.
P.27,8 54,1. 5. inter meum interitum et suam praedam]
inter meum exitum et praedam (i.e. praedam de Cicerone cap-
tam) Madvig.
270 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
8 55,1. 27. tolleretur] Reid suggests that we should read
deleretur here or else in 1. 31, cf. 8 44 1. 20.
P.28,1. 2. et rogata lege potestas per novam] the words
lege potestas per no are not in the ws8, but the conjecture of
Hm and O. Heine, who formerly read lege utrique potestas
contra Semproniam legem.
$56,1. 13. eam] Ko, Hm Mu after Lamb. for wss ea.
8 57, 1. 20. societatis et amicitiae honorem consecutus]
Vahlen e schol. Bob. suppl. Hm?, honorem istum consecutus
Hm$ Mu i.e. eum, de quo dicentem paulo ante me audistis.
P.29, $58,1.11. hic et ipse] Ka suggests is et ipse.
vehemens hostis fuit] Hm Ko; vehemens fuit Mu; hostis
vehemens fuit Hf: the whole passage from hic et ipse to l. 16
mente mansit is bracketed by Ko Eb and Kimmig.
l 12. huius imperii] Hm would prefer huius urbis because
of Valer, Max. v 1, 9.
l.14. repulsus] so Hm? for pulsus of the wss; which he
thinks is merely a repetition of pulsum in 1. 18, the true word
having been displaced by it; profligatus Hf ; perculsus W. Paul
omitting what follows animo tamen hostili, which Mu approves.
$59,1. 21. rex igitur Armenius] the wss have here tulit
gessit with space for about 15 letters which Ka fills up with qui
bellum sociis intulit, Máhly's conjecture ; but the sense requires
ita or some similar conjunction. Hence Lambinus suggested
Tigranes igitur qui; is igitur, qui bellum intulit, qui lacessivit
Ko; hic igitur qui iniuriis lacessivit Hf; hic.qui bellum intulit
u.
Ῥ. 81, 8 62,1. 6. eius viri] Ka Mu Hf; the uss have us with
space for two letters before it; talis viri Hm?.
l. 8. clamorem hominum improborum auctoritate, im-
petum virtute sedavit Ko Eb—a transposition which destroys
the symmetry of the passage.
863,1. 21. per se conservari quam per alios]so Ka Hm?
Hf Kl Müll.; per alios dissipari C. G. Zumpt, Wesenberg Eb;
alienari per alios Seyffert; per alios perire Tittler ann. phil.
1869, 492, perverti, diripi, amitti others.
l. 29. eiusdem furori, eisdem] eiusdem furore et eisdem Mg.
P. 32, 864, 1. 2. in eius magistratus] so Hm5 Ka Hf ΚΙ;
in cuius magistratus Pluygers, Ko.
. $66,1. 29. latior] Ko suggests latentior.
 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 271
P. 33, 8 67, 1. 5. aliquando, serius] Hm? Bake with P;
aliquanto serius KI.
8 68,1. 27. videretur] videremur Reid, O. Müller.
P.34,8 69,1. 9. et cum consules—flagitabant] bracketed
by Ko Eb Kimmig. 1. 12. hoc] hanc H. A. Passow.
1. 17. crevisse] Hm5 with the wss; decrevisse Ka: defuisse
Mommsen.
1. 21. tunc habueram]so Hm with the x88; ante habueram
Ernesti Eb; tamen habueram Ka.
8 70, 1. 28. causam suscepit] causam meam, suscepit W.
Bauer, but cf. $ 71, 8 87: causa and partes are often used with-
out the possessive pronoun or genitive.
P.35,8 71,1. 4. designatus tribunus] Hm? Eb after Pan-
tagathus; tribunus designatus C. Stephanus; the wss have
designatus only and so Mu, Hm?; Garatoni proposed to omit
designatus.
l.7. fuerit] fuit or fuerat Reid.
l. 9. ingredior— suscepit] omitted by Schütz, Hm? Kimmig
Keil; ingredior—tribunatum by Mg. Spengel, cited by Halm,
observes that at the end of 8 15 Cic. begins to speak of the
iribuneship of P. Sestius and says that he must speak about
the disastrous condition of the state in the preceding year;
having done this in cc. 7—32, and having mentioned the journey
of P. Sestius to Caesar when he was íribunus designatus, he
now begins the history of his tribunate. See Addenda p. 279.
1. 18. abiit ille annus—perdidissemus] ítransposed by
Spengel, followed by Ka, after sustulit 8 72 1. 29.
1.14. nondum re, sed spe rei p. recuperandae] so Hm Hf
Ka with the wss: Madvig prefers Lambinus' emendation spe
republica recuperata.
872,1. 20. qui omnes] so Hm? Ko Ka; promulgant quod
Mommsen Hm? because all the wss have quod, but in that case
we should have expected promulgant omnes quod.
l 26. Gavii Oleli rure] so Hm? with Madvig. The ws
reading is gaviolaeliore which is unintelligible; ez deserta
Gaviorum oliveti area Eb; Gavii Ofellae horto Klotz; Gavi
horto olitorio Ko; Gavii Ofilii horto Bake; Gavii oleario
Wagner.
1. 97. 8, Galatis Gaviis] Mommsen Mu: a calatis Gaviis v.
P.36,873,1. 14. permutatione] so Garatoni Hm5 Hf Ko,
Ka with the Bern ws: Madvig objects to this reading on the
. 272 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
ground that i& must mean * interchange! and eannot be used in |
the same sense as commutatione. He retains perturbatione the
reading of P.
P. 37, ὃ 75, 1. 12. in concilio] Hm? with Madvig; concilio
P Hf Hm! ΚΙ Ka Reid; compare Liv. 111 c. δά eo omnía in pratis
Flaminiis concilio plebis acta.
876,1. 27. virum optimum, fortissimum meique amantis-
simum] Mu Hm?*: virum optimum et constantissimum Ko; the
whole is bracketed by Ka, and all except virum optimum by Bake.
1.30. mon repugnandi sed moriendi causa] bracketed by
Ka after Bake, who also brackets in tanto luctu ac desiderio mei.
P. 38,1. 8, iacuit] latuit Reid.
$77,1. 21. oblato] proposito Mu.
l 25. nulla lege recitata is the vulgate, but Hm5 HfKa
Mu read lata: this, however, as Dr Reid remarks, seems
deeidedly wrong. "The disturbance would not arise after the
carrying of the law, but before, in order to prevent its being
carried; lege promulgata Lambinus.
P. 39, 8 78, 1. 4. Fabricio] bracketed by Ka after Bake and
Mommsen; Kimmig hesitates.
is qui se servasse de caelo dixerat] Müller Hm$ Mommsen,
Hm? Hf Ko; is qui...diceret Kl Manutius; qui servasset de
caelo Mg; servasset de caelo, sicut saepe irridens dixerat
Keil.
l 6. quam acceptam gemere] Hm Ka Mu; quam acceptam
gemere non Bake; quam ac. minus g. Koechly; qua accepta
contemnere posset Paul; qua accepta tamen ingemere Weidner;
quam acceptam tegere Ka. e coni. Dr Reid conjectures sanare ;
l am disposed to think redimere nearer the wss. See, however,
note in Add.
l. 7. rem publicam] bracketed by Hm? Madvig Wunder Ka
Ko; rei publicae iure Mommsen, Seyfferi, Hm?* suggests
publico iure; Hm$ follows Mommsen.
1, 11, forum purges] Hm? Ko; forum ferro purges Hf after
Probst; forum spurces Ka after Manutius; f. perturbes Paul.
$79,1. 16. magistratum gereret] dum magistratum gereret
Madvig: ín foro tuto coni. Mu.
l. 20. satis esse arm.] Pluygers.
1, 25. [ac] Ka Eb Hf after Garatoni; ac Hm*.
P. 40, 880,1. 3. locum] Hm Ka Mu; totum Eb.
l. 4. Sabino homini Reatino] the old reading, altered by
Mommsen, was T'ítio Sabino (cognomen), homini Reatino.
 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 278
8 82, l 26. perhorruerunt]| Ka Kl Eb Hf after Madvig;
perhorruerant Hm with the wss (except P where the reading is
not clear).
P. 41, ὃ 84, 1. 28. obsideret] ut obsideret Reid, on the
ground that Cie. usually repeats the conjunetion.
Ῥ. 42, 885,1. 22. hominis] Mommsen Hm Ka Eb; divini
hominis Hf Hm! Hertz.
P. 43, $ 87, 1. 10. tribunus plebis] bracketed by Ka after
Bake; also by Eb and Kimmig.
P. 44, ὃ 88, l. 1. Müller, following Hertz, introduces the
words ad ferrum, faces from two wss and P?.
l. 27. et latere; perfecit ut] Müller suggests abdere 86;
Landgraf et tegi ianua. |.
Manum emere et parare coepit, ut.
P.45,891,1. 14. feritate] ecferitate P, whence W Hm! Hf
read efferitate cl. Tusc. 11 ὃ 20.
l. 15. res ad communem utilitatem] Madvig says that
this expression *neque Latine et grammatice dicitur neque
sententiam satis definitam habet; communem enim utilitatem
multae singulae res iuvare possunt. Accordingly he adopts
the reading of Lambinus and other editors res communem
utilitatem continentes. |Again in 1. 17 after nominatae sunt
he would supply some such word as instituerunt from moenibus
saepserunt to avoid the harsh zeugma; ἃ figure of which
Cicero is not very fond at any time. In this he is followed
by Eb Wesenberg Kimmig.
l. 19. moenibus]so Hf Keil Ko with the wss ; ut moenibus
Hm Ka Rau Weidner; tamquam moenibus Bake.
892,1. 26. ut ius experiretur, vim depelleret] bracketed
by Ka after Pluygers; also by Eberhard.
P. 46, ὃ 93, 1l. 6. Gabinium et Pisonem] bracketed by Ka
Eb Kimmig after Pluygers.
l 7. pacatissimis atque opulentissimis] Hm Ka: para-
tissimis atque opulentissimis Eb after C. F. Hermann ;Halm
prefers this or beatissimis atque op.; pacatissimae atque opu-
lentissimae Hf; Ka suggests ez opulentissimis gazis—bellum
inferre pacatissimis gentibus, ut earum.
P.47,895,1. 2. in rem publicam] ín re publica Ko.
l.6. excidit] Halm has exscidit: see above 8 35 1. 11.
1, 10. in tribunatu] Hm Hf; [in tribunatu] Ka Ko after
Bake, who brackets also idoneos.
897,1. 32, numero] de numero si quaeris Madvig.
H. 18
:—
274 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
P. 48,1. 8. nec natura improbi] condemned by Paul and -
Kimmig.
1. 10. est ut] Hm Ka Ko Mu; éígitur P; Sequitur ig.
Madvig, who denies that est ut sint can be used as an equiva- |
lent for sunt ; Effücitur igitur Bake, En igitur Jeep.
1.12. opinionibus] so Hm Hf Ka for opinis of the wss; |
opibus Eb Mu.
P.49, 899,1. 7. auctores] so Hm? Eb Or., the «ss have
tutores, a very rare word in its general sense, though Mu retains
it in this passage.
$ 100, 1. 15. aut insidiarum] so Hm with the ws$; et
insidiarum Ka, atque insidiarum Garatoni.
P. 50, $ 102, 1. 28. dixisset] the wss have dizit, whence
Màhly conjectured dizet.
$ 103, 1. 27 ac ratio del. Mg; and also etiam reip. cap. Ba.
P. δῶ, 8 106, l. 15. maxime populi Romani iudicium] .|
maxime de re p. iudicium Mommsen, maz. de rep. pop. Rom.
iud. Ba, maz. de P. R. iud. P.
P.53,8107,1. l. praebuit] so Hm Mu after Madvig fill up |
the lacuna in P; exhibuit the old edd. from S8; professus est
Ko Eb. [Some word of speaking seems necessary : possibly
praedicavit. 3.8. R.] Huius oratio—fuit del. Mg Wesenberg.
8 109,1. 26. una] una voce Ko Eb; una mente Mu.
P. 54, ὃ 110, l 5. reculam] so Hm? Ka Ko Hf after
Latendorf and Keil for the wss regulam, which might be:
retained, if we adopt deliciis, the conj. of Pantagathus, for
divitiis.
l 7. nmihil satiabant eum libel] so Hm from a con-
jeeture of Ko; nihil delectabant Hf; nihil sane Attici iuva
bant anagnostae, libelli Madvig: P has saneate, libelli, with
iuvabant anagnostae over the line from a second hand; whence
W. Paul eonjeetures nihil iuvabant amagnostae, libelli pro
vino etc.; nihil suavitates iuvabant anagnostae, libelli Müller;
nihil sane erat: libelli pro vino Jeep ; nihil esurientem iuvabant.
anagn., nihil same ad ewm libelli: pro vino etc. Kóchly; m.
sapientiae anagn. iuvabant L. Spengel; m. s. alebant te libelli:
Weidner; n. ganeonem tamen iuv. an. Landgraf ; n. sane attente
libelli Vitelli; nihil sani tamen e libellis Reid.
P.55,8112,1. 10. satisiustam— putavit] The reading of
P is satis iustam vel illam putavit, whence Hm reads iusta |
ullam p. Dr Reid thinks that the words ut illam come from;
a marginal variant for iustam written ut (vel) illam; the confu-
sion of this contraction for vel with ut is well known.
 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT 215
8 118,1, 24. gratum] Kl Mu: gratam Man Hm, grata Wg
from a second conjecture of Manutius; gratum P, gratum fecisse
Seyffert.
8114,1. 28. quid egerunt] bracketed by Ka.
P. 56, 1. 10, dicebantur] ordiebantur Eb, solebant Ko,
pestes posse vexare Lehmann.
1.19. Mu adds from some uss sunt interdum verae, after
significationes.
P. 59, ὃ 120, 1. 3. qua enim vi] so Kóchly, Máhly, Mu;
qua Ka with the wss. *The reading! says Dr Reid “15 hardly
satisfaetory. The sense is very abrupt: *with what power he
said—he said that I sided with you. I would read cum enim
ita (or 816), making the apodosis begin at revocabatur. * When
in these words—he declared I had championed you and
pointed to your ranks, he was recalled by the whole as-
sembly.' Klotz reads quia enim—demonstrabat, revocabatur.
8 121, l. 10. cum iam— praeditum] Dr Reid doubts the
soundness of these words as they stand.
1.18. in eadem fabula] bracketed by Bake.
1,20. putabat] so Hm* Herzog Mu and others; putarat
Hm! Ka with the «ss, appellabat Kóchly e coni.
P. 60, $122,1. 8. pro me] Madvig conjectured pro re, i.e.
apteadrem,adid quod propositum erat in manibus,
eomparing Liv. ναὶ 33, 1, Caes. B. G. v 8, Verg. Aen. 1v 337:
but Wesenberg rightly points out that the meaning is 'illud
quod poeta non de me, sed pro me scripsit, actor ita egit ut
etiam de me scriptum videretur.
8 124,1. 32. illo Metello Madvig with cod. Vat., *nam
addito pronomine, quo notus homo demonstratur, abundat
praenomen, illo Q. Metello Him edd.
P. 61, $ 126,1. 24. ille praetor, qui] so Ka Kl Hf Hm with
Garatoni; illi et R. qui P, ille tribunus pl. qui Or.
P. 62, 8127,1. ll. sine iiscaptivis] So Hm? Hf Ka Ko Mu;
Jeep proposes iis invitis.
P. 64, 8130, 1. 4. cum summa auctoritate senatus, tum P.
Servili divina quadam gravitate dicendi] So Hm? Hf after
Kl from the speech p. red. in senatu 8 25: the wss have
excitatus summa, cum auctoritate p. servili quadam gravitate
dicendi. Cum summa auctoritate P. C. (patrum conscriptorum)
tum P. Servilii incredibili quadam Wesenberg; cum summa auc-
toritate P. Servilii, tum incredibili quadam gravitate Hm! after
Manutius ;summa auct. senatus; tum P. Ser. incredibili etc. Mu.
1, 11, conlacrumavit vir] so Hm Ka after Lambinus: the
18—2
| 976 APPENDIX ON THE TEXT
wss have conlacrimavitat ut vir, hence Mommsen elicits the -
reading conlacrimavit atque ut vir—totum se.
8 131, l 24. idem dies] Richter supplies before these -
words quo die lex est lata de me, eo venissem cumque casu.
l. 25. natalis idem] qua natalis idem Ka.
1. 82, cunctae] so Laubmann after Jeep (1851) and Madvig: |
Adversaria critica 111 142: the old reading was cumque.
P. 65, $ 132, l. 12. mitem hominem et a caede abhor-
rentem] Hm$ Mu: mitem hominem et ab omni vi abhorrentem
Hm?: mitem horrentem P.
P. 66, ὃ 133. E. Lübbert (Archiv für Lateinische Lexi-
cographie 11 p. 222 f.) seeks to explain this difficult passage by
supposing that the clause of the law itself was:—ne quis bien-
nio, quo petiit petierit petiturus sit, gladiatorium munus edito,
the petiturus sit being added to include the last portion of the
biennium and to prevent any legal quibbling.
8 134, l. 11, iste nimia gloriae cupiditate] bracketed by
Ka Hf Hm? at the suggestion of Madvig.
P. 68, ὃ 137, 1. 6. splendore confirmari] so the wss, but
Hm Hf Ka Mu adopt Bake's emendation splendorem confirmare.
*Splendorem confirmare seems at first sight to make the sen-
tence more symmetrical, but I hold to the wss reading (1)
because the change from passive to active infin. with verbs οὗ
desire is found elsewhere; (2) because copyists are not unlikely ἢ
to have altered the symmetry of the sentence; (3) because the
MSS reading gives very good sense “86 senate are to be sup-
ported by the equites in their government of the masses.'
J. 8. &.
P. 69, 8140, 1. 14. possum] so Hm Hf Mu with the wss;
Madvig Reid read possim.
P. 70 $141,1. 14. optabilius| so Hm? after Schütz and
Dobree; the wss have 7ialiud with a slight erasure before 7: —
ornatius Paul, maius Hm* after Madvig, praestabilius Hf
honestius Seyffert/ Ka; te defendentem occidere maluisse
Jeep; nobilius C. F. Hermann, Reid; satius Or; laudabili
Müller.
P. 71,8 144, 1. 26. mei et fratris liberorumque nostro:
so Hm5 Mu: Ka Hm! mei et fratris rerumque nostrarum with 8
mei fratris eorumque nostrorum A, with r written above eo.
P.72,8145,1. 14. corpore texeram] so Ko; Ka Mg Hf certe |
dilexeram ; certadeie texeram P with ie obliterated, from which
Hm? elicits a caede texeram, Seyffert ab interitu retravxeram, —
Wg certe erezeram, Reid a direptione texeram, comparing ep.
ad fam. 1v 1, 2 urbem relictam direptioni et incendiis.
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA

P. 3, $6, 1. 14. eo auctore] “1 cannot think, says Mr

Reid, *that the words are used in their legal sense here. Cic.
is merely praising Sestius for submitting dutifully to his
father's wishes.
P.4, 87, 1.3. provinciali abstinentia] fully illustrated
by Wickert, über d. Gebrauch des adjectiv. Attrib. etc. Berlin,
Weidmann, 1877. 0. 8. Β.
P. 8, 810,1. 7. lege curiata] The case of Clodius seems to
fall under the head of deminutio capitis. Being sui iuris he
was adopted by a plebeian. 3. s. Β.
P.9, $19, 1. 10. purpura] Góll in the new edition of
Becker's Gallus refers to Nepos in Plin. n. h. rx 137, where it
is stated that the aedile P. Lentulus Spinther in s. c. 63 was
the first to wear Tyrian purple on the praetexta; also Cic. or.
in Cat, τι 5, or. p. Cael. 8 77 ; both Augustus and Nero issued
edicts restricting the use of the Tyrian purple to magistrates.
J. 8. R.
$18,1. 27. adfluens] H? has ajtuens.
P. 18, $39,1. 27. M. Scaurum] As to Saturninus I would
remark that the optimates always had some official explanation
of the (to them) strange fact that any man of ability should
take the popular side. Neither this story of Saturninus
nor the similar story of Tib. Gracchus concerning the treaty
of Numantia is worthy of credit. 0, 5. R.
P.19, $40, 1. 20. causae dictionem] These words have an
odd look. If genuine, they must refer to ἃ criminal trial
(cf. causam. dicere) ;but the only two kinds of criminal trial
(iudicium populi and iudicium publicum) have been already
mentioned. Are the words a gloss? ὕ, S. Β.
P. 20, 8 42, 1. 82. meum-—vestro] Fleckeisen in Neue J.
for 1875 p. 856 contends that it is a logical necessity to read
me here for meum : he quotes or. p. Planc. 88 86, 89, 7. 8. &.
218 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA
P.44, $88, 1. 8. ut refutaret, *to render harmless'; ef. |
my n. on or. p. Sull. $825. 7. 8. R.
8 89, 1. 18, descendere in causam, rostra, forum etc. are
such common phrases that I think there can hardly be any
idea of condescension here; cf. or. Phil. vix 4 populi Ro-
mani qui iam descendit in causam. 5. 8. R.
P. 85, c. 1v, 89, 1. 26, add Mevulanum] E. Hübner suggests
Mefulanum ; Hertz Menolavum, both from inscriptions.
P.97, $16, 1. 18. after cons. B.c. 60 add she is identified :
with the Lesbia of Catullus,
P. 99, 818, 1. 2. add ereptum, ne...diceret, *was delivered
from an impeachment. Cf. Caes. b. gall. 1 4, 2 per eos, me
causam diceret, se eripuit.
P. 102, c. 1x, 8 20, 1. 30. add quis...arbitraretur, *who coulà
have believed??
P.103, 821, 1.9. add meritorum memoria...mortuorum]
Cie. is fond of giving additional emphasis to words by al-
literation. Cf. below tristem, taciturnum, familiae, fru-
galitas, favebant,
P. 107, c. x, 8 24, 1. 11, add ita...fumabat, *the very atmo-
sphere of his house was such that ete.
P. 113, c, xir, 828, 1. 26. add videlicet, *obviously,' *natu- a
rally. Ι
P. 127, c. xvir, $838, 1l. 10. add victore exercitu] cf. 8 79.
manus illa victrix.
P. 130, 8 39, 1. 5. add illa, *the following considerations
':
cf. ὃ 121. |
P. 133, c. xvir, ὃ 41, 1, 10. add nuntiis] sc. mittendis )(
coram ipsi, *khemselves in person.'
P. 134, c. xix, $8 42, 1. 28. contionibus is the ablative not,
as Halm takes it, the dative.
P. 140, c. xxi, 8 47, 1. l. add diiunctione, *separation from |
friends."
P. 142, 8 48, 1. 30. add variis, *changeable, alternately
successful and unsuccessful.
P. 143, 8 49, 1. 15. vastitatem, * desolation' of your homes.
l 17. aerumna, ie. aegritudine laboriosa, as it is ex- |
plained by Cic. himself in Tusc. rv 8, 19. "
“ * 1

P. 144, ὃ 50, 1. 30. prope iustorum] Cicero qualifies his de- —

scription of the civil war between Sulla and Marius, out of |
regard to the senate on the one hand and Caesar on the other, E
4
Is
ΜΝ
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 279
who once served under Marius. 1.31. paludibus] ablative of
themeans. 1.32, tenuissimorum, *poorest,' cf. $103, 1, 3 tenu-
iorum. 1.2. oras Africae] Marius found a refuge at first in
Numidia; afterwards, as King Hiempsal did not afford him
protection, in the small island of Kerkina off the coast of
'
Tunis. Thence he betook himself to Carthage. 1.11. quod
si immortale retinetur, *as long as this (example of the ob-
servance of faith by the State) is kept to, so long will the State
be secure against harm,' because every one knows that his
patriotism will be appreciated.
P. 145, c. ΧΧΤΙΙ, 851, 1.14, add nam] see note on ὃ 19,1. 13.
1. 16. pacatos, *reduced to a state of peace," i.e. politieally de-
pendent on, subjects of Rome. 1. 20. quam omnem] sc. me-
dicinam. 1.922. potestas, 'the possibility.' 1. 25. spectatis,
*do not lose sight of.'
852,1.31. add numquam...quisquam, not nemo...umquam,
because the stress is on * never.'

P. 149, c, xxiv, ὃ 54, 1. 11. add laetitiam, *joy' as outwardly

manifested; gaudium *joy' as felt inwardly. Cf. 1. 16 laeta-
bantur, 3
P. 158, c. xxvir, ὃ 59, l. 24. confüixit, signa contulit] the
first might refer to & personal combat without an army; the
latter only to a contest at the head of an army.
P. 162, c. xxix, ὃ 63, 1. 17. add atque, *and moreover.
1. 28. add eidem tempori, *another such misfortune': tempus
is often thus used for *what happens in the time,' generally in
δι bad sense: cf. S 63, 1. 28, ὃ 123, 1. 20.
P. 163, c. xxx, 8 64, 1. 2. add exterae] exterus refers to the
geographical position; externus has a political meaning,
* foreign ! in the sense of * not Roman." i
P. 164, $ 64, 1. 7. add stantem...iacentem] Cf. 8 7, 1. 28.
P. 165, 8 66, 1. 283. add qui locus...non erat, *where was
there ἃ place, that was not &c.?'
P. 167, 8 67, l. 14. add virtute victoriaque, *by his vic-
torious valour.' 1.15. compressis, ' having been put down with
a strong hand.
P. 172, c. xxxirt, 871, 1. 9. add ingredior etc. I now come
to consider his official doings as Tribune: for this journey was
the first aetion, which he undertook in his official capacity in
the publie service, (to which he felt himself bound, because) he
believed ete.
.280 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA
P. 181, $ 78,1. 27. add cum gladio] see note to 8 82, 1. 32.
P. 183, $78, 1. 6. gemere posset] add *it might have merely
lamented, have been satisfied with lamenting.' On theomission
of the qualifying adverb, see note to $ 12, 1. 9, $ 100, 1. 20.
P. 187,8 82,1. 8. add atque *and besides.'
P. 192, $86, 1. 30. add contritum et contemptum] The
combination of two, often alliterative, synonyms to add strength
to an expression, where in English we should sometimes use
an adverb,is of frequent occurrence. 80 $16 ignarus et im-
prudens; ὃ 45 vivus et videns; ὃ ΤΊ patricius et praetorius;
$107 gravis et gratus; S 145 tot et taies. 1.90. add si leges
non valerent, 'if the laws were too weak.'
P. 200, c. xv, $ 94, 1. 27. add According to Festus quis-
quiliae means quidquid ez arboribus minutis surculorum folior-
umque cadit. :
P. 206, c. xv, $98, 1. 19. add cum dignitate otium] *the
maintenance of public peace and quiet combined with a re-
spectable position, According to Cie. dignitas — alicuius
honesta et cultu et honore et verecundia.digna auctoritas, &
position in publie life commanding personal respect and
honour.
e. XLvi, $8 99, 1. 31. add defensorem et patronum, the first
in doing battle against an invader (negatively), the second as
&n upholder of rights and privileges (positively).
P. 210, c. xnvir, 8 101, 1l. 8. add qui vivunt, *who are still | |
living, *our contemporaries.'
e. xLviit, $ 102, 1. 12. add haec, *these examples.' 1. 20.
add The order is: inscitia est postulare id quod multi...ex-
petant, nisi etc.
P. 211, ὃ 103, 1. 3. add tenuiorum] the standing expression
in Cic. for * the poorer class' )( the well-to-do. Cf.$8 50, 1. 32.
P. 215, 8107, 1. 2. add Laubmann H? reads neque senten-
tiam eius auctoritate, neque eloquentiam iucunditate etc. $108,
l. 10. add non dicam] — praeteribo, “1 will not say,' different from
ne dicam * not to say,' i.e. putting aside a stronger expression.
P. 218, c. 111, ὃ 111, 1. 32 for tutorum read tutorum quos in-
stituit.
P. 220, c. 1111, ὃ 113, 1. 22 add Domiti] tribune in s.c. 59.
He went over to the side of Caesar later, and commanded the
centre of his army at Pharsalus. 1. 25. add C. Fannio] Gaius
Fannius also was tribunein Β.Ο. ὅθ, andan opponentof Caesar .
and Clodius,
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 281
P. 221, 8 114, 1. 11. add comitiis] in the Comitia tributa of
B.C. 59.
P. 222, c. L1v, ὃ 115, l. 28. add si est leve, *if it is only ἃ
irifle.' See note to 8 12, 1. 9, $ 100,1. 20. So 8 135,1. 22, sortito,
* merely by lot."
P. 223, ὃ 115, l. 80. add ihe use of the word favor here
receives curious illustration from the Prologue to Plautus'
Amphitryon vv. 67—80 where the favitores of the theatre are
mentioned. This part of the Prologue cannot be earlier than
the late Republic. 7. S. x.
$116, l. 5. add sororis] Clodius's sister (S 89, 1. 30) was
notorious for her love of dancing, which the lhomans con-
sidered as an amusement unworthy of sensible people.
P.228, c. ,vr, ὃ 120,1. 6. add vestros ordines, *the rows of
you in t£he theatre."
P. 243, c. Lx1v, 8 133, 1. 28. add illum meae is an emenda-
tion of Naugerius ; tabulam of later uss. C. F. W. Müller
proposes to read illius meae...vivit, tubam Vatinium (or illum),
sese scriptorem esse diceret; Madvig, Adv. 111 143 illius meae...
, vivit, ambo una sese scriptores e. diceret: the wss have illius
meae...vivit, toambuam essese scriptorem e. diceret.
P. 245, c. Lx1iv, $134, 1.19. add populari studio, *sympathy
for the people. 1.24. add nonne pertimescit? *must he not
be frightened for his life ?'
P. 247, 8 135, 1. 8. add haec optima lox, sc. that of Caesar
de repetundis.
 INDEX I (GRAMMATICAL)

N.B. The smaller numeral on the right hand indicates the line;
the larger on the left the section.

Abstraet for concrete 34 31, 61 25, 109 25, 119 ro,

accusative after verbal substantive 131 5
adjectives, as substantives 15 r, 29, 121 28, 145 rz
— qualifying, represented by the genitive of corresponding
substantives 88 32, 117 26, 141 3o
— possessive, as.sororius 10 r3
&dverbs, as attributes to substantives 93 8, 116 4, 130 τι:
transposition of, as multo alia maiora 52 8
alliteration 48 32, 59 29, 3o, 86 28
an with & double question involving an inference 90 32
antecedent, repeated in relative clause 11 22
asyndeton bimembre 30 22, 79 17, 92 26; adversativum 59 26
attraction of the relative into the subordinate clause 63 24
Brachyology, instance of 29 19

Cases:
I Accusative:
À. expressing the extent of action of the verb, by
a neuter adjective of quantity or definition (ie.a - 1
pronoun) 10 o, 60 18, 77 12
B. expressing the place towards which motion is
directed 7 25, 9 30, ὅθ τό; domum reditus 131 5
with preposition, when place towards which is ex-
pressed by a common noun; ad sese rapit 7 5
C. expressing two direct objects, that of the thing re-
maining when the verb is in the passive voice 73 6
 INDEX I 983
II Dative:
À. expressing the indirect object, the person (or thing)
affected by the occurrence of an action or by the
exercise of a quality, although not directly or
primarily aeted on, (Person for or to whom) 1 17,
8 13, 4 22, 6 17, 6 19, 9 3, nobilitati favemus 21 6,
ingenerata familiae frugalitas 21 1:2, serviendum
dignitati 23 5, reipublicae consulendum 23 5, 24 6,
patriae recuperare ereptum 8'1 18, 24 τό, 25 2, 21 τό,
ut reip. mederetur 31 5, 32 22, sibi maerere 32 32,
ne quis legi intercederet 34 19, quos tribuno plebis
addizerat 88 23, 39 8, sibi propiora 40 1, eius vitae
insidias esse positas dixerunt 41 8, mihi iratum
41 r4, opponi ommibus contionibus 42 23, 52 2, in-
tenta signa cervicibus 42 26, obstare sibi 46 14, 51
20, Sibi pactus 55 32, 01 30, 98 2, 58 18, 62 12, 63 3o,
male dic Titio 80 3, auspiciis religionique parens
83 20, ut otio non prospiciant 98 23, posteritati pro-
pagantur 102 τό, populo Romamo deditus 110 3r,
cui bene dixit umquam bono ? 110 16, interfuit epulis
111 20, quibus viris plaudatur 115 25, aliis otium
quaerere 189 27, ecquis se populo commiserit 116 3,
ut fletum etiam inimicis excitaret 121 28, cui mos
of[fensi fuerimus 125 14
[pro with "abl. properly *in front of, *in place of,'
sometimes approaches to this meaning 1 z, 2 21,
8 11, 29 2, 26 32, 29 rr, 42 25, 46 21, 48 2o, 122 8]
(a) agent; regularly with gerundive and sometimes
with passive participle or adjective in -BriL1 4 27,
ut ab illis sibi cavendum putaret 4l 13, mihi
pereundum 43 8, 44 13. 47 26, 61 r, 72 2, tuenda
principibus 98 26, 99 9, 1277 12
[Ihe ablative with ab is used $ 41 3 probably to
avoid ambiguity]
(b person judging: homini gravi leve est 11δ 28,
ei plausum immortalitatem, sibilum mortem videri
necesse est 115 31, 122 3o
(c) person interested in ἃ statement (dativus
ethicus) 89 18
(d) person possessing: aliusne est aliquis improbis
civibus peculiaris populus 125 14

D. predieatively (dative of the purpose), after verbal

substantives 111 22, 119 22
984 INDEX 1
III Ablative and Locative:
Α. 1. Place at which:
4. LOCATIVE: 86 domi continebat 26 21, 89 26, nulla
Romae societas 82 17, orbi terrae 66 18
[ἃ preposition (with the ablative) is required, when
the place at which is expressed (1) by a common
noun, or name of person, or of house, &c., (2)
interior of country or neighbourhood of town, (3)
urbe, oppido ete. prefixed in apposition]
ullo in publico aut religioso loco 94 22, in contione
105 27, 107 26
b. ABLATIVE :
(a) comitiis centuriatis 65 16, 73 11, 109 22, hoc loco
108 s, 119 21, 124 31, itinere toto 131 32
(b with verbs of motion, the road by whieh:
via qua spectatum ille veniebat 126 32
2. (a) Time when:
ABLATIVE; generally with adjective, temporibus optimis
6 13, 9 4, 1 τό, 105 3o, uno eodemque tempore
25 30, 29 12, omnibus fastis diebus 84 19, mea me-
moria *in my time' 36 19, 108 11, summa. senectute
50 29, illo anno 53 13, 66 3o, eodem puncto temporis
ὅθ 25, superiore anno 63 22, illo Cinnano die T1 17,
quodam die 91 7, me consule 28 24, isdem consulibus
:84 26, tribus locis 106 r4, illis ipsis diebus 125 21,
discessu meo 128 1, ipsis Nonis Sextilibus 191 24,
proximo anno 191 31i
(b Time in the course of which:
brevi tempore 6 14, $i diebus quinque non esset actum
129 23

8. Amount at which:
LOCATIVE. In expressions of value, qualifying verbs;
ut... bonorum iudicium nihili putaret 114 6
ABLATIVE. (a) Price, cost, penalty: also after
dignus, indignus; venditum pecunia grandi 56 12,
pacem mazima pecunia vendidisse 94 τό, levitate
nonnullorum emptos plausus 115 21, dignos maioribus
suis 21 8, 28 8, indigno ea religione 56 13, 18 7,
101 7
() Amount of difference: hoc maiorem, quod
60 15, multo gravioribus verbis 120 32
 INDEX I 285

B. 4. Part eoncerned, means, cause:

(a) part concerned or thing in point of which a
term is applied or an assertion made (in, in
point of, &s regards); quod facile factu
fuit 839 32, 46 12, numero innumerabiles 97 52,
natura improbi 91 9
after expressions of plenty and want, and verbs
of deprivation: vita plena et conferta volup-
tatibus 28 4, 129 2, quoniam publicis ducibus
resp. careret 26 16, me multis civibus remp.
orbaret 81 8, carere sensu 47 τό, patria virtute
praeditus 48 26, 49 21, 85 25, regno nudari
59 2, 61 26, 63 24, spoliandam ornamentis
83 24, 85 18, 103 6, quod omni frequentia cele-
bratur 194 2, 181 2, populi iudiciis florebant
105 32, honore et gloria floruerunt 186 25, 1891 3,
65 19, 123 29, 127 13
(b) means, i.e.instrument or stuff with or by which
2 1, 5 8, 7 30, 11 20, 20 τ, 22 2o, 22 21, 22 26,
28 32, acie ipsa ferri viribus volnerare 24 18,
24 21, 24 27, 188 24, 25 τι, quid hoc homine
facias 29 5, 87 13, 29 r4, 82 29, 33 15, 84 20,
84 31, 44 17, 47 6, 49 14, 50 29, cum vi ar-
morum profugissem 50 3o, ne recordatione mei
casus a consiliis fortibus refugiatis D1 28, 58 1o,
58 25, 65 r4, reipublicae sanguine saginantur
78 30, verbis consequi 871 13, qui discordiis
civium pascantur 99 s, fretus imperio populi
Romani 51 24, 19 17, iudicia quibus ius omne
continetur 92 24, latus odio 111 τ, pendet rebus
levissimis 115 29, favore populi ducitur 115 30,
120 3, 147 3 [Theablatives after fungor 14 28,
ut omni populari concitatione defungerer 74 29,
104 2o, fruor δ 25, 188 25, utor 2 6, 6 14, 41 15,
89 28, 147 5, nitor 27 17 are originally of this
class] When the instrument is a person, per
with accusative is used; agebat per summum
ordinem 81 28, 24 20, 42 21, ὅθ r, 62 τό, 63 21
(c) effieient cause, ground, influenee (abla-
tivus causae moventis, *for,' *from,' *in con-
sequence of, *under the influence of"): ez-
lsus eo crimine 53 32, meis incommodis laeta-
bantur 55 16, flagrantem invidia 140 18, 4 26,
20 30, 21 5, 52 32, 58 ro, respirasse spe reip.
recuperandae 71 14, 18 15, 19 3o, 80 r, 86 6,
otio et tranquillitate reipublicae consenescebat
286 INDEX I
110 rr, quasi mea culpa bona perdiderit 111 23,
quantum sermonibus populi intellegere potui
118 2o, lacrimantes gaudio 117 21, flens recenti
laetitia, 120 31, equi gladiatorum sibilis extimes-
cebant 126 3, 129 17, omnia sua causa facere
29 I
5. Description, manner, circumstances:
(a) deseription or characteristic quality:
qualifying the verb *esse' or substantives 1 3,
senatus fuerat veste mutata, 53 4, 27 το, erat eo
nomine 2l 12, erat eadem vetustate societatis
57 22, vir incredibili fide 26 30, meliore esse
sensu 47 τό, 86 28, 88 4, 91 11, 95 τ, 107 3,
141 14, 142 18, 145 ro, 146 23, adulescens senili
iudicio 111 31
(ἢ) way or manner: :
(1) with adjectival predicate 49 rs, decesserat
magno squalore 68 32, ea lege 24 25, 26 15, 26 22,
27 6, me attentissimis animis auditis 91 530,
81 το, 32 rs, sua sponte 33 τ, 100 2r, ea con-
ditione 37 32, 88 15, dolorem suum magna con-
tentione animi persequebatur 39 28, 58 4, meo
iure 51 24, animo firmissimo venit im templum
62 7, 18 22, qui nulla lege abessem 18 24, quo se
pacto gerunt 75 19, 79 29, nullo modo 84 4,
nullo labore 817 26, communi incendio deflagrare
99 7, voluntate ipsa gratam 118 24, manibus
passis gratias agentes 116 2o, clarissima. con-
centione concionatus est 118 τ, 121 io, amico *
animo 121 14, sua voluntate 127 10
(2) without adjectival predicate: agebat auc-
. toritate, agebat consilio 87 27, iure 65 19, 78 8,
90 2, more maiorum 18 8, re non verbis 86 1,
$i moribus ageret 88. 1. [The preposition cum is
often used in expressions which come under
the general notion of manner or accompani-
ment, as to denote the presence of à weapon,
cum gladiis 28 κι, 78 27, cum praesidio magno
fuisse 78 32, in expressions of dress paenulam
cum qua venerat 82 32; cum imperio esse 41 15,
128 24, cum dedecore cadere 81 8, egit causam
summa, cum gravitate 107 27, 121 17]
(c) ettendant eireumstances under which an
action takes place or an assertion is made (* ab-
lative absolute") :
 INDEX I 287
(1) (a) with adjective as oblique predicate: eo auc-
tore 6 14, patre vivo Ἴ 23, meo periculo hellua-
bare 111.26, summo timore ac periculo civitatis
8 13, 12 3, non, modo mullo senatus consulto sed
etiam repugnante senatu 88 3, 95 13, 86 20, qui
a menullo meo merito alienus esse debebat 39 12,
49 το, 54 4, 64 6, 89 14, 107 28, 120 26, 133 22,
auctore Cn. Pompeio 39 7, 483 6, 58 16, nullo
meo crimine patriae momine laborantem 64 6,
invitissimis eis ΘΟ 6, exierunt malis ominibus
7l r5, 89 14, 107 28, 108 3, consessu maximo
119 27
(8) with genitive case as predicate 8 r3, 34 24,
49 το, periculo reip. vivebam 50 6, 61 29, vel
capitis periculo defendenda 98 27
(2) with present active or perfect passive participle
as (oblique) predieate 9 5, 25 1, 26 29, 33 4,
86 22, 46 8
C. Place whence:
l. Place from which movement is made without
& preposition: Capua praecipitem eiecit 9 27
[A preposition is required when the place from
which is expressed by & common noun or name
of person: exterminandum ez illa, urbe 9 32]
2, Thing from which separation takes place or
exists: cum Capuam metu liberasset 11 τῇ, 18 τῇ,
templis pellebantur 85 14, magistratus templo deicias
18 το, cum possessionibus diuturnis moverentur 108 s
Nose compounded with the ablative prepositions
ave frequently ab de ex with the noun, cum
wrbem er periculis mazcimis extracissent ll το,
20 3o, 26 14, ut ab urbe abesset 29 1, 29 τό, ez-
terminabit a suis dis 80 2r, senatum de rep. tol-
lere 80 27, evolat ex senatu 28 18, ex memoria
evellendos 88 το, cum consules a rep. retrazxisset
94 τ, de civitate sublatum 41 20, depelli a reip.
peste 48 4, 49 14, 79 27, quem totum de civitate
delerant 44 19, 47 14, abesse a patria 49 25, 53 τό,
δῦ 26, pulsum Ponto 58 13, 60 7, 683 22, a defen-
8ione meae salutis mentem viri averterant 6 8,
68 31, ὦ causa non abhorrere 71 12, nomen suum
de fabulis sustulit 72 248, de civitate tolli 18 9,
84 3, 90 r, 96 23, 98 24, 101 4, 101 6, 101 rr,
108 29, ab industria avocari 108 9, 108 15, vic
odium swum a corpore represserunt 107 24, 130 1,
hominem a caede abhorrentem 182 13]
288 INDEX I

8. Origin: parente natus est severo 6 ro, erat isdem

maioribus 57 22 (with ez; ex isdem quibus nos
radicibus natum 50 28)
4. Standard of comparison (' starting from):
(α) qualifying adjectives inthecomparativedegree:
nihil praestabilius otiosa vita 23 3, salus meorum
civium mihi fuit mea carior vita 45 29, respublica .
. qua mihil est sanctius 147 2
(b qualifying adverbs, or adverbial cases of ad-
jectives, in the comparative degree: alius alio
gravius '4 32
in descriptions of size, age, number plus,
amplius, minus are used without change of case,
&nd the noun of size, etc. is subjoined in the
proper ease with or without quam: plus viginti ὦ
volneribus acceptis 85 21 4l

IV Genitive:

A. adjectival use:
1. as an invariable secondary predicate: hoc sentire
prudentiae est 86 8
2, Divided whole:
(α) Definite whole: quod boni posset in rempublicam
pervenire 63 20
(b Indefinite whole: eo loci 68 26, tantum sceleris
22 15, satis signi 27 το, aliquid ficti 133 25, 24 13
(c) dependent on certain adjectives derived: from
substantives: expers consilii 47 5
9. Particular kind or contents, that in or of
which a thing consists. 1]
Definite (genitive of specifie definition): officio
vicinitatis 10 r2, laudis fructum 87 τῷ, 90 30,
112 το, 137 3o ἢ
4. Quality or description with adjective: omnium ἢ
generum atque ordinum cives 25 2, 86 22, 97 2, vir. ἢ
acris animi 45 25, cum eius essem civitatis 48 22, —
99 32, artifex partium...in scena optimarum 190 Ὁ
30, homo eiusdem sanguinis 130 14, fanum sanctis- ὦ
simarum religionum 56 11 1
(without appellative noun 130 14)
 INDEX I 289
5. Object of action implied in substantives and
adjectives (objective genitive).
(ad) Direct object, answering to δὴ accusative
or infinitive after the corresponding verb 10 r4,
23 3o, ignari veritatis 41 14, mei amantissimum
16 28, veri simile 18 26, negotii gerentes 9'7 4, pec-
catorum conscii 99 2, novarum rerum cupidus 104 τό
(Ὁ) Remoter object, corresponding to a dative
(rare), or ablative or prepositional phrases after
the corresponding verb : studiosum mei 41 6, 45 6,
tanta spoliatione omnium Terum 47 2, patriae
caritas 58 20, inimicitiae ez reipublicae (—de rep.)
dissensione susceptae 72 3, contentionibus reipub-
licae 130 2

B. Dependent on verbs and adjectives:

(a) after verbs of aecusing, condemning, ac-
quitting: rerum capitalium condemnatos 84 1
(b) the object exciting mental emotion: ut illum
paene iam provinciae paeniteret 60 22
(c) the thing remembered: materni generis obliti
21 14
(d) the priee for which a thing is bought, sold,
or made 142 23
(6) thing lacking or supplied after verbs and ad-
jectives: ratio plena consensionis omnium 877 17,
100 1 5, 130 14.
double genitive after nouns 15 20, 31 r2, 125
17
genitive of noun in apposition to ἃ possessive
pronoun 128 3o

categorical sentence for conditional 43 2

conjunctive, omission of sí with 48 2; see under subjunctive
eonjunetive particles, coupling words of opposite meanings 35 5
contrasted words, juxtaposition of 12 6
— elauses, coordination of 88 4, 41 32, 142 2o

Diminutives, ironical 82 28, 110 6, 126 25

dum with indicative 100 24; with subjunctive * provided that
102 25
Ellipsis, of verb of doing 14 5, 80 1
— of verb of being 85 18, 87 1& 110 r4, 122 4
— of verb of saying 121 22; after omitto 28 12
H. 19
290 INDEX I
et in indignant exclamation — Gr. εἶτα 80 31, 185 7
. — adversative for sed 7 23
Future tense, rhetorical use of 80 21
— in protasis and apodosis 51 27
Gerund, ablative of, Pei piam: to the use of the present
partieiple 1 9, 40 28
Hendiadys 120 28
Imperative, forms of the 81 7
indicative after sunt qui 96 26
— . of perfect after donec, quoad, 82 3
—. and conjunctive in relative and restrictive clauses 140 14
— in forms of interrogation, quid, commemoro 118 27
— of perfect for conjunctive of pluperfect 21 17
infinitive, dependent upon verbal substantive as oblique
predieate 89 15
—. epexegetic of pronoun 31 3, 47 τό, 82 5
— epexegetie of sic 24 13, 135 2 |
interrogative pronouns, aecumulated 8 1o; in final clauses 84 28.
Negative, double, strengthening the negation 91 7, 107 2, 141 2
number, plural, put rhetorically for singular 35 7, 56 r5, 89 19
-— plora, pronouns
Ὁ of the neuter LOS 56 13

plurals, rhetorical 35 4, 04 12, 78 IO, 89 I9

potential mood 45 26
pronouns, demonstrative, pleonastie use of 59 26, 69 rr, 130 31
— — accumulation of 144 29
S —. juxtaposition of 11 22, 26 25
— relative, attracted into subordinate clause 63 24
— interrogative, in final clauses 84 28
protasis, double 45 31
Subject, indefinite 29 τὸ
SUBJUNCTIVE:
À. OPTATIVE AND JUSSIVE :
a. direct 16, 2 7, 14 13
b. indirect 45 26, 54 17, 89 17
c. interrogative: dubitative or deliberative 12 5, ἢ
17 16, es 29 5, 32 27, 42 31, 43 r, 46 18, 48 20,
62 5, 63 28, 78 το, 89 25, 129 7, 146 20 J
 INDEX I 291

B. ΕΊΝΑΙ:
a, with ut, ne and ut ne 1 8, 3 13, 7 26, 11 235, 13 21,
18 3o, 29 1, 82 20, 84 18, 37 8, 41 8, 45 5, 48 32,
5125, δῦ 27, 29, 18 13, 84 28, 88 8, 89 19, 90 4,
108 5, 129 17, 133 27, 147 7
ut omittam etc. 18 21, 82 23, ὅθ 12, δῦ 18, 101 6, 114
12, 186 18, 140 13 ,
b. with qui 1 4, 20 19
c. with dum, priusquam, implying purpose 5 7, 15 20

C. cowsEOUTIVE (/so that' and expressing result) 6 17,

8 20, 13 27, 14 τ, 19 16, 22 a1, 24 23, 82 24, 42 a1,
49 8, 51 15, 60 22, 61 26, 7'7 7, 82 26, 87 17, 91 7,
95 r4, 96 3o, 109 16, 110 53, 114 6, 121 27, 122 3r,
126 31, 128 18, 129 15, 137 3o
in wí-clause after pronoun 29 9, 31 6, 43 r, 45 32, 47
11, 49 18, 61 25, 106 14
also with many verbs expressing the natural result: per-
fecit ut 89 27 ; fecit ut 92 26 ; verisimile est ut ΠῚ 26;
id, egit ut 19 15, 104 22
after demonstratives talis, tantus 107 29, 124 το, 131 5,
141 15
after assertions of existence or non-existence: nihil est
quod populus dissentiat 104 15

D. ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES: expressing a real action,

viewed as the attendant cause or circumstance, under
or notwithstanding which other actions or events
take place.

1. causal ('since,' *whereas,' etc.):

a. cum, meaning *since, and expressing conceived
cause 25 4, 91 το, 35 4, 42 18, 48 17, 4025, 502, 742,
90 31, 100 16, 103 5, 115 13; quod 29 2; quoniam,
admitted cause 26 16, 63 19; in contrasted clause
185 8 ; non quo 61 31
b. cum (when!) 6 13, 8 το, 9 3, 26 14, 84 25, 58 16,
118 31 ; numquam est conspectus cum veniret, *he was
never seen coming' 126 3o, 132 14, 135 8

2. concessive ('although") 70 3o, 74 2, 110 2, 141 32

19—2
392 INDEX I
8. with qui, when used in à generic sense: ;
a. couseeutive: satis multi qui auderent 13, 1 τι, 5 τῷ
20 1, 22 25, 27 το, 32 18, 32 31, 33 ro, 84 21, 88 15,
44 r4, 48 33, ὅθ 15, 78 1r, 83 25, 98 3, 98 τό, 99 4,
102 20, 106 18, 108 r2, 112 rr, 125 15, 127 12, 130 32,
141 32
b. causal ( because") 1 r, 60 rr, 63 24, 78 24, 114 14,
122 5
c. concessive (' although") 44 20, 60 17
d. restrictive 106 17, 118 1o

E. CONDITIONAL αὶ
ὦ. prineipal verb (apodosis) 12 15, 24 τό, 28 8, 47 24,
49 21, 067 15, 81 20, 83 13, 83 25; with protasis sup-
pressed, 24 γι, 120 1
b. dependent verb (protasis) 1 7, 4 rg, 14 9, 15 4,
24 25, 29 7, 43 2, 45 2, 61 23, 78 22 ; quasi mea culpa
bona perdiderit, ita est inimicus 111 24, 114 3

F. ORATIO OBLIQUA :
a. Statement in subordinate clauses only 1 τ, 20 23;
non quo malit 81 12
b. oblique question 8 9, 10 r, 24 rr, 28 29, 31 32,
δῦ 20, 58 4, 59 31, 60 6, 62 το, 71 5, 78 1, 96 17;
dubitatis quin ei vis esset adlata 62 15, 81 22, 83 1o,
86 2, 87 205 male dic Titio cur exclamarit 80 4, 111 2,
118 25, 114 22, 119 2r, 126 26, 127 4
c, oblique petition 4 2r, 8 9, 25 9, 91 31, 43 5
G. DEPENDENT AND ASSIMILATED SUBJUNOTIVE 4 22, 12 3,
24 24, 28 25, 42 19, 47 9, 48 2, 60 14, 81 2o, 88 ro,
104 24, 128 24, 148 τὶ
substantive, repetition of, with relative pronouns 11 22
superlative for comparative 44 17
 INDEX II (MATTERS)

additamentum 68 25
A &desse *to appear on ὃ per
son's behalf? in court 104
abhorrere à caede 132 13 IO
abicere causam 89 26 adfinis 20 25
abire, de anno 71 13 adfligere: v.s. affligere
absorbere (met.) des ἈΡΡΩ 13 adfluere unguentis 18 27
o adgredi ad tuendam remp.
2 conis in causa versari 141 1
97 7 adire ad remp. 87 10; adire
abstinentia provincialis 7 3 pericula 23 7, 629; inimici-
ac 140 12 ; ac non 44 13 lias 139 28; ad causam reip.
accedere ad causam publicam 87 16
67 19 administrare remp., said of
accidere ad auris 107 3o a tribune of the people 79
accipere—audire 189 31; ac- 17
cipere—recipere 131 30 adrodere remp. 72 25
ACCIUS, L., the tragic poet 102 adsecula 135 9
18, 120 2, 123 23 adstringi scelere 108 13
accusare *to take to task" adtribuere 66 26
*reprimand' 12 r4, 122 31, advocatioτεadvocati 119 r
132 r4; accusare—diem di- &edilitas —munus aedilicium
cere 95 32 78
acroama 116 5 Rh. LIGUR 68 25; Aelio-
acta Caesaris 135 7 rum imagines 69 22
actor-—qui primas partes age- AEMILII 143 28
bat 119 12, 122 8; actoris M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS, COS,
studium 121 11 B.C. 115, 101 3o
acute dictum 135 27 aerarii partitio Pisonis et
δὰ *with regard to' 27 2; Gabii eoss. cum P. Clodio
auctorem ad aliquid esse tribuno 54 1o
42 24; res ad communem AESOPUS, the actor 120 29, 123
utilitatem 91 16; ad popu- 23
lum contio 108 8 &estas-tempus belli gerendi
addicere— in servitutem tra- 12 17
dere 38 21 aetatula 18 29
-294 INDEX II
affinitas ceases with divorce gravitas plena antiquitatis
or death of husband or wife 130 r4
6 1 ANTONIUS, GAIUS, Cicero's col-
aflligcre nomen consulare 32 league in the consulship
26; affligere (?) causam 89 8 7; connected with the Ca-
26; afflictus et eversus 5 5; tilinarian party 8 1o
afflictus et perditus 31 5 apertus * manifest! *undis-
agere nihil *to be passive" guised 124 11
127 16; agere praeclare appellare tribunos 135 32
' eum aliquo 51 15; quid ege- APPENNINI pruina 12 16
runt? 114 28; id a. 104 21 APPIUS OLAUDIUS PRAETOR 126
AHALAE 143 28 24
ALFIUS, GAIUS 118 APPULEIUS : V.S. SATUBNINUS
alienus 39 32 apud me domi 50
aliquando 81 16; *at length arae foci 90 32, 145 r2
and high time too' 13 22, arcum intendere in aliquem
607 5, 79 31, 185 10; * at 15 25
some time or other" 83 r5, ardens tribunatus 116 7
139 2 ARISTIDI gen. 141 4
aliquis *some one or other' ARPINUM, birthplace of Gaius
40 19, 108 6; aliquis alius Marius and Cicero 50 28
58 32, 125 13; aliqua ex arrodere: v. adrodere
parte 95 rr; aliqui after si arrogatio 16 7
181 17; aliquis aliquando artifex *artiste 120 29
14 r4; aliquid adverbiali- assiduitas 6 22
ier- aliquo modo 109; ali- astringi scelere 108 r3
quid posse 28 22; aliquid at vero 82 24, 126 23, 139 7,
with gen. 133 25 140 24
alius omitted 85 2, 85 i5; ATHENS, ERECHTHEUS, king of
alius atque 114 3o 48 20
alte petere—(repetere) oratio- M. ATILIUS REGULUS 127 9
nem 31 32 €. ATILIUS SERRANUS 72 26,
ambustus—combustus 143 8 85 17, 87 24
Q. ANCHARIUS 113 23 atque 3 r5, 8 11, 30 17, 41 9,
andabatae 126 2 92 20, 13123; alius atque —
Andromache, ihe, & play of 114 20
Ennius, quoted 121 19, 27 atrocitas temporis 11 23
animam edere 88 ro ATTALUS 58 7
animo meo *according to my auctor voluptatis — magister
feeling" 49 23; animus in *professor' 23 30; auctor
rempublicam 83 16; animos dignitatis 139 το; dux,
frangere 89 16 auetor, actor 613r; auctor
T. ANNIUS MILO accused by et dux 20 22 E
CLODIUS 95 32 auctoritas 2 2, 12 12, 32 25, .
ansa (metaph.)22 25 85 7; auctoritas disciplina- |
ANTIOCHUS MAGNUS 58 4 que regula auctoritate con- |
antiquitatis gravissimae vir 6 firmata 14 4
17; antiquitatis imago 19 9; audire—'to read in history' -
 INDEX II 295

139 31; audire—accipere 139 L.CALPURNIUS PISO CAESONINUS,

32; audiri 133 24 608. B.C. 58: V. 8, PISO
aura honoris 101 τὸ ealumnia * chicanery' 75 εἰ
AURELIUM tribunal 34 23 CAMILLI 143 28
auspiciis vinctus 15 5; parere cancelli fori in ludis 124 9
83 20 canere — vaticinari *to predict
47 32
B cantor 118 5
capere portum 99 13
barbati 19 7 capessere remp. 23 2
beatus *well-to-do' )( malis capitalis capitalium |rerum
domesticis impeditus 98 19 condemnari 84 1
belua, de homine 16 4 captus atque oppressus 35 12,
beneficium 2 5; beneficia 54 52 6
10, 134 19 eaput *civil status! 1 12
benevolentia et caritas 6 20 carere senatu *to be excluded
bestiarii 185 25 from 63 24 ; patria 145 13
boni )( improbi 137 2; bonus caritas patriae 87 1, 53 20
et fortis civis 87 29; in carus et iucundus 6 18
politieal sense * well-affect- CASSIUS, L. 103 30
ed ' 1 6, 25 8, 29 12, 70 25 CASTORIS templum 34 27, 62 6,
brevis- brevis ad dicendum 79 20, 83 9; aedes 85 το
12 9 castus 93 r5
BROGITARUS 56 12 CATILINA 12 16
BRUNDISINA colonia 131 27 σατο οὗ Utica 12 31
BRUTI 143 28 CATULUS, Q. 101 9, 121 or
Brutus, ihe, a praetextata by eausae dictio 40 19; in eadem
Accius 123 25 causa esse 57 20; C&usa
BYZANTIUM ὅθ τό popularis 37 8
cautor alieni periculi 15 3
C cedo 108 5
celebrare 118 6, 131 2
cadere in 118 ro censoria notio & P. Clodio
Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS NUMI- constricta 55 25
DICUS: V. 8. METELLUS certe: v. 8. quidem
caecus atque amens 17 15 certus 11 9; certi homines
eaenum, de homine 20 19, 26 417
22 cervices dare 89 24
C. CAESAR, his feelings towards CICERO: V. 8. TULLIUS
Cic. 39 11; admits Clodius cincinnatus 26 20
into a plebeian family 16 7 OINNA, L. 48 1; Cinnanus dies
ealamistrata coma 18 27 11 17
calamistrum 18 27 circus Flaminius 33 12
calamitas 142 21, 146 19 CISPIUS, M. 76 24
calamitosus 7 23, 83 17 civi, abl. form of civis 12 32,
CALATINUS 72 27 28 3, 61 26, 78 29
ealatus 72 27 civitas—res publica 55 26
calles Italiae 12 18 clara pietas 7 24
296 INDEX II
CLAUDIUS APPIUS PULCHER 77 commutatio rerum 42 3o
9, 87 22, 126 24; Gaius complexus patriae 58 τό
APPIUS 41 17 compos compotem facere 146
clavum imperii tenere 20 28 21
clivus Capitolinus 28 25 concentio 118 32
cLopD1ii, wife of Q. Metellus concidere *to fall powerless '
Celer, identified with the 25 7, 44 17
Lesbia of Catullus 115 3o concidi vulneribus 79 28
CLODIUS, PUBLIUS, &mentis- conciliatricula 21 5
simus tribunus pl 44 ro; coneiliuum )( comitia 65 20;
isa homo 15 28, 117 concilium—consilium 32 18
ruina reip. 109 το; concisus 79 28
gladiator 106 20; taxed with concitatio popularis 74 29;
incest 17 r2; his adoption, c. animorum 77 18
why invalid 16 5; his laws concitata multitudo 140 27;
94 18; furiosus et audax operae ad diripiendam ur-
20 24, 25 5; despicatissimus bem concitatae 38 το
homo 36 23; Clodianus ex- CONCORDIAE aedes 26 18
ereitus 85 26; JClodiana conditio ea conditione *at
manus 79 2r; Clodianae such a price 37 32
seditionis quisquiliae 94 27 ; confectus 20 32
Clodiana latrocinia 130 8; confercio confertus voluptati-
lex Clodia 69 r1 bus 23 4
CLODIUS, SExTUS, employed by conferre in quem 40 26; con-
P. CLODIUS to draw up his ferre mentis 95 4
laws 133 3o conficere ornamenta equestris
cogitando recordari 1 8 ordinis 107 3o
eogitatio *fancy' 18 conflare pecuniam, metalla
collegia compitalicia 34 24, 55 66 27
27 confundo confusus *indiscri
columna Maenia 18 31, 124 8; minate' 5 32
columna ERhegia 18 31 eongregare 132 20
comedere bona 110 3; patri- coniectus oculorum 115 17
monium 111 26 conjungere cives eodem peri-
comitia centuriata 73 rr; co- culo 132 το;; coniunctus
mitia )( contio 115 r9, 125 atque communis 29 8; con-
17 iunetus offieio (dat.) 4 22;
comitiales dies 34 18, 129 23 coniunctus cum 8 17, 81 13,
commendo 128 2o, 146 29; 33 8
commendari ab adulescentia coniuratio in concrete sense
22 r9; commendari opini- *band of conspirators' 11
oni hominum 21 5 : 2
eommittere se ludis, populo DEN 82 17
3» eonluvio omnium scelerum
diu Mars belli 12 8; 152
commune exitium 145 6 conquassatus 56 8
commutare constantiae glori- conroboratus 89 23
am eum paítriae caritate 37 2 conscelerati latrones 76 1
 INDEX II 297

conscribere 34 25 ; conscriptus creditorum 28 20; *the pub-

)( promissus 66 22 lic present in court! 119 19
consenesco 110 r1 conversiones reip. 99 3
consequi verbis 87 13 convicium cantorum 118 5
conservator patriae 141 r P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: Υ, 8.
consessus theatralis, gladia- LENTULUS
torius— spectators assem- COTTA, L. AURELIUS 73 6
bled at ἃ theatrical or gla- CRASSUS, M. 89 8; the father
diatorial show ? 115 21, 124 of 48 26
31 credo, ironieal 44 το, 84 5;
consilium publieum 32 18, ut credo 110 18
consilium senatus 137 21, erimen nullo meo crimine 64
14025; gravissimum con- 6;—res criminosa 80 r1
silium 137 5; consilia ca- cum, conjunction — * although'
pere 40 14 10 3o, 74 2, 129 21, 141 32;
consistere 113 18, 127 5 *since' 50 1, 52 8; with
constitui *to be consolidated' Subj. — partie. 122 7, 126
108 3; bene natura consti- 30, 132 14; with indic. 181
tutus 137 27 ; bene de rebus I; with subjunctive in con-
domesticis constitutus 97 trasted clause 135 8; cum—
II tum vero 181 17 ;cum—tum
eonstringere legum laqueis 88 etiam 25 8
I2; constrictus 24 26 cum, preposition, cum imperio
consulere reip. 23 5 esse 41 r5; cum veste i. e.
consulens sibi 1 8 veste indutus 8232; maximo
consulum insignia 17 21 eum gemitu 34 13: cum
contemptio legum 134 23 dedecore cadere 37 8; cum
contemptus, *contermptible ᾽ gladio esse 28 25, 78 27;
86 30, 87 25; contempti et eum multitudine esse 78
despecti 87 25; contemptis- 31; cum praesidio esse 78
simus 36 24 31; cum summo exitio 46
contendere aliquid 105 r 18; eum minima invidia 49
contentio legitima 40 19; I2; cum prepos. and cum
studiorum contentio 130 29; eonj. in the same clause
contentiones reip. 180 2; 128 27
contentiones suscipere 86 32 cumulata virtus 86 9
contentus i. q. intentus 18 3o cunctus with names of coun-
contio 34 29; )( comitia 106 iries, 26 r4, 128 27
16, 125 17; contionem ad- cupiditatium 138 22
vocare 77 25; oratio in eupidus mei 45 6.
contione habita 107 24, cur for quod 80 3
108 9; econtionum domini curatio 19 3
127 5 σθαι 143 28
contritus οὐ contemptus 86 3o euriosus 22 22
contrucidare 24 20 eursus orationis 144 τό: cur-
convenire 133 4 sum tenere 99 r3; de suo
conventicula hominum 91 :; cursu demovere 101 1r
conventus Campanus 9 i; Cypria rogatio 62 11
.298 INDEX II
deprecator salutis alicuius 27
D I
DARDANI 94 τό yd iaejut (*to stoop'") ad ac-
dare se populo 124 5; daro eusandum 89 13
gladiatores 185 25, 28 desciscere 101 27
death, state of great and wise describere ius 91 8
men after 47 14, 181 16 desidia et inertia 22 23
de )( pro 130 3o ; de nocte 75 despectus et contemptus 87
20; de quo, without gram- 2
matical reference to the du ktus homo 33 5
verb 45 27 despicatissimus 36 23
debeo 141 12 despicere aliquem 27 9
debilis et imbecillus 24 15 destringere gladios 76 26
pECII 143 28 deus ac parens salutis 144 25
P. DECIUS 48 25 devincire execratione 15 32
declinare 73 14 devorare verbum 23 32
decuriare 84 25 devovere se ac vitam suam 48
decuriones 9 5 26
deesse gladiis 80 5; reip. 101 diadema, insigne regium 57
28 ; audientibus 36 20 ; cau- 28
sae 40 5 dicam vere 22 15
defendere )( oppugnare 141 diem dicere 95 32 ; dies comi-
I4 iiales 34 18, 129 23; dies -
defluere *to fall off? *to de- Cinnanus Ti 17
sert' 69 22 dignitas 17 18; dignitatem
defungi 74 28 recuperare 129 2 5
delecti principesque 104 r4 diiunctio 47 1
delere senatum 17 το; de dilucide 133 5
civitate 44 r9; de republica disceptatio 40 20
5527 (? discessio sine ulla varietate
deliberandi noctem postulare, * an unanimous vote ' 74 32;
δι form of vetoing 74 3 discessio contionis 77 23
deliberator 74 6 discessus de exilio Ciceronis
demovere de sententia 101 6 49 14
denique *even'! 114 9 ; “ἴῃ 8 disciplina reip. capessendae
word' *in fact? 51 16; 14 3
denique etiam 22 25 discriptio civitatis 137 28
denuntiare caedem 46 r1 discriptus 66 26
depellere vim vi 89 3; ab se dispicere 118 29
mortem 79 27; depelli a disputare subtilius 14 7; d.
reip. peste 43 4 prudenter 73 19
dependere poenas 140 29 dissidere 44 22
deplorare de re 14 8 disturbare tecta 84 30 ; iudi-
deposcere (ad poenam) 46 18 cium vi 135 32
deprecari periculum 9 7; de- divinus * superhuman ' 50 27
precari salutem 76 1; de- dolenter 123 18; dolentius 14
precari pro civi 29 3 8
deprecatio 27 8 dolor and luctus 63 30;-fle-
 INDEX II 299

bilis vox 120 3; dolor *'in- ergo in an argument ex con-

dignation' 'resentment" 60 trario 33 4
17, 88 5; dolorem suum erigere abiectum 58 17; erigere
ulcisci 46 15; persequi 39 oculos 68 27
28 eripere, construction of 583 17;
domestica labes )( externa 51 ereptus patriae 87 18
14, 56 7; domesticus hostis error and temeritas 122 r;
39 4; domestica mala 51 —falsa opinio 22 18; error
18 ; domestica officia )( pub- gemini nominis 82 2
liea 7 2 esse in aliquo 65 18; with ab-
domi apud me 41 9 lative of description 95 r,
dominatio 142 2r 107 2, 141 13, 142 το, 146
domini legum 125 r3; comi- 23 ; lack of present partici-
: tàorum, contionum 127 5 ple of 16 το, 47 23, 54 13,
DOMITIUS, CN. 113 22 93 13
duci voluptatibus 138 22 essedarii 126 2
dura suspicio 59 28 etiam tum 130 r3
duumviratum gerere 19 r2 eversor rei publieae 129 r9
dux et auctor 61 3r, 139 ro eversus atque afflictus 5 5
DYRRHACHINI 94 20; litus Dyr- EUMENES 58 7
rhachinum 140 17 evocare ab inferis 130 6
Eurysaces, khe, a; play of Ac-
cius, quoted 120 4
E ex— 'after? 110 3, 118 28,
18126; ex hoctempore 1 6;
ecce tibi 89 18 ex eo tempore 79 15
ecferre laborem 102 22 excidere 35 r1, 95 6
ecquae vox θά 3, 110 13 excipere volnera 23 8
edere animam 83 τὸ excitare *to raise ἃ super-
effingere spongiis 77 7 structure! 5 9; excitare
effusus
— dispersus 42 58 adflictum * to reinstate! 1 14
ego vero
— ego potius 8 8, 12 5, excusatio valetudinis 112 τὸ
146 26 exemplum fidei publicae 50
eicere (in scena) 118 7; e civi- 1r; exemplum prodere 59
tate 141 1 32
embolia 116 5 exhaurire vitam 48 1
emitti ex iudicio gratiá 134 9 expeditus ad omnem conten-
enervatus 24 19 tionem 36 22
enixe 38 12 experiri, passive 120 3
ENNIUS, the Andromache of, exprimere 118 r2
121 19 exsanguis — viribus defectus
eo loci esse 68 26 16 13, 24 19
equidem 122 r5 exscindere 35 rr, 95 6
ERECHTHEUS, his daughters, exsecare pestem 135 15
48 20 exseoratio 15 32
erectus 87 23 exspectatio nostra 121 r1
ereptor libertatis 109 18 exsultare in funeribus reip. 88
ergastulum 184 21 II
-Ὁ00 INDEX II
exterminare & penatibus 80 flagitia et stupra 16 13
21 flagrare cupiditate gloriae 194
externus )( domesticus 51 14 I5
extimescere 126 3 flare metalla, pecuniam 66 27
extrahere ex periculis 11 19 flere 26 19, 61 20
exitraordinariae potestates 60 fletus — *emotion! 121 22;
13 fletum excitare 121 28
extremus dicendi locus 8 16; florere in populari ratione (*to
extremum aliquid 136 17 be in the heyday of?) 101
exturbare e civitate 65 20 1; honore et gloria 136 25;
populi iudiciis 105 31; in
honoribus florere 110 r ; re- t,

F ditus florens 128 18; florens

accessus 131 4; florentissi-
FABRICII 143 28 mus benevolentia bonorum
FABRICIUS, Q. 75 I4 83 6
facere aliquo, de aliquo, cum floseuli *flowers of rhetoric'
aliquo 29 s, id facere 40 119 17 ,
18, 89 15; facere ludos 117 fluctus reip. 7 27
17; caedem 76 25, 78 11; fluitare in alto )( cursum tene-
facere ut 92 26; facere sua re 46
causa 23 r foedus Gabinii et Pisonis coss.
facilis factu 39 32 eum P. Clodio Ciceronis
facinerosus 81 18 sanguine pactum 24 22
fallere nisi me fallit 106 ro foedus voltus 106 22
faeneratorum greges 18 29 fortis )( iners 43 2
fama bonorum 139 2 fortis e& magni animi 1 3
familia (gladiatoria) 9 31, 127 Fortuna 5 6
13, 184 13 forum 775 19 ; fragmenta saep-
FANNIUS, C. 118 25 torum in foro 79 24
fanum sanctissimarum religi- fretum fretu 18 31
onum 56 r1 fuga — exsilium 141 4
ex fastis evellere 34 11 fugitivi 85 r1
fatalis fortuna 17 15 fuit promulgatus 55 23, 66 21
fatum reip. 50 4; de homine funestus 27 1, funestus et
dictum 93 6; faiía *pro- luctuosus 53 15
phecy! 47 32 furia 84 15, 89 6
favere nobilitati 21 6 furialis vox 106 22
favor, a new word in Cicero's furor 56 8
time 115 3o
non fere quisquam 51 17
fero ita natura rerum fert 91 6; G
ferre tribum 114 9; repul-
sam 114 r2; ferre prae se GABINIUS, A. tribune of the
118 21; ferre fructum 68 5; people 18 32; ambitus ac-
ferre, promulgare legem 55 cusatus 18 2; eius libido et
23; ferri odio 111 r levitas 20 20; levitas auda-
fides publica 50 r1 eiaque 36 24; adulteriis
 INDEX II 301

confectus 20 32; temulen- gregalis 111 28

ius 20 2; helluo patriae gubernacula reip. tractare 20
26 24; labes atque caenum 28; ereptis senatui guber-
20 19; proconsul of Syria naculis 46 8
55 1; his villa at Tusculum gurges libidinum 93 10; gurges
93 11; GABINIUS et P180, duo &c vorago patrimoni 111 26
reip. paene fata 93 6
Gallicus ager 9 28
GAVIANUS, ATILIUS 74 2
GAVIUS OLELUS 72 26 H
GELLIUS, L., POPLICOLA 110 7,
112 5 habere — nosse 132 8
gens and natio 5l r4; gens haec for hae 5 8
Clodia 81 12 haerere with dative 62 12
genus 90 3o, 113 17 HANNIBAL 142 23
gerere magistratum 79 16 haurire dolorem 63 31
gestus actorum 121 r1 helluo patriae 26 24
gladiator 88 32; gladiatores HERCULES 143 7
dare- ludum gladiatorium hie (pronoun) de vulgari re 86
dare 126 29, 188 6; novicii 29; hiccumulatum 144 29;
78 8; inducere 184 r7; after relative clause 139 το;
gladiatorum consessus 106 where ille might be expected
16; different kinds of 134 22 94 24; hoc illud est quod
gladiatorius consessus 124 31; 96 16; hoc maior 60 r5
gladiatorium tempus 115 hie (adverb) 607 5; hic tum 25
21; gladiatoria nomina 134 I
21 ΠΣ licentia 118 30
gloria posteritatis 148 1; hodie — vel hodie 6 21r, 95 6
gloria * glorious act' 49 17 ; homo — pronoun demonstra-
gloriae cursus sempiternus tive 22 τό, 583 18, 71 8, 88 4,
41 7 89 τό, 184 15; nostri homi-
GRACCHUS, GAIUS 101 30; anAC- nes 141 30; homines Graeci
oni 105 25 141 30; homines *men in
GRACCHUS insitivus, a nick- general', *the public' 28
name of NUMERIUSQUINTIUS I9, 71 13, 72 21, 105 2»,
. RUFUS 72 23, 82 27 114. 3o, 117 24, 121 r5;
gradus honoris 49 20; in al- homines novi 136 24
tissimo gradu poni 20 1 honestates concrete—* nota-
Graecorum mos contionandi bilities' 109 25
126 25 honesti homines — honesto
graeculus 110 6, 126 25 loco nati 6 15, 105 31
grandis pecunia 56 12 honor et imperium 17 21; ho-
gratulatio 54 9 noribus uti 6 13
gratum (—rem gratam) facere HoNonis et vigrUTIS lemplum
alicui 181 19 116 το
gravissimi optimates 97 14 horridus 21 r t, 26 21
gravitas 60 4 HORTENSIUS, Q. 9 9, 14 1
graviter ferre 129 20 hortor with infin. 8 6
902 INDEX II
hostis pudoris et pudicitiae 79 imponere 60 11 :
21 importare 146 18
huc *80 far' 128 1 importunus 29 6, 88 21, 42

LR GM * disaffected' 43 2,
I 49 6, 102 23, 147 4
imprudens 16 9
iacere *to be stranded ' 7 28 impurus 26 28, 29 8, 117 25;
iactare terrorem 52 3 impurus et petulans 110 4
iam 121 17 in with abl. after verbs like
ideirco—ut 198 το; idcirco immineo, incumbo, insío
ne 108 5; ut—idcirco 84 3 118 r; with verbs of rejoic-
idem after is 180 28 ; idem— ing 88 11; *in respect to"
idem 181 24; idem *also' 90 80; in quo 'on íhis |
9 22, 107 24,108 24, 109 21, point! 2 18; essein periculo -
144 28; to point a contrast 82 4, in timore 28 25,in -
between two statemenís 14 luctu 32 14; *in the person -
14, 90 a1 of* 7 24, 118 29, 143 1
idiotae — non philosophantes inanimis rebus sensus homi- -
110 5 nis attributus 53 22
igitur, resumptive 12 20, 32 14, incendio communi deflagrare
1 24, 87 17 99 7 ᾿
Ilione, the, à play of Pacuvius incessus 17 24
126 31 incitari 79 23; incitata mente -
ille, pleonastically after qui 69 117 23 :
I1; 'tíhe well-known?! 17 inclinatio ad meliorem spem
21, 1412; referring to what 67 21 :
follows 131 6; ille—is 126 includi inclusae libidines 22
28 24
imago—simulaerum 80 25; incolumis in ἃ pecuniary sense
imagines maiorum cum íi- 18 5
tulis 19 11, 69 22 incurrere )( invadere 14 18
imbecillus et debilis 24 15 indices 95 7
immanis impurusque 29 8 indignatio post narrationem
imminere in ore 118 1 cum irrisione 59 3o
immittere 78 10 inducere gladiatores 134 17
immortalis—divinus 102 14 industria ac virtus 137 2
immortalitas τὸ immortalis iners )( fortis 43 2
gloria 115 31 inertia et desidia 22 23
immunis 122 3 infandum corpus 11 25
impensus 180 32 inferre iniurias in quem 58 10
imperari 80 6 inflatus with dative 18 28
imperium summum 24 2r; ingemisco 146 25
imperii laus 99 30; de im- κι μα familiae frugalitas
perio certare 59 24, 142 24 I2
impetus et conatus 11 3o, 139 ingratificus 122 3
7 ingredi in *to enter upon' 71
implicatio rei familiaris 99 6 9
 INDEX II 303
inimicitias adire 139 29 ita, correlative to quasi 111
inimieus adjective used sub- 23
stantively with genitive 15 ita—ut limitative 8 20, 18 27,
29, 121 28, 124 6 129 12, 187 30; non itasaepe
inire gratiam ab aliquo 132 T1 14.
20; inire suffragium 109 iucunditas hominis 134 9
20 iucundus ef carus 6 18
inlibatus 93 9 iudicium populi 40 19, 106 15;
inludere 94 24 iudicium maximum 124 30;
innumerabile pondus 98 8 iudieium subire 68 2
inquam, when the word before iudicia populi 105 31, 113 26
it is doubled, when not 116 iurare in legem 817 31, 61 23,
8 101 4
inscitia τὸstultitia 102 20 ius civile, naturale 91 8; iuris
insectari 25 r1 iudieiorumque 76 3; iure
insequi 25 r1 optimo 94 25
insidiae bonorum 102 18 iusta arma * a regular war' 50
insignia regia 57 28; consu- 30
lum 17 21
insistere in gloria 141 r1
insitus animi furor 99 4 L
insolens 119 τό
insultare 34 2 labes, said of a person, 20 r9,
integra aestas 18 17; integra 260 22; labes domestica 56
eausa "7/0 51; integra pars 7
eorporis 135 14 lacessere bello 58 1o
integritas provincialis 7 3, 13 lacrimare gaudio 117 2t
24 LAENIUS, M. FLACCUS 181 30
intemperans 134 rr L. LAMIA 29 30
intendere arcum, metaphorice lapidatio 34 29, 77 14
15 25; intenta cervicibus largitio — agri divisio 105 28
signa 42 26 : lator (legis) 77 20
intentus palmarum 117 26 latro *hired fighter' 1 r9,
intercedere legi 84 19, 68 24 26 29
interest aliquid— aliquid dis- latrocinium domesticum 1 r4,
erimen facit 92 21r; inter- 144 22; latrocinia 2 latrones
fatio 79 r9 84 32
invadere—incurrere 14 18 latus odio 111 r
invietus * invincible* 87 3 laus imperi 98 3o; laudes
invidia flagrare 140 18 58
ipse without demonstrative legati appointed by the senate
pronoun 8 13;— suis viribus 88 3; legatos legere (?), 88
24 16; oratio ipsa 28 258; 4
-—8ua culpa 100 25; ipse legitima contentio 40 19
ille 82 24; per se ipse 12 1 . LENTULI 143 29
dye levitasque popularis LENTULUS, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS
1 SPINTHER 50 6, 87 20, 144
is abundanter positum 143 9 25
 Àw

304 INDEX II
LENTULUS, P., SPINTHER 70 26, liber * free to speak 123 24
12 1, 107 25 liberare aliquem periculo 140
LEPIDUS, M. AEMILIUS, 140 28 20
leviter dicere 145 14 libere reprehendere 122 32;
legem ferre )( promulgare 55 liberius agere 4 19
23; legum laqueis constrin- liberi said rhetorically of one
gere 88 r2; leges perfrin- 54 12; de liberis dimicare
gere 134 1o 113
leges frumentariae 103 7 libertas *freedom of speech' -
,» iuliae 6123 14 1r; of action 69 20;
» 8BSacratae 16 6, 65 r4, 79 * independence of spirit? 88
20 6 &

, abellariae 103 20 libertina uxor 110 19

». in templo Castoris la- P. LICINIUS CRASSUS, father of
iae 34 27 the triumvir 48 32
legum multitudo perni- L. LICINIUS LUCULLUS PONTICUS .
eiosa 55 22 58 14, 98 14
lex euriata in arrogationibus Ligus, duplici sensu 68 25;
7 Ligurum ingenia 69 23
, tribunicia— plebiscitum 56 linguam evellere, metaphori-
9 cally 60 12
, Aelia 114 5 litterae consulares 50 7, 128
, Aelia et Fufia 129 125; a 27
Clodio sublata 34 2o locus :-loeus vitalis 80 3
, Apuleia agraria 101 3 » --0ecasio 106 r4 ; * topic'
,, Caecilia Didia 135 3 118 9; locum ('free
, Cassia tabellaria 103 20 course!) dare hiemi
» Clodia de Cicerone 25 3r, 12 15; locopelli
60 6;
69 τι, 191 32 ; reprehensa eo loci 68 26; loea
738 publica et religiosa
», Clodia de auspiciis 84 18 94 23
3) 3) de collegiis 34 24, longum est 12 9
55 27 luce palam 83 21
33 33 de notione censo- luctuosus et funestus 27 2
ria 55 25 luetus—dolor 63 3o; luctus
» » frumentaria 55 30 eti maeror 128 2; esse in
» Domitia 144 28 luctu 32 14; luctus publicus
, lulia de pecuniis repetun- per partes descriptus 32
dis 135 6 LUCULLUS: V. S. LICINIUS
» Licinia Iunia 135 3 ludi seenaque 120 28; ludi
, Papia 80 τό exira ordinem a consulibus
, Plautia de vi Introd. 8 25 dati, ludi votivi scenici non
Sempronia Gaii Gracchi de erant 117 19; ludos facere
provinciis 18 3 117 19
,frumentaria CO. Graechi ludius 116 4
108 ; lugere, applied to inanimate
, agraria Tib. Graechi 108 1 objects 53 22
, Tullia de ambitu 133 5 lustra 20 31
 INDEX II 905
lusus verborum 58 4, 58 21, posteritatis memoria 27 3;
66 27, 72 27 ex memoria evellere 34 10;
lux * publicity? 53 24; lux in- ex omni m. sumere 27 4;
solita ebriosis 20 3 memoria celebratus 142 27
mens * purpose! 31 4; mentes
post mortem vigentes 47
Ἶ ᾿
M
ῥύϑου ὀλέροι & rhetorical figure
Maenia eolumna 18 3r, 124 82 14
8 meritum nullo meo merito 39
maerere sibi 32 32 12, 138 22
maeror et squalor 68 32 messoria corbis 82 1
magistratum gerere 79 17 metaphorical and. natural ez-
magnum iudicium 124 3o pressions combined 117 15
manere — superesse 60 1:5; METELLI omnes 130 7
manere in pristina mente METELLUS, Q. CAECILIUS METEL-
58 15 LUS NUMIDIOUS 27 27, 101
mansuetudo *civilisation' 91 32, 130 ro
14 Q. METELLUS PIUS, 80n Of NUMI-
manus
vi manu 2 1, 78 5, 85 13; DICUS 124 1
ad vim ad manus 84 25; Q. METELLUS SCIPIO 124 r
manus adferre 75 22; ad Q. METELLUS NEPOS, COS. B.C.
manus pervenitur 77 24; 57, 62 5, 72 1, 130 r1
manibus tenent 69 8 Q. METELLUS CELER, brother of
MARCELLUS, C., & Catilinarian the above 131 19
9 29 metus plur. 35 r4
L. MARCIUS PHILIPPUS, COS, B.C. , MEVULANUS, GAIUS 9 26
56, 11028; his father 110 MILO, accusatus de vi a Clodio
2 95 32 ; exstinctor domestici
€. MARIUS sexies consul 37 3; latrocinii 144 22
terror hostium, subsidium MILTIADI gen. 141 3
patriae 88 20; conservator MINTURNENSES 50 32
huiusimperii 116 1r; eius miscere 120 31
monumentum 116 rr; in MITHRIDATES, Ponti rex 58 12
paludibus Minturnensibus mitto-omitto 56 4; missos
—
p 50 32 ; in Africa 49 2 facere honores 138 23; mit-
Mars belli communis 12 8 iere vocem 42 26
matrimonia consensu paíris modus gubjectively — *modera-
inita 6 14 tion! 79 31
MASSILIA 7 26 moerere: v.8. maerere
maturus 84 6. moneri aliqua re 90 3
MAXIMI 143 58 monstra 53 29
me dius fidius 20 20 monumentum IL. Opimii in
medicinam adhibere rei p. 18 foro 140 16
12 jd C. Marii 116 rr
membra reip. 98 26 moram. facere 74 5, 129 18;
memini, with present and per- m. afferre 129 18
fect infinitive 50 31, 77 5 morbo exstingui 49 7
H.
20
| 306 INDEX II
mors eius for is mortuus 83 25 necesse est—Aoportet 86 2
(mortem alicuius decorare necessitas 47 9
Phil. ix 15); mors et exi- necessitudo collegarum 8 1o;
lium 47 30; in morte 131 omnes amicitiae necessitu-
17 dines 39 9
mos maiorum *'usage' 16 s, nefarius, used substantively
98 29; moribus agere 88 1 15 1
motus animi 143 6 negotii gerentes 97 4
movere 88 4 neque—neque partitively after
€. MUCIUS 48 23 & general negative 91 v,
mulionia paenula 82 31 107 2,1412; neque vero ot.
multare aliquem provincia 58 οὖν *much less! 36 18, 88
7 13, 125 18; for neye 143 7
multitudo — populus 97 28, nequeo 133 7
103 28, 105 29 nervi i.q. vis 16 11
multus multo, transpositum nescio qui 23 2
52 8; multa de nocte 75 nihil 2 nihili 34 30; nihilaliud -
20 nisi 14 5; nihil progredi .
munia (rare in Cic.) 138 11 . 75 17; nihil criminari 77
municeps *fellow-townsman' 11; nihil eogitans 57 26; -
116 r1 nihil vidi magis 110 32 :
municipium 32 16 nihili, locative of price 114
munus se, gladiatorum 124 32, 6 4

135 28 NINNIUS, L. 26 30, 68 23

muliare vestem 26 32, 27 7, nisi * except 128 20
32 r5, vestitum 33 r nitedula 72 24
mutaiio vestis 27 8, 11, 82 29 nobilis gladiator 134 r3 ;
nobilitas blanda conciliatri- :
cula 21 5
noctem ad deliberandum pos- -
N tulare, formula vetandi 74
3; multa de nocte, 75 20
nam elliptice 19 r3, 26 2o, nolo nollem 102 23
95 31, 121 14, 129 6 nomen -8alus personae 14 5;
nanctus, not nactus 12 18 nomen for cognomen 21 12;
natalis dies metaphorically n. proprium pronomini per
131 25 ἐπεξήγησιν subiectum 9 3;
natio *easte' 96 18, 132 9; nomine on pretence of 34
natio—gens 51 14 24; meonomine — mea causa
natura )( fortuna 47 3; n. 41 12, 146 28; patriae no-
rerum 91 6; bene natura mine 64 6; nomina in íta-
constituti 137 27 bulas referre 72 28
nauíragium reipublicae 15 20 nominatim 30 23, 35 7, 62 14,
ne, position of, with second 65 20
word 47 27 non fere 51 17
ne—quidem —etiam non 118 non—sed-non dico—sed 35
30 Io; non dicam—sed (certe)
necessario 106 23 46 19; non modo—sed — non
 INDEX II 207
dieam—sed 45 6, 108 9; offerre se alieui-— ultro laces-
non modo—sed etiam 33 9 ; sere aliquem 14 15; offerre
non modo—sed ne quidem se temeritatibus 61 24;
20 1r, 78 10; non modo non offerre corpus suum telis
—sed ne quidem 64 7; non 76 31; offerre (se ac salu-
modo nullus—sed etiam 85 iem suam) (vitam suam) in
I discrimen 1 4, 61 27 ; offerre
re cad 16 8 mortem hostibus 48 r
non nullus in sing. numb. offieium 7 32, officium vici-
88 nitatis 10 12; officium prae-
non quo— sed quod 87 rr, non sens 10 15; offieiumiudicum
quo—sed (omisso quod) 61 96 22
3t omitto quid for omitto dicere
notare 111 32, 129 ro quid 27 12
notio and notatio censoria 55 omnino—sed tamen 74 8,84 8;
24 omnino—ae tamen 115 21;
novioii gladiatores 78 8 omnino nullus 135 2
nugae-nugator 24 13 Omnis -—-omnisgeneris: om-
nullus esse 34 30 ne supplicium 28 27, 94 24;
NUMERIUS & praenomen; omne odium 127 5; omnes
QUINCTIUS NUMERIUS RUFUS necessitudines 39 9; omnes
12 22, 82 2, 87 24 floseui 119 r7; omnium
Numidian succession, question remediorum 55 20; omni-
of the 140 20 bus malis 53 r3; omnibus
numquam putavi et simm. 22 machinis 133 2
17 operae — mercennarii Clodii
nune 'as it is'—Gr. νῦν δέ, satellites 18 r, 28 30, 38 r9,
509; nune iam 104 14 b'| 26, 59 1, 65 19; operae
nutu impelli 100 20 conduetorum 106 r3; opera-
rum contiones 127 6
OPIMIUS, L., COS. B.C. 121, the
Oo only one of the optimates
who became & martyr to
obductus 22 21 popular ill-will 140 15; his
obiectum in oratione bimem- monument 140 τό
HC
e
Ape
oArea
m
bri cum verbo posteriore opinio-bona opinio 21 5;
iunctum, 41 17, 95 32 opinio (de immortalitate
obnuntiare 79 21, 88 2o virtutis) 148 7: opinio
observare, ambigue dictum 8 mortis 79 27
20 opinor 48 20
obsolescere alienis sordibus oportet oportuit dicere 123 23
60 oppignerare 110 8
obstruetio 22 21 opponere ad terrendum, *to
obtestor atque obsecro 147 7 parade before, 42 233, 524;
Octavianus dies 77 17 *to use as a set-off? 20 19
oculus for oculi 19 15; oculi opportunitas 9 25
laerimantes 144 19 opprimo oppressus armis 84 4,
offensus alicui 125 15 86 6
20—2
MÀ
-.308 INDEX II
optimates )(populares 96 parumne est quod 32 23,123 .
optimus civis 2 21, 8 21, 125 27; parum—nisi 15 2
22, 147 5; optimus quis- pascor seditione 99 5
que, not optimi quique 96 pater patriae 121 22; patris
30 ΗΝ in matrimonio 6
orae &tque regiones orbis
terrarum 129 9 jail natus 138 19 |
orbi for in orbe 66 23 patriciorum in familiam ple- |
ordines maximi 97 2; proximi beiam transitus 16 2l
post senatorium 137 6 patrius patrii dei 45 28
ornamenía ordinis equestris patronum adoptare 9 2
conficere 110 3o pecuniam flare, conflare 6627 ;
OSTIENSIS quaestor 30 25 imperare alicui 94 20
otiosus— cexoAacerikós 110 6; pelli loco 60 7
otiosus -— ἀπολίτευτος 23 3; penates, publie 45 28
otiosa dignitas 98 25 pendere aliqua re 115 29
olium cum dignitate 98 24; penula mulionia 82 31
)( bellum 15 29 per of hindering or permitting —
cause, non est situs per 95 |
15; per ignominiam 39 26; ἢ
P *jn the way of' 91 10; per |
se splendere 60 8 i
paene- paene dixerim 93 6 percelli — affligi damnatione ἢ
pairs of words frequent in 140 22
Cic. 34 26 perdere tribum 114 1o
palam luce 83 21 perditor 17 18
Palatina tribus 114 9 perfect conjunctive sed for -
paludatus 71 16 pluperfect 82 28; perfect —
parare exercitum 40 17, homi- passive participle "with fui |
nes 84 27 to denote that a thing has —
paratus consensus bonorum been for some time ἔπ ὦ
36 22 certain condition 55 23 ἡ
parenthetic final clause 13 21, perfungor perfunctus 104 20:
29 2, 32 23, 58 12, 55 18 (passive) 10 14
parere senatui 101 6, 143 32 periculo alieuius vivere 50 6; .
paronomasia 58 4, 190 2 helluari 111 26; p. capitis
pars in omnis partis 21 4; defendere 98 27, 12 5; peri-
partium optimarum 120 30; eulum in Cic. pulso reci-
partium bonarum vir 120 piendo 131 32; pericula
30 — *dangers threatened by
participle after ium |added eriminal charges' 2 6, 140
epexegetically 63 26, 118 29 20
» After tamen 140 18 perimere metaphoriee 49 4 |
» with genitive 91 4 perire, of political extinetdi
» with infinitive Vent vi- 4 12
dere 1 6 permittere aliquid temporibus |
, used adjectively 1 8 reip. 72 4
partitio aerarii 54 1o permutatio rerum 73 14
 INDEX II 309
perorare 3 9 populus quomodo senatores$
peroratio 8 16 creasse dici possit 137 32
perstringere 14 rr M. POROIUS CATO UTICENSIS,
pertinacia—constantia 77 19 tribunus pl. 12 31; 60
pervertere ius 30 29 PORSENA 48 23
PESSINUS 56 9 porta Capena 131 4
pestis 88 r3, 89 ro, 83 21, portus tribunatus 18 32
135 15; & rei publicae peste possum dicere—sed 7 2
depelli 43 4; pestes * dis- postprincipia 118 4
tempers 55 19 posteritati propagare 102 16
PETREIUS, M. 12 1o potestas—auctoritas 67 19
PHILIPPUS, L. 110 2 potestates magistratuum,
pietas 3 17 * state offices? 56 5, 98 28;
pignus metaph. 19 r4 extraordinariae 60 13
PISAURUM 9 28 potiri rerum 141 r5
PISO, LUCIUS CALPURNIUS CAE- potius quam 47 9
SONINUS, COS. B.C. 58, pro- praeceps praecipitem eicere 9
consul of Macedonia 94 r5; 27
irueulentus 19 5; subhorri- praecipitare 25 6
dus atque incultus 21 rr ; praeconi publico subici 57 28
iners 22 23; horridus et praedicatio exigui temporis 13
severus 26 20; Caesaris 25
socer 185 9 praedo rerum omnium 27 13
C. PISO L. F. FRUGI 54 13, 68 4 praeesse absolutely 40 17 (Roby
plaga 78 5 Gr. τὸ 1186)
plausus theatrales 105 r praeficere absol. 41 17
plebeia purpura 19 1o praesertim eum 87 13
plebieola 110 r9 praesidium — manus armata
pluris esse 142 23 18 32
CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS 15 531: praestabilius 23.3
his support affected by Clo- praestare invidiam capitis
dius 39 8; pretended plot to periculo 61 28; factum alie-
murder him 69 13, 133 26; num 38 16, 43 5
princeps civitatis 84 2; his praeter spem 20 32; praeter
three triumphs 129 9 ceteros 23 29
poni in laude 139 1 praetexta puerorum 144 r9
pontifex maximus in comitiis praetextatus 144 19
ealatis 16 7 pressa vestigia 13 25
popularis— populo gratus 66 primus praetor, tribunus 6 12;
2, 109 24, 31; popularis ra- primus homo — primarius,
iio *democratie tendency" *first-rate' 114 7; primus
114 4; populares 'leaders of for prior 44 17
the democratie party 96 29 princeps senatus 39 26 ; prin-
populariter in eausa versari cipes civitatis, *leading
statesmen' 40 32, 123 24;
populus — multitudo optimati- principes optimatium 136
bus adversaria 103 29, 104 20, 188 12; princeps roga-
14 tionis (qui princeps in se-
20—3
.810 INDEX II
natu sententiam rogari soli- pueri quando togam virilem
tus est) 78 6 sumpserint 6 16, 144 19
privati )( armati 40 17, 483 2 pungere 24 20
privilegium inrogare 65 r5 purgare forum Ξε vacuefacere
pro-ante *in front of 84 23 : 78 r1
pro collegio pontificum 16 purpura plebeia 19 ro
7; pro oeciso relinqui 81 puto numquam putavi 22 τῇ;
I3; pro rep. conqueri 8 r1; putare nihili 114 6; putare
pro tribunali * officially? 34 legem 135 3
24; pro virili parte 138 9 puteal Libonis 18 28
procella iniqui iudicii 140 21
prodere exemplum 59 32
prodigium prodigia qui 38 2t
producere in contionem 33 12
Q
progredi 75 17 quaero (de accusatore) 78 30
prompta virtus 88 6 quaestio nova 85 19
promulgare legem 55 23 (Mayor quaestor bonus 8 20; quaes-
n. or. Ph. 11 p. 138) torum sortitio 8 7
propagare posteritati 102 16 quaestura Ostiensis 39 25
prope for prope dixerim 59 quaestus quaestum corpore
10; propior *more recent" facere 26 25
13 22 quam si elliptice 28 19
proponi 48 24, 138 15, 141 7 quamquam *' however? 64 4
proprie )( publice 37 28, 38 τὰ quasi correlative to ita 111 23 ;
proprius and suus in. combi- quasi vero 61 23
nation 15 3 que praepositioni adnexum ^:
propugnator—defensor 144 18 41 τό
proscriptio 46 11 non queo pro nequeo Cicero .
provineia 66 27; provinciam dicere solet 134 7
eum imperio obtinere 128 querella de 64 1
24 queri pro aliqua re 3 r1
provincialis integritas 13 24; qui quidem 27 7; qui—ille
abstinentia 7 3 6911; qui—eumqueintmesi :
provocatores, gladiatorum ge- 68 29, qui—is 59 26 ; qui—
nus 134 22 idem 130 30; qui cum eius
proximi magistratus 54 21 etc. 110 32 ; in quo—in qua
PTOLOMAEUS, king of Cyprus, re 2 18, 133 ; (Reid on or.
57 18, 64 5 p. Sull. 8 811. 25); dequo
h AULETES, king of de qua re 45 27); concessive
Egypt, 57 2o 44 20; 60 17; quid fuit
pruina Appennini 12 16 illud quod 120 26; quid est
publieare hominem 57 32, 59 quod 1 1; nihil est quod
30; regnum 62 13 104 r4
publice )( proprie 37 28; * offi- quidam quodam tempore 73
cially '41 5, 128 22 17, 91 7
publicus publieo aut religioso quidem — sed, adversative, 15
loco 94 24 27, 117 25; omitted 42 23;
pudor—pudicitia 73 21 quidem certe 116 9, 24 14;
 INDEX II 311
with personal pronouns ille refutare vim 88 8
quidem, tu quidem 82 6, reges appellati & senatu, non
105 3o & populo 56 r5
quis quid agerem 42 31 ; quid regiones orbis terrarum 129 9:
si elliptice 44 r7; quid ergo REGULUS, M. ATILIUS 127 9
40 23; quid tum 47 27; quid? relatio ad senatum de inter-
(in transition) 33 χα cessione tribunicia 129 21
quisquiliae 94 27 relego 29 r, 52 7
quo
— ad quid 29 6 religio officii 8 8, 20; iudicum
quoad with indicative perfect 2 25 religio *sacred office"
82 56 13; auspiciis religionique
quod omitted after non quo— parere 83 20; religiones 98
sed 61 3r; with subjunctive 27; religionum iura 56 τ:
denotingthe assumed reason religiones antiquissimae 56
292; with indicative denot- II
ing the actual reason 103 religiosus locus 94 23
5, 132 20, 133 23, 135 1 reliquus )( praeteritus 67 20;
)( praesens 73 15
Hh remissus remissius dicendi
genus 115 18
radices—]locus natalis 50 28 removere si removeris 106 13
rapere ad se 7 5 renovare rem p. 147 6
raiio ae via 103 27 ; ratio con- repetere res 57 28; repetere
8tans 87 r9 ;ratio popularis remp. à latrone 81 1:7; re-
101 2; rationem ducere petitus alte 31 32
officii 23 6 reponere in numero deorum
Reatinus 80 3 143 51
recidere in eandem fortunam repraesentare ('to realise")
146 18 memoriam 26 18
recipere ferrum 80 7 ; to afford reprimere odium suum a cor-
& refuge 131 31; recipere pore 117 25; me horum
templis 147 r aspectus repressit in ipso
reclamare 126 27 eursu orationis 144 τό
reconditi sensus 22 26 repugnare — ge subtrahere 80 6
recordari cogitando 11 24 repulsam ferre 114. r2
recreari 140 23 requirere Ξεdesiderare 128 32
xeeula 110 5 res publica subjectively 64 12;
reddere iudicia 24 r2 resp.—eivitas 55 26; resp.
redeuntes res 130 28 summa 25 2; reip. ruina,
redimere 66 31 Said of & person, 109 19;
refarciri 77 7 reip. fatum 50 4; reip.
referre omnia ad dignitatem turbines 25 5; reip. dis-
48 17 ; de republica 26 3r; sensio *political difference
aliquid ad senatum 129 21 of sentiment! 72 3; rem
reficere salutem communem publieam bene gerere 677 10 ;
:14 21r; remp. 147 6 administrare 79 r7; repe-
reflectere mentem ab aliqua iere a latrone 81 17; reno-
re 130 9 vare 147 6 ; ad remp. adire
.812 INDEX II
z-eausam reip. suscipere est sanctius 147 2; sanetis- -
87 10; a reip. peste depelli simus Hercules 143 7
48 4; res reliquae 67 20; sanguis tribunicius43 6; homo
reip. contentiones 130 3; re eiusdem sanguinis 130 r4
non verbis 86 1; rerum po- SATURNINUS, L, APPULEIUS 27
tiri 141 15; nullis rebus re- 27, 5; 99 27, 101 2, 105 25.
petitis 57 28; res gerere 47 scalpellum 135 13
30; res redeuntes 130 28 SCAURUS, M. AEM. 89 27, l16 |
resipiscere resipii 80 1o 32
restitutio damnatorum.de vi scelus, sensu abstracto 2 20, |
661 ᾿ 53 14, 86 4; scelere astringi
retinere 90 ΣΙ 108 13 |
retractatio 8, grammatical scientia gubernatorum et ma- |
figure 53 25 gistratuum 99 11 |
reus de vi 75 16; reum citare scilicet ironieally 127 15
85 6 haud scio...an 58 3
reviviscere 88 12 SCIPIONES 143 28 . ἜΣ
revocare, vox scaenica, “ ἕο SCIPIO, L. CORNELIUS, COS. B.0, ὦ
encore' 120 7, 123 27 83, 7 24 r
Rhegia columna 18 31 » Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS |
rogare perniciem 53 26; ro- 124 32 a
gare de capite 65 16 scopuli, metaphorically 18 31
rogatio 25 3o scortum de viro 39 3o
ruere--seditiose agere 133 1 scribere pro aliquo—de ali-
ruina rei publicae de Clodio quo 122 8 :
dietum — pestis 109 19; &acriptum de scripto sententiam
ruinae 5 dicere 129 τὸ
rustici Romani 97 4 scurra 39 29
rusticulus 81 28 Scyllaeum 18 3o
sed resumplively 53 12; sed .
ubi sequi debebat enuntia-
5 ium conditionale * only? 35
14; Sed tamen 42 23
Sabinus homo 80 3 sedare )( tollere 8 15
sacerdos stuprorum 39 3o sedere *to sit idle' 34 17; de
saerata lex 16 6, 65 14 rege dictum 57 27
saepta fori 79 24 seditio *revolutionary band'
saginare reip. sanguine 78 3o 94 27
sagittarius 133 3 sedum 45 28
salus salutem alicuius custo- semivivae voces 126 27
dire 128 25 senatorum vestis mutatio 26
Salutis templum 131 28 32
Samnites, gladiatorum genus senatus, constitution of the
134 22 Roman 137 31 ; senatus con-
sancire foedus sanguine 24 27, silium 140 25; principes
poena 65 15 eonsilii publiei 97 1r; con-
sanctitas tribunatus 79 18 silium publicum 32 18 ; fre-
sanctus 6 r1; re publica nihil quens 26 51,1292 1, frequen-
 INDEX II 3913
lissimus 129 r2; where it sinere sissent 44 2r; sistis
met 116 ro, 129 7; had the 122 12; accusare non sum
exclusive administration of situs 95 16
foreign affairs 56 9, 64 5; societas consiliorum 87; ma-
of appointing legates 33 3; gistratuum 64 rr; vectiga-
*a meeting of the senate" lium 82 17; publicanorum
26 17; SCtum on Cicero's 32 17
restoration 128, 130; de Socius consiliorum 63 25, 131
senatus sententia 50 7 19 ; Socii et Latini 30 r5
seni et trientes— 63 asses 55 30 solidus )( vanus *real' 93 5
sensus mortuorum 131 τό: solitudo Τ1
meliore esse sensu 47 16; solus unus 43 3
reconditi sensus 22 26; in- sordes 145 r
timi sensus 119 25 sordidatus 1 12, 27 9, 144 24,
sentire i.q. censere 114 29 146 58
Seplasia, a street in Capua 19 Spectacula-1oca ad spectan-
IO dum 124 9
Sergia tribus 114 8 spectatissimus 6 15
SERRANUS: V. S. ATILIUS spiritum exhaurire 80 2
servare de caelo 78 4, 129 r2 splendor equitum 137 6; splen-
servi de lapide empti 134 20 dorem maculare 60 1
SERVILIUS, P. 130 5, 13 spoliatio 47 2
servire tempori 14 12; gloriae squalere 32 14
posteritatis 148 2; servire squalor 145 ir; squalor et
dolori 14 r2 maeror 68 32; squalor et
servitium — * slaves as a class luetus 145 32; squalor et
53 τ; servitia, *slaves' as sordes 144 27
individuals 67 r4 stabilio 123 26, 143 3o
Si double 45 31; omitted 432; stabula pastorum 12 18
si in protasis with at in stare cum aliquo 120 6 ; stare
apodosis 7 30, 57 23; si (in plausu) 117 20; stare )(
non—at certe 14 7; si minus iacere metaphorieally 42 19,
---αὖ certe 92 29; si—ali- : 647,97 1
quando 51 24; si qui—qui- statuae pro patria mortuorum
cumque 1 r, 14 r5; si quae in rostris collocatae 83 15
necessitas 51 25; si quidem Statuere — stabilire 120 5;
—8i modo 81 21 statuo sic followed by an
sic—ut, comparandi formula infinitive 185 2, 24 13
6 21 status *aman'scircumstances'
significant word, position of 5 29
81 22, 124 31, 125 2o, 23, », *settlled ^ government;,'
137 31 *stability,' civitatis 1 5, 46
signifieatio 105 32, 122 r3, 16
127 ἢ struma Vatini 135 16
simplex eausa 87 18 studium armorum 9 521: stu-
simulacrum—imago 30 25 dium multitudinis 108 29;
Simulans- Eipov,nomen toga- studiorum contentio 130 29
iae 118 32 stupra et flagitia 16 12
31 INDEX II
subhorridus 21 rr iemplum de rostris dictum
subicere praeconi 57 2 75 14, 90 25; κατ᾽ ἐξοχὴν de
subire tempestates 139 29 templo Castoris et Pollucis
suffragium inire 109 20; suf- 62 6; Concordiae 26 1:8;
fragium ferre 109 17 Honoris et Virtutis 116 ro;
sumere ex omni memoria 27 4 Iovis 129 7 ; Salutis 131 28
summa res publica 25 2 ; sum- temptari 9 26
mum imperium —consula- iempus hominis 14 1:2; of
tus 17 21, 25 3 Cicero's fall and banishment
supercilium 19 16 tempori cedere 63 28, 123
superesse 47 25 20; tempora reip. 72 4
superior annus 15 2o, 144 28 tenebrae lustrorum 20 21
supplex reiei 54 r3; suppli- tenere cursum 46 9, 99 r3;
cem abiectum 59 17 sensus reconditos 22 26;
supplieare alicui — supplicare manibus metaphorically 69
pro aliquo 32 32 8
suscipere salutem reip. 49 5; TERENTIA, Cicero's wife 54 11
sordes 145 r; pericula, lermini orbis terrarum 67 τό,
labores, contentiones, inimi- 129 8
citias 86 32 ierror *object of fear? 38 20,
suspicio dura 59 28 522
sustinere— parem esse 60 ra, testamentarius 39 31
87 255; 8. rogantem 130 r5; THEMISTOCLES, conservator pa-
8. causam 14 6; i. q. retinere iriae 141 2
8 16 TIGRANES, Armeniorum rex
suus—proprius 15 3, 142 25 58 8
synesis 38 21 timere de se nihil 1 17
tmesis 68 29
íoga virilis; when assumed
T 144 19; praetexta 144 27;
togatus 52 2; togata (sc.
tabellae licentia 103 1 fabula) 118 3r
tabula sensu duplici 72 28; tollere with abl. of place 19 rr
tabulis publieis mandare iraetare gubernacula 20 28
129 14 iradere se totum dicenti 130
tacere tacendo loqui 40 28 I2
taciturnitas 40 25 iransducere ad mansuetudi-
taeter 19 6 nem 91 r4
iamen-saltem 63 24; refer- tribunal Aurelium 34 24
ring to ἃ suppressed sen- iribunatus alicuius for aliquis
ience 13 27; prefixed to in tribunatu 14 4 ; tribuna-
participle 140 18 tus sanctitas 79 18; mili-
iam quam-non minus quam taris 7 3
120 3o iribuni militares, by whom
tantum—quantum 91 elected 7 3
temere i, 4. intempestive 80 4 iribuni plebis, their right to
temeritas et error 122 r propose the subject for de-
tempestas popularis 140 22 bate 26 31; their right in
 INDEX II 915

contionem producendi 88 ium followed by ἃ partieiple

12; iribunorum appellatio 63 26, 118 29 ; tum—max-
184 32; tr. pl. C. Caesare ime—cum 47 13
et M, Bibulo coss. 113 15; turbo turbines reip. (Piso et
Ciceroni in tribunatu Clodii Gabinius) 25 5
faventes 69 τό; tr. pl. quo- turbulentus turbulenta *revolu-
rum opera Cicero restitutus tionary acts' 58 1
est 87 20 tuto esse 79 16, 90 r
iribunicius sanguis 43 6 ; iri- tutor tutorum institutio 111 52
bunicia vis 44 17
iribus Palatina 114 9; tribus
aliena 109 16; tribus ur- U
banae 114 9; suffragiorum
ratio in íribubus vitiata universus populus Rom. 122
109 16; ut ne 53 3 10; pop. Hom. universus
iripertitae orbis terrarum orae 194 3o, 125 20; universa
atque regiones 129 8 defensio 5 1
tripudiare 88 12 unus added to superlative 131
iristis et taciturnus 21 ro 18, 132 ro, 141 4; unus
tugurium 93 r2 solus 48 3, 130 32; unius
TULLIOLA 1831 26 mea salus 128 30
SERVIUS TULLIUS rex, libertatis usque adeo—quoad 82 4; us-
vindex 123 26 que eo—ut 110 2
M. TULLIUS CICERO, C. Marii ut, position of, in sentence 93
munieeps lll rr, rei pub- I2 109 16; ut-elause after
licae defensor 111 12; pater pronoun 45 32, 47 τι, 61
patriae dietus 121 22; poe- 25; ut in limitative clause
" iarum amator 123 20 ; Ca- 1 8; ut in interrogative
puae patronus 9 3; ora- clause 17 16; verisimile est
tiones ad iuventutem eru- ut 78 26 ; ut—idcirco 84 5;
diendam accommodat 96 19, ut omittam et simm. 13 2r,
119 21; causas, quas de- 29 7, 82 23, 593 12, 55 18,
fendebat, cum publiea con- 1016; ut ne 533
iungere solebat 1 r; pluri- uter for utereumque 92 22
bus eausam defendentibus uti, position of, in sentence
extremo loco dicere solebat 84 48
98 16; Ciceronis domus 54
I5, 181 5; eius generi 54
12; eius reditus in patriam v
131 2r; eius de nobilitate
iudicium 21 5, 138; eius valetudo — valetudo affecta 113
bona ad Pisonem et Ga- 10; valetudinis excusatio
binium coss, delata 54 r4; 113 το
equitum pro eo deprecatio vanus )( verus 40 23
26 27; de eo restituendo varietas sententiarum 118 9;
senatus consulta faeta 129 sine ulla varietate (senten-
6, 130 26; in eo expellendo tiarum) 74 32, 125 20
nihil iure factum 73 8 Q. VARIUS trib. pl. 101 30
.916 INDEX II
vas niti—tamquam.vade 19 virilis pro virili parte 138 9
1 virtus *the sum of & man's
vastitas 12 2o excelleneies moral and intel-
vastus ac relietus 53 2 'lectual? 50 5; virtus victo-
vaticinari
— hallucinari 23 8 riaque 67 1r4; Virtutis (et
VATINIUS, P. 114 4, 132 10; eius Honoris) templum 116 1o
Struma 135 τό vis *number' 55 20; vim
vector
— qui vehitur 45 3 facinoris *the effect" *con-
venalis venales servi 184 20 sequence of! 82 25; vis
venditare se 18 r manus 34 25, 78; vi manu
veneficus 39 31 2 1, 78 3; non sua vi 84
veprecula 72 24 32; vim vi depellere 39 3;
verbum facere 1383 r vim habere *to be valid*
vere dicam, loquar 22 r55 vere .78 23
laudare8 18; verissime sen- vita eius for is vivus 83 23;
tire 74 26 vitae civilis origo 91; vitae
verisimile est ut 77 26 eursus brevis, gloriae sempi-
veritas veritatis ignarus 41 r4 ternus 47 7
vero eum potestate augendi vivere periculo reip. 50 6
80 18, 66 21, 86 9 vivus vidensque 59 2
vester
τεvestrae familiae 10 9 vocare aliquem in invidiam
vestis mutatio in gratiam 139 5
Ciceronis 26 32, 54 4; ob volito 1 16, 9 23, 95 1r
quas causas vestem mutare volo citius quam vellem 82 5
soliti sint 26 232; qualis volturius, de homine 71 16
fuerit vestis mutatio diver- voltus atque incessus 17 24
sorum ordinum 26 32 voluntas impensa bonorum
vestitus redire ad suum vesti- 180. 32; voluntatis decla-
tum 32 20 ratio 122 13
L. vETTIUS 132 r7 volutari ad pedes alicuius 145
vexare ll 29, 54 rr, 60 20, ἐγ"
145 9 vorago et gurges patrimoni
via ac ratio 103 27; via late- 26
brosa 126 32; via vitae 140 vox — deprecatio 42 25;
- 13; via laudis 137 25 -—'organ,' expression 10
vicatim 34 24 15; vox furialis 106 22; vo-
vicinitatis officium 10 r2 cem mittere 42 25
victus ac vestitus, a proverbial
expression 59 3o
videre- vivere 59 30 Z
videri, passive 58 21 zeugma 10 13

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED ΒΥ C. J. CLAY ἃ SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS,

 Dy the same Editor

THE HIERON OF XENOPHON. The text

adapted for the use of Schools, with Introduction, Sum-
maries, Critieal and Explanatory Notes and Indexes by
the Rev. H. A. HorpEN, M.A., LL.D. 3s. 6d, Third
Edition. (Maemillan's Classical Series.)
*'The Hiero of Xenophon, by the Rev. Hubert A. Holden, is an edition
for which everything that care and industry, and a scholarship that is very
seldom at fault, could do has been done. * * * "There is much valuable
matter in the notes, &c., which should have a bearing and a use beyond the
book itself. In this work Teachers will often want help, and Dr Holden is an
editor admirably fitted for giving it."—&Spectator, March 1, 1884.
*'This is ἃ £hird edition of Dr Holden's well-known edition of one of
Xenophon's most graceful minor works. Like its predecessors, this volume
must be welcome to scholars—old and young alike. 'l'he dialogue is admirably
suited to scliool purposes, and, the only objection that could be raised fo its
use having been removed in this edition, the learned and indefatigable editor
hopes that its present form will secure it a more favourable reception. * * * The
explanatory notes have, indeed, been throughout carefullv revised, but new
matter has been added. 'The monograpnhs on the two interlocutors have been
made still more complete. "The third part of the introduction on the τυραννίς
has been re-written and, as we think, improved, while the critical discussion o?
MSS has been brought up to date, so as to include a history of Prof.
C. Schenkl's fresh collation of 14 MSS. The Greek Index, also, is muck
improved * * * * * * We congratulate, not only the boys, but their masters, or
the acquisition of this Book."—Jowrna! of Education, Dec. 1, 1888.
* Any edition by Dr Holden of a classical author is sure to be scholarly,
and any work which he undertakes is sure to be thoroughly and conscientiously
done. For proof of this, one need look no farther than the present volume,
* * * Τὸ would be difficult to speak too highly of much of the comment
and criticism contained in the notes. "There is a valuable Appendix on the
text, while the indexes are, so far as we have tested them, unusually com-
plete."—Journal of Education, Jan. 1, 1884,
*Dr Holden deserves the gratitude of all Sehoolmasters for drawing
their attention τὸ this charming treatise by an edition so Mein and
scholarly. * * * Any boy who will take the trouble to master Dr Holden's
notes, will have laid a good foundation of Greek Scholarship for himself.
Altogether, the book is worthy of Dr Holden's reputation as a Scholar and ἃ
practical Teacher."— TAe Educational Times, Jan. 1, 1884,
* Candidates for ἃ Degree will find Dr Holden's notes extremely useful
and well chosen. His references to grammars are just what men want at that
tts
pp
a
Tnm &tage of their reading."—. Academy, Nov. 24, 1883.
* As Mr Holden has shown in his admirable PIutarch's Themistocles, he
ossesses the very best qualities of ἃ commentator. He knows all the modern
earning on his author; he selects with care and discretion and adds from his
own great stores short and really instructive notes. Whenever the silly pre-
judices of narrow teachers about Plutarch's Greek are dispelled, and the
matter whieh boys learn is regarded as of some importance, this earlier book
wil take the highest place as a school book. "The Hieron is equally good.
ταδί We are promised the charming Oeconomíicus from the same master
— hand,"—Contemporary Review, Dec. 1883.

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PLUTARCH'S LIFE OF THEMISTOKLES.
With Introduction, Explanatory Notes and Critical Ap.
pendix by the Rev. HusEenT ἃ. HorpzN, M.A., LL.D. Third
Edition revised. 5s. (Maemillan's Classical Series.)

*'Dr Holden has produced an excellent edition of the life of Plutarch he

has selected. His notes remove every difficulty of construction and point
out every illustration that the text affords of the grammatical principles
contained in the truly valuable grammar of Goodwin, to which constant
reference is made."—Dublin Evening Mail, Feb. 21, 1882,
**'The notes generally are, as of course was to be expected from a scholar
of Dr Holden's eminence, excellent, precise, and happily illustrated by parallel
passages."— Educational Times, May 1882.
* Put the book into the hands of a scholar sufficiently advanced to be able
to read by himself and he will find here a vivid picture of a most important
figure in Greek history, an instructive commentary in Greek, and a store of
information about Greek antiquities."—J ournal of Education, May 1882.
*Mr Holden has spared no labour to make his work as complete as
ossible. The introduction is exceedingly well done, and a very fair estimate
15. given of Plutarch's strength and weakness as a biographer. The pages on
the sources of information accessible to Plutareh are instructive, both with
reference to the value of his work and in a more general way, as treating of
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known as a scholar that itis hardly necessary to speak of the excellence of his
verbal criticism."—Saturday Review, May 17, 1882.
*'Thoroughly well done."—G^uardian, July 19, 1882.
“Τῷ is refreshing to come upon a piece of work so —€— well done
as this. Dr Holden has done a great service to English schoolmasters
and to English Scholars generally in producing this excellent edition, which
is ἃ worthy companion—and we could hardly give it a higher praise—to
his *De Officiis. Dr Holden does not subscribe to what we have alwars
considered the pestilent heresy of *Short Notes for School Use. At the
same time the commentary is so skilfully arranged and so carefully indexed
that any boy who is fit to read the text at all will find with the utmost
ease all he wants. The introduction brings together in & few vivid pages
all that can be known of “186 biographe de l'antiquitó [qui] n'a pas de
biographie, and adds, besides a masterly criticism, a most interesting sketch
of Plutarch's position in literature. We must not omit to add that Dr Holden
who is equally thorough in all departments, has ἃ valuable appendix on the
text."—Spectator, Nov. 11, 1882.
*'The edition is a very complete one in all respects. and well qualified
to meet the purposes for which it is intended."—G/Zasgow Heraid, June 5, 1882.
*T/edizione 8 corretta: e di molto maggiore eleganza che non sogliono
essere l'edizione scolastiche in Italia e in Germania."—La Cultura, Roma,
March 165, 1882.

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 M. TULLI CICERONIS PRO PUBLIO
SESTIO ORATIO AD JUDICES. With Introduction,
Explanatory Notes and Critieal Appendix by the Rev.
HusenT ἃ. HorpeN, M.A., LL.D. Second Edition, 58.
(Maemillan's Classical Series.)
* This is a very useful edition of a speech which well deserves to be brought
into prominent notice. The indexes are so full as to make quite an important
feature in the work, "There is an excellent introduction and a valuable critical
appendix. Altogether the volume is well got up and worthy of the attention of
] teachers and students."— Athenaeum, Jan. 12, 1884. hs
*'The present work is constructed on the same lines as Dr Holden's edition
of the oration pro Plancio. "There is the same fulness of grammatical expla-
nation, the same careful use of the most recent German editions, the same
liberal supply of close and often happy renderings. * * * Dr Holden has done
good service in issuing so useful an edition of this oration. Its value 1s con-
siderably enhanced by the numerous notes which Mr Reid has contributed."
—Academy, March 1, 1884.
*'Dr Holden has applied himself with admirable thoroughness to the work
of editing the pro Sesto; and, if the main obstacle to the study of this brilliant
and interesting speech has been, as we imagine, the want of ἃ good English
commentary, we may safely predict for it a greater popularity infuture. In his
Introduction, which is a model of clearness, Dr Holden sketches the men and
events of the troubled years 59—57 B.C., leaving on the mind a vivid impression
of the period, and in the main a just one. The rather complicated argument of
the speech is well summarised at the close of the Introduction and the more
detailed analyses given in the course of the notes are very well done. At the
end of the volume are two valuable indexes, which the preface justly calls
*unusually complete'. * * * "The scholarly thoroughness of his work and
its generally high merit cannot fail to secure for it à ready acceptance and
lasting popularity."—Journal of Education, Dec. 1, 1883.
* This oration, one of the most characteristic of Cicero's finished style, and
abounding with points of interest connected with Roman life and politics, is
seldom read in our Schools or Universities. Mr Holden's excellent edition, by
supplying the means of studying it with advantage, ought to render it more
popular. He has spared no pains to produce a thoroughly trustworthy and
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care and illustrated by numerous parallel passages from Cicero himself and
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August 18th, 1883.
“ Cicero's Oration for Publius Sestius has been edited by Dr Holden in ἃ
painstaking and scholarly manner * * * * * * *. *
His comments are 80 clear and so much to the point that there are very few
that we should desire to dispense with even in à schoolbook. The publication
of this edition should make the oration better known."—$School Guardian,
Aug. 18th, 1883.
* Mr Holden's edition of Cicero's speech * Pro Sestio' is a worthy companion
volume to the * Pro Plancio' which appeared about two years ago. lt is need-
less to speak of Mr Holden's high Vier icentire for his task. Every page of the
commentary shows signs of sound and brilliant scholarship and of intimate
&equaintance with Cicero's writings. Mr Holden's notes, good as they are, are
rendered still more valuable by the additions from the pen of Mr J. S. Reid, our
best English Commentator on Cicero. Mr Holden has written an excellent
historical introduction to the speech, and an appendix on the text; there is also
à very complete grammatical index, and an m a containing proper nanies an
remarkable words and usages occurring in the speech. ῬΘΩΙΩΝ
—BSaturday Review, October 6th, 1883.
*'This is ἃ worthy sequel to Mr Holden's excellent edition of the *Pro
Plancio '."—Spectator, Oct. 27th, 1883.
*''The name of the Editor is a sufficient guarantee for good scholarship and
careful work. Dr Holden has conferred a real service on all students of Cicero
Dr this ts μὴthe bis Ag oe ἘΜ ΕΝ m vaapecei pb setas an exhaustive
commentary on the speec e compass of a small and handy volume,"—
T'ue Educational Times, Nov. 1st, 1883. i
LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO
THE OECONOMICUS OF XENOPHON, with
Introduction, Notes, critical Appendix and complete Lexi-
con. Fourth Edition. (Maemillan's Classical Series.)
Fceap. 8vo. 6s.
*'This splendid edition of a School-book contains an Introduction, Notes and
an Excursus on the Text; and—invaluable adjunct—a complete Lexical Index.
0 fortunati pueri, sua si bona norint."—-W estminster Review, Jan. 1885.
* Dr Holden has now added another to the many obligations under which he
has laid teachers of the classics by sending out this edition, a work marked, we
may say at once, by all his characteristic excellences. Dr Holden, though he
has never permitted himself to stray into the digressions which tempt some
learned editors, always gives his readers of the best....The * Lexical Index" will
be found on examination to be something very different from the ordinary
vocabulary. lt is a complete concordance to the treatise, and not only this, but
marks the peculiarities of Xenophontean diction. "We are sure that a student
of considerable attainments might profit greatly by à careful study of this part
of Dr Holden's edition. The notes are remarkably complete as regards the
three points of exegesis, illustration and grammatical comment....Teachers,
whose misfortune it is that they seldom have time to read, ought to feel in-
finitely obliged to the guidance and help which an editor such as Dr Holden
aífords."—Spectator, Nov. 1, 1884.

“ΤῊ edition is admirably got up in every way. We hope many will be led
to UOS as à school class-book a 'Treatise which is at once so interesting and so
well adapted for the purpose."— Nonconformást, Oct. 4, 1884,
*"The Oeconomicus of Xenophon has long been a favourite book to read, or,
at least, to read about.... Yet, like the Hieron (AcApEMY, Nov. 23, 1883), it had
never, till Dr Holden took it in hand, been edited in English. "Translated of
course it had been, though not with remarkable accuracy. Dr Holden has
lavished great labour on his edition, and succeeded in making it very complete
and helpful. 'The Lexical Indéx of all the words in all their uses (in which the
article ó. takes thirteen columns) would alone justify both these epithets; but
the commentary also is almost exhaustive....We hope it is Dr Holden's intention
to edit some more of the less read treatises which bear Xenophon's name."—
a«Ácademy, Feb. 7, 1885.
* A student may readily and easily master the *Oeconomicus* with the aid of
Mr Holden's and without the aid of any other book, lexical or grammatical,
whatsoever."—S£ James's Gazette, Oct. 20, 1884,
* The edition as a whole reflects the utmost credit upon both the scholarship
and industry of Dr Holden."—JBirmingham Daily Gazette, Oct. 17, 1884.
*Tike all Dr Holden's previous work, it bears the impress of accurate and
finished scholarship."—
Te Schoolmaster, Nov. 8, 1884.
*Dr Holden has done well to bring his wide knowledge, his practical ex-
perience, and his tireless industry to bear on the elucidation of à book which
oes far to make one forgive Xenophon the sad memories of the Anabasis.- The
dor in which Dr Holden's edition appears is much too modest: it. deserves a
lace among the leading editions. "True, Dr Holden keeps the beginner steadily
view, but, while he explains all the syntactical phaenomena that are re-
cognized in Goodwin's Greek Grammar by references to that popular manual,
the results of special research as recorded in more elaborate treatises or in
scattered monographs have been brought within the reach of the reader, and the
more advanced student is thus reminded of the gaps in his knowledge, and is
stimulated to observe more narrowly. The complete lexical index is a valuable
addition to the book. Dr Holden has passed over very little that is worth
noticing, and one cannot be too grateful to an editor who leads the student to
think of the stylistic effect of vocabulary and grammar. "The subjeci-matter of
the Oeconomicus is abundantly illustrated, and the vision of antique life
widened by the Commentary." —4 merican Journal of Philology, Vol. v. p. 919.

LONDON MACMILLAN AND CO

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